1411:. It has turned out that there is much conservation of developmental mechanisms across the animal kingdom. In early development different vertebrate species all use essentially the same inductive signals and the same genes encoding regional identity. Even invertebrates use a similar repertoire of signals and genes although the body parts formed are significantly different. Model organisms each have some particular experimental advantages which have enabled them to become popular among researchers. In one sense they are "models" for the whole animal kingdom, and in another sense they are "models" for human development, which is difficult to study directly for both ethical and practical reasons. Model organisms have been most useful for elucidating the broad nature of developmental mechanisms. The more detail is sought, the more they differ from each other and from humans.
1028:. Considerable information is now available about amphibian limb regeneration and it is known that each cell type regenerates itself, except for connective tissues where there is considerable interconversion between cartilage, dermis and tendons. In terms of the pattern of structures, this is controlled by a re-activation of signals active in the embryo. There is still debate about the old question of whether regeneration is a "pristine" or an "adaptive" property. If the former is the case, with improved knowledge, we might expect to be able to improve regenerative ability in humans. If the latter, then each instance of regeneration is presumed to have arisen by natural selection in circumstances particular to the species, so no general rules would be expected.
962:
770:
1051:
757:
1158:
cells of the embryo, which do not contain the determinant, are competent to respond to different concentrations by upregulating specific developmental control genes. This results in a series of zones becoming set up, arranged at progressively greater distance from the signaling center. In each zone a different combination of developmental control genes is upregulated. These genes encode
1167:
1183:, directly activate pathways involved in endomesoderm specification through mechanotransduction processes. This property was suggested to be evolutionary inherited from endomesoderm specification as mechanically stimulated by marine environmental hydrodynamic flow in first animal organisms (first metazoa). Twisting along the body axis by a left-handed chirality is found in all
1353:. This occurs when individual cells or groups of cells grow longer. Not all plant cells will grow to the same length. When cells on one side of a stem grow longer and faster than cells on the other side, the stem will bend to the side of the slower growing cells as a result. This directional growth can occur via a plant's response to a particular stimulus, such as light (
57:
1399:
are the homologous theory and the antithetic theory. The commonly accepted theory for the evolution of plant morphology is the antithetic theory. The antithetic theory states that the multiple mitotic divisions that take place before meiosis, cause the development of the sporophyte. Then the sporophyte will development as an independent organism.
1043:
1385:
Plants exhibit natural variation in their form and structure. While all organisms vary from individual to individual, plants exhibit an additional type of variation. Within a single individual, parts are repeated which may differ in form and structure from other similar parts. This variation is most
1270:
which are more than the sum of the individual parts. "The assembly of these tissues and functions into an integrated multicellular organism yields not only the characteristics of the separate parts and processes but also quite a new set of characteristics which would not have been predictable on the
1162:
which upregulate new combinations of gene activity in each region. Among other functions, these transcription factors control expression of genes conferring specific adhesive and motility properties on the cells in which they are active. Because of these different morphogenetic properties, the cells
1398:
Most land plants share a common ancestor, multicellular algae. An example of the evolution of plant morphology is seen in charophytes. Studies have shown that charophytes have traits that are homologous to land plants. There are two main theories of the evolution of plant morphology, these theories
1157:
in one part of the zygote. The cells that contain the determinant become a signaling center and emit an inducing factor. Because the inducing factor is produced in one place, diffuses away, and decays, it forms a concentration gradient, high near the source cells and low further away. The remaining
932:
The development of plants involves similar processes to that of animals. However, plant cells are mostly immotile so morphogenesis is achieved by differential growth, without cell movements. Also, the inductive signals and the genes involved are different from those that control animal development.
1197:
in embryos is mostly autonomous. For each territory of cells the growth rate is controlled by the combination of genes that are active. Free-living embryos do not grow in mass as they have no external food supply. But embryos fed by a placenta or extraembryonic yolk supply can grow very fast, and
1005:
indicates the ability to regrow a missing part. This is very prevalent amongst plants, which show continuous growth, and also among colonial animals such as hydroids and ascidians. But most interest by developmental biologists has been shown in the regeneration of parts in free living animals. In
989:
for hepatocyte differentiation. Cell differentiation is usually the final stage of development, preceded by several states of commitment which are not visibly differentiated. A single tissue, formed from a single type of progenitor cell or stem cell, often consists of several differentiated cell
1376:
and plant growth regulators (PGRs) (Ross et al. 1983). Endogenous hormone levels are influenced by plant age, cold hardiness, dormancy, and other metabolic conditions; photoperiod, drought, temperature, and other external environmental conditions; and exogenous sources of PGRs, e.g., externally
1174:
Morphogenetic movements not only change the shape and structure of the embryo, but by bringing cell sheets into new spatial relationships they also make possible new phases of signaling and response between them. In addition, first morphogenetic movements of embryogenesis, such as gastrulation,
972:
is the process whereby different functional cell types arise in development. For example, neurons, muscle fibers and hepatocytes (liver cells) are well known types of differentiated cells. Differentiated cells usually produce large amounts of a few proteins that are required for their specific
1394:
Transcription factors and transcriptional regulatory networks play key roles in plant morphogenesis and their evolution. During plant landing, many novel transcription factor families emerged and are preferentially wired into the networks of multicellular development, reproduction, and organ
1201:
The whole process needs to be coordinated in time and how this is controlled is not understood. There may be a master clock able to communicate with all parts of the embryo that controls the course of events, or timing may depend simply on local causal sequences of events.
1214:. This occurs in various types of animal. Well-known examples are seen in frogs, which usually hatch as a tadpole and metamorphoses to an adult frog, and certain insects which hatch as a larva and then become remodeled to the adult form during a pupal stage.
901:
relates to the formation of a three-dimensional shape. It mainly involves the orchestrated movements of cell sheets and of individual cells. Morphogenesis is important for creating the three germ layers of the early embryo
1386:
easily seen in the leaves of a plant, though other organs such as stems and flowers may show similar variation. There are three primary causes of this variation: positional effects, environmental effects, and juvenility.
1262:
will very early produce all of the body parts that it will ever have in its life. When the animal is born (or hatches from its egg), it has all its body parts and from that point will only grow larger and more mature.
1143:. During cleavage and gastrulation the first regional specification events occur. In addition to the formation of the three germ layers themselves, these often generate extraembryonic structures, such as the mammalian
895:
relates specifically to the formation of functional cell types such as nerve, muscle, secretory epithelia, etc. Differentiated cells contain large amounts of specific proteins associated with cell function.
884:
do not generate functional differentiated cells, but cell populations committed to developing to a specific region or part of the organism. These are defined by the expression of specific combinations of
1783:
Heintzman ND, Stuart RK, Hon G, Fu Y, Ching CW, Hawkins RD, et al. (March 2007). "Distinct and predictive chromatin signatures of transcriptional promoters and enhancers in the human genome".
977:
structure is very open, allowing access for the transcription enzymes, and specific transcription factors bind to regulatory sequences in the DNA in order to activate gene expression. For example,
973:
function and this gives them the characteristic appearance that enables them to be recognized under the light microscope. The genes encoding these proteins are highly active. Typically their
1217:
All the developmental processes listed above occur during metamorphosis. Examples that have been especially well studied include tail loss and other changes in the tadpole of the frog
1024:. The other two models show only distal regeneration of appendages. These are the insect appendages, usually the legs of hemimetabolous insects such as the cricket, and the limbs of
1073:. These cell divisions are usually rapid with no growth so the daughter cells are half the size of the mother cell and the whole embryo stays about the same size. They are called
3925:
3406:
4683:
994:. For example, in the neural plate of the embryo this system operates to generate a population of neuronal precursor cells in which NeuroD is highly expressed.
2978:
Maves L, Schubiger G (October 2003). "Transdetermination in
Drosophila imaginal discs: a model for understanding pluripotency and selector gene maintenance".
4436:
801:
5149:
1147:, needed for support and nutrition of the embryo, and also establish differences of commitment along the anteroposterior axis (head, trunk and tail).
93:
1330:
to form a specialized tissue, begin to grow as the tip of a new root or shoot. Growth from any such meristem at the tip of a root or shoot is termed
1625:
1299:. As this happens, the resulting cells will organize so that one end becomes the first root, while the other end forms the tip of the shoot. In
5672:
4600:
3198:
Ross SD, Pharis RP, Binder WD (1983). "Growth regulators and conifers: their physiology and potential uses in forestry.". In
Nickell LG (ed.).
1694:
2768:
de
Lussanet, M.H.E.; Osse, J.W.M. (2012). "An ancestral axial twist explains the contralateral forebain and the optic chiasm in vertebrates".
876:
refers to the processes that create the spatial patterns in a ball or sheet of initially similar cells. This generally involves the action of
5144:
1678:
4948:
4107:
1326:
located at the tip of the shoot. Branching occurs when small clumps of cells left behind by the meristem, and which have not yet undergone
1163:
of each germ layer move to form sheets such that the ectoderm ends up on the outside, mesoderm in the middle, and endoderm on the inside.
707:
488:
880:, located within parts of the fertilized egg, and of inductive signals emitted from signaling centers in the embryo. The early stages of
5637:
3918:
702:
5210:
5482:
4074:
5182:
4676:
3843:
3653:
3215:"An Arabidopsis Transcriptional Regulatory Map Reveals Distinct Functional and Evolutionary Features of Novel Transcription Factors"
1258:
located at the tips of organs, or between mature tissues. Thus, a living plant always has embryonic tissues. By contrast, an animal
5225:
5220:
2871:
Tata JR (1996). "Amphibian metamorphosis: an exquisite model for hormonal regulation of postembryonic development in vertebrates".
3252:
2813:
O'Farrell PH (2003). "How metazoans reach their full size: the natural history of bigness.". In Hall MN, Raff M, Thomas G (eds.).
5439:
4429:
3084:
31:
2719:"Mechano-biochemical marine stimulation of inversion, gastrulation, and endomesoderm specification in multicellular Eukaryota"
1666:
1006:
particular four models have been the subject of much investigation. Two of these have the ability to regenerate whole bodies:
5696:
5691:
3911:
794:
5616:
1868:
1856:
5467:
4445:
4669:
4479:
1314:
from its seed or parent plant, it begins to produce additional organs (leaves, stems, and roots) through the process of
1123:
Morphogenetic movements convert the cell mass into a three layered structure consisting of multicellular sheets called
5434:
4510:
4392:
4337:
4116:
3893:
1194:
1016:
worms, which can usually regenerate both heads and tails. Both of these examples have continuous cell turnover fed by
1564:
have also been demonstrated as an efficient model for development. Plant development has focused on the thale cress
5626:
5492:
5324:
4422:
2543:
Hardin J, Walston T (August 2004). "Models of morphogenesis: the mechanisms and mechanics of cell rearrangement".
5319:
3977:
3950:
3341:
787:
72:
4505:
4397:
4309:
4194:
4100:
3965:
1327:
858:
697:
3510:
Rashidi H, Sottile V (April 2009). "The chick embryo: hatching a model for contemporary biomedical research".
3330:: implications for understanding patterns of gametogenesis and fertilization in plants and other eukaryotes".
5560:
5497:
5472:
5355:
5275:
4161:
3835:
1615:
1595:
1490:
1198:
changes to relative growth rate between parts in these organisms help to produce the final overall anatomy.
1154:
991:
877:
990:
types. Control of their formation involves a process of lateral inhibition, based on the properties of the
5545:
5444:
5429:
5398:
5299:
4758:
4382:
4281:
4054:
4049:
1842:
1556:
1499:
1150:
1002:
881:
873:
854:
826:
692:
300:
2500:
Dahmann C, Oates AC, Brand M (January 2011). "Boundary formation and maintenance in tissue development".
5656:
5550:
5477:
5314:
5309:
5240:
5175:
4818:
4798:
4387:
4377:
4221:
3332:
1159:
1089:
961:
886:
360:
340:
175:
4085:
1959:"Why polyps regenerate and we don't: towards a cellular and molecular framework for Hydra regeneration"
1042:
3114:
Barlow P (May 2005). "Patterned cell determination in a plant tissue: the secondary phloem of trees".
5565:
5408:
5403:
5285:
5280:
5267:
5063:
4873:
4823:
4459:
3989:
2673:
2322:
2265:
2057:
1898:
1566:
1422:
1407:
Much of developmental biology research in recent decades has focused on the use of a small number of
1307:). By the end of embryogenesis, the young plant will have all the parts necessary to begin its life.
1117:
969:
948:
that explores the dynamics guiding the development and evolution of a biological morphological form.
892:
830:
725:
603:
413:
365:
3471:"Forward and reverse genetic approaches for the analysis of vertebrate development in the zebrafish"
5661:
4978:
4848:
4131:
4093:
3960:
1847:
1635:
1605:
1055:
740:
730:
518:
388:
82:
3057:
5350:
5139:
5093:
5073:
5058:
4883:
4878:
4692:
4023:
4014:
3671:
3593:
3535:
3400:
3369:
3096:
3071:
Brand U, Hobe M, Simon R (February 2001). "Functional domains in plant shoot meristems". Review.
2896:
2853:
2795:
2777:
2525:
2482:
2175:
2026:
1808:
1630:
1544:
1450:
1188:
1025:
945:
925:
687:
633:
613:
598:
423:
418:
89:
77:
2662:"Evolutionary conservation of early mesoderm specification by mechanotransduction in Bilateria"
1046:
Generalized scheme of embryonic development. Slack "Essential
Developmental Biology". Fig. 2.8.
5611:
5595:
5391:
5386:
5295:
5078:
4958:
4813:
4522:
4500:
4360:
4146:
4136:
3839:
3790:
3755:
3720:
3659:
3649:
3585:
3568:
St
Johnston D (March 2002). "The art and design of genetic screens: Drosophila melanogaster".
3527:
3492:
3451:
3361:
3353:
3297:
3244:
3180:
3131:
3088:
3030:
2995:
2945:
2888:
2845:
2750:
2699:
2642:
2601:
2560:
2517:
2474:
2412:
2348:
2291:
2231:
2167:
2132:
2083:
2018:
1980:
1924:
1860:
1800:
1765:
1674:
1640:
1234:
1101:
1074:
735:
618:
498:
355:
188:
126:
2014:
1885:
Sprinzak D, Lakhanpal A, Lebon L, Santat LA, Fontes ME, Anderson GA, et al. (May 2010).
920:
involves both an overall increase in tissue size, and also the differential growth of parts (
5621:
5590:
5585:
5540:
5168:
4803:
4299:
4262:
4243:
3972:
3827:
3782:
3747:
3710:
3641:
3637:
3628:
3577:
3519:
3482:
3441:
3433:
3345:
3287:
3279:
3234:
3226:
3170:
3162:
3123:
3080:
3022:
3013:
Bäurle I, Laux T (October 2003). "Apical meristems: the plant's fountain of youth". Review.
2987:
2935:
2927:
2880:
2837:
2787:
2740:
2730:
2689:
2681:
2632:
2591:
2552:
2509:
2466:
2439:
2402:
2394:
2338:
2330:
2281:
2273:
2221:
2159:
2122:
2114:
2073:
2065:
2046:"Clonogenic neoblasts are pluripotent adult stem cells that underlie planarian regeneration"
2010:
1970:
1914:
1906:
1852:
1792:
1755:
1610:
1339:
1335:
1248:
774:
345:
184:
2884:
2311:"Genome-wide reprogramming in the mouse germ line entails the base excision repair pathway"
1243:
is the process by which structures originate and mature as a plant grows. It is studied in
5631:
5535:
5345:
5088:
5053:
4650:
4566:
4176:
3751:
3683:
2470:
1408:
628:
593:
3050:
2254:"Germline DNA demethylation dynamics and imprint erasure through 5-hydroxymethylcytosine"
2252:
Hackett JA, Sengupta R, Zylicz JJ, Murakami K, Lee C, Down TA, Surani MA (January 2013).
1065:. This undergoes a period of divisions to form a ball or sheet of similar cells called a
3272:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
2677:
2326:
2269:
2127:
2102:
2061:
1902:
1887:"Cis-interactions between Notch and Delta generate mutually exclusive signalling states"
1221:, and the biology of the imaginal discs, which generate the adult body parts of the fly
4943:
4753:
4590:
4355:
4253:
4034:
4018:
4010:
3446:
3421:
3292:
3267:
3239:
3214:
3175:
3150:
2940:
2915:
2745:
2718:
2694:
2661:
2457:
Rogers KW, Schier AF (2011). "Morphogen gradients: from generation to interpretation".
2407:
2382:
2343:
2310:
2286:
2253:
2078:
2045:
1919:
1886:
1590:
1444:
1346:
1331:
1280:
761:
483:
295:
17:
3645:
2637:
2620:
2226:
2209:
5685:
5599:
5513:
5381:
5215:
5192:
5023:
4918:
4808:
4783:
4778:
4304:
4248:
4004:
3955:
3597:
2443:
1523:
1515:
1373:
1366:
1315:
1296:
1291:
of an egg cell by a sperm cell. From that point, it begins to divide to form a plant
1288:
1244:
1211:
1037:
1008:
917:
898:
866:
862:
850:
834:
563:
458:
350:
325:
320:
3373:
2900:
2857:
2486:
2179:
1827:
1061:
The sperm and egg fuse in the process of fertilization to form a fertilized egg, or
5424:
5245:
5235:
5068:
5048:
5013:
5008:
4998:
4993:
4973:
4953:
4863:
4833:
4793:
4773:
4763:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4319:
4274:
4269:
3539:
3100:
2963:
Cohen SM (1993). "Imaginal Disc
Development.". In Bate M, Martinez-Arias M (eds.).
2799:
2529:
2030:
1812:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1140:
1113:
1021:
928:
but also through changes in cell size or the deposition of extracellular materials.
608:
588:
553:
548:
538:
533:
513:
493:
403:
375:
335:
315:
305:
285:
280:
275:
270:
170:
1050:
3487:
3470:
2001:
Reddien PW, Sánchez
Alvarado A (2004). "Fundamentals of planarian regeneration".
1695:"Generative Biology: Designing Biologic Medicines with Greater Speed and Success"
1020:
and, at least in planaria, at least some of the stem cells have been shown to be
5360:
5340:
5118:
5113:
5083:
5038:
4983:
4923:
4908:
4903:
4868:
4828:
4718:
4708:
4703:
4645:
4612:
4595:
4414:
4314:
4239:
4181:
4027:
2931:
2828:
Moss EG, Romer-Seibert J (2014). "Cell-intrinsic timing in animal development".
1975:
1958:
1311:
1254:
Plants constantly produce new tissues and structures throughout their life from
1136:
1109:
1093:
658:
653:
623:
578:
523:
463:
448:
443:
408:
370:
260:
250:
245:
165:
111:
5160:
3773:
Ader M, Tanaka EM (December 2014). "Modeling human development in 3D culture".
3557:(Fourth ed.). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
3149:
Pacifici E, Di Mambro R, Dello Ioio R, Costantino P, Sabatini S (August 2018).
1760:
1743:
1166:
756:
5604:
5304:
5257:
5103:
5098:
5043:
5028:
4968:
4933:
4928:
4898:
4858:
4838:
4768:
4748:
4617:
4532:
4495:
4370:
4257:
4231:
4171:
4166:
4151:
4061:
3984:
3786:
3437:
2991:
2735:
2621:"Mechanical induction of twist in the Drosophila foregut/stomodeal primordium"
2556:
2118:
1720:
1645:
1600:
1580:
1540:
1536:
1070:
1017:
643:
638:
583:
568:
508:
473:
468:
438:
398:
380:
310:
290:
150:
145:
3357:
2791:
5555:
5523:
5290:
5196:
5018:
5003:
4988:
4938:
4913:
4571:
4203:
3230:
3166:
2334:
2309:
Hajkova P, Jeffries SJ, Lee C, Miller N, Jackson SP, Surani MA (July 2010).
2277:
2069:
1585:
1457:
1304:
1267:
1184:
1180:
1105:
1085:
1013:
974:
965:
The Notch-delta system in neurogenesis (Slack
Essential Dev Biol Fig 14.12a)
921:
838:
683:
558:
543:
528:
478:
453:
208:
160:
121:
116:
3794:
3759:
3724:
3663:
3589:
3531:
3523:
3496:
3455:
3349:
3301:
3283:
3248:
3184:
3135:
3092:
3034:
2999:
2949:
2892:
2849:
2754:
2703:
2605:
2564:
2521:
2478:
2416:
2352:
2295:
2235:
2171:
2136:
2087:
2022:
1996:
1994:
1984:
1928:
1864:
1804:
1769:
3365:
2646:
5518:
5487:
5108:
5033:
4963:
4893:
4888:
4713:
4347:
4329:
4291:
4208:
4039:
1620:
1561:
1323:
1322:
located at the tip of the root, and new stems and leaves grow from shoot
1319:
1255:
1144:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1081:
1066:
982:
911:
907:
903:
648:
573:
503:
433:
428:
255:
224:
203:
3903:
1910:
1671:
Form and
Transformation: Generative and Relational Principles in Biology
1395:
development, contributing to more complex morphogenesis of land plants.
1012:, which can regenerate any part of the polyp from a small fragment, and
825:
grow and develop. Developmental biology also encompasses the biology of
5250:
5123:
4853:
4723:
4622:
4561:
4515:
4044:
3715:
3698:
3326:
Friedman, William E. (1999). "Expression of the cell cycle in sperm of
3127:
3026:
2685:
2596:
2579:
1548:
1438:
1176:
663:
393:
265:
212:
198:
56:
48:
4661:
3085:
10.1002/1521-1878(200102)23:2<134::AID-BIES1020>3.0.CO;2-3
2383:"Anterior-posterior patterning in early development: three strategies"
1116:. DNA demethylation is carried out by a process that utilizes the DNA
5230:
4788:
4556:
4527:
4469:
4464:
4365:
4156:
4141:
3945:
2841:
1292:
1284:
1259:
1097:
1062:
978:
818:
330:
220:
3268:"Morphological evolution in land plants: new designs with old genes"
2513:
2398:
2163:
1471:. Early stages similar to mammal, but microsurgery easier. Low cost.
1338:
results in widening of a root or shoot from divisions of cells in a
3738:
Nacu E, Tanaka EM (2011). "Limb regeneration: a new development?".
3581:
1857:
10.1002/1521-1878(200008)22:8<753::aid-bies9>3.0.co;2-z
1828:"Pattern formation by local self-activation and lateral inhibition"
1796:
924:) which contributes to morphogenesis. Growth mostly occurs through
4629:
4607:
4585:
4576:
4537:
4474:
3994:
3213:
Jin J, He K, Tang X, Li Z, Lv L, Zhao Y, et al. (July 2015).
2782:
1165:
1041:
960:
914:) and for building up complex structures during organ development.
822:
216:
3699:"Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: the tunicates"
2580:"Regulated adhesion as a driving force of gastrulation movements"
5528:
3999:
2210:"In the beginning: lessons from fertilization in mice and worms"
1300:
986:
136:
5164:
4665:
4418:
4089:
3907:
2430:
Slack JM (1987). "Morphogenetic gradients - past and present".
1210:
Developmental processes are very evident during the process of
3812:. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
3615:. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
2101:
Nakamura T, Mito T, Bando T, Ohuchi H, Noji S (January 2008).
2103:"Dissecting insect leg regeneration through RNA interference"
3878:
1454:). Good embryo supply. Especially suitable for microsurgery.
981:
is a key transcription factor for neuronal differentiation,
1721:"Generative Biology: Learning to Program Cellular Machines"
1303:
plants, the embryo will develop one or more "seed leaves" (
1170:
Schema of the development of the axial twist in vertebrates
3898:
3883:
3553:
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Nagy M (2014).
3422:"Xenopus research: metamorphosed by genetics and genomics"
3888:
3202:. Vol. 2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 35–78.
1503:. Good embryo supply. Well developed genetics. Low cost.
2830:
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Developmental Biology
2387:
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Developmental Biology
2152:
Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Developmental Biology
1372:
Plant growth and development are mediated by specific
1334:
and results in the lengthening of that root or shoot.
3611:
Riddle DL, Blumenthal T, Meyer BJ, Priess JR (1997).
2817:. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. pp. 1–21.
2208:
Jungnickel MK, Sutton KA, Florman HM (August 2003).
5649:
5578:
5506:
5460:
5453:
5417:
5369:
5333:
5266:
5203:
5132:
4638:
4546:
4488:
4452:
4346:
4328:
4290:
4230:
4217:
4190:
4124:
1665:Webster, Gerry; Goodwin, Brian (13 November 1996).
1266:The properties of organization seen in a plant are
3627:
3555:Manipulating the Mouse Embryo. A Laboratory Manual
3049:
2717:Nguyen, Ngoc-Minh; Merle, Tatiana; et, al (2022).
3634:Current Topics in Developmental Biology Volume 50
2660:Brunet, Thibaut; Bouclet, Adrien; et, al (2013).
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
2150:Simon A, Tanaka EM (2013). "Limb regeneration".
1187:(including vertebrates) and is addressed by the
3866:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
3740:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
2459:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
2247:
2245:
2003:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
1494:. Good embryo supply. Well developed genetics.
1464:. Good embryo supply. Well developed genetics.
5176:
4677:
4430:
4101:
3919:
2980:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
2545:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
1271:basis of examination of the separate parts."
795:
8:
2578:Hammerschmidt M, Wedlich D (November 2008).
1744:"The role of chromatin during transcription"
3894:Essential Developmental Biology 3rd edition
2723:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
2044:Wagner DE, Wang IE, Reddien PW (May 2011).
1742:Li B, Carey M, Workman JL (February 2007).
1554:are used, and also planarian worms such as
5457:
5183:
5169:
5161:
4684:
4670:
4662:
4437:
4423:
4415:
4227:
4108:
4094:
4086:
3926:
3912:
3904:
3405:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2965:The Development of Drosophila melanogaster
1088:(see Figure: “The initial stages of human
802:
788:
39:
5150:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
3714:
3636:. Vol. 50. Academic Press. pp.
3486:
3445:
3420:Harland RM, Grainger RM (December 2011).
3291:
3238:
3174:
2939:
2781:
2744:
2734:
2693:
2636:
2595:
2406:
2342:
2285:
2225:
2126:
2077:
1974:
1918:
1846:
1759:
1535:Also popular for some purposes have been
3629:"Patterning the early sea urchin embryo"
2015:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.095114
1626:Plant evolutionary developmental biology
1478:. A mammal with well developed genetics.
1049:
837:, and the growth and differentiation of
2873:Development, Growth and Differentiation
1657:
853:of animals are: tissue patterning (via
47:
27:Study of how organisms develop and grow
5673:Index of evolutionary biology articles
3679:
3669:
3398:
2885:10.1046/j.1440-169x.1996.t01-2-00001.x
5145:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3752:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154115
2471:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154148
1096:reprogramming. This process involves
817:is the study of the process by which
7:
3889:Developmental Biology - 10th edition
2107:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
1377:applied and of rhizospheric origin.
3266:Pires ND, Dolan L (February 2012).
1349:division, a plant may grow through
849:The main processes involved in the
5483:Evolutionary developmental biology
4075:Evolutionary developmental biology
1944:Principles of Regenerative Biology
25:
3879:Society for Developmental Biology
3469:Lawson ND, Wolfe SA (July 2011).
3200:Plant growth regulating chemicals
3056:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p.
2815:Cell Growth: Control of Cell Size
5440:Evolution of sexual reproduction
3810:Arabidopsis. A Laboratory Manual
3255:from the original on 2016-06-02.
1946:. Burlington MA: Academic Press.
1874:from the original on 2017-10-27.
1667:"Chapter 9 - Generative Biology"
1153:is initiated by the presence of
1032:Embryonic development of animals
985:for muscle differentiation, and
769:
768:
755:
55:
3855:Essential Developmental Biology
3808:Weigel D, Glazebrook J (2002).
3775:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
3626:Ettensohn CA, Sweet HC (2000).
3219:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2195:Essential Developmental Biology
2193:Slack JM (2013). "Chapter 20".
5211:Genotype–phenotype distinction
3387:Nieuwkoop PD, Faber J (1967).
2432:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
2381:Kimelman D, Martin BL (2012).
1826:Meinhardt H, Gierer A (2000).
1673:. Cambridge University Press.
1543:. For studies of regeneration
1:
5468:Regulation of gene expression
4446:Development of the human body
3646:10.1016/S0070-2153(00)50002-7
2914:Brown DD, Cai L (June 2007).
2638:10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00576-1
2227:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00648-2
1403:Developmental model organisms
1390:Evolution of plant morphology
1251:as well as plant morphology.
5638:Endless Forms Most Beautiful
5418:Evolution of genetic systems
5226:Gene–environment correlation
5221:Gene–environment interaction
3862:Wolpert L, Tickle C (2011).
3488:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.06.007
3052:Plant Growth and Development
2444:10.1016/0968-0004(87)90094-6
1283:begins from a single celled
1135:. These sheets are known as
5617:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
4393:Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme
4338:Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme
4117:Human embryonic development
3899:Embryo Project Encyclopedia
3395:. North-Holland, Amsterdam.
2967:. Cold Spring Harbor Press.
2932:10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.03.021
1976:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.12.012
1318:. New roots grow from root
1112:imprint erasure leading to
5713:
5493:Hedgehog signaling pathway
5370:Developmental architecture
3857:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
2197:. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
1761:10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.015
1232:
1035:
29:
5670:
5320:Transgressive segregation
4699:
4070:
3941:
3864:Principles of Development
3787:10.1016/j.ceb.2014.06.013
3438:10.1016/j.tig.2011.08.003
3342:The Company of Biologists
2992:10.1016/j.gde.2003.08.006
2916:"Amphibian metamorphosis"
2736:10.3389/fcell.2022.992371
2557:10.1016/j.gde.2004.06.008
2370:. London: Academic Press.
2119:10.1007/s00018-007-7432-0
1365:), and physical contact (
1345:In addition to growth by
1139:. This is the process of
708:List of unsolved problems
4398:Somatopleuric mesenchyme
4310:Somatopleuric mesenchyme
4119:in the first three weeks
3570:Nature Reviews. Genetics
2792:10.1163/157075611X617102
2619:Farge, Emmanuel (2003).
2502:Nature Reviews. Genetics
2368:Comparative Placentation
1328:cellular differentiation
1155:cytoplasmic determinants
878:cytoplasmic determinants
703:List of research methods
5498:Notch signaling pathway
5473:Gene regulatory network
5356:Dual inheritance theory
3884:Collaborative resources
3836:Oxford University Press
3697:Lemaire P (June 2011).
3167:10.15252/embj.201899134
2366:Steven DH, ed. (1975).
2335:10.1126/science.1187945
2278:10.1126/science.1229277
2070:10.1126/science.1203983
1957:Bosch TC (March 2007).
1616:Gene regulatory network
1596:Cell signaling networks
1491:Drosophila melanogaster
1381:Morphological variation
1295:through the process of
1223:Drosophila melanogaster
992:Notch signaling pathway
952:Developmental processes
841:in the adult organism.
176:Response to environment
18:Developmental biologist
5546:cis-regulatory element
5454:Control of development
5334:Non-genetic influences
5300:evolutionary landscape
4759:Biological engineering
4282:Regional specification
4009:Indirect development:
3524:10.1002/bies.200800168
3350:10.1242/dev.126.5.1065
3284:10.1098/rstb.2011.0252
1557:Schmidtea mediterranea
1500:Caenorhabditis elegans
1171:
1151:Regional specification
1058:
1054:The initial stages of
1047:
966:
882:regional specification
874:Regional specification
855:regional specification
693:List of biology awards
301:Biological engineering
5697:Philosophy of biology
5692:Developmental biology
5657:Nature versus nurture
5561:Cell surface receptor
5478:Evo-devo gene toolkit
5377:Developmental biology
5315:Polygenic inheritance
5241:Quantitative genetics
4844:Developmental biology
4819:Computational biology
4799:Cellular microbiology
4388:Intraembryonic coelom
3935:Developmental biology
3834:(13th ed.). NY:
3832:Developmental Biology
3231:10.1093/molbev/msv058
2920:Developmental Biology
2666:Nature Communications
1963:Developmental Biology
1570:as a model organism.
1233:Further information:
1169:
1160:transcription factors
1092:”) undergo extensive
1053:
1045:
964:
887:transcription factors
851:embryonic development
815:Developmental biology
385:Developmental biology
361:Computational biology
341:Cellular microbiology
33:Developmental Biology
30:For the journal, see
5566:Transcription factor
5281:Genetic assimilation
5268:Genetic architecture
5064:Reproductive biology
4949:Mathematical biology
4874:Evolutionary biology
4824:Conservation biology
3830:, Barresi M (2023).
1567:Arabidopsis thaliana
1423:Arabidopsis thaliana
1118:base excision repair
970:Cell differentiation
957:Cell differentiation
893:Cell differentiation
859:cell differentiation
831:asexual reproduction
726:Agricultural science
604:Reproductive biology
489:Mathematical biology
414:Evolutionary biology
366:Conservation biology
5662:Morphogenetic field
5579:Influential figures
4849:Ecological genetics
4693:Branches of biology
3048:Leopold AC (1964).
2678:2013NatCo...4.2821B
2327:2010Sci...329...78H
2270:2013Sci...339..448H
2062:2011Sci...332..811W
1942:Carlson BM (2007).
1911:10.1038/nature08959
1903:2010Natur.465...86S
1723:. NIH. Mar 15, 2024
1636:Signal transduction
1552:Ambystoma mexicanum
1268:emergent properties
1108:reorganization and
1056:human embryogenesis
731:Biomedical sciences
389:Ecological genetics
43:Part of a series on
5351:Genomic imprinting
5140:History of biology
5074:Structural biology
5059:Relational biology
4884:Generative biology
4879:Freshwater biology
4601:Emerging adulthood
4024:Direct development
4015:Hypermetamorphosis
3716:10.1242/dev.048975
3475:Developmental Cell
3426:Trends in Genetics
3151:"Arabidopsis root"
3128:10.1002/bies.20214
3027:10.1002/bies.10341
2686:10.1038/ncomms3821
2597:10.1242/dev.015701
1631:Promoter (biology)
1545:urodele amphibians
1189:axial twist theory
1172:
1059:
1048:
1026:urodele amphibians
967:
946:generative science
942:Generative biology
937:Generative biology
926:cell proliferation
762:Biology portal
614:Structural biology
599:Relational biology
424:Generative biology
419:Freshwater biology
5679:
5678:
5612:Eric F. Wieschaus
5574:
5573:
5392:Pattern formation
5296:Fitness landscape
5158:
5157:
5079:Synthetic biology
4959:Molecular biology
4814:Cognitive biology
4659:
4658:
4523:Adult development
4501:Child development
4412:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4137:Oocyte activation
4083:
4082:
3853:Slack JM (2013).
3278:(1588): 508–518.
2631:(16): 1365–1377.
1680:978-0-521-35451-6
1641:Synthetic biology
1235:Plant development
1229:Plant development
1102:DNA demethylation
812:
811:
736:Health technology
619:Synthetic biology
499:Molecular biology
356:Cognitive biology
151:Energy processing
16:(Redirected from
5704:
5622:William McGinnis
5591:Richard Lewontin
5586:C. H. Waddington
5458:
5435:Neutral networks
5185:
5178:
5171:
5162:
4804:Chemical biology
4686:
4679:
4672:
4663:
4639:Social and legal
4439:
4432:
4425:
4416:
4300:Surface ectoderm
4263:Primitive groove
4244:Primitive streak
4228:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4087:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3905:
3867:
3858:
3849:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3718:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3667:
3631:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3449:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3404:
3396:
3389:Normal table of
3384:
3378:
3377:
3323:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3242:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3155:The EMBO Journal
3146:
3140:
3139:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3055:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2842:10.1002/wdev.145
2825:
2819:
2818:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2785:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2748:
2738:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2640:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2410:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2346:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2289:
2264:(6118): 448–52.
2249:
2240:
2239:
2229:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2041:
2035:
2034:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1850:
1832:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1763:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1662:
1611:Fish development
1336:Secondary growth
1310:Once the embryo
1249:plant physiology
804:
797:
790:
777:
772:
771:
764:
760:
759:
698:List of journals
346:Chemical biology
59:
40:
21:
5712:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5666:
5645:
5632:Sean B. Carroll
5570:
5502:
5449:
5413:
5365:
5346:Maternal effect
5329:
5262:
5199:
5189:
5159:
5154:
5128:
5089:Systems biology
5054:Quantum biology
4695:
4690:
4660:
4655:
4651:Age of majority
4634:
4567:Early childhood
4542:
4489:Birth and after
4484:
4480:Gestational age
4448:
4443:
4413:
4404:
4342:
4324:
4286:
4219:
4213:
4192:
4186:
4177:Inner cell mass
4120:
4114:
4084:
4079:
4066:
4035:Model organisms
3937:
3932:
3875:
3870:
3861:
3852:
3846:
3826:
3822:
3820:Further reading
3817:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3709:(11): 2143–52.
3696:
3695:
3691:
3678:
3668:
3656:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3397:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3325:
3324:
3309:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2625:Current Biology
2618:
2617:
2613:
2590:(22): 3625–41.
2577:
2576:
2572:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2514:10.1038/nrg2902
2499:
2498:
2494:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2399:10.1002/wdev.25
2380:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2321:(5987): 78–82.
2308:
2307:
2303:
2251:
2250:
2243:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2164:10.1002/wdev.73
2149:
2148:
2144:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2056:(6031): 811–6.
2043:
2042:
2038:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1956:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1897:(7294): 86–90.
1884:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1785:Nature Genetics
1782:
1781:
1777:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1576:
1533:
1510:
1485:
1433:
1417:
1409:model organisms
1405:
1392:
1383:
1351:cell elongation
1277:
1237:
1231:
1208:
1040:
1034:
1000:
959:
954:
939:
847:
808:
767:
754:
753:
746:
745:
721:
713:
712:
679:
671:
670:
669:
668:
629:Systems biology
594:Quantum biology
239:
231:
230:
195:
180:
142:
131:
107:
99:
64:
62:Science of life
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5710:
5708:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5684:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5641:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5596:François Jacob
5593:
5588:
5582:
5580:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5521:
5516:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5455:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5421:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5325:Sequence space
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5272:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5254:
5253:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5200:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5165:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4944:Marine biology
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4754:Bioinformatics
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4681:
4674:
4666:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4591:Preadolescence
4583:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4419:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4358:
4356:Axial mesoderm
4352:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4254:Primitive node
4251:
4236:
4234:
4225:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4200:
4198:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4115:
4113:
4112:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4030:
4021:
4019:hemimetabolism
4011:holometabolism
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3963:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3874:
3873:External links
3871:
3869:
3868:
3859:
3850:
3844:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3800:
3765:
3730:
3689:
3680:|journal=
3654:
3618:
3603:
3582:10.1038/nrg751
3560:
3545:
3502:
3461:
3432:(12): 507–15.
3412:
3391:Xenopus laevis
3379:
3307:
3258:
3225:(7): 1767–73.
3205:
3190:
3141:
3106:
3063:
3040:
3021:(10): 961–70.
3005:
2970:
2955:
2906:
2879:(3): 223–231.
2863:
2820:
2805:
2776:(2): 193–216.
2770:Animal Biology
2760:
2709:
2652:
2611:
2570:
2551:(4): 399–406.
2535:
2492:
2449:
2422:
2373:
2358:
2301:
2241:
2200:
2185:
2158:(2): 291–300.
2142:
2093:
2036:
1990:
1949:
1934:
1877:
1848:10.1.1.477.439
1841:(8): 753–760.
1818:
1797:10.1038/ng1966
1775:
1734:
1712:
1701:. June 7, 2022
1686:
1679:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1591:Cell signaling
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1455:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1416:
1413:
1404:
1401:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1374:plant hormones
1332:primary growth
1281:vascular plant
1276:
1273:
1230:
1227:
1207:
1204:
1036:Main article:
1033:
1030:
999:
996:
958:
955:
953:
950:
938:
935:
930:
929:
915:
896:
890:
857:and patterned
846:
843:
810:
809:
807:
806:
799:
792:
784:
781:
780:
779:
778:
765:
748:
747:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
484:Marine biology
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
296:Bioinformatics
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
242:
241:
240:
237:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
206:
201:
194:
193:
179:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
141:
140:
135:Properties of
130:
129:
124:
119:
114:
108:
106:Key components
105:
104:
101:
100:
98:
97:
86:
85:
80:
75:
69:
66:
65:
60:
52:
51:
45:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5709:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5674:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5640:
5639:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5600:Jacques Monod
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5514:Homeotic gene
5512:
5511:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5382:Morphogenesis
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5216:Reaction norm
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5186:
5181:
5179:
5174:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5024:Phylogenetics
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4919:Human biology
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:Chronobiology
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Biotechnology
4782:
4780:
4779:Biostatistics
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4682:
4680:
4675:
4673:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4383:Lateral plate
4381:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4305:Neuroectoderm
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:Primitive pit
4247:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:Fertilization
4130:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4111:
4106:
4104:
4099:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4005:Metamorphosis
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3956:Embryogenesis
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3915:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3847:
3845:9780197574591
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3811:
3804:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3734:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3690:
3685:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3655:9780121531508
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3576:(3): 176–88.
3575:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3518:(4): 459–65.
3517:
3513:
3506:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3122:(5): 533–41.
3121:
3117:
3110:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3079:(2): 134–41.
3078:
3074:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3044:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2836:(5): 365–77.
2835:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2393:(2): 253–66.
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1969:(2): 421–33.
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1754:(4): 707–19.
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1524:Saccharomyces
1520:
1518:
1517:
1516:Chlamydomonas
1512:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1483:Invertebrates
1482:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:Gallus gallus
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:X. tropicalis
1447:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1424:
1420:Thale cress (
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1367:thigmotropism
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1316:organogenesis
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:embryogenesis
1294:
1290:
1289:fertilisation
1286:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:plant anatomy
1242:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1212:metamorphosis
1206:Metamorphosis
1205:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:embryogenesis
1087:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1044:
1039:
1038:Embryogenesis
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1004:
997:
995:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
963:
956:
951:
949:
947:
943:
936:
934:
927:
923:
919:
918:Tissue growth
916:
913:
909:
905:
900:
899:Morphogenesis
897:
894:
891:
888:
883:
879:
875:
872:
871:
870:
868:
867:morphogenesis
865:; and tissue
864:
863:tissue growth
860:
856:
852:
844:
842:
840:
836:
835:metamorphosis
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
786:
785:
783:
782:
776:
766:
763:
758:
752:
751:
750:
749:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
717:
716:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
685:
682:
681:
675:
674:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
564:Phylogenetics
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
459:Human biology
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
351:Chronobiology
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
326:Biotechnology
324:
322:
321:Biostatistics
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
235:
234:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
192:
190:
186:
182:
181:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
139:
138:
133:
132:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
103:
102:
95:
91:
88:
87:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
68:
67:
63:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
42:
41:
36:
34:
19:
5636:
5529:eyeless gene
5425:Evolvability
5399:Segmentation
5376:
5276:Canalisation
5246:Heterochrony
5236:Heritability
5204:Key concepts
5069:Sociobiology
5049:Protistology
5014:Photobiology
5009:Pharmacology
4999:Parasitology
4994:Paleontology
4974:Neuroscience
4954:Microbiology
4864:Epidemiology
4843:
4834:Cytogenetics
4794:Cell biology
4774:Biosemiotics
4764:Biomechanics
4744:Biogeography
4739:Biochemistry
4734:Bacteriology
4729:Astrobiology
4618:Middle adult
4553:Early years
4453:Before birth
4378:Intermediate
4320:Neural crest
4275:Gastrulation
4050:Regeneration
3966:
3934:
3863:
3854:
3831:
3809:
3803:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3633:
3621:
3613:C.elegans II
3612:
3606:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3554:
3548:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3481:(1): 48–64.
3478:
3474:
3464:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3199:
3193:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3051:
3043:
3018:
3014:
3008:
2986:(5): 472–9.
2983:
2979:
2973:
2964:
2958:
2926:(1): 20–33.
2923:
2919:
2909:
2876:
2872:
2866:
2833:
2829:
2823:
2814:
2808:
2773:
2769:
2763:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2508:(1): 43–55.
2505:
2501:
2495:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2390:
2386:
2376:
2367:
2361:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2261:
2257:
2220:(4): 401–4.
2217:
2213:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2113:(1): 64–72.
2110:
2106:
2096:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2006:
2002:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1943:
1937:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1838:
1834:
1821:
1791:(3): 311–8.
1788:
1784:
1778:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1698:
1689:
1670:
1660:
1565:
1555:
1551:
1547:such as the
1534:
1522:
1514:
1498:
1489:
1476:Mus musculus
1475:
1468:
1461:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1421:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1371:
1363:hydrotropism
1359:gravitropism
1357:), gravity (
1355:phototropism
1350:
1344:
1309:
1287:, formed by
1278:
1265:
1253:
1240:
1238:
1222:
1218:
1216:
1209:
1200:
1193:
1173:
1149:
1141:gastrulation
1122:
1079:
1060:
1007:
1003:Regeneration
1001:
998:Regeneration
968:
941:
940:
931:
848:
845:Perspectives
827:regeneration
814:
813:
720:Applications
609:Sociobiology
589:Protistology
554:Photobiology
549:Pharmacology
539:Parasitology
534:Paleontology
514:Neuroscience
494:Microbiology
404:Epidemiology
376:Cytogenetics
336:Cell biology
316:Biosemiotics
306:Biomechanics
286:Biogeography
281:Biochemistry
276:Bacteriology
271:Astrobiology
183:
171:Reproduction
155:
134:
61:
32:
5627:Mike Levine
5536:Distal-less
5361:Polyphenism
5341:Epigenetics
5193:development
5119:Xenobiology
5114:Virophysics
5084:Systematics
5039:Primatology
4984:Ornithology
4924:Ichthyology
4909:Herpetology
4904:Gerontology
4869:Epigenetics
4829:Cryobiology
4719:Agrostology
4709:Aerobiology
4704:Abiogenesis
4623:Elder adult
4613:Young adult
4596:Adolescence
4460:Development
4315:Neurulation
4240:Archenteron
4232:Germ layers
4182:Trophoblast
4028:ametabolism
3951:Compartment
3703:Development
3344:: 1065–75.
3333:Development
3328:Arabidopsis
2584:Development
2465:: 377–407.
2438:: 200–204.
1537:sea urchins
1508:Unicellular
1488:Fruit fly:
1462:Danio rerio
1431:Vertebrates
1361:), water, (
1241:development
1137:germ layers
1114:totipotency
1084:primordial
1077:divisions.
1022:pluripotent
659:Xenobiology
654:Virophysics
624:Systematics
579:Primatology
524:Ornithology
464:Ichthyology
449:Herpetology
444:Gerontology
409:Epigenetics
371:Cryobiology
261:Agrostology
251:Aerobiology
246:Abiogenesis
112:Cell theory
5686:Categories
5605:Lac operon
5430:Robustness
5409:Modularity
5404:Metamerism
5310:Plasticity
5305:Pleiotropy
5258:Heterotopy
5104:Toxicology
5099:Teratology
5044:Proteomics
5029:Physiology
4969:Neontology
4934:Lipidology
4929:Immunology
4899:Geobiology
4859:Embryology
4839:Dendrology
4769:Biophysics
4749:Biogeology
4533:Senescence
4371:Somitomere
4258:Blastopore
4222:Trilaminar
4172:Blastocyst
4167:Blastocoel
4162:Cavitation
4152:Blastomere
4062:Teratology
3990:Metamerism
3985:Embryology
3967:Drosophila
3828:Gilbert SF
3746:: 409–40.
2729:: 992371.
2009:: 725–57.
1653:References
1646:Teratology
1601:Embryology
1581:Blastocyst
1497:Nematode:
1312:germinates
1305:cotyledons
1110:epigenetic
1094:epigenetic
1086:germ cells
1071:blastoderm
1018:stem cells
839:stem cells
644:Toxicology
639:Teratology
584:Proteomics
569:Physiology
509:Neontology
474:Lipidology
469:Immunology
439:Geobiology
399:Embryology
381:Dendrology
311:Biophysics
291:Biogeology
166:Regulation
146:Adaptation
5556:Morphogen
5541:Engrailed
5524:Pax genes
5445:Tinkering
5291:Epistasis
5286:Dominance
5197:phenotype
5019:Phycology
5004:Pathology
4989:Osteology
4979:Nutrition
4939:Mammalogy
4914:Histology
4608:Adulthood
4572:Childhood
4204:Hypoblast
4195:Bilaminar
3682:ignored (
3672:cite book
3598:195368351
3512:BioEssays
3401:cite book
3358:0950-1991
3116:BioEssays
3073:BioEssays
3015:BioEssays
2783:1003.1872
1843:CiteSeerX
1835:BioEssays
1586:Body plan
1562:Organoids
1541:ascidians
1467:Chicken:
1458:Zebrafish
1445:X. laevis
1324:meristems
1320:meristems
1256:meristems
1185:chordates
1120:pathway.
1106:chromatin
1014:planarian
975:chromatin
922:allometry
684:Biologist
559:Phycology
544:Pathology
529:Osteology
519:Nutrition
479:Mammalogy
454:Histology
127:Phylogeny
122:Evolution
117:Ecosystem
35:(journal)
5519:Hox gene
5507:Elements
5488:Homeobox
5133:See also
5109:Virology
5094:Taxonomy
5034:Pomology
4964:Mycology
4894:Genomics
4889:Genetics
4714:Agronomy
4361:Paraxial
4348:Mesoderm
4330:Endoderm
4292:Ectoderm
4270:Gastrula
4209:Epiblast
4147:Cleavage
4040:Ontogeny
3978:polarity
3795:25033469
3781:: 23–8.
3760:21801016
3725:21558365
3664:10948448
3590:11972155
3532:19274658
3497:21763608
3456:21963197
3393:(Daudin)
3374:13397345
3302:22232763
3253:Archived
3249:25750178
3185:30012836
3136:15832381
3093:11169586
3035:14505363
3000:14550411
2950:17449026
2901:84081060
2893:37281700
2858:29029979
2850:25124757
2755:36531949
2704:24281726
2672:: 2821.
2606:18952908
2565:15261656
2522:21164524
2487:21477124
2479:21801015
2417:23801439
2353:20595612
2296:23223451
2236:12941269
2180:13158705
2172:24009038
2137:18030418
2128:11131907
2088:21566185
2023:15473858
1985:17234176
1929:20418862
1869:Archived
1865:10918306
1805:17277777
1770:17320508
1621:Ontogeny
1606:Enhancer
1574:See also
1181:twisting
1145:placenta
1133:endoderm
1129:mesoderm
1125:ectoderm
1082:epiblast
1075:cleavage
1067:blastula
983:myogenin
912:endoderm
908:mesoderm
904:ectoderm
775:Category
741:Pharming
678:Research
649:Virology
634:Taxonomy
574:Pomology
504:Mycology
434:Genomics
429:Genetics
256:Agronomy
238:Branches
225:Protists
204:Bacteria
189:Kingdoms
94:timeline
83:Glossary
5650:Debates
5461:Systems
5387:Eyespot
5251:Neoteny
5124:Zoology
4854:Ecology
4724:Anatomy
4562:Toddler
4516:Puberty
4218:Week 3
4191:Week 2
4045:Puberty
3540:5489431
3447:3601910
3366:9927606
3293:3248709
3240:4476157
3176:6092616
3101:5833219
2941:1945045
2800:7399128
2746:9754125
2695:3868206
2674:Bibcode
2647:1293230
2530:1805261
2408:5560123
2344:3863715
2323:Bibcode
2315:Science
2287:3847602
2266:Bibcode
2258:Science
2079:3338249
2058:Bibcode
2050:Science
2031:1320382
1920:2886601
1899:Bibcode
1813:1595885
1727:5 April
1705:5 April
1549:axolotl
1521:Yeast:
1513:Algae:
1474:Mouse:
1439:Xenopus
1340:cambium
1219:Xenopus
1177:epiboly
944:is the
819:animals
664:Zoology
394:Ecology
266:Anatomy
213:Animals
209:Eukarya
199:Archaea
191:of life
185:Domains
90:History
78:Outline
49:Biology
5551:Ligand
5231:Operon
4789:Botany
4557:Infant
4547:Phases
4528:Ageing
4506:Stages
4470:Embryo
4465:Zygote
4366:Somite
4157:Morula
4142:Zygote
4125:Week 1
3946:Ageing
3842:
3793:
3758:
3723:
3662:
3652:
3596:
3588:
3538:
3530:
3495:
3454:
3444:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3300:
3290:
3247:
3237:
3183:
3173:
3161:(16).
3134:
3099:
3091:
3033:
2998:
2948:
2938:
2899:
2891:
2856:
2848:
2798:
2753:
2743:
2702:
2692:
2645:
2604:
2563:
2528:
2520:
2485:
2477:
2415:
2405:
2351:
2341:
2294:
2284:
2234:
2178:
2170:
2135:
2125:
2086:
2076:
2029:
2021:
1983:
1927:
1917:
1891:Nature
1863:
1845:
1811:
1803:
1768:
1677:
1531:Others
1436:Frog:
1415:Plants
1293:embryo
1285:zygote
1275:Growth
1260:embryo
1239:Plant
1195:Growth
1100:-wide
1098:genome
1080:Mouse
1063:zygote
979:NeuroD
910:, and
823:plants
773:
331:Botany
221:Plants
156:Growth
4646:Minor
4630:Dying
4586:Youth
4577:Child
4538:Death
4511:Early
4496:Birth
4475:Fetus
4055:Human
3995:Larva
3961:Human
3594:S2CID
3536:S2CID
3370:S2CID
3340:(5).
3097:S2CID
2897:S2CID
2854:S2CID
2796:S2CID
2778:arXiv
2526:S2CID
2483:S2CID
2176:S2CID
2027:S2CID
1872:(PDF)
1831:(PDF)
1809:S2CID
1699:Amgen
1009:Hydra
688:list)
217:Fungi
161:Order
73:Index
5191:The
4000:Pupa
3973:Fish
3840:ISBN
3791:PMID
3756:PMID
3721:PMID
3684:help
3660:PMID
3650:ISBN
3638:1–44
3586:PMID
3528:PMID
3493:PMID
3452:PMID
3407:link
3362:PMID
3354:ISSN
3298:PMID
3245:PMID
3181:PMID
3132:PMID
3089:PMID
3031:PMID
2996:PMID
2946:PMID
2889:PMID
2846:PMID
2751:PMID
2700:PMID
2643:PMID
2602:PMID
2561:PMID
2518:PMID
2475:PMID
2413:PMID
2349:PMID
2292:PMID
2232:PMID
2214:Cell
2168:PMID
2133:PMID
2084:PMID
2019:PMID
1981:PMID
1925:PMID
1861:PMID
1801:PMID
1766:PMID
1748:Cell
1729:2024
1707:2024
1675:ISBN
1539:and
1448:and
1347:cell
1301:seed
1247:and
1179:and
1131:and
987:HNF4
821:and
187:and
137:life
5195:of
4017:),
3783:doi
3748:doi
3711:doi
3707:138
3642:doi
3578:doi
3520:doi
3483:doi
3442:PMC
3434:doi
3346:doi
3338:126
3288:PMC
3280:doi
3276:367
3235:PMC
3227:doi
3171:PMC
3163:doi
3124:doi
3081:doi
3058:183
3023:doi
2988:doi
2936:PMC
2928:doi
2924:306
2881:doi
2838:doi
2788:doi
2741:PMC
2731:doi
2690:PMC
2682:doi
2633:doi
2592:doi
2588:135
2553:doi
2510:doi
2467:doi
2440:doi
2403:PMC
2395:doi
2339:PMC
2331:doi
2319:329
2282:PMC
2274:doi
2262:339
2222:doi
2218:114
2160:doi
2123:PMC
2115:doi
2074:PMC
2066:doi
2054:332
2011:doi
1971:doi
1967:303
1915:PMC
1907:doi
1895:465
1853:doi
1793:doi
1756:doi
1752:128
1369:).
1069:or
861:);
5688::
5598:+
4026::
3838:.
3789:.
3779:31
3777:.
3754:.
3744:27
3742:.
3719:.
3705:.
3701:.
3676::
3674:}}
3670:{{
3658:.
3648:.
3640:.
3632:.
3592:.
3584:.
3572:.
3534:.
3526:.
3516:31
3514:.
3491:.
3479:21
3477:.
3473:.
3450:.
3440:.
3430:27
3428:.
3424:.
3403:}}
3399:{{
3368:.
3360:.
3352:.
3336:.
3310:^
3296:.
3286:.
3274:.
3270:.
3251:.
3243:.
3233:.
3223:32
3221:.
3217:.
3179:.
3169:.
3159:37
3157:.
3153:.
3130:.
3120:27
3118:.
3095:.
3087:.
3077:23
3075:.
3029:.
3019:25
3017:.
2994:.
2984:13
2982:.
2944:.
2934:.
2922:.
2918:.
2895:.
2887:.
2877:38
2875:.
2852:.
2844:.
2832:.
2794:.
2786:.
2774:62
2772:.
2749:.
2739:.
2727:10
2725:.
2721:.
2698:.
2688:.
2680:.
2668:.
2664:.
2641:.
2629:13
2627:.
2623:.
2600:.
2586:.
2582:.
2559:.
2549:14
2547:.
2524:.
2516:.
2506:12
2504:.
2481:.
2473:.
2463:27
2461:.
2436:12
2434:.
2411:.
2401:.
2389:.
2385:.
2347:.
2337:.
2329:.
2317:.
2313:.
2290:.
2280:.
2272:.
2260:.
2256:.
2244:^
2230:.
2216:.
2212:.
2174:.
2166:.
2154:.
2131:.
2121:.
2111:65
2109:.
2105:.
2082:.
2072:.
2064:.
2052:.
2048:.
2025:.
2017:.
2007:20
2005:.
1993:^
1979:.
1965:.
1961:.
1923:.
1913:.
1905:.
1893:.
1889:.
1867:.
1859:.
1851:.
1839:22
1837:.
1833:.
1807:.
1799:.
1789:39
1787:.
1764:.
1750:.
1746:.
1697:.
1669:.
1560:.
1460::
1342:.
1279:A
1225:.
1191:.
1127:,
1104:,
906:,
869:.
833:,
829:,
223:,
219:,
215:,
5298:/
5184:e
5177:t
5170:v
4685:e
4678:t
4671:v
4438:e
4431:t
4424:v
4256:/
4242:/
4224:)
4220:(
4197:)
4193:(
4109:e
4102:t
4095:v
4013:(
3927:e
3920:t
3913:v
3848:.
3797:.
3785::
3762:.
3750::
3727:.
3713::
3686:)
3666:.
3644::
3600:.
3580::
3574:3
3542:.
3522::
3499:.
3485::
3458:.
3436::
3409:)
3376:.
3348::
3304:.
3282::
3229::
3187:.
3165::
3138:.
3126::
3103:.
3083::
3060:.
3037:.
3025::
3002:.
2990::
2952:.
2930::
2903:.
2883::
2860:.
2840::
2834:3
2802:.
2790::
2780::
2757:.
2733::
2706:.
2684::
2676::
2670:4
2649:.
2635::
2608:.
2594::
2567:.
2555::
2532:.
2512::
2489:.
2469::
2446:.
2442::
2419:.
2397::
2391:1
2355:.
2333::
2325::
2298:.
2276::
2268::
2238:.
2224::
2182:.
2162::
2156:2
2139:.
2117::
2090:.
2068::
2060::
2033:.
2013::
1987:.
1973::
1931:.
1909::
1901::
1855::
1815:.
1795::
1772:.
1758::
1731:.
1709:.
1683:.
1442:(
1426:)
902:(
889:.
803:e
796:t
789:v
686:(
227:)
211:(
96:)
92:(
37:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
