20:
402:
345:
2134:
2110:
2122:
390:
540:
between different bacterial lineages. The occurrence of duplicate genes between otherwise distantly-related bacteria makes it nearly impossible to distinguish bacterial species, count the bacterial species on the Earth, or organize them into a tree-like structure (unless the structure includes
487:
Archaea evolved many cell sizes, but all are relatively small. Their size ranges from 0.1 μm to 15 μm diameter and up to 200 μm long. They are about the size of bacteria, or similar in size to the
525:. Bacteria cell membranes are distinct from Archean membranes: They characteristically have none of the ether linkages that Archaea have. Internally, bacteria have different RNA structures in their
19:
472:
chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages. The presence of these ether linkages in
Archaea adds to their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and highly
336:
were classified together and called "archaebacteria". However, scientists now know that these two domains are hardly similar and are internally wildly different.
1719:
1629:
360:
1310:
408:
showing the relationship between the eukaryotes and other forms of life, 2006. Eukaryotes are colored red, archaea green, and bacteria blue.
355:
361:
353:
529:, hence they are grouped into a different category. In the two- and three-domain systems, this puts them into a separate domain.
857:. (1984), which posits two domains, Bacteria and Archaea, with Eukaryota included as a subordinate clade branching from Archaea.
328:"domain" contained three branches, not two as scientists had previously thought. Initially, due to their physical similarities,
358:
363:
1126:
1712:
2100:
364:
374:
2126:
356:
362:
2154:
1692:
373:
354:
359:
375:
365:
1705:
559:– have membrane-bound organelles (including a nucleus containing genetic material) and are represented by five
537:
357:
229:
372:
367:
305:
system he created in the middle of the eighteenth century. This system was further improved by the studies of
1351:
352:
46:
is divided into domains, which are subdivided into further groups. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.
25:
366:
29:
1959:
1265:
1186:
997:
935:
867:
171:
24:
1438:
522:
350:
28:
27:
1641:
1578:
1519:
1392:
1257:
1195:
944:
371:
351:
211:
1270:
1151:
401:
31:
641:
413:
348:
279:
152:
517:
are two examples of bacteria. Even though bacteria are prokaryotic cells just like
Archaea, their
368:
349:
1888:
1832:
1817:
1799:
1665:
1325:
1291:
1067:
1039:
1020:
54:
35:
26:
931:"Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya"
1508:"Eocytes: A new ribosome structure indicates a kingdom with a close relationship to eukaryotes"
1442:
370:
1949:
1903:
1898:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1657:
1606:
1547:
1475:
1420:
1283:
1223:
1108:
1059:
972:
883:
847:
828:
682:
658:
650:
636:
592:
560:
481:
405:
394:
369:
321:
251:
247:
246:, is not included in this system. Alternatives to the three-domain system include the earlier
239:
187:
30:
1242:
468:
Archaea are prokaryotic cells, typically characterized by membrane lipids that are branched
2067:
2024:
1976:
1965:
1755:
1744:
1649:
1596:
1586:
1537:
1527:
1465:
1457:
1410:
1400:
1275:
1213:
1203:
1098:
1051:
1012:
962:
952:
888:
439:
423:
218:
93:
64:
2049:
2035:
2002:
1991:
1985:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1912:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1851:
993:
325:
287:
254:(with two domains of Bacteria and Archaea, with Eukarya included as a branch of Archaea).
1645:
1582:
1523:
1396:
1261:
1199:
948:
23:
2138:
2114:
1728:
1601:
1566:
1470:
1218:
1181:
518:
306:
144:
39:
1542:
1507:
2148:
2078:
1625:
1503:
1415:
1380:
1177:
1071:
1040:"Eukarya the chimera: Eukaryotes, a secondary innovation of the two domains of life?"
967:
930:
878:
851:
723:
510:
447:
419:
298:
214:
313:
easily, as they have very few observable features to compare to the other domains.
2133:
1669:
1295:
1038:
Nobs, Stephanie-Jane; MacLeod, Fraser I.; Wong, Hon Lun; Burns, Brendan P. (2022).
493:
489:
443:
275:
271:
221:
164:
160:
442:, the Archaea and Bacteria are distinct from each other due to differences in the
894:
541:
cross-connections between branches, making it a "network" instead of a "tree").
514:
484:, organisms that thrive in extremely hot environments, are examples of Archaea.
469:
2109:
2061:
1686:
1376:
1103:
1086:
1055:
836:
728:
389:
317:
267:
207:
156:
1971:
1842:
1837:
1828:
1630:"An archaeal origin of eukaryotes supports only two primary domains of life"
1591:
1532:
1405:
1279:
1208:
957:
789:
576:
550:
526:
477:
316:
Carl Woese made a revolutionary breakthrough when, in 1977, he compared the
233:
1661:
1610:
1479:
1461:
1287:
1227:
1112:
1063:
422:. This forms the basis of the three-domain system. While the presence of a
2121:
1551:
1424:
1241:
Ciccarelli FD, Doerks T, von Mering C, Creevey CJ, Snel B, Bork P (2006).
976:
2018:
1997:
759:
754:
744:
739:
572:
568:
533:
505:
435:
333:
310:
302:
225:
195:
179:
148:
1653:
2055:
1024:
872:
794:
781:
776:
771:
766:
564:
463:
431:
427:
329:
199:
191:
183:
175:
51:
1810:
1794:
840:
815:
801:
749:
733:
696:
1016:
619:(acellular but with nucleic acid) to the traditional three domains.
282:. This term represents a synonym for the category of dominion (Lat.
1243:"Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life"
2012:
1697:
1506:; Henderson, Eric; Oakes, Melanie; Clark, Michael W. (June 1984).
808:
711:
692:
665:
616:
612:
602:
598:
580:
343:
243:
203:
120:
18:
669:
611:. Stefan Luketa proposed a five-dominion system in 2012, adding
608:
473:
382:
43:
1701:
451:
379:
875:, which is the two domains of life of Archaea and Eukaryota
108:
99:
79:
70:
1567:"The eocyte hypothesis and the origin of eukaryotic cells"
480:, organisms that thrive in highly salty environments, and
607:
The three-domain system includes no form of non-cellular
385:, showing major branches Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota
476:
conditions, but many archaea live in mild environments.
1127:"Domains of Life, Genomics | Learn Science at Scitable"
788:
301:
made the classification "domain" popular in the famous
2098:
250:(with the empires Prokaryota and Eukaryota), and the
111:
82:
96:
67:
1624:Williams, Tom A.; Foster, Peter G.; Cox, Cymon J.;
1176:Cox, C.J.; Foster, P.G.; Hirt, R.P.; Harris, S.R.;
839:(1998), with top-level groupings of Prokaryota (or
105:
102:
76:
73:
532:There is a great deal of diversity in the domain
492:found in eukaryotic cells. Members of the genus
347:
22:
807:
536:. That diversity is further confounded by the
1713:
1352:"New views on the megaclassification of life"
1311:"New views on the megaclassification of life"
998:"Proposal for the recognition of super ranks"
823:Alternative classifications of life include:
800:
748:
8:
727:
418:Each of these three domains contains unique
988:
986:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
1720:
1706:
1698:
1182:"The archaebacterial origin of eukaryotes"
1087:"Evolution: Two domains of life or three?"
891:, an equivalent rank for non-cellular life
718:
673:
664:
1600:
1590:
1541:
1531:
1469:
1414:
1404:
1269:
1217:
1207:
1102:
966:
956:
793:
705:
703:
701:
688:
686:
615:(acellular and without nucleic acid) and
202:included in Archaea. In the three-domain
151:taken together. It was introduced in the
814:
626:
400:
388:
2105:
1565:Archibald, John M. (23 December 2008).
1498:
1496:
906:
780:
555:Members of the domain Eukarya – called
929:Woese C, Kandler O, Wheelis M (1990).
1688:Learn Biology: Classification-Domains
7:
1737:
340:Characteristics of the three domains
170:According to the domain system, the
232:are included in Eukarya and called
228:that have a cell nucleus and other
174:consists of either three domains,
14:
758:
753:
743:
738:
633:Two superdomains (controversial)
496:are the smallest of the Archaea.
2132:
2120:
2108:
1757:
1746:
775:
378:A speculatively rooted tree for
309:later on but could not classify
294:Development of the domain system
92:
63:
1951:
1890:
770:
765:
587:Exclusion of viruses and prions
2080:
2069:
2037:
2026:
1819:
1801:
709:
393:The three-domain tree and the
1:
1324:(4): 218–237. Archived from
1443:"Only six kingdoms of life"
1085:Doolittle, W. Ford (2020).
623:Alternative classifications
2171:
596:
590:
548:
503:
461:
411:
1735:
1104:10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.010
1056:10.1016/j.tim.2021.11.003
230:membrane-bound organelles
36:biological classification
397:(two-domain tree), 2008.
324:and discovered that the
1592:10.1073/pnas.0811118106
1533:10.1073/pnas.81.12.3786
1406:10.1073/pnas.95.17.9720
1381:"Two empires or three?"
1350:Luketa, Stefan (2012).
1280:10.1126/science.1123061
1209:10.1073/pnas.0810647105
958:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576
438:, both of which lack a
155:of taxonomy devised by
1462:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705
1187:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
1152:"Taxonomy I | Biology"
1044:Trends in Microbiology
936:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
868:Biological dark matter
630:Taxonomical root node
409:
398:
386:
47:
1450:Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B
784:including eukaryotes
729:Prokaryota / Procarya
597:Further information:
549:Further information:
523:phospholipid bilayers
504:Further information:
462:Further information:
404:
392:
377:
33:
2127:Evolutionary biology
521:are instead made of
206:, the first two are
1786:Infrakingdom/Branch
1654:10.1038/nature12779
1646:2013Natur.504..231W
1583:2008PNAS..10520049A
1577:(51): 20049–20050.
1524:1984PNAS...81.3786L
1456:(1545): 1251–1262.
1397:1998PNAS...95.9720M
1262:2006Sci...311.1283C
1200:2008PNAS..10520356C
949:1990PNAS...87.4576W
790:Eukaryota / Eukarya
426:differentiates the
414:Three-domain system
280:three-domain system
242:, most notably the
153:three-domain system
2058:
2015:
1994:
1968:
1926:
1860:
1825:
1813:
1777:
1768:
1439:Cavalier-Smith, T.
1309:Luketa S. (2012).
833:superdomain system
410:
399:
387:
48:
2155:Domains (biology)
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2054:
2011:
1990:
1964:
1922:
1856:
1815:
1809:
1773:
1766:
1640:(7479): 231–236.
1628:(December 2013).
1626:Embley, T. Martin
1518:(12): 3786–3790.
1391:(17): 9720–9723.
943:(12): 4576–4579.
884:Protein structure
848:eocyte hypothesis
829:two-empire system
821:
820:
683:non-cellular life
659:Eocyte hypothesis
593:Non-cellular life
538:exchange of genes
482:hyperthermophiles
406:Phylogenetic tree
395:eocyte hypothesis
322:16s ribosomal RNA
320:sequences of the
286:), introduced by
252:eocyte hypothesis
248:two-empire system
240:Non-cellular life
143:, is the highest
34:The hierarchy of
2162:
2137:
2136:
2125:
2124:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2082:
2071:
2039:
2028:
1953:
1892:
1821:
1803:
1759:
1748:
1738:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1699:
1689:
1674:
1673:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1594:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1545:
1535:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1473:
1447:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1408:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1356:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1315:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1273:
1256:(5765): 1283–7.
1247:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1194:(51): 20356–61.
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1106:
1097:(4): R177–R179.
1082:
1076:
1075:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1002:
990:
981:
980:
970:
960:
926:
889:Realm (virology)
843:) and Eukaryota.
627:
440:nuclear envelope
424:nuclear membrane
346:
266:was proposed by
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
89:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
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69:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2050:Species complex
1800:Superdivision (
1731:
1729:Taxonomic ranks
1726:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1331:on 2 April 2015
1328:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1271:10.1.1.381.9514
1245:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1091:Current Biology
1084:
1083:
1079:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1017:10.2307/1218807
1000:
992:
991:
984:
928:
927:
908:
903:
864:
731:
722:
681:
646:Five Dominiums
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605:
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553:
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508:
502:
466:
460:
416:
376:
344:
342:
296:
260:
95:
91:
66:
62:
40:taxonomic ranks
38:'s eight major
32:
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11:
5:
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2043:
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2016:
2007:
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2005:
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1995:
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1681:External links
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1233:
1168:
1156:Visionlearning
1143:
1131:www.nature.com
1118:
1077:
1050:(5): 421–431.
1030:
1011:(4): 650–652.
982:
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902:
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898:
897:
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850:, proposed by
844:
835:, proposed by
819:
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777:Archaebacteria
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591:Main article:
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519:cell membranes
501:
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456:
448:cell membranes
412:Main article:
341:
338:
307:Charles Darwin
295:
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259:
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219:membrane-bound
215:microorganisms
145:taxonomic rank
16:Taxonomic rank
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1769:/Superkingdom
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1365:(4): 218–237.
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617:Virusobiota
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515:mycoplasmas
470:hydrocarbon
258:Terminology
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1986:Supertribe
1935:Infraorder
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