3583:
793:
1868:
1576:
148:
1552:, and while there are records from Europe, these are disputed. It is unclear where the group originated; both cariamids and phorusrhacids may have arisen in South America, or arrived from elsewhere when southern continents were closer together or when sea levels were lower, and they may also have made reverse movements. Since phorusrhacids survived until the Pleistocene, they appear to have been more successful than for example the South American
760:'s middle toe was also more massive. The first toe of the third (middle) ray measured 12.5 cm in length. It was long and narrow with a width of 5.3 cm and a height of 5.7 cm. The surviving end phalange of the second toe measured around 9 cm, had an oval cross-section, was strongly curved in side view, and was strongly pressed laterally. The width at the joint end facing the body was 2.4 cm and the height was 3.9 cm.
802:
1529:
1840:
1882:
127:
3594:
3589:
1854:
2137:
717:. It was only preserved to a length of 11 cm, but it would have reached a length of around 16 cm. At the rear end it was 6.2 cm wide and 4.7 cm thick, and towards the front it became significantly lower, measuring about 2.8 cm at half length. The underside had a slight curvature, more pronounced than that of
713:
and only the middle section is available, the dimensions of the beak can only be inferred. Using dimensions from other phorusrhacids, it may have been 36 cm long and 17 cm high. The symphysis of the lower jaw, which has also been handed down in fragments, had a much narrower and lower shape than in
883:
was adapted to carrying a large head, and for helping it rise after a maximum downwards strike, and the researchers assumed the same would be true for other large, big-headed phorusrhacids. A 2020 study of phorusrhacid skull morphology by
Degrange found that there were two main morphotypes within the
820:
Alvarenga and
Elizabeth Höfling made some general remarks about phorusrhacid habits in a 2003 article. They were flightless, as evidenced by the proportional size of their wings and body mass, and wing-size was more reduced in larger members of the group. They pointed out that the narrowing of the
712:
in addition to the different design of the three extensions, among other things, by the comparatively smaller part of the main bone, which was connected to the cheekbone. Likewise, the os quadratojugale showed a more robust structure and was comparatively higher. Since the upper jaw is incomplete,
867:
engaged in potentially risky behavior that involved using its beak to subdue large, struggling prey. Instead, they suggested that it either fed on smaller prey that could be killed and consumed more safely, by for example swallowing it whole, or that when targeting large prey, it used a series of
752:. This specimen is estimated to have weighed up to 350 kilograms (770 lb). An almost complete specimen, missing only the inner jointed roller, reached a length of 40 cm and a width at the top of 11 cm. In the middle of the shaft, the side edges drew in significantly further than in
892:
and other large members, that was more specialized, with more rigid and stiff skulls. Despite the differences, studies have shown the two types handled prey similarly, while the more rigid skulls and resulting larger bite force of the "Terror Bird" type would have been an adaptation to handling
825:
may have been adaptations for hunting in regions with high vegetation, which would permit greater agility when moving between vertical obstacles. The narrow upper maxilla would also help catching small animals hidden among tree trunks or stones. The large expansions above the eyes formed by the
541:
The origin of the fossil is unknown, with
Kraglievich initially speculating that it was from Uruguay, but the coloration corroborates with that of Patagonian fossils from the Miocene. Although they are sometimes considered distinct, Herculano Alvarenga and Elizabeth Höfling synonymized the two
863:, the skull of the phorusrhacid showed relatively high stress under sideways loadings, but low stress where force was applied up and down, and in simulations of “pullback”. Due to the relative weakness of the skull at the sides and middle, these researchers considered it unlikely that
1722:
were prevalent. The
Huayquerias Formation also preserves fossils, but has much fewer preserved taxa and has had less exploration. Its paleoenvironment was hypothesized to be a gravely fluvial environment near large mountains and small lakes. The strata dates to the
747:
in its long and slender build, although it was larger. At the lower end of the joint it had a bony bridge (pons supratendineus) that was conspicuous for the phorusrhacids. In addition, the lower inner joint roller protruded further forward than that of
855:(mobility of skull bones in relation to each other), as was also the case for other large phorusrhacids. These researchers interpreted this loss as an adaptation for enhanced rigidity of the skull, and compared to the modern
2909:
Garrido, A. C., Bonini, R., & Barbeau, D. L. (2017). Paleoambiente, edad y vertebrados de la
Formación Huayquerías (Mioceno tardío), Provincia de Mendoza, República Argentina. XX Congreso Geológico Argentino. In
2604:
Degrange, F.J.; Tambussi, C.P.; Taglioretti, M.L.; Dondas, A.; Scaglia, F. (2015). "A new
Mesembriornithinae (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) provides new insights into the phylogeny and sensory capabilities of terror birds".
2787:
Cione, A. L., Dahdul, W. M., Lundberg, J. G., & Machado-Allison, A. (2009). Megapiranha paranensis, a new genus and species of
Serrasalmidae (Characiformes, Teleostei) from the upper Miocene of Argentina.
756:, which showed a relatively even course of the diaphysis there. With a width of 4.3 cm, the middle joint roll at the bottom was significantly more voluminous than the other two and indicates that
2923:
Cione, A. L., Azpelicueta, M. D. L. M., Bond, M., Carlini, A. A., Casciotta, J. R., Cozzuol, M. A., ... & Vucetich, M. G. (2000). Miocene vertebrates from Entre Ríos province, eastern
Argentina.
2863:
Babot, J. M., & Ortiz, P. E. (2009). Primer registro de
Borhyaenoidea (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) en la provincia de Tucumán (Formación India Muerta, Grupo Choromoro; Mioceno tardío).
612:
based on size and morphology. Two other fossil remains include a right tarsometatarsus, about 40 cm long, lacking the inner knuckle, probably from the Arroyo Roman river basin in the
1525:
in the family
Cariamidae. While they are the most speciose group within Cariamiformes, the interrelationships between phorusrhacids are unclear due to the incompleteness of their remains.
483:
573:
skull are missing, so they were reconstructed with plaster to be put on display at the MLP, but this has caused some of the preserved parts to be confused with the plaster ones.
537:
The next year, Kraglievich named a new genus and species of Phorusrhacid from Argentina based on a partial right tarsometatarsus of a juvenile individual (MNHN-M-189), naming it
658:
The skull was preserved with the rear part and areas of the upper jaw. Reconstructed, it was probably about 64.5 cm long, which roughly corresponded to the known skull of
868:
well-targeted repetitive strikes with the beak, in an "attack-and-retreat" strategy. Struggling prey could also be retained with the feet, despite the lack of sharp talons.
780:
mammals. Earlier hypotheses of phorusrhacid feeding ecology were mainly based on them possessing large skulls with hooked beaks rather than through detailed hypotheses and
2840:
Litopterna y Notoungulata (Mammalia) de la formación Ituzaingó (Mioceno tardío-Plioceno) de la provincia de Entre Ríos: sistemática, bioestratigrafía y paleobiogeografía
830:) would have protected the eyes against the sun, and enabled keen eyesight, which indicates they hunted by sight in open, sunlit areas, and not shaded forests.
2889:
Franco, M. J., & Brea, M. (2015). First extra-Patagonian record of Podocarpaceae fossil wood in the Upper Cenozoic (Ituzaingó Formation) of Argentina.
565:. The fossils were sent to the Museo de la Plata, where they were described by Angelo Cabrera in 1939, naming the Phorusrhacid specimens (MLP 37-III-7-8)
2549:"New skull remains of Phorusrhacos longissimus (Aves, Cariamiformes) from the Miocene of Argentina: implications for the morphology of Phorusrhacidae"
608:
fossils, including a pedal phalange, tibiotarsus fragment, tarsometatarsus fragment, a cervical vertebra, and a dorsal vertebra that were referred to
1761:, in 1936 and many were described by Angelo Cabrera as new fossil species and even some genera, though few remain valid. Fossils of several kinds of
645:, whose total height is given at about 2.4 metres (7.9 ft), making it potentially the largest phorusrhacid. It probably resembled its relatives
3729:
3660:
924:
and possibly the Patagornithines as well. The following phylogenetic tree shows the internal relationships of Phorusrhacidae under the exclusion of
435:. The largest possible specimen weighed up to 350 kilograms (770 lb), making it one of the largest phorusrhacids and carnivorous birds known.
3724:
2959:
557:, Antonio Castro collected a partial skull and two pedal phalanges of a large Phorusrhacid, as well as fossils of other Cenozoic fossil taxa like
3779:
2157:
2108:
3582:
670:
and a height of 12.7 cm. The height of the skull at the back of the head corresponded to about 39% of the width, which is less than in
1486:
905:
fossils and the internal taxonomy of the genus being in a flux, its classification within Phorusrhacidae frequently changes. Despite this,
2876:
Riff, D., Romano, P. S. R., Oliveira, G. R., & Aguilera, O. A. (2010). Neogene crocodile and turtle fauna in northern South America.
3719:
2678:
1549:
776:
that dominated Cenozoic South America in the absence of mammalian predators, though they did co-exist with some large, carnivorous
2186:"The youngest large carnassial bird (Phorusrhacidae, Phorusrhacinae) from South America (Pliocene-Early Pleistocene of Uruguay)"
3754:
3764:
784:
studies, and such studies of their running and predatory adaptations were only tested from the beginning of the 21st century.
2808:"Los ungulados nativos (Litopterna y Notoungulata: Mammalia) del "Mesopotamiense" (Mioceno Tardío) de Entre Ríos, Argentina"
2415:"Mechanical Analysis of Feeding Behavior in the Extinct "Terror Bird" Andalgalornis steulleti (Gruiformes: Phorusrhacidae)"
2348:"Mechanical Analysis of Feeding Behavior in the Extinct "Terror Bird" Andalgalornis steulleti (Gruiformes: Phorusrhacidae)"
3749:
463:
In 1931, a very large distal right tarsometatarsus associated with an ungual phalanx from digit II, was described by the
1498:
3769:
2952:
1618:
and a warm climate. Large, herbivorous notoungulate mammals in the Ituzaingo Formation were widespread, including the
1027:
147:
3744:
1315:
490:
under specimen numbers MACN-6554 and 6681. The fossils had been found in Lower Pliocene rock layers at El Brete in
2413:
Degrange, Federico J.; Tambussi, Claudia P.; Moreno, Karen; Witmer, Lawrence M.; Wroe, Stephen (18 August 2010).
2346:
Degrange, Federico J.; Tambussi, Claudia P.; Moreno, Karen; Witmer, Lawrence M.; Wroe, Stephen (18 August 2010).
3759:
1390:
879:, finding the neck to be divided into three sections. They concluded that the neck musculature and skeleton of
3774:
1902:
1606:, though the holotype was originally speculated to be from Uruguay. Some fossils have been unearthed from the
553:
In August 1936 in a lagoon at Campo de Robilotte on Lake Epecuén, around 600 km southwest of the city of
510:
743:
remained, and it was 72 cm long and 10.4 cm wide at the lower end of the joint, resembling that of
655:, like them, it was equipped with a narrow body, conspicuously elongated walking legs, and retracted wings.
447:
comes from Uruguayan museum director and zoologist Garibaldi Devincenzi (1882-1943) and the specific name of
3714:
1356:
852:
840:
613:
3739:
3613:
2945:
1611:
1607:
1003:
601:
398:
2067:
3686:
2020:
Kraglievich, L. (1931). Contribución al conocimiento de las aves fósiles de la época araucoentrerriana.
1144:
382:
2807:
792:
491:
2138:
The youngest record of phorusrhacid birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay.
814:(left, A-C), and hypothetical up and downwards range of movement of the neck in the same genus (right)
3593:
2754:
2614:
2560:
2493:
2482:"Flexibility along the Neck of the Neogene Terror Bird Andalgalornis steulleti (Aves Phorusrhacidae)"
2480:
Tambussi, Claudia P.; Mendoza, Ricardo de; Degrange, Federico J.; Picasso, Mariana B. (25 May 2012).
2426:
2359:
2304:
2197:
1750:
1339:
1194:
1177:
1051:
3542:
1665:
1873:
1245:
1127:
736:
697:
688:. It narrowed towards the front, with the width at the frontal bone being 24.4 cm, and at the
417:
3227:
3512:
3304:
3234:
3174:
3077:
2770:
2723:
2640:
2586:
2328:
2221:
1068:
860:
856:
514:
494:, specifically from the Mesopotamian. Later in the same paper, Kraglievich named a subspecies of
292:
142:
3588:
3326:
3294:
3248:
3087:
3055:
871:
A 2012 follow up study by Tambussi and colleagues analyzed the flexion abilities of the neck of
3691:
3370:
3220:
3206:
2661:
Alvarenga, Herculano; Chiappe, Luis; Bertelli, Sara (2011). "Phorusrhacids: The Terror Birds".
1575:
639:. It had a skull length of 65 centimetres (2.13 ft) long, and it surpassed the type genus
3734:
3673:
3112:
2937:
2819:
2715:
2674:
2578:
2529:
2511:
2462:
2444:
2395:
2377:
2320:
2270:
2213:
2104:
1992:
1806:
fossils were unearthed and described by Cabrera including the type specimen of the glyptodont
1791:
1683:
1615:
1599:
1373:
728:
621:
414:
3678:
3651:
3315:
3257:
3378:
2844:
2762:
2707:
2666:
2630:
2622:
2568:
2519:
2501:
2452:
2434:
2385:
2367:
2312:
2260:
2252:
2205:
2096:
2095:, SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 59–86,
1982:
1845:
1776:
1661:
1407:
367:
3445:
3341:
1766:
1733:
1673:
1291:
801:
586:
562:
2758:
2618:
2564:
2497:
2430:
2363:
2308:
2201:
666:. When viewed from above, it had a wedge shape, reaching a width of 32.3 cm at the
616:, and the lower articular end of another tarsometatarsus. These specimens come from the
3401:
3353:
3135:
2524:
2481:
2457:
2414:
2390:
2347:
2265:
2088:
1887:
1797:
1677:
1635:
1510:
1506:
888:(more similar to the ancestral type), and the "Terror Bird Skull Type", which included
876:
773:
689:
667:
636:
370:
225:
212:
1528:
884:
group, derived from a seriema-like ancestor; the "Psilopterine Skull Type", which was
3708:
3558:
3528:
3482:
3454:
3284:
3197:
3183:
3045:
3021:
3006:
2969:
2774:
2742:
2590:
2332:
2048:
Catalogue of fossil birds: part 3 (Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes)
1824:
1818:
1808:
1786:
1695:
1690:
1669:
1645:
1590:
fossils usually have poor locality records, but fossils are primarily known from the
1556:
1518:
1514:
951:
885:
835:
724:
which had a nearly flat surface. The externally visible foramina were wide and deep.
705:
406:
199:
84:
2644:
2158:
A new phorusrhacid (Aves: Cariamae) from the middle Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina.
1987:
1970:
851:
and stress distribution in its skull, and showed that it had lost a large degree of
727:
Of the few surviving elements of the body skeleton, a complete tibiotarsus from the
3461:
3424:
3386:
3151:
2241:"Terror birds on the run: a mechanical model to estimate its maximum running speed"
2240:
2209:
1859:
1813:
1770:
1742:
1728:
1724:
1657:
1629:
1619:
1591:
911:
781:
693:
641:
554:
507:
487:
425:
251:
2766:
2316:
2626:
2506:
2439:
2372:
451:
comes from Alejandro Gallinal, another Uruguayan scientist. The specific name of
17:
3645:
3521:
3498:
3097:
3000:
2912:
IV Simposio del Mioceno-Plioceno del Centro y Norte de Argentina. Actas Simposio
2292:
2100:
1908:
1706:
1700:
1553:
1545:
749:
676:
394:
126:
59:
45:
3636:
2838:
3491:
3468:
3362:
3268:
3121:
3066:
2670:
1835:
1780:
1762:
1640:
964:
848:
777:
701:
595:
104:
69:
2823:
2719:
2582:
2515:
2448:
2381:
2324:
2217:
1996:
3551:
3144:
1803:
1746:
1719:
1603:
1564:
1541:
1502:
769:
719:
558:
410:
159:
109:
53:
2849:
2533:
2466:
2399:
2274:
2256:
1922:
Garibaldi J. Devincenzi, breve nota biográfica y lista de sus publicaciones
3630:
3417:
3213:
3159:
2988:
1651:
1595:
1560:
1522:
1490:
915:
844:
651:
617:
402:
378:
360:
179:
99:
94:
79:
74:
64:
2743:"A revision of skull morphology in Phorusrhacidae (Aves, Cariamiformes)"
2727:
2711:
2695:
2573:
2548:
2547:
Degrange, Federico J.; Eddy, Drew; Puerta, Pablo; Clarke, Julia (2019).
2293:"A revision of skull morphology in Phorusrhacidae (Aves, Cariamiformes)"
3665:
3431:
3277:
2635:
2225:
2185:
1715:
1623:
1494:
919:
732:
464:
421:
390:
386:
374:
353:
114:
89:
41:
1614:, which preserves vast tidal flats similar to those in the modern day
2982:
1711:
822:
169:
3607:
1517:, and the Phorusrhacidae. Phorusrhacids are an extinct group within
909:
is frequently found to be a member of the Phorusrhacinae along with
1544:(when the continent was an isolated island) and survived until the
2994:
1753:, several fossil mammals were uncovered alongside the holotype of
1527:
827:
542:
species in 2013 in their reassessment of Phorusrhacidae and moved
356:
2812:
Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina
2878:
Amazonia. Landscapes and Species Evolution: A Look Into the Past
928:
as published by Degrange and colleagues in 2015, which recovers
363:
189:
3611:
3019:
2941:
2843:(Tesis thesis) (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de La Plata.
1971:"Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes)"
1567:
predators that invaded from North America in the Pleistocene.
455:
was after the lead taxidermist at the museum, Antonio Pozzi.
2141:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
1563:), and it is possible that they competed ecologically with
768:
Phorusrhacids are thought to have been ground predators or
1548:. They also appeared in North America probably due to the
1521:, the only living members of which are the two species of
1501:, and birds around the world developed a tendency towards
696:
was very wide, and the two processes occurring there, the
484:
Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia
2184:
Tambussi, Claudia; Ubilla, Martín; Perea, Daniel (1999).
2156:
Bertelli, S., Chiappe, L. M., & Tambussi, C. (2007).
2136:
Alvarenga, H., Jones, W., & Rinderknecht, A. (2010).
2068:
Sobre vertebrados fósiles del Plioceno de Adolfo Alsina.
1741:
At the Campo de Robilotte locality on Lake Epecuén near
692:
it drew in significantly and measured 19.1 cm. The
2245:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
2093:
South American and Antarctic Continental Cenozoic Birds
1969:
Alvarenga, Herculano M. F.; Höfling, Elizabeth (2003).
1731:
are the most common. The unusual carnivorous armadillo
2239:
Blanco, Rudemar Ernesto; Jones, Washington W (2005).
1540:
Phorusrhacids were present in South America from the
708:
appeared comparatively large, differing from that of
467:
Paleontologist Lucas Kraglievich as a new species of
3539:
3509:
3479:
3442:
3398:
3350:
3338:
3322:
3311:
3300:
3290:
3245:
3194:
3171:
3132:
3109:
3093:
3083:
3073:
3062:
3051:
3041:
2925:
El Neógeno de Argentina. Serie Correlación Geológica
2087:
Tambussi, Claudia P.; Degrange, Federico J. (2013),
521:. Kraglievich also referred a synphysis fragment to
3620:
3538:
3508:
3478:
3441:
3397:
3349:
3337:
3267:
3244:
3193:
3170:
3131:
3108:
3032:
2656:
2654:
826:lacrimal bones (similar to what is seen in modern
517:. The subspecies has since been synonymized with
506:based on a partial proximal right femur from the
1924:(Vol. 39). Museo Nacional de Historia Natural.
810:Stress distribution in bird skulls, including
624:, extending the potential range of the taxon.
2953:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
134:A partial skull (MLP 37-III-7-8) referred to
8:
1532:Skulls of several Phorusrhacines, including
1688:Carnivores included the other phorusrhacid
932:as a member of a large clade that includes
833:A 2010 study by Degrange and colleagues of
3608:
3394:
3346:
3029:
3016:
2960:
2946:
2938:
2291:Degrange, Federico J. (10 December 2020).
635:was one of the largest representatives of
533:but the fossil has since been referred to
125:
31:
2848:
2634:
2572:
2523:
2505:
2456:
2438:
2389:
2371:
2264:
1986:
1574:
373:or "terror birds" that lived during the
1895:
704:, were separated by a deep recess. The
680:with 48%. In this regard, the skull of
2837:Schmidt, Gabriela I. (25 April 2013).
1579:Photo of the Parana River, where many
662:but was slightly smaller than that of
2905:
2903:
2696:"Flights of fancy in avian evolution"
2286:
2284:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
7:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1559:predators (which disappeared in the
1487:extinction of the non-bird dinosaurs
1331:
1307:
1283:
1261:
1237:
1169:
1119:
1112:
1043:
1019:
995:
987:
980:
957:
947:
2790:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2747:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2607:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2297:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2190:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2161:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
310:Phororhacos longissimus mendocinus
25:
1550:Great American Biotic Interchange
901:Due to the fragmentary nature of
875:, based on the morphology of its
772:, and have often been considered
3592:
3587:
3581:
2089:"Neogene Birds of South America"
1880:
1866:
1852:
1838:
1737:is also known from the formation
1633:, smaller notoungulates such as
800:
791:
146:
3730:Pliocene birds of South America
1988:10.1590/S0031-10492003000400001
1698:, with giant crocodilians like
684:more closely resembled that of
3725:Miocene birds of South America
2741:Degrange, Federico J. (2020).
2210:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011154
1:
3780:Fossil taxa described in 1932
2891:New Zealand Journal of Botany
2806:Schmidt, Gabriela I. (2013).
2767:10.1080/02724634.2020.1848855
2317:10.1080/02724634.2020.1848855
2071:Revista del Museo de La Plata
1812:and the type specimen of the
1765:have been found, such as the
2627:10.1080/02724634.2014.912656
2507:10.1371/journal.pone.0037701
2440:10.1371/journal.pone.0011856
2373:10.1371/journal.pone.0011856
1727:. Fossils of litopterns and
1583:fossils have been unearthed.
1499:evolutionary diversification
2101:10.1007/978-94-007-5467-6_7
1920:Klappenbach, M. A. (1986).
1028:Mesembriornis milneedwardsi
821:pelvis, upper maxilla, and
3796:
2694:Ksepka, Daniel T. (2014).
1975:Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia
1316:Paraphysornis brasiliensis
3578:
3028:
3015:
2977:
2671:10.1002/9781119990475.ch7
1404:
1387:
1370:
1353:
1336:
1329:
1312:
1305:
1288:
1281:
1266:
1259:
1242:
1235:
1191:
1174:
1167:
1141:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1065:
1048:
1041:
1024:
1017:
1000:
993:
985:
978:
962:
955:
589:, who also believed that
579:P. longissimus mendocinus
298:
291:
273:
268:
257:
250:
143:Scientific classification
141:
133:
124:
34:
3720:Extinct flightless birds
2972:and their extinct allies
2050:. University of Florida.
1391:Phorusrhacos longissimus
739:) possibly referable to
702:processus supraorbitalis
2865:Acta Geológica Lilloana
2553:Journal of Paleontology
1357:Andalgalornis steulleti
853:intracranial immobility
841:Finite Element Analysis
698:processus postorbitalis
488:Buenos Aires, Argentina
2257:10.1098/rspb.2005.3133
1612:Mesopotamia, Argentina
1584:
1537:
1004:Mesembriornis incertus
539:Devincenzia gallinali.
504:longissimus mendocinus
431:was formerly known as
27:Extinct genus of birds
3765:Fray Bentos Formation
3687:Paleobiology Database
2046:Brodkorb, P. (1967).
1578:
1531:
1145:Psilopterus bachmanni
591:Devincenzia gallinali
567:Onactornis depressus.
511:Huayquerías Formation
482:and deposited at the
383:Fray Bentos Formation
318:Devincenzia gallinali
3750:Fossils of Argentina
2914:(Vol. 1, pp. 50-55).
2850:10.35537/10915/26442
2665:. pp. 187–208.
2066:Cabrera, Á. (1939).
1755:Onactornis depressus
1751:Cerro Azul Formation
1505:; this includes the
1340:Andrewsornis abbotti
1195:Psilopterus lemoinei
1178:Psilopterus colzecus
1052:Llallawavis scagliai
614:Río Negro Department
459:History and taxonomy
359:of giant flightless
327:Onactornis depressus
3755:Ituzaingó Formation
2759:2020JVPal..40E8855D
2712:10.1511/2014.106.36
2619:2015JVPal..35E2656D
2574:10.1017/jpa.2019.53
2565:2019JPal...93.1221D
2498:2012PLoSO...737701T
2431:2010PLoSO...511856D
2364:2010PLoSO...511856D
2309:2020JVPal..40E8855D
2251:(1574): 1769–1773.
2202:1999JVPal..19..404T
1874:Paleontology portal
1710:in the freshwater.
1608:Ituzaingo Formation
1489:, during the early
1246:Kelenken guillermoi
1128:Psilopterus affinis
991:Mesembriornithinae
602:Ituzaingo Formation
550:in the same paper.
413:, and possibly the
399:Ituzaingó Formation
338:(Kraglievich, 1931)
285:? Kraglievich, 1932
3770:Fossils of Uruguay
3513:Mesembriornithinae
3175:Eleutherornithidae
2700:American Scientist
1585:
1538:
1069:Procariama simplex
861:white-tailed eagle
857:red-legged seriema
535:Devincenzia pozzi.
515:Mendoza, Argentina
492:Cordoba, Argentina
471:(a misspelling of
3745:Neogene Argentina
3702:
3701:
3674:Open Tree of Life
3614:Taxon identifiers
3605:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3113:Ameghinornithidae
2110:978-94-007-5466-9
1792:Pseudotypotherium
1684:Scalabrinitherium
1600:lower Pleistocene
1534:Devincenzia pozzi
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1374:Patagornis marshi
1269:Devincenzia pozzi
1224:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1206:
1205:
1156:
1155:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1079:
729:Early Pleistocene
622:lower Pleistocene
593:was a synonym of
519:Devincenzia pozzi
443:The generic name
415:Early Pleistocene
345:
344:
321:Kraglievich, 1932
313:Kraglievich, 1931
305:Kraglievich, 1931
302:Phororhacos pozzi
279:Kraglievich, 1931
263:Kraglievich, 1931
259:Phororhacos pozzi
246:
245:Kraglievich, 1932
136:Devincenzia pozzi
46:Early Pleistocene
18:Devincenzia pozzi
16:(Redirected from
3787:
3695:
3694:
3682:
3681:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3609:
3596:
3591:
3585:
3541:
3511:
3481:
3444:
3400:
3395:
3379:Paleopsilopterus
3352:
3347:
3340:
3324:
3313:
3302:
3292:
3247:
3196:
3173:
3134:
3111:
3095:
3085:
3075:
3064:
3053:
3043:
3030:
3017:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2939:
2932:
2921:
2915:
2907:
2898:
2887:
2881:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2803:
2797:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2663:Living Dinosaurs
2658:
2649:
2648:
2638:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2576:
2559:(6): 1221–1233.
2544:
2538:
2537:
2527:
2509:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2442:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2375:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2181:
2168:
2154:
2148:
2134:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2084:
2078:
2064:
2051:
2044:
2029:
2018:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1966:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1900:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1846:Argentina portal
1843:
1842:
1841:
1662:Neobrachytherium
1571:Paleoenvironment
1408:Physornis fortis
1332:
1308:
1284:
1262:
1238:
1170:
1120:
1113:
1044:
1020:
996:
988:
981:
958:
948:
944:, among others.
847:, estimated its
804:
795:
737:Raigón Formation
433:Onactornis pozzi
418:Raigón Formation
339:
335:Onactornis pozzi
331:
322:
314:
306:
244:
237:
224:
211:
151:
150:
129:
119:
56:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3760:Neogene Uruguay
3705:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3672:
3664:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3616:
3606:
3597:
3586:
3564:
3534:
3504:
3474:
3446:Patagornithinae
3437:
3393:
3342:Phorusrhacoidea
3333:
3263:
3240:
3189:
3166:
3127:
3104:
3024:
3011:
2973:
2966:
2936:
2935:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2901:
2888:
2884:
2875:
2871:
2862:
2858:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2786:
2782:
2753:(6): e1848855.
2740:
2739:
2735:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2303:(6): e1848855.
2290:
2289:
2282:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2183:
2182:
2171:
2155:
2151:
2135:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2065:
2054:
2045:
2032:
2019:
2004:
1968:
1967:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1901:
1897:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1757:, a synonym of
1734:Macroeuphractus
1674:Promacrauchenia
1573:
1536:(2nd from top).
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1292:Titanis walleri
1225:
1216:
1207:
1157:
1099:
1090:
1081:
976:Phorusrhacidae
899:
818:
817:
816:
815:
807:
806:
805:
797:
796:
766:
630:
587:Pierce Brodkorb
461:
441:
337:
329:
320:
312:
304:
264:
261:
243:
235:
222:
209:
145:
120:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
51:
50:
48:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3793:
3791:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3715:Phorusrhacinae
3707:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3683:
3670:
3657:
3642:
3626:
3624:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3545:
3543:Physornithinae
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3450:
3448:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3406:
3404:
3402:Phorusrhacinae
3392:
3391:
3383:
3375:
3367:
3358:
3356:
3354:Phorusrhacidae
3344:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3320:
3309:
3298:
3288:
3281:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3251:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3210:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3179:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3138:
3136:Bathornithidae
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3117:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3091:
3081:
3071:
3060:
3049:
3038:
3036:
3034:incertae sedis
3026:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2916:
2899:
2882:
2869:
2856:
2829:
2798:
2780:
2733:
2686:
2679:
2650:
2613:(2): e912656.
2596:
2539:
2472:
2405:
2338:
2280:
2231:
2196:(2): 404–406.
2169:
2149:
2122:
2109:
2079:
2052:
2030:
2002:
1926:
1913:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:Uruguay portal
1877:
1863:
1849:
1833:
1830:
1798:Typotheriopsis
1678:Proterotherium
1666:Oxyodontherium
1636:Protypotherium
1572:
1569:
1511:Dromornithidae
1507:Gastornithidae
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1108:Psilopterinae
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1008:
999:
994:
992:
986:
984:
979:
977:
973:
972:
969:
968:
961:
956:
954:
946:
898:
895:
877:neck vertebrae
809:
808:
799:
798:
790:
789:
788:
787:
786:
774:apex predators
765:
762:
690:temporal fossa
668:occipital bone
637:Phorusrhacidae
629:
626:
618:upper Pliocene
581:were moved to
563:Macraucheniids
460:
457:
440:
437:
403:Early Pliocene
371:Phorusrhacidae
343:
342:
341:
340:
332:
324:
315:
307:
296:
295:
289:
288:
287:
286:
280:
271:
270:
266:
265:
262:
255:
254:
248:
247:
233:
229:
228:
226:Phorusrhacinae
220:
216:
215:
213:Phorusrhacidae
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
139:
138:
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
57:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3792:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:Montehermosan
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3595:
3590:
3584:
3561:
3560:
3559:Paraphysornis
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3529:Mesembriornis
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3483:Psilopterinae
3477:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3455:Andalgalornis
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3198:Idiornithidae
3192:
3186:
3185:
3184:Eleutherornis
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3046:Elaphrocnemus
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3022:Cariamiformes
3018:
3014:
3008:
3007:Cariamiformes
3004:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2963:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2897:(2), 103-116.
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2851:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2796:(2), 350-358.
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2680:9781119990475
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2492:(5): e37701.
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2425:(8): e11856.
2424:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2358:(8): e11856.
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:(2), 409-419.
2166:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2147:(2), 229-234.
2146:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1889:
1878:
1875:
1864:
1861:
1850:
1847:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1825:Mcdonaldocnus
1821:
1820:
1819:Proscelidodon
1815:
1814:ground sloths
1811:
1810:
1809:Coscinocercus
1805:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1772:
1771:Huayqueriania
1768:
1767:macraucheniid
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1729:ground sloths
1726:
1725:Upper Miocene
1721:
1717:
1716:coconut palms
1713:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1696:sparassodonts
1693:
1692:
1691:Andalgalornis
1687:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:Paranauchenia
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1647:
1646:Brachytherium
1642:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:Upper Miocene
1589:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:thylacosmilid
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1519:Cariamiformes
1516:
1515:Palaeognathae
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1497:underwent an
1496:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1210:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
998:
997:
990:
989:
983:
982:
975:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
960:
959:
953:
952:Cariamiformes
950:
949:
945:
943:
942:Andalgalornis
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
921:
917:
913:
908:
904:
896:
894:
893:larger prey.
891:
890:Andalgalornis
887:
886:plesiomorphic
882:
881:Andalgalornis
878:
874:
873:Andalgalornis
869:
866:
865:Andalgalornis
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:
836:Andalgalornis
831:
829:
824:
813:
812:Andalgalornis
803:
794:
785:
783:
782:biomechanical
779:
775:
771:
763:
761:
759:
755:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
723:
721:
716:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:Phorusrhacos,
656:
654:
653:
648:
644:
643:
638:
634:
627:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
569:Parts of the
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
540:
536:
532:
531:platygnathus,
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
478:
474:
470:
466:
458:
456:
454:
450:
446:
438:
436:
434:
430:
427:
423:
419:
416:
412:
408:
407:Montehermosan
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:Early Miocene
372:
369:
365:
362:
358:
355:
351:
350:
336:
333:
330:Cabrera, 1939
328:
325:
319:
316:
311:
308:
303:
300:
299:
297:
294:
290:
284:
281:
278:
275:
274:
272:
267:
260:
256:
253:
249:
242:
241:
234:
231:
230:
227:
221:
218:
217:
214:
208:
205:
204:
201:
200:Cariamiformes
198:
195:
194:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
161:
158:
155:
154:
149:
144:
140:
137:
132:
128:
123:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
47:
43:
42:Early Miocene
37:
33:
30:
19:
3775:Paraná Basin
3621:
3557:
3550:
3527:
3520:
3497:
3490:
3467:
3462:Andrewsornis
3460:
3453:
3430:
3425:Phorusrhacos
3423:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3387:Patagorhacos
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3325:
3314:
3303:
3293:
3283:
3276:
3256:
3233:
3228:Occitaniavis
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3182:
3158:
3152:Eutreptornis
3150:
3143:
3120:
3096:
3086:
3076:
3065:
3054:
3044:
3033:
2999:Superorder:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2911:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2877:
2872:
2864:
2859:
2839:
2832:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2662:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2300:
2296:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2193:
2189:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2114:, retrieved
2092:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2047:
2025:
2021:
1981:(4): 55–91.
1978:
1974:
1921:
1916:
1903:
1898:
1860:Birds portal
1823:
1817:
1807:
1796:
1790:
1787:mesotheriids
1785:and several
1779:
1777:proterothere
1769:
1758:
1754:
1743:Buenos Aires
1738:
1732:
1718:, and other
1705:
1699:
1689:
1682:
1658:Diadiaphorus
1656:
1650:
1644:
1634:
1630:Adinotherium
1628:
1622:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1539:
1533:
1484:
1406:
1405:
1389:
1388:
1372:
1371:
1355:
1354:
1338:
1337:
1314:
1313:
1290:
1289:
1268:
1267:
1244:
1243:
1193:
1192:
1176:
1175:
1143:
1142:
1126:
1125:
1067:
1066:
1050:
1049:
1026:
1025:
1002:
1001:
963:
941:
938:Phorusrhacos
937:
933:
929:
925:
912:Phorusrhacos
910:
906:
902:
900:
889:
880:
872:
870:
864:
834:
832:
819:
811:
767:
764:Paleobiology
757:
754:Phorusrhacos
753:
745:Phorusrhacos
744:
740:
726:
718:
714:
709:
694:frontal bone
685:
681:
675:
674:with 47% or
672:Phorusrhacos
671:
663:
659:
657:
650:
647:Phorusrhacos
646:
642:Phorusrhacos
640:
632:
631:
610:D. gallinali
609:
605:
594:
590:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
555:Buenos Aires
552:
547:
543:
538:
534:
530:
527:Phorusrhacos
526:
522:
518:
508:Late Miocene
503:
500:Phorusrhacos
499:
495:
479:
476:
473:Phorusrhacos
472:
468:
462:
452:
449:D. gallinali
448:
444:
442:
432:
428:
426:type species
391:Late Miocene
348:
347:
346:
334:
326:
317:
309:
301:
283:D. gallinali
282:
276:
258:
252:Type species
239:
238:
135:
35:
29:
3652:Devincenzia
3646:Wikispecies
3622:Devincenzia
3522:Llallawavis
3499:Psilopterus
3411:Devincenzia
3305:Pseudolarus
3235:Propelargus
3098:Lavocatavis
3078:Similiornis
3001:Australaves
2636:11336/38650
1909:Fossilworks
1904:Devincenzia
1804:xenarthrans
1759:Devincenzia
1707:Mourasuchus
1701:Gryposuchus
1620:toxodontids
1588:Devincenzia
1581:Devincenzia
1554:metatherian
1546:Pleistocene
930:Devincenzia
907:Devincenzia
903:Devincenzia
839:, based on
758:Devincenzia
750:Galliformes
741:Devincenzia
710:Psilopterus
682:Devincenzia
677:Psilopterus
633:Devincenzia
628:Description
606:Devincenzia
604:also bears
559:Xenarthrans
548:Devincenzia
523:Phororhacos
496:Phororhacos
469:Phororhacos
445:Devincenzia
395:Huayquerian
349:Devincenzia
240:Devincenzia
219:Subfamily:
36:Devincenzia
3709:Categories
3492:Procariama
3469:Patagornis
3363:Brontornis
3327:Smiliornis
3295:Miocariama
3269:Cariamidae
3249:Salmilidae
3122:Strigogyps
3088:Talantatos
3067:Itaboravis
3056:Gradiornis
2968:Genera of
2931:, 191-237.
2880:, 259-280.
2077:(6), 3-35.
2028:, 304-315.
1832:References
1781:Eoauchenia
1763:litopterns
1641:litopterns
1639:, smaller
1485:After the
965:Cariamidae
926:Brontornis
849:bite force
778:borhyaenid
770:scavengers
715:Brontornis
596:Brontornis
583:Onactornis
571:Onactornis
52:21–2
3552:Physornis
3371:Macrornis
3221:Oblitavis
3207:Gypsornis
3145:Bathornis
2981:Kingdom:
2824:2469-0228
2775:234119602
2720:0003-0996
2706:(1): 39.
2591:199094122
2583:0022-3360
2516:1932-6203
2449:1932-6203
2382:1932-6203
2333:234119602
2325:0272-4634
2218:0272-4634
1997:0031-1049
1749:, in the
1747:Argentina
1604:Argentina
1565:placental
1542:Paleocene
1503:gigantism
934:Physornis
897:Phylogeny
720:Physornis
465:Uruguayan
439:Etymology
411:Argentina
361:predatory
166:Kingdom:
160:Eukaryota
3735:Deseadan
3637:Q4895333
3631:Wikidata
3418:Kelenken
3214:Idiornis
3160:Paracrax
2989:Chordata
2987:Phylum:
2983:Animalia
2970:Seriemas
2867:, 34-48.
2728:43707746
2645:85212917
2534:22662194
2486:PLOS ONE
2467:20805872
2419:PLOS ONE
2400:20805872
2352:PLOS ONE
2275:16096087
1652:Cullinia
1643:such as
1596:Pliocene
1561:Pliocene
1523:seriemas
1491:Cenozoic
916:Kelenken
845:CT scans
706:quadrate
700:and the
686:Kelenken
664:Kelenken
652:Kelenken
575:P. pozzi
544:P. pozzi
453:D. pozzi
429:D. pozzi
379:Deseadan
293:Synonyms
277:D. pozzi
269:Species
206:Family:
180:Chordata
176:Phylum:
170:Animalia
156:Domain:
3679:4131162
3666:4852152
3432:Titanis
3316:Riacama
3278:Cariama
3258:Salmila
3005:Clade:
2993:Class:
2755:Bibcode
2615:Bibcode
2561:Bibcode
2525:3360764
2494:Bibcode
2458:2923598
2427:Bibcode
2391:2923598
2360:Bibcode
2305:Bibcode
2266:1559870
2226:4524003
2198:Bibcode
1712:Bamboos
1624:Xotodon
1495:mammals
920:Titanis
733:Uruguay
422:Uruguay
387:Uruguay
366:in the
354:extinct
232:Genus:
196:Order:
186:Class:
3285:Chunga
2822:
2773:
2726:
2718:
2677:
2643:
2589:
2581:
2532:
2522:
2514:
2465:
2455:
2447:
2398:
2388:
2380:
2331:
2323:
2273:
2263:
2224:
2216:
2116:6 June
2107:
2022:Physis
1995:
1616:Amazon
1513:, the
1509:, the
843:using
823:thorax
424:. The
368:family
352:is an
3692:39465
2818:(1).
2771:S2CID
2724:JSTOR
2641:S2CID
2587:S2CID
2329:S2CID
2222:JSTOR
1802:Many
1789:like
1720:palms
828:hawks
480:pozzi
409:) of
364:birds
357:genus
3661:GBIF
2995:Aves
2820:ISSN
2716:ISSN
2675:ISBN
2579:ISSN
2530:PMID
2512:ISSN
2463:PMID
2445:ISSN
2396:PMID
2378:ISSN
2321:ISSN
2271:PMID
2214:ISSN
2118:2022
2105:ISBN
1993:ISSN
1911:.org
1822:and
1795:and
1775:the
1704:and
1694:and
1681:and
1627:and
1598:and
940:and
859:and
649:and
620:and
600:The
577:and
561:and
190:Aves
60:PreꞒ
2845:doi
2763:doi
2708:doi
2704:102
2667:doi
2631:hdl
2623:doi
2569:doi
2520:PMC
2502:doi
2453:PMC
2435:doi
2386:PMC
2368:doi
2313:doi
2261:PMC
2253:doi
2249:272
2206:doi
2145:256
2097:doi
1983:doi
1907:at
1610:of
1602:of
731:of
585:by
546:to
513:in
486:in
475:),
420:of
385:of
3711::
3689::
3676::
3663::
3648::
3633::
2929:14
2927:,
2902:^
2895:53
2893:,
2816:14
2814:.
2810:.
2794:29
2792:,
2769:.
2761:.
2751:40
2749:.
2745:.
2722:.
2714:.
2702:.
2698:.
2673:.
2653:^
2639:.
2629:.
2621:.
2611:35
2609:.
2585:.
2577:.
2567:.
2557:93
2555:.
2551:.
2528:.
2518:.
2510:.
2500:.
2488:.
2484:.
2461:.
2451:.
2443:.
2433:.
2421:.
2417:.
2394:.
2384:.
2376:.
2366:.
2354:.
2350:.
2327:.
2319:.
2311:.
2301:40
2299:.
2295:.
2283:^
2269:.
2259:.
2247:.
2243:.
2220:.
2212:.
2204:.
2194:19
2192:.
2188:.
2172:^
2165:27
2163:,
2143:,
2125:^
2103:,
2091:,
2073:,
2055:^
2033:^
2026:10
2024:,
2005:^
1991:.
1979:43
1977:.
1973:.
1929:^
1828:.
1816:,
1745:,
1714:,
1676:,
1672:,
1668:,
1664:,
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