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139:, usually carried out the menial tasks of cooking, cleaning and tailoring. These communities did not take vows, but led an austere life of penance, prayer, spiritual reading and work, most often the copying of manuscripts. In addition, the Brethren provided pastoral care and spiritual counsel to the sister houses, and at least some of the Brethren engaged in preaching.
124:
Netherlands and into
Germany (with eventually about 25 houses in the former and about 60 houses in the latter). There were also many homes (mostly small and needy) inspired by the movement that were never formally attached to the Sisters of the Common Life, and may eventually have become Third Order Franciscans or Augustinian nuns.
215:
survived until they fell victim to the secularisations of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The most important members of the
Windesheim Congregation in Germany, St. Marienwolde in Frenswegen, held out until 1809 when the state officially dissolved it. The last canon, Gerhard Tobbe, left Frenswegen in 1815.
195:
during the 14th and 15th centuries. Alongside its immediate impact, however, it was the writings of authors associated with the movement (who were most commonly based in the monasteries associated with
Windesheim), that gave the Devotio Moderna its wider European influence at the time, and its great
119:
houses, this hostel, and later communities of what came to be called the "Sisters of the Common Life", were freer in structure than the beguines and kept no private property. The women who lived in these houses remained, also, under the jurisdiction of city authorities and parish priests. Their way
214:
In
Protestant territories, both the brother houses and the monasteries were dissolved. Most of the houses of the Brethren, including the founding homes of Deventer and Zwolle, had disappeared by 1600. In Roman Catholic areas, some of the brother houses and houses of the Windesheim Congregation
123:
From this point, several different loose forms of community emerged. On the one hand, various types of life for the female Devout were formed. Especially from the 1390s under the leadership of John
Brinckerinck, one of Grote's early converts, the Sisters of the Common Life spread across the
167:
The movement faced opposition from clergy and laity at times, both during its early years under Groote's leadership and under
Radewyns' later expansion. Much of this suspicion was similar to that directed at other new forms of religious devotion developed in the period, such as
92:, though it has so far proved elusive to locate the precise origin of the movement. Broadly, it may be seen to rise out of widespread dissatisfaction with the Church (both in terms of the structure of the church and the personal lives of the clergy) in 14th-century Europe.
41:) was a movement for religious reform, calling for apostolic renewal through the rediscovery of genuine pious practices such as humility, obedience, simplicity of life, and integration into the community. It began in the late 14th century, largely through the work of
163:
in 1413), as well as new foundations, and sometimes the conversion of some of the houses of
Brothers to this new form of religious life. By the end of the 15th century, there were almost 100 houses (84 of them male) in the Chapter of Windesheim.
96:(1340â1384) was among many in being highly dissatisfied with the state of the Church and what he perceived as the gradual loss of monastic traditions and the lack of moral values among the clergy. He sought to rediscover certain pious practices.
179:
Also, the strong resemblance to the monastic life of the daily routine among the
Brethren provoked accusations from the mendicant orders that the Brethren and Sisters of the Common Life were starting a new mendicant order, in violation of the
473:
However, the methods of "methodical prayer" taught by the
Devotio Moderna and the techniques used for "self projection" into the imagery of a Biblical scene (to participate in the life of Jesus), significantly influenced the approaches to
142:
Groote's message of reform had also been aimed at clerics and priests, some of whom had joined the
Brethren. In addition, though, under the leadership of Radewyns, in 1387 some members of the Deventer house set up a new community at
431:
in 1374 and became popular among the Devotio Moderna community. The methods of methodical prayer as taught by the Devotio Moderna entered Spain and were known in the early 16th century, and influenced the approaches to
66:
This movement largely believed in austerity for Christians at every level, from clergy to layman, and many followers of Devotio Moderna frowned upon such things as church-led celebrations of certain events.
151:, and adopted the habit and rule of St Augustine. Although living a cloistered life under vows, the new community kept many of the practices and spiritual values of the teaching of Groote and Radewyns.
454:. Ignatius used both of these techniques in his Spiritual exercises: a methodical format, as well as self-projection into a Biblical scene, e.g. starting a conversation with Christ in
1085:
310:(d. 1471), a Brother of the Common Life, outlines the concepts of Modern Devotion, based on personal connection to God and the active showing of love towards Him (e.g., in the
135:, which numbered 41 by the early 16th century. The majority of members in these communities were priests or candidates for the priesthood (clerics); the few lay brothers, the
2494:
361:
The spiritual life of the Devotio Moderna followers was marked by focus on inner devotions and frequent short periods of meditation, especially before each new activity.
159:
From 1395, a monastic union was set up around Windesheim; this new confederation grew quickly, and was joined both by older Augustinian communities (including, famously,
204:
In the early 15th century, even before the Protestant Revolution, Devotio Moderna was fading due to many Christians wanting more "pomp and ceremony in processions".
1103:
408:, but their approaches were less systematic. The methodical approach of Devotio Moderna towards prayer and meditation found significant following within the
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1156:
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of life therefore sat somewhere between ordinary Christian existence 'in the world', and the formation of an ecclesiastically recognised religious order.
1078:
479:
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131:(who had become a priest based on Groote's advice). He gathered like-minded laity and clergy into houses of communal living, eventually known as the
518:
according to certain strictures. With the ideals of Christian Humanism, Devotio Moderna recommended a more individual attitude towards belief and
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389:, as well as Groote introduced the tradition of "methodical prayer" which arranged exercises day by day and week by week. Groote's
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There was a widely followed movement within the Devotio Moderna traditions that frowned upon pilgrimages.
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Sisters and Brothers of the Common Life: The Devotio Moderna and the World of the Later Middle Ages
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443:
439:
184:'s prohibition of new orders in 1215, and without taking vows. The simplicity and devotion of the
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412:, as well as later Reformed communities. The manuals for methodical prayer and meditation by
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514:. Practitioners of the Devotio Moderna emphasized the individual's inner life and promoted
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409:
111:
Devotio Moderna began as a lay movement; around 1374, Groote turned his parental house in
1850:
1044:. Edited by Hein Blommestijn, Charles Caspers and Rijcklof Hofman (Leuven: Peeters, 2003)
2332:
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included mental imagery, as well as methodical approaches as an element of meditation.
346:
326:. Though the members of Devotio Moderna also wrote in their native language, which was
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269:
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236:
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in the 16th century and thereafter. These methods persist in meditations such as the
450:, i.e. "exercises for the spiritual life" became one of the primary sources for the
127:
Among male followers, the movement was given impetus after Groote's death in 1384 by
46:
42:
1051:, in: Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception (EBR), vol. 6 (2013), col. 716â717
749:
2413:
2352:
2262:
2071:
1731:
1535:
1374:
1314:
1042:
Spirituality renewed: Studies on significant representatives of the Modern Devotion
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369:
331:
93:
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1645:
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523:
386:
2448:
1063:
718:'Devotio Moderna', in Jill Raitt with Bernard McGinn and John Meyendorff, eds,
705:'Devotio Moderna', in Jill Raitt with Bernard McGinn and John Meyendorff, eds,
17:
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1810:
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1304:
1294:
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and other movements which promoted an intense personal relationship with
401:
112:
813:
Between Saint James and Erasmus: studies in late-medieval religious life
416:
and Zutphen had significant influence within Europe for over a century.
188:, though, seems to have lessened the force of many of these criticisms.
115:
into a hostel for poor women who wished to serve God. Though similar to
1901:
1790:
1640:
1379:
1354:
1269:
1197:
1151:
768:
Naar een taalgeschiedenis van van Oostnederland. Hermann Niebaum, 1985.
748:
Jurjen van der Kooij; Henk Bloemhoff, Hermann Niebaum en Siemon Reker,
531:
455:
423:
oneself into a Biblical scene about the life of Jesus was developed by
173:
169:
116:
653:
A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day
1482:
1364:
1259:
483:
148:
793:
Blessed are the peacemakers: a Christian spirituality of nonviolence
207:
In the wake of the Protestant Reformation, the institutions of the
98:
34:
1452:
1067:
511:
833:
Christian Spirituality: Origins to the twelfth century, Vol 1
49:
and Germany in the 15th century, but came to an end with the
353:
was printed in several languages by the end of the century.
63:, a book which has proved highly influential for centuries.
967:
by Cheslyn Jones, Geoffrey Wainwright, Edward Yarnold 1986
1060:, (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008)
720:
Christian Spirituality: High Middle Ages and Reformation
707:
Christian Spirituality: High Middle Ages and Reformation
522:. It is regarded sometimes as a contributing factor for
191:
The movement was especially prominent in cities in the
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
381:
The writings of the Devotio Moderna followers such as
625:
The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality
2361:
2170:
2029:
1899:
1775:
1654:
1511:
1418:
1278:
1172:
1110:
446:was influenced by the Devotio Moderna and his book
53:. It is most known today through its influence on
853:Christian spirituality: themes from the tradition
656:(4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. p. 62.
88:The origins of the movement likely stem from the
1017:The Varieties of Vernacular Mysticism, 1350â1550
945:Christian spirituality in the Catholic tradition
855:by Lawrence S. Cunningham, Keith J. Egan 1996
458:. Also influenced by the Devotio Moderna were
1079:
8:
897:
895:
893:
780:. Amsterdam University Press (1997), p. 155.
750:Handboek Nedersaksische taal- en letterkunde
732:Duffield, Samuel Willoughby (13 June 2017).
330:, a written language which stood in between
318:). It influenced a number of Saints such as
788:
786:
530:. It was also a significant influence upon
345:By the late 15th century the advent of the
2495:History of Christianity in the Netherlands
1086:
1072:
1064:
920:
918:
620:
618:
616:
494:Devotio Moderna arose at the same time as
452:Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola
752:. Koninklijke van Gorcum (2008), p. 43.
534:, who was brought up in this tradition.
363:
74:
902:Christian spirituality: an introduction
595:
593:
591:
587:
246:imitation of the lowly life of Christ (
2087:Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler
735:The Latin Hymn-writers and Their Hymns
693:
645:
643:
641:
391:On four Kinds of Matter for Meditation
27:Medieval movement for religious reform
947:by Jordan Aumann 1985 Ignatius Press
549:Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga
468:Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga
349:increased the reach of the movement;
7:
778:Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse taal
404:had produced structured methods for
235:contempt of the world and of self (
2490:Catholic Church in the Netherlands
448:Ejercitatorio de la vida spiritual
25:
1049:Devotio Moderna (I. Christianity)
281:Contempt of the world and of self
2447:
1020:. Crossroad Publishing Company.
650:Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000).
1405:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
986:"Canons of San Giorgio in Alga"
925:Teresa of Avila's autobiography
873:A brief history of spirituality
306:(c. 1418), often attributed to
1118:History of the Catholic Church
722:, (London: SCM, 1989), p. 179.
252:imitatio humilis vitae Christi
241:contemptus mundi et sui ipsius
1:
1767:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
1164:History of Christian theology
419:The concept of immersing and
1095:History of Catholic theology
709:, (London: SCM, 1989), p178.
627:by Gordon S. Wakefield 1983
904:by Alister E. McGrath 1999
544:Brothers of the Common Life
225:Brethren of the Common Life
133:Brethren of the Common Life
2516:
2193:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
2183:Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange
1468:Transubstantiation dispute
815:by J. van Herwaarden 2003
602:by John H. Van Engen 1988
294:
90:Congregation of Windesheim
79:Modern photo of Windesheim
2442:
1101:
965:The Study of spirituality
268:the grace of devoutness (
223:Four cornerstones of the
2485:15th-century Catholicism
2107:Matthias Joseph Scheeben
1300:Athanasius of Alexandria
1192:First Epistle of Clement
1014:McGinn, Bernard (2012).
45:, and flourished in the
2218:Dietrich von Hildebrand
2082:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi
1956:Jacques-BĂ©nigne Bossuet
1936:Mary of Jesus of Ăgreda
1478:Paulinus II of Aquileia
1473:Predestination disputes
835:by Bernard McGinn 1986
795:by Michael Battle 2004
575:The Imitation of Christ
351:The Imitation of Christ
340:The Imitation of Christ
314:of the altar or during
303:The Imitation of Christ
297:The Imitation of Christ
290:The Imitation of Christ
60:The Imitation of Christ
2454:Catholicism portal
2303:Hans Urs von Balthasar
2102:Tommaso Maria Zigliara
2042:Félicité de La Mennais
1721:The Cloud of Unknowing
1222:The Shepherd of Hermas
927:by Elena Carrera 2004
486:continue to practice.
378:
342:is written in Latin.
273:
262:
251:
240:
196:subsequent influence.
182:Fourth Lateran Council
108:
80:
51:Protestant Reformation
2480:Christian terminology
2228:Marie-Dominique Chenu
2147:Marie-Joseph Lagrange
2132:Désiré-Joseph Mercier
2016:Clement Mary Hofbauer
2011:Johann Michael Sailer
1438:Maximus the Confessor
1130:History of the papacy
1047:Elias H. FĂŒllenbach,
367:
357:Techniques for prayer
103:The beginning of the
102:
78:
2404:Raniero Cantalamessa
2374:Alice von Hildebrand
2323:Edward Schillebeeckx
2001:Maria Gaetana Agnesi
1886:Lawrence of Brindisi
1816:Francisco de Vitoria
1606:Beatrice of Nazareth
1581:Hugh of Saint Victor
1561:Bernard of Clairvaux
1541:Anselm of Canterbury
1503:John Scotus Eriugena
1498:Paschasius Radbertus
1345:Gregory of Nazianzus
1239:Epistle to Diognetus
975:, Oxford UP page 337
559:Christian meditation
506:, and is related to
500:Renaissance Humanism
476:Christian meditation
464:Lawrence Giustiniani
434:Christian meditation
406:Christian meditation
398:Hugh of Saint Victor
373:(Life of Christ) by
2500:History of Deventer
2379:Carlo Maria Martini
2343:Johann Baptist Metz
2313:Frederick Copleston
2137:Friedrich von HĂŒgel
2097:Joseph Hergenröther
2077:Gaetano Sanseverino
2057:Ignaz von Döllinger
1981:Nicolas Malebranche
1821:Thomas of Villanova
1782:Counter-Reformation
1762:Girolamo Savonarola
1576:Hildegard of Bingen
1385:Cyril of Alexandria
1228:Aristides of Athens
1215:Epistle of Barnabas
1204:Ignatius of Antioch
1142:Ecumenical councils
990:Augustinians Canons
569:Imitation of Christ
480:Spiritual Exercises
444:abbey of Montserrat
440:Garcias de Cisneros
396:Centuries earlier,
227:and its associated
2394:Alasdair MacIntyre
2273:Nouvelle théologie
2162:ThérÚse of Lisieux
2006:Alfonso Muzzarelli
1946:Jean-Jacques Olier
1916:Tommaso Campanella
1831:Francisco de Osuna
1826:Ignatius of Loyola
1695:Catherine of Siena
1591:Robert Grosseteste
1488:Benedict of Aniane
1428:Isidore of Seville
1370:Augustine of Hippo
1335:Cyril of Jerusalem
1330:Hilary of Poitiers
554:Christian Humanism
496:Christian Humanism
379:
324:Ignatius of Loyola
320:ThérÚse of Lisieux
211:declined rapidly.
109:
81:
2462:
2461:
2389:Gustavo Gutiérrez
2384:Pope Benedict XVI
2369:Pope John Paul II
2268:JosemarĂa EscrivĂĄ
2258:Henri Daniel-Rops
2142:Vladimir Solovyov
2122:Neo-scholasticism
2062:John Henry Newman
1996:Louis de Montfort
1991:Alphonsus Liguori
1986:Giambattista Vico
1921:Pierre de BĂ©rulle
1907:French Revolution
1876:Robert Bellarmine
1856:John of the Cross
1742:Julian of Norwich
1700:Bridget of Sweden
1690:John of Ruusbroec
1680:William of Ockham
1596:Francis of Assisi
1586:Dominic de GuzmĂĄn
1556:Decretum Gratiani
1531:Berengar of Tours
1420:Early Middle Ages
1390:Peter Chrysologus
1340:Basil of Caesarea
1325:Ephrem the Syrian
1265:Antipope Novatian
1054:Van Engen, John,
1027:978-0-8245-9901-0
910:978-0-631-21281-2
885:978-1-4051-1771-5
861:978-0-8091-3660-5
821:978-90-04-12984-9
758:978-90-232-4329-8
633:978-0-664-22170-6
442:the abbot of the
425:Ludolph of Saxony
383:Gerard of Zutphen
375:Ludolph of Saxony
336:Middle Low German
312:Blessed Sacrament
274:gratia devotionis
105:Book of the Hours
16:(Redirected from
2507:
2452:
2451:
2293:Emmanuel Mounier
2288:Bernard Lonergan
2213:Georges Bernanos
2198:Jacques Maritain
2178:G. K. Chesterton
2067:Henri Lacordaire
1966:Cornelius Jansen
1961:François Fénelon
1891:Francis de Sales
1881:Francisco SuĂĄrez
1752:Nicholas of Cusa
1636:Siger of Brabant
1621:Boetius of Dacia
1601:Anthony of Padua
1546:Joachim of Fiore
1526:Gregory of Narek
1513:High Middle Ages
1458:John of Damascus
1350:Gregory of Nyssa
1088:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1031:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
982:
976:
962:
956:
942:
936:
922:
913:
899:
888:
877:Philip Sheldrake
870:
864:
850:
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830:
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703:
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647:
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622:
611:
597:
508:German mysticism
414:Florens Radewyns
377:, Vol. 1, folio.
129:Florens Radewyns
57:, the author of
21:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2475:Devotio Moderna
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2446:
2438:
2419:Jean-Luc Marion
2357:
2308:Marcel Lefebvre
2233:Romano Guardini
2188:Joseph Maréchal
2166:
2157:Maurice Blondel
2052:Antonio Rosmini
2047:Luigi Taparelli
2025:
1951:Louis Thomassin
1926:Pierre Gassendi
1909:
1905:
1895:
1846:Teresa of Ăvila
1784:
1780:
1771:
1757:Marsilio Ficino
1747:Thomas Ă Kempis
1737:Devotio Moderna
1710:Johannes Tauler
1705:Meister Eckhart
1675:Dante Alighieri
1650:
1616:Albertus Magnus
1507:
1414:
1360:John Chrysostom
1288:
1284:
1274:
1187:Clement of Rome
1168:
1106:
1097:
1092:
1038:
1036:Further reading
1028:
1013:
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1005:
1004:
994:
992:
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983:
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679:
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648:
639:
623:
614:
600:Devotio Moderna
598:
589:
584:
540:
498:, a meshing of
492:
410:Catholic Church
359:
308:Thomas Ă Kempis
299:
293:
283:
229:devotio moderna
221:
209:Devotio Moderna
202:
186:Devotio Moderna
157:
107:of Geert Groote
86:
73:
55:Thomas Ă Kempis
39:Modern Devotion
31:Devotio Moderna
28:
23:
22:
18:Devotio moderna
15:
12:
11:
5:
2513:
2511:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2248:Henri de Lubac
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:Gabriel Marcel
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2203:Ătienne Gilson
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:George Tyrrell
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2112:Ămile Boutroux
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2092:Giuseppe Pecci
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1941:AntĂłnio Vieira
1938:
1933:
1931:René Descartes
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1902:Baroque period
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1866:Luis de Molina
1863:
1861:Peter Canisius
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1841:Francis Xavier
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1796:Thomas Cajetan
1793:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1727:Heinrich Seuse
1724:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1631:Thomas Aquinas
1628:
1626:Henry of Ghent
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1571:Anselm of Laon
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1493:Rabanus Maurus
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1410:Pope Gregory I
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1286:Pope Gregory I
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1157:Biblical canon
1154:
1147:Catholic Bible
1144:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1002:
977:
957:
937:
914:
889:
865:
845:
825:
805:
782:
770:
761:
741:
724:
711:
698:
677:
662:
637:
612:
586:
585:
583:
580:
579:
578:
572:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
539:
536:
491:
488:
460:Ludovico Barbo
358:
355:
347:printing press
295:Main article:
292:
287:
282:
279:
278:
277:
266:
255:
244:
220:
217:
201:
198:
156:
153:
85:
82:
72:
69:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2512:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:Aidan Nichols
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2409:MichaĆ Heller
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:Walter Kasper
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Thomas Merton
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:Jean Daniélou
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Joseph Görres
2035:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2021:Bruno Lanteri
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Blaise Pascal
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1836:John of Ăvila
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1715:Walter Hilton
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1685:Richard Rolle
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1566:Peter Lombard
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1551:Peter Abelard
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Monothelitism
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1433:John Climacus
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1320:Monophysitism
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1233:Justin Martyr
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:Papal primacy
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1007:
991:
987:
981:
978:
974:
973:0-19-504169-0
970:
966:
961:
958:
954:
953:0-89870-068-X
950:
946:
941:
938:
934:
933:1-900755-96-3
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
894:
890:
887:pages 107â108
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
846:
843:pages 415â424
842:
841:0-7102-0927-4
838:
834:
829:
826:
822:
818:
814:
809:
806:
802:
801:0-86554-871-4
798:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
774:
771:
765:
762:
759:
755:
751:
745:
742:
737:
736:
728:
725:
721:
715:
712:
708:
702:
699:
696:, p. 97.
695:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
678:
673:
669:
665:
663:90-6109-440-2
659:
655:
654:
646:
644:
642:
638:
635:pages 113â114
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
617:
613:
609:
608:0-8091-2962-0
605:
601:
596:
594:
592:
588:
581:
576:
573:
570:
567:
565:
564:Hendrik Mande
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
537:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
435:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
376:
372:
371:
366:
362:
356:
354:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:
298:
291:
288:
286:
280:
275:
271:
267:
264:
263:bona voluntas
260:
256:
253:
249:
245:
242:
238:
234:
233:
232:
230:
226:
218:
216:
212:
210:
205:
199:
197:
194:
193:Low Countries
189:
187:
183:
177:
175:
171:
165:
162:
154:
152:
150:
146:
140:
138:
134:
130:
125:
121:
118:
114:
106:
101:
97:
95:
91:
83:
77:
70:
68:
64:
62:
61:
56:
52:
48:
47:Low Countries
44:
43:Gerard Groote
40:
36:
32:
19:
2414:Peter Kreeft
2362:21st century
2353:Henri Nouwen
2263:Jean Guitton
2243:Fulton Sheen
2171:20th century
2072:Jaime Balmes
2030:19th century
1851:Luis de LeĂłn
1736:
1732:Geert Groote
1719:
1536:Peter Damian
1375:John Cassian
1315:Nestorianism
1237:
1220:
1213:
1196:
1174:Early Church
1056:
1048:
1041:
1016:
993:. Retrieved
989:
980:
964:
960:
944:
940:
924:
901:
872:
868:
852:
848:
832:
828:
812:
808:
792:
773:
764:
744:
734:
727:
719:
714:
706:
701:
652:
624:
599:
504:Christianity
493:
482:, which the
472:
447:
438:
429:Vita Christi
428:
420:
418:
395:
390:
380:
370:Vita Christi
368:
360:
350:
344:
339:
332:Middle Dutch
301:
300:
289:
284:
228:
222:
213:
208:
206:
203:
190:
185:
178:
176:movements.
166:
158:
141:
136:
126:
122:
110:
94:Geert Groote
87:
65:
58:
38:
30:
29:
2424:TomĂĄĆĄ HalĂk
2348:Jean Vanier
2333:René Girard
2318:Alfred Delp
2283:Yves Congar
2278:Karl Rahner
2253:Dorothy Day
2238:Edith Stein
2208:Ronald Knox
1806:John Fisher
1801:Thomas More
1778:Reformation
1670:Duns Scotus
1665:Ramon Llull
1658:and reforms
1646:Roger Bacon
1611:Bonaventure
1521:Roscellinus
1310:Pelagianism
1281:Constantine
1104:Key figures
912:pages 84â87
803:pages 67â71
694:McGinn 2012
524:Lutheranism
387:Jan Mombaer
328:IJssellands
257:good-will (
161:Groenendaal
2469:Categories
2434:Scott Hahn
1811:Johann Eck
1463:Iconoclasm
1395:Pope Leo I
1255:Tertullian
863:page 88-94
610:pages 7â12
582:References
516:meditation
421:projecting
145:Windesheim
137:familiares
2338:Hans KĂŒng
2127:LĂ©on Bloy
2117:Modernism
1970:Jansenism
1656:Mysticism
1250:Montanism
528:Calvinism
490:Influence
219:Teachings
37:; lit.,
1870:Molinism
1448:Ecthesis
1400:Boethius
1305:Arianism
1295:Eusebius
1245:Irenaeus
1209:Polycarp
1123:Timeline
955:page 180
672:52849131
538:See also
520:religion
466:and the
402:Guigo II
113:Deventer
1791:Erasmus
1641:Thomism
1380:Orosius
1355:Ambrose
1270:Cyprian
1198:Didache
1152:Vulgate
1111:General
1008:Sources
935:page 28
571:(ideal)
532:Erasmus
484:Jesuits
456:Calvary
427:in his
200:Decline
174:beghard
170:beguine
147:, near
117:beguine
71:Origins
1483:Alcuin
1365:Jerome
1260:Origen
1024:
995:27 May
971:
951:
931:
908:
883:
859:
839:
823:page 3
819:
799:
756:
670:
660:
631:
606:
577:(book)
265:), and
231:were:
149:Zwolle
879:2007
270:Latin
259:Latin
248:Latin
237:Latin
155:1400s
84:1300s
35:Latin
1453:Bede
1182:Paul
1022:ISBN
997:2014
969:ISBN
949:ISBN
929:ISBN
906:ISBN
881:ISBN
857:ISBN
837:ISBN
817:ISBN
797:ISBN
754:ISBN
668:OCLC
658:ISBN
629:ISBN
604:ISBN
526:and
502:and
400:and
385:and
334:and
322:and
316:mass
172:and
875:by
512:God
276:.)
2471::
1904:to
1283:to
988:.
917:^
892:^
785:^
680:^
666:.
640:^
615:^
590:^
470:.
462:,
436:.
338:,
272::
261::
254:),
250::
243:),
239::
1972:)
1968:(
1872:)
1868:(
1087:e
1080:t
1073:v
1030:.
999:.
738:.
674:.
33:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
