222:
163:
125:
158:
of 1901–03 – had not been satisfactorily resolved, and created a situation of divided command. Factions formed behind these alternative leaders, followed by animosities and threats of violence. König, firmly aligned with
Filchner, alleged that he had been shot at; Filchner slept behind locked doors
150:
s captain, Richard Vahsel. Here he set attempted to up his
Weddell Sea base camp, unfortunately on insecure ice; changes in the winds and tides caused the berg to break free, carrying the camp with it. Most of its equipment was retrieved, but after several attempts to re-establish the base the ship
132:
The main geographical objective of this expedition was to determine the relationship between the eastern and western landmasses of
Antarctica; were they connected by land, or were there two landmasses separated by water? The expedition would involve travel over uncharted terrain, in which König's
277:
As the scheduled departure dates of both expeditions approached in the summer of 1914, attempts were made to get the two ventures to either combine or at least cooperate. Filchner invited
Shackleton to Berlin, to discuss the situation, but Shackleton was too distracted by last-minute preparations
245:
Meanwhile, in
Austria, König formally revealed his plans to a committee meeting of the Austrian Geographical Society in January 1914. The 1914 meeting noted that Shackleton was proposing a similar plan, meaning that two expeditions, with broadly similar objectives, would be operating in the same
273:
and demanded that
Shackleton find another base. Shackleton then had reluctantly deferred to Scott only to be forced by circumstances, when in the Antarctic, to break his promise and establish his base within McMurdo Sound. Now, Shackleton was determined he would not yield, and informed the Royal
241:
1902–04, whose own plans to make such a crossing had been stalled by lack of finance. When, in
January 1913, Shackleton learned that Filchner had failed in his principal objective, he felt free to develop his own scheme, based on the establishment of winter quarters in Vahsel Bay.
233:, Ernest Shackleton had been considering a further journey south. In March 1912 he learned that Amundsen had reached the South Pole. With that goal removed, the idea of a trans-Antarctic crossing became his objective, something he had previously discussed with
65:
On his return to
Austria, König sought to continue Filchner's unfinished work, and for this purpose organised an Austrian Antarctic Expedition, which he hoped would depart in the summer of 1914. However, he found that his plans conflicted with those of
328:
as a prisoner of war. During his long captivity, the scientific community made unavailing attempts to secure his release. König finally escaped in June 1918, but never returned to the
Antarctic. His name, however, is perpetuated in the region by the
54:, and thereby resolve the question as to whether the continent was a single landmass or a group of several elements. In the course of the expedition König, along with Filchner, was part of the group, that disproved the existence of the land known as
184:
on 19 December. Here, the expedition dissolved; back in
Germany, Filchner was largely exonerated from blame for the debacle, but had lost his taste for polar exploration, and decided to return to his original field of work, in Central and East Asia.
246:
area of the Antarctic at the same time. König's reaction was to claim that Filchner had transferred to him his rights of priority in the Vahsel Bay area, and that Shackleton should therefore go elsewhere. The former president of the
1267:
193:
Back in Austria, and undiscouraged by Filchner's failures, König was ready to return to the Antarctic to continue the work. He began to organise the Austrian Antarctic Expedition, and with the backing of the influential
278:
for his expedition, and could not find the time. He suggested that König should come to London. Events were then overtaken by the crisis developing in Europe; on 3 August, with war imminent, Shackleton's ship
380:
1273:
174:
in 1823. This involved a hazardous trek over nearly 40 miles of treacherous sea ice. They found no trace of the land, and depth soundings confirmed that there was no land nearby.
254:, still an influential figure, concurred: "One has to leave the area to König where he has worked in former times". This stance was similar to what Shackleton had experienced with
170:
During the course of the winter drift, König participated with Filchner in an ice journey to investigate the location of land reportedly sighted by the American sealer
1388:
154:
The question as to whether overall control of the expedition lay with Filchner, or with the more experienced Vahsel – he had been second officer on the
1368:
74:
on similar lines. Attempts to reconcile the two ventures failed; in the event, König's expedition was abandoned in August 1914 on the outbreak of the
1398:
1408:
1393:
138:
238:
151:
became caught in the ice and began to drift northwards. The expedition then endured a long, frustrating winter trapped in the Weddell Sea ice.
1111:
1092:
1054:
1031:
1009:
927:
908:
1230:
Rack, Ursula (24 June 2014). "Felix König and the European Science Community across enemy lines during the First World War (Abstract)".
71:
119:
43:
1272:. 1st SCAR Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research. Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities. pp. 55–61. Archived from
1073:
999:
988:
967:
20:
370:
Available sources do not record König's date of birth, but Michael Smith, Shackleton's biographer, gives his age as 33 in 1913–14.
274:
Geographical Society: "I have as much right to use Vahsel Bay as Dr. König ... I cannot alter plans I have long since formulated".
1378:
1383:
978:
1222:
1001:
Antarctic Peninsula & Tierra del Fuego: 100 years of Swedish-Argentine scientific cooperation at the end of the world
195:
142:, entered the Weddell Sea in January 1912, and penetrated to 77°44'S. The ship reached an inlet, which Filchner named
1373:
1211:
293:
247:
215:
398:
317:
1403:
338:
313:
279:
79:
1307:
388:
234:
211:
181:
1186:
255:
55:
1247:
1198:
1174:
1153:
1145:
1024:
Nimrod: Ernest Shackleton and the Extraordinary Story of the 1907–09 British Antarctic Expedition
900:
46:, 1911–13, which failed in its attempt to determine the nature of the link, if any, between the
221:
1107:
1088:
1069:
1050:
1027:
1005:
984:
963:
946:
923:
904:
297:
289:
259:
230:
67:
1239:
1137:
1019:
330:
251:
171:
155:
107:
59:
39:
1295:. SPRI: Friends of Scott Polar Research Institute lecture series. University of Cambridge.
75:
1189:(2005). "Antarectic Research: No Longer a Historic Matter in the Scientific Community".
1340:
384:
207:
31:
1362:
1251:
393:
266:
58:, or "Morrell's Land", supposedly discovered in 1823 by the American sealer captain,
1157:
942:
346:
162:
1243:
1128:
Filchner, Wilhelm; Przybyllok, Erich (1913). "The German Antarctic Expedition".
342:
321:
47:
124:
143:
950:
103:
35:
1290:
379:
Two further Antarctic expeditions were cancelled at the outbreak of war: a
82:. He was captured, and spent most of the conflict as a prisoner-of-war in
1323:
304:
harbour on the outbreak of war, he was ordered to abandon his expedition.
285:
270:
95:
51:
1202:
19:
333:
in South Georgia, named in 1929 by a German expedition to the island.
325:
301:
300:, the one-word instruction "Proceed". As König waited with his ship in
83:
1178:
1149:
626:
538:
536:
1141:
166:
Weddell Sea iceberg in the region of supposed "New South Greenland"
857:
809:
220:
161:
123:
18:
99:
180:
finally escaped from the ice in late October 1912, and reached
458:
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
446:
444:
442:
1041:
Riffenburgh, Beau (Introduction); Shackleton, Ernest (2007).
102:
in Austria. He had acquired some experience of the Arctic in
983:. Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO; Oxford, England: ABC-CLIO.
713:
433:
229:
However, König faced competition. Since his return in from
725:
649:
647:
498:
391:; and a British expedition to King Edward VII Land in the
206:. His plans were supported by Filchner and, among others,
542:
895:) Expedition 1911–1912". In Riffenburgh, Beau (ed.).
523:
521:
519:
980:
Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia
345:, and served until she was sunk by a torpedo in the
94:
Felix König, born around 1880, was a scientist and
1266:Hornik, Helmut; Lüdecke, Cornelia (2–3 June 2005).
833:
159:with a loaded pistol by his side, for protection.
1324:"Antarctic Explorers: Wilhelm Filchner 1877–1957"
1197:(2). History of Earth Sciences Society: 281–286.
320:, and in September 1915 was captured and sent to
462:
265:in 1907, when Scott had claimed priority in the
110:'s Second German Antarctic Expedition, 1911–13.
1173:(9). American Geographical Society: 691. 1913.
1104:1912: The Year the World Discovered Antarctica
821:
133:alpine experiences might be a valuable asset.
1167:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
1136:(6). American Geographical Society: 423–430.
1130:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
8:
1049:. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions.
1212:"As if the Weddell Sea were not Big Enough"
891:Barr, William (2007). "German South Polar (
737:
214:. König also obtained the blessing of the
78:, in which he served as an officer in the
627:Filchner and Przybyllok 1913, pp. 428–430
30:(born c.1880) was an Austrian scientist,
16:Austrian scientist, alpinist and explorer
1310:. United States Geological Survey (USGS)
701:
578:
937:Fisher, Margery; Fisher, James (1957).
869:
486:
414:
363:
998:Rabasssa, Jorge; Borla, Maria (2006).
858:Rabassa & Borla 2006, pp. 158, 164
810:Rack (The Polar Journal, 24 June 2014)
638:
614:
602:
590:
566:
554:
510:
239:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
189:Proposed Austrian Antarctic Expedition
86:. He never returned to the Antarctic.
920:Ordeal by Ice: Ships of the Antarctic
845:
797:
785:
773:
761:
749:
689:
677:
665:
653:
474:
421:
106:, and in 1911 he was invited to join
70:, who was concurrently preparing the
7:
527:
1389:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
1085:Shackleton: By Endurance we Conquer
922:. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Sheridan House.
72:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1238:(1). Taylor & Francis Online.
202:, the name of which he changed to
120:Second German Antarctic Expedition
44:Second German Antarctic Expedition
14:
1345:Dictionary of Falklands Biography
1087:. London: OneWorld Publications.
1026:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
337:was requisitioned for use by the
288:, awaiting instructions from the
1369:20th-century Austrian scientists
1004:. London: Taylor & Francis.
962:. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
714:Fisher & Fisher 1957, p. 297
434:Geographical Record 1913, p. 691
292:. There, he received from the
1399:Prisoners of war held by Russia
1292:Cold cases in Antarctic history
1269:Wilhelm Filchner and Antarctica
903:: Routledge. pp. 453–455.
726:Riffenburgh (Introduction 2007)
1409:Explorers from Austria-Hungary
1394:Austro-Hungarian Army officers
1289:Rack, Ursula (11 April 2018).
1165:"Geographical Record: Polar".
1068:. London: Chatham Publishing.
499:Hornik and Lüdecke 2007, p. 57
381:joint Anglo-Swedish enterprise
1:
1341:"Filchner, Wilhelm 1877–1875"
1223:New Zealand Antarctic Society
977:Mills, William James (2003).
897:Encyclopedia of the Antarctic
38:explorer. He was a member of
1308:"Antarctica Detail, ID 8142"
1244:10.1080/2154896X.2014.913928
1066:The Voyages of the Discovery
899:. Vol. 1. New York and
740:, pp. 110–116, 151–153.
1106:. London: The Bodley Head.
1043:The Heart of the Antarctic
294:First Lord of the Admiralty
231:his polar near-miss in 1909
1425:
1339:Lüdecke, Cornelia (2019).
543:Wilhelm Filchner 1877–1957
248:Royal Geographical Society
237:, leader of the erstwhile
117:
958:Huntford, Roland (1985).
114:In the Antarctic, 1911–13
399:Joseph Foster Stackhouse
216:Austrian imperial family
1379:Explorers of Antarctica
1083:Smith, Michael (2019).
834:USGS Antarctica-ID 8142
1384:20th-century explorers
1191:Earth Sciences History
1102:Turney, Chris (2012).
226:
167:
129:
24:
1210:Rack, Ursula (2014).
1064:Savours, Ann (2001).
918:Bryan, Rorke (2011).
339:Austro-Hungarian Navy
224:
165:
136:The expedition ship,
127:
22:
463:Rack 2014, pp. 33–34
353:Notes and references
252:Sir Clements Markham
235:William Speirs Bruce
196:Count Johann Wilczek
1221:. 32, no. 3 (229).
764:, pp. 267–268.
668:, pp. 198–199.
656:, pp. 257–258.
641:, pp. 205–207.
617:, pp. 201–203.
557:, pp. 196–198.
477:, pp. 228–230.
90:Personal background
56:New South Greenland
1374:Austrian explorers
1276:on 1 November 2020
822:Rack 11 April 2018
227:
198:, was able to buy
168:
130:
25:
1232:The Polar Journal
1187:Lüdecke, Cornelia
1113:978-1-84792-174-1
1094:978-1-78074-707-1
1056:978-1-84022-616-4
1033:978-0-7475-7253-4
1020:Riffenburgh, Beau
1011:978-0-415-41379-4
929:978-1-57409-312-4
910:978-0-41597-024-2
389:Otto Nordenskjöld
312:König joined the
298:Winston Churchill
225:Ernest Shackleton
212:Otto Nordenskjöld
68:Ernest Shackleton
1416:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1326:. South-Pole.com
1319:
1317:
1315:
1296:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1255:
1226:
1216:
1206:
1182:
1161:
1117:
1098:
1079:
1060:
1037:
1015:
994:
973:
954:
933:
914:
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
738:Riffenburgh 2005
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
687:
681:
675:
669:
663:
657:
651:
642:
636:
630:
624:
618:
612:
606:
600:
594:
588:
582:
576:
570:
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
531:
525:
514:
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
466:
460:
437:
431:
425:
419:
402:
377:
371:
368:
172:Benjamin Morrell
156:Gauss Expedition
128:Wilhelm Filchner
108:Wilhelm Filchner
60:Benjamin Morrell
40:Wilhelm Filchner
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1265:
1262:
1229:
1214:
1209:
1185:
1164:
1127:
1124:
1114:
1101:
1095:
1082:
1076:
1063:
1057:
1040:
1034:
1018:
1012:
997:
991:
976:
970:
957:
936:
930:
917:
911:
890:
887:
882:
877:
876:
868:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
828:
820:
816:
808:
804:
796:
792:
784:
780:
772:
768:
760:
756:
748:
744:
736:
732:
724:
720:
712:
708:
700:
696:
688:
684:
676:
672:
664:
660:
652:
645:
637:
633:
625:
621:
613:
609:
601:
597:
589:
585:
577:
573:
565:
561:
553:
549:
541:
534:
526:
517:
509:
505:
497:
493:
485:
481:
473:
469:
461:
440:
432:
428:
420:
416:
411:
406:
405:
397:, to be led by
378:
374:
369:
365:
360:
355:
310:
308:First World War
258:, prior to the
191:
122:
116:
92:
76:First World War
17:
12:
11:
5:
1422:
1420:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1336:
1320:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1286:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1227:
1207:
1183:
1162:
1142:10.2307/200593
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1099:
1093:
1080:
1074:
1061:
1055:
1038:
1032:
1016:
1010:
995:
989:
974:
968:
955:
934:
928:
915:
909:
886:
883:
881:
878:
875:
874:
862:
850:
848:, p. 264.
838:
826:
814:
802:
800:, p. 268.
790:
788:, p. 269.
778:
766:
754:
752:, p. 258.
742:
730:
718:
706:
704:, p. 367.
694:
692:, p. 250.
682:
680:, p. 248.
670:
658:
643:
631:
619:
607:
605:, p. 204.
595:
593:, p. 200.
583:
571:
569:, p. 184.
559:
547:
532:
530:, p. 454.
515:
513:, p. 195.
503:
491:
489:, p. 283.
479:
467:
438:
426:
424:, p. 257.
413:
412:
410:
407:
404:
403:
385:Louis Palander
372:
362:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
309:
306:
284:was moored at
208:Roald Amundsen
190:
187:
118:Main article:
115:
112:
91:
88:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1421:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1325:
1321:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1075:1-86176-149-X
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1003:
1002:
996:
992:
990:1-57607-422-6
986:
982:
981:
975:
971:
969:0-340-25007-0
965:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
931:
925:
921:
916:
912:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
888:
884:
879:
872:, p. 87.
871:
866:
863:
859:
854:
851:
847:
842:
839:
835:
830:
827:
823:
818:
815:
811:
806:
803:
799:
794:
791:
787:
782:
779:
776:, p. 45.
775:
770:
767:
763:
758:
755:
751:
746:
743:
739:
734:
731:
727:
722:
719:
715:
710:
707:
703:
702:Huntford 1985
698:
695:
691:
686:
683:
679:
674:
671:
667:
662:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
635:
632:
628:
623:
620:
616:
611:
608:
604:
599:
596:
592:
587:
584:
580:
575:
572:
568:
563:
560:
556:
551:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
520:
516:
512:
507:
504:
500:
495:
492:
488:
483:
480:
476:
471:
468:
464:
459:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
439:
435:
430:
427:
423:
418:
415:
408:
400:
396:
395:
390:
386:
383:sponsored by
382:
376:
373:
367:
364:
357:
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:König Glacier
327:
323:
319:
315:
314:Austrian army
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
282:
275:
272:
268:
267:McMurdo Sound
264:
262:
257:
256:Captain Scott
253:
249:
243:
240:
236:
232:
223:
219:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
188:
186:
183:
182:South Georgia
179:
175:
173:
164:
160:
157:
152:
149:
145:
141:
140:
134:
126:
121:
113:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
89:
87:
85:
81:
80:Austrian army
77:
73:
69:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
1404:1880s births
1348:. Retrieved
1344:
1328:. Retrieved
1314:10 September
1312:. Retrieved
1291:
1280:10 September
1278:. Retrieved
1274:the original
1268:
1235:
1231:
1218:
1194:
1190:
1170:
1166:
1133:
1129:
1103:
1084:
1065:
1046:
1042:
1023:
1000:
979:
959:
943:J. M. Barrie
938:
919:
896:
892:
870:Savours 2001
865:
853:
841:
829:
817:
805:
793:
781:
769:
757:
745:
733:
721:
709:
697:
685:
673:
661:
634:
622:
610:
598:
586:
579:Lüdecke 2019
574:
562:
550:
506:
494:
487:Lüdecke 2005
482:
470:
429:
417:
392:
375:
366:
347:Adriatic Sea
334:
316:, fought in
311:
280:
276:
269:area of the
260:
244:
228:
203:
199:
192:
177:
176:
169:
153:
148:Deutschland'
147:
137:
135:
131:
93:
64:
27:
26:
1350:9 September
1330:9 September
1260:Conferences
893:Deutschland
639:Turney 2012
615:Turney 2012
603:Turney 2012
591:Turney 2012
567:Turney 2012
555:Turney 2012
511:Turney 2012
343:minesweeper
322:Krasnoyarsk
200:Deutschland
178:Deutschland
139:Deutschland
48:Weddell Sea
28:Felix König
23:Felix König
1363:Categories
960:Shackleton
941:. London:
939:Shackleton
846:Bryan 2011
798:Smith 2019
786:Smith 2019
774:Mills 2003
762:Smith 2019
750:Smith 2019
690:Smith 2019
678:Smith 2019
666:Smith 2019
654:Smith 2019
475:Mills 2003
422:Smith 2019
335:Osterreich
263:Expedition
204:Osterreich
144:Vahsel Bay
1252:159652885
1219:Antarctic
951:696046516
528:Barr 2007
409:Citations
394:Discovery
349:in 1917.
290:Admiralty
281:Endurance
104:Greenland
36:Antarctic
1301:Websites
1225:: 33–34.
1203:24136948
1122:Journals
1022:(2005).
901:Abingdon
286:Ramsgate
271:Ross Sea
146:, after
96:alpinist
52:Ross Sea
50:and the
32:alpinist
1158:4033913
880:Sources
326:Siberia
318:Galicia
302:Trieste
84:Siberia
1250:
1201:
1179:200530
1177:
1156:
1150:200593
1148:
1110:
1091:
1072:
1053:
1030:
1008:
987:
966:
949:
926:
907:
261:Nimrod
1248:S2CID
1215:(PDF)
1199:JSTOR
1175:JSTOR
1154:S2CID
1146:JSTOR
1047:South
885:Books
358:Notes
341:as a
98:from
1352:2019
1332:2019
1316:2019
1282:2019
1108:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1070:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1028:ISBN
1006:ISBN
985:ISBN
964:ISBN
947:OCLC
924:ISBN
905:ISBN
387:and
210:and
100:Graz
34:and
1240:doi
1138:doi
1045:and
324:in
42:'s
1365::
1343:.
1246:.
1234:.
1217:.
1195:24
1193:.
1171:45
1169:.
1152:.
1144:.
1134:45
1132:.
945:.
646:^
535:^
518:^
441:^
296:,
250:,
218:.
62:.
1354:.
1334:.
1318:.
1284:.
1254:.
1242::
1236:4
1205:.
1181:.
1160:.
1140::
1116:.
1097:.
1078:.
1059:.
1036:.
1014:.
993:.
972:.
953:.
932:.
913:.
860:.
836:.
824:.
812:.
728:.
716:.
629:.
581:.
545:.
501:.
465:.
436:.
401:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
