542:, by this time well advanced. Shackleton claimed priority because he had stated his initial intentions as far back as 1909; König claimed that as a co-discoverer of the Vahsel Bay location, and as Filchner's approved successor, he had the prior right to work in this area. Each refused to defer to other; attempts by Filchner and others to mediate, or to achieve a measure of cooperation between the two expeditions, were unsuccessful. It appeared that two competing expeditions, with similar objectives, would be in the same location at the same time.
494:
Weddell Sea that extended over eight months, before breaking free from the ice on 26 November 1912. She finally reached South
Georgia on 19 December, but by this time the expedition was in almost complete disarray. Vahsel had died during the drift, internal dissents and disagreements among officers, staff and crew had degenerated towards outright violence, and morale was at rock-bottom. In these circumstances the expedition could not continue, and the personnel dispersed.
383:
493:
was turned northwards, to head back to South
Georgia and await a further opportunity in the following summer. However, they had left it too late; almost immediately, the ship was beset in solid ice and all attempts, including the use of dynamite, failed to free her. She began a slow drift through the
212:
than any previous vessel in those waters, but became trapped, surviving an eight-months long drift in heavy ice before being freed. After the expedition she was sold to
Austria as the basis for another planned Antarctic expedition, but this was cancelled on the outbreak of the
422:
Under guidance freely provided by
Shackleton, further strengthening of the hull took place, with additional 20 cm (8 in) diagonal braces, and protection at the stem by iron plating. A well was built through which the propellers – nickel steel, created by the
514:
435:
to accommodate the crew, and a purpose-built laboratory on the main deck. Other features – galley, main saloon, charthouse and bridge, were likewise upgraded. A generator was installed, to provide electric light throughout the ship.
287:. The inner hull, probably of fir, gave another 15 cm of thickness. The oak ribs were 24 cm (9½in) at the waterline, extending to 39 cm (15¼in) at the keel. The oak deck was supported on 25 cm (10 in) beams.
489:, Filchner attempted to establish a shore base, but was unable to do so – the camp was set up on a berg that broke loose in a tidal surge. Further attempts also failed, and it now being late in the season, on 4 March 1912
602:
529:
who had accompanied
Filchner on the German expedition, was anxious to make a repeat attempt on a Weddell Sea landing and to resume Filchner's aborted plans. With the help of wealthy backers in Austria, he bought
431:– could be hauled to safety when not in use. The interior of the ship was substantially redesigned to meet the requirements of an Antarctic voyage; sixteen cabins for officers and scientific staff, an extended
402:
was again available, at the increased price of £12,700 (around £1,300,000 present-day). Filchner, with greater financial resources than
Shackleton, considered this a fair price, and bought her, renaming her
558:, awaiting instructions. The situation in Europe was rapidly descending into war; König received orders to cancel his expedition (Shackleton, on the other hand, received instructions from the
478:'s 90-year-old southernmost mark of 74°15'S on 29 January 1912. On 31 January, at 77°48'S after steaming through open waters, she reached the southern limits of the Weddell Sea at a vast
398:, to the Weddell Sea. He wished to land there, and to examine the nature of the connection between the eastern and western sectors of the still largely unexplored Antarctic continent.
351:
to inspect her. Unfortunately, Christiansen's price – £11,000, or approximately £1,150,000 in 2018 terms – was beyond
Shackleton's means; he eventually acquired the much older, smaller
474:
departed for the
Weddell Sea. In the course of the ensuing seven-week voyage, often held up by thick ice, she travelled further south than any previous ship in this sea, surpassing
419:, her engine capacity was increased to 300 hp. This could provide a speed of around 7 knots in suitable weather, burning approximately 6 tons of coal daily – 3 at half-speed.
584:
entered the
Weddell Sea in January 1911 but failed to reach Vahsel Bay, was caught in the ice, and drifted until October 1915 before being crushed and sunk. Her crew escaped to
470:, although was unable to land there due to bad weather. On 11 December 1911 sea conditions were deemed satisfactory for travelling south, and the heavily laden
1316:
467:
283:. The all-wooden hull was constructed to an exceptional strength, with outer oak planking of 15 cm (6 in) oak sheathed with 8 cm (3¼in)
248:, and was employed in the Arctic, under her captain, Bjørn Jorgensen, where she gained a good reputation as a reliable sailer in ice-bound waters.
1267:
1248:
1051:
1341:
597:
539:
32:
395:
377:
205:
1326:
1201:
1169:
1148:
1127:
1207:
408:
241:
80:
58:
505:
weather station. After carrying out further oceanographical work in the South
Atlantic, she returned to Germany in late 1913.
1321:
1138:
1191:
479:
1311:
1306:
1180:
1115:
1296:
501:
sailed to Buenos Aires, where she was loaned temporarily to the Argentine government to relieve the government's
1336:
1331:
466:
and, while waiting for ice conditions in the southern ocean to improve, made a brief experimental trip to the
1301:
264:
131:
580:
567:
218:
17:
463:
1286:
538:. When he announced his plans early in 1914, he found that they clashed with those of Shackleton's
1086:
1078:
1263:
1244:
1165:
1144:
1123:
1047:
559:
340:
336:
267:
598, with measurements of 48.5 metres (158 feet) length overall, 9.02 m (29.68 ft)
1291:
1212:
1070:
391:
62:
585:
303:
268:
214:
1098:
522:
458:
study of the Atlantic was carried out. Filchner joined the expedition at Buenos Aires;
447:
295:
291:
66:
1280:
1030:
502:
475:
353:
318:
in fair weather. She was equipped with a coal-burning auxiliary engine that gave 210
1090:
575:
455:
451:
343:, and seeking a suitable ship to take him south. He learned from Christiansen that
307:
284:
272:
201:
104:
1231:
204:
ship, built in 1905. She is best known for her role as the expedition ship in the
1159:
412:
1061:
Filchner, Wilhelm; Przybyllok, Erich (1913). "The German Antarctic Expedition".
574:. She served in this capacity until 1917, when she was sunk by a torpedo in the
571:
443:
315:
276:
222:
209:
1216:
1099:"Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present"
382:
368:
continued successfully with her sealing duties in the Arctic, under Jorgensen.
486:
432:
348:
319:
84:
31:
521:
Filchner had lost his enthusiasm for Antarctic exploration, but the Austrian
302:
plan; Rorke Bryan in his history of the polar ships states that "she carried
236:
began her career as a Norwegian bottle-nosed whaler and sealer, built at the
930:
928:
1014:
526:
237:
76:
513:
157:
At stem, 5.49 m (18.0 ft); at stern 6.56 m (21.5 ft)
555:
416:
311:
299:
1082:
208:
of 1911–13. During this expedition she was taken further south in the
260:
197:
120:
1074:
603:
List of Antarctic exploration ships from the Heroic Age, 1897–1922
512:
428:
424:
381:
280:
411:
shipyard in Sandefjord for extensive modification; later, in the
588:
by sledge and boat, and were ultimately rescued in August 1916.
314:". Under full sail she was reportedly capable of speeds of 9–10
1143:. Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO; Oxford, England: ABC-CLIO.
934:
661:
659:
509:
Felix König and proposed Austrian Antarctic Expedition, 1914
1161:
German Exploration of the Polar World: A History, 1870-1940
1031:"Antarctic Rivalry: the Shackleton and Koenig Expeditions"
817:
805:
1122:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–71.
1164:. Lincoln, NE and London: University of Nebraska Press.
852:
850:
310:, and rather surprisingly for a new ship, had undivided
969:
967:
879:
877:
789:
787:
785:
688:
686:
646:
644:
642:
640:
627:
625:
623:
1211:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1140:
Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia
450:, on the first leg of her voyage, which took her to
294:
stood at 24m (78¾ft), with a 21 m (69 ft)
225:until 1917, when she was sunk in a torpedo attack.
165:
330 hp (250 kW) Coal fired steam and sail
1200:
1116:"Wilhelm Filchner and Deutschland, 1911 and 1912"
1015:"Antarctic Explorers: Wilhelm Filchner 1877–1957"
322:and was later modified to provide greater power.
1260:1912: The Year the World Discovered Antarctica
665:
534:and changed her name once again, this time to
1063:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
8:
298:. Little information is available as to her
1181:"As if the Weddell Sea were not Big Enough"
497:Under a replacement captain, Alfred Kling,
372:Second German Antarctic Expedition, 1911–13
1202:"Shackleton, Sir Ernest Henry (1874–1922)"
841:
752:
1208:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
985:
619:
480:ice barrier, later named after Filchner
217:in August 1914. The ship served in the
196:between 1914 and 1917, was a Norwegian
18:Deutschland (Antarctic expedition ship)
895:
868:
856:
829:
764:
728:
716:
26:
1044:Ordeal by Ice: Ships of the Antarctic
997:
973:
946:
919:
907:
883:
793:
776:
740:
704:
692:
677:
650:
631:
49:
7:
958:
562:to proceed). When war was declared,
279:and 6.56 m (21 ft) at the
50:Norway, later Germany, later Austria
1317:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
1241:Shackleton: By Endurance we Conquer
1046:. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Sheridan House.
598:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration
540:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
275:of 5.49 m (18 ft) at the
485:Here, in a small inlet christened
396:Second German Antarctic Expedition
378:Second German Antarctic Expedition
206:Second German Antarctic Expedition
25:
1243:. London: OneWorld Publications.
454:. During this stage an extensive
935:Adelaide Advertiser 8 April 1914
30:
578:. Meanwhile, Shackleton's ship
394:began his preparations for the
347:was for sale, and travelled to
818:Filchner & Przybyllok 1913
806:Filchner & Przybyllok 1913
1:
1199:Savours, Ann (January 2011).
1192:New Zealand Antarctic Society
1158:Murphy, David Thomas (2002).
1137:Mills, William James (2003).
1232:UK public library membership
407:. She was then taken to the
341:British Antarctic Expedition
259:was built as a three-masted
1262:. London: The Bodley Head.
1120:The Island of South Georgia
446:in May 1911, under Captain
190:between 1905 and 1909, and
79:shipyard, modified 1910 at
1358:
1342:Maritime incidents in 1917
1037:. 8 April 1914. p. 5.
409:Framnæs Mekaniske Værksted
375:
149:9.02 m (29.6 ft)
81:Framnæs Mekaniske Værksted
1114:Headland, Robert (1984).
566:was requisitioned by the
141:48.5 m (159 ft)
111:
103:Sunk by a torpedo in the
44:
29:
1327:Expeditions from Germany
1035:The Advertiser, Adelaide
1239:Smith, Michael (2019).
112:General characteristics
1258:Turney, Chris (2012).
1217:10.1093/ref:odnb/36034
570:and commissioned as a
550:Early in August 1914,
518:
468:South Sandwich Islands
387:
265:gross register tonnage
1322:Antarctic expeditions
1179:Rack, Ursula (2014).
1042:Bryan, Rorke (2011).
568:Austro-Hungarian Navy
516:
385:
244:. She was christened
240:shipyard in 1905 for
219:Austro-Hungarian Navy
719:, pp. 184, 186.
271:, and a fully laden
242:Christen Christensen
59:Christen Christensen
1190:. 32, no. 3 (229).
949:, pp. 267–268.
779:, pp. 228–229.
707:, pp. 257–259.
357:for around half of
339:was organising his
1312:1912 in Antarctica
1307:1911 in Antarctica
820:, pp. 425–27.
808:, pp. 423–24.
743:, pp. 260–61.
666:MeasuringWorth.com
554:lay in harbour in
525:, a biologist and
519:
388:
39:at an unknown date
1297:Exploration ships
1269:978-1-84792-174-1
1250:978-1-78074-707-1
1230:(Subscription or
1053:978-1-57409-312-4
961:, pp. 33–34.
560:British Admiralty
462:then moved on to
337:Ernest Shackleton
177:
176:
16:(Redirected from
1349:
1273:
1254:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1204:
1195:
1185:
1175:
1154:
1133:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1101:. MeasuringWorth
1094:
1057:
1038:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1017:. South-Pole.com
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
932:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
872:
866:
860:
854:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
681:
675:
669:
663:
654:
648:
635:
629:
392:Wilhelm Filchner
386:Wilhelm Filchner
363:
63:Wilhelm Filchner
34:
27:
21:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1337:1912 in science
1332:1911 in science
1277:
1276:
1270:
1257:
1251:
1238:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1198:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1157:
1151:
1136:
1130:
1113:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1060:
1054:
1041:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1005:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
972:
965:
957:
953:
945:
941:
933:
926:
918:
914:
906:
902:
894:
890:
882:
875:
867:
863:
855:
848:
840:
836:
828:
824:
816:
812:
804:
800:
792:
783:
775:
771:
763:
759:
751:
747:
739:
735:
727:
723:
715:
711:
703:
699:
691:
684:
676:
672:
664:
657:
649:
638:
630:
621:
616:
611:
594:
586:Elephant Island
548:
546:First World War
511:
380:
374:
361:
333:
328:
254:
231:
215:First World War
40:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1255:
1249:
1236:
1196:
1176:
1170:
1155:
1149:
1134:
1128:
1111:
1095:
1075:10.2307/200593
1069:(6): 423–430.
1058:
1052:
1039:
1027:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1000:, p. 372.
990:
978:
976:, p. 268.
963:
951:
939:
924:
922:, p. 258.
912:
910:, p. 257.
900:
898:, p. 207.
888:
886:, p. 264.
873:
871:, p. 102.
861:
859:, p. 205.
846:
842:South-pole.com
834:
832:, p. 198.
822:
810:
798:
796:, p. 229.
781:
769:
757:
745:
733:
721:
709:
697:
695:, p. 228.
682:
680:, p. 135.
670:
655:
653:, p. 259.
636:
634:, p. 257.
618:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
605:
600:
593:
590:
547:
544:
510:
507:
448:Richard Vahsel
413:Blohm and Voss
376:Main article:
373:
370:
332:
329:
327:
324:
253:
250:
230:
227:
175:
174:
173:up to 10 knots
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
109:
108:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
74:
70:
69:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
42:
41:
35:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1354:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:Whaling ships
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1171:0-8032-3205-5
1167:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1150:1-57607-422-6
1146:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1129:0-521-25274-1
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1007:
999:
994:
991:
987:
982:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
955:
952:
948:
943:
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
916:
913:
909:
904:
901:
897:
892:
889:
885:
880:
878:
874:
870:
865:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
843:
838:
835:
831:
826:
823:
819:
814:
811:
807:
802:
799:
795:
790:
788:
786:
782:
778:
773:
770:
767:, p. 97.
766:
761:
758:
755:, p. 70.
754:
753:Headland 1984
749:
746:
742:
737:
734:
731:, p. 95.
730:
725:
722:
718:
713:
710:
706:
701:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
679:
674:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
624:
620:
613:
608:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
591:
589:
587:
583:
582:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
545:
543:
541:
537:
533:
528:
524:
515:
508:
506:
504:
503:Laurie Island
500:
495:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
476:James Weddell
473:
469:
465:
464:South Georgia
461:
457:
456:oceanographic
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
430:
426:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
397:
393:
384:
379:
371:
369:
367:
360:
356:
355:
350:
346:
342:
338:
330:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
251:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
228:
226:
224:
220:
216:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:
189:
188:
183:
182:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
156:
153:
152:
148:
145:
144:
140:
137:
136:
133:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
110:
106:
102:
99:
98:
94:
91:
90:
86:
82:
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
28:
19:
1259:
1240:
1220:. Retrieved
1206:
1187:
1160:
1139:
1119:
1103:. Retrieved
1066:
1062:
1043:
1034:
1019:. Retrieved
993:
986:Savours 2011
981:
954:
942:
915:
903:
891:
864:
837:
825:
813:
801:
772:
760:
748:
736:
724:
712:
700:
673:
579:
576:Adriatic Sea
563:
551:
549:
535:
531:
520:
498:
496:
490:
484:
471:
459:
452:Buenos Aires
442:sailed from
439:
438:
421:
415:shipyard in
404:
399:
389:
365:
358:
352:
344:
334:
326:Polar career
289:
256:
255:
252:Construction
245:
233:
232:
192:
191:
186:
185:
180:
179:
178:
105:Adriatic Sea
36:
1021:9 September
896:Turney 2012
869:Murphy 2002
857:Turney 2012
830:Turney 2012
765:Murphy 2002
729:Murphy 2002
717:Turney 2012
572:minesweeper
532:Deutschland
523:Felix König
517:Felix König
499:Deutschland
491:Deutschland
472:Deutschland
460:Deutschland
444:Bremerhaven
440:Deutschland
427:factory in
405:Deutschland
304:topgallants
234:Deutschland
223:minesweeper
210:Weddell Sea
184:, known as
181:Deutschland
67:Felix König
37:Deutschland
1287:1905 ships
1281:Categories
1234:required.)
998:Smith 2019
974:Smith 2019
947:Smith 2019
920:Smith 2019
908:Smith 2019
884:Bryan 2011
794:Mills 2003
777:Mills 2003
741:Bryan 2011
705:Bryan 2011
693:Mills 2003
678:Smith 2019
651:Bryan 2011
632:Bryan 2011
609:References
564:Osterreich
552:Osterreich
536:Osterreich
487:Vahsel Bay
364:s price.
349:Sandefjord
331:Shackleton
320:horsepower
285:greenheart
193:Osterreich
162:Propulsion
85:Sandefjord
1222:4 October
1188:Antarctic
1105:4 October
959:Rack 2014
614:Citations
581:Endurance
130:598
83:shipyard
1194:: 33–34.
592:See also
527:alpinist
433:fo'c'sle
390:In 1909
335:In 1907
312:topsails
296:foremast
292:mainmast
92:Launched
87:, Norway
1292:Barques
1091:4033913
1008:Sources
556:Trieste
417:Hamburg
306:but no
300:rigging
273:draught
202:sealing
198:whaling
154:Draught
127:Tonnage
73:Builder
65:, then
61:, then
45:History
1266:
1247:
1228:
1168:
1147:
1126:
1089:
1083:200593
1081:
1050:
354:Nimrod
308:royals
261:barque
229:Origin
138:Length
121:Barque
107:, 1917
1184:(PDF)
1087:S2CID
1079:JSTOR
429:Essen
425:Krupp
400:Bjørn
366:Bjørn
362:'
359:Bjørn
345:Bjørn
316:knots
281:stern
257:Bjørn
246:Bjørn
238:Risør
221:as a
187:Bjørn
170:Speed
77:Risør
55:Owner
1264:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1224:2019
1166:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1107:2019
1048:ISBN
1023:2019
290:The
277:stem
269:beam
200:and
146:Beam
117:Type
100:Fate
95:1905
1213:doi
1071:doi
132:GRT
1283::
1205:.
1186:.
1118:.
1085:.
1077:.
1067:45
1065:.
1033:.
966:^
927:^
876:^
849:^
784:^
685:^
658:^
639:^
622:^
482:.
263:,
1272:.
1253:.
1226:.
1215::
1174:.
1153:.
1132:.
1109:.
1093:.
1073::
1056:.
1025:.
988:.
937:.
844:.
668:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
