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the poor conditions at Pine Ridge. Heated debates between AIM members and Wilson began to arise and escalate. Off-reservation AIM leaders threatened to bring their activism to Pine Ridge. Wilson agreed with AIM members that there was serious social damage from the high rates of unemployment, suicide, and alcoholism at Pine Ridge. He also believed that the US government had illegally broken land treaties with the Sioux, but Wilson considered AIM's militancy "more as threat than a savior" for the Indian people. Wilson would later characterize AIM activists as "the only major Indian problem...bums trying to get their braids and mugs in the press."
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Pine Ridge. He died in a reported altercation with a BIA policeman. Residents accused GOONs of arson and frequent assault. Wilson was alleged to have personally directed an assault on six AIM lawyers in
February 1975, but no charges were filed. In 2000, the FBI released a report regarding these alleged unsolved violent deaths during this time on Pine Ridge Reservation and accounted for most of the deaths, and disputed the claims of unsolved and political murders. The report stated that only four deaths were unsolved and that some deaths were not murders.
283:(GOONs). He said that an earlier council resolution giving the chairman powers to maintain law and order was sufficient authority; he may have illegally financed the militia with tribal funds. The GOONs were accused of violence against and suppression of Wilson's political enemies. The GOONs were reported to intimidate residents of Pine Ridge Reservation for many years. Opponents of Wilson said that he was a puppet for the US government.
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investigation reported ballot tampering, a large number of ineligible voters, improprieties in the appointment of the election commission, and "a climate of fear and tension." Its report concluded the election results were invalid, but a federal court upheld Wilson's reelection. Wilson was only the
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The resulting standoff with law enforcement lasted seventy-one days, resulted in two protesters dead and one marshal paralyzed and drew national attention to the issues of Native
American rights and conflicts on the reservation. While the standoff was underway, Wilson tried again to suspend Long from
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Having expected Wilson to use the waiting period, the prosecution had not fully prepared its case. After
Thunder Bull refused to permit the introduction of additional charges, four opposition council members and much of audience left the trial in frustration. Shortly thereafter, the remaining council
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chapters began forming in many places on the reservation. The Oglala Lakota saw a continuing pattern of discriminatory attacks against them in towns off the reservation, which police did not prosecute at all or not according to the severity of the crimes; they were also increasingly discontented with
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Wilson entered politics when he ran and was elected as a councilor to represent the village of Pine Ridge in the Oglala Sioux Tribal
Council. Serving for six years, he chaired the council's Labor committee. There were allegations that he diverted tribal funds for his own purposes and used his private
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The Oglala Sioux Tribal
Council suspended Wilson by an 11-7 vote. They would need a two-thirds vote to impeach him. Hearings began on February 22. Wilson declined the waiting period permitted him and arraigned for the impeachment proceedings to commence immediately. The council unanimously approved
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behavior. In his first week, he challenged the eligibility of council member Birgil L. Kills
Straight because of residency requirements. He preferred governing using the five-member executive council instead of consulting with the full tribal council of 18, which several times he called into session
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investigation showed electoral abuses amid fear and violence, and reported the election as invalid. A federal court upheld the results of the election and Wilson won. Political violence continued on the reservation. After being strongly defeated in the 1976 election for tribal chairman, Wilson moved
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not to bring activist violence to Pine Ridge. He obtained a restraining order to prohibit Means and Severt Young Bear from participating in any assemblies at the reservation. When Means spoke at a landowners' association meeting later that month at the invitation of Tribal Vice
Chairman David Long,
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Wilson remained in office and, following the occupation, violence increased on the reservation, with residents reporting attacks by his henchmen. More than 50 of Wilson's opponents allegedly died violently in the next three years, although was disputed by a 2000 FBI report. The 1974 tribal chairman
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Violent conflict on the reservation continued after the resolution of the
Wounded Knee incident. In the three years that followed, more than 50 opponents of Wilson allegedly died violently. One was Pedro Bissonette, head of the civil rights organization, who had originally invited AIM activists to
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February 27, 1973, AIM Organization accepted the responsibility of providing all necessary strength and protection needed by the Oglala Sioux in the efforts to rid themselves of corrupt tribal president, Dick Wilson. Because this degenerated human being is financed and wholly supported by the FBI,
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against Wilson at a council meeting. They charged him with nepotism in hiring tribal government staff, operating the tribe without a budget, two counts of misappropriating tribal resources for personal use, failing to compel the treasurer to make an audit report, failing to call the full tribal
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In 1972 Wilson ran against the incumbent tribal chairman, Gerald One
Feather. Before the election, his political connections were largely limited to Pine Ridge due to his years as a councilor, but he campaigned in all parts of the reservation and sought the support of both traditionalists and
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On
February 27, four days after the termination of Wilson's impeachment trial, local protesters and AIM activists seized the town of Wounded Knee, in protest of the outcome of the impeachment hearing. They demanded Wilson's removal from office. A letter within AIM Chapters stated,
252:. Wilson favored reaching a financial settlement with the US government and using the money to invest in infrastructure, education and other improvements for the tribe. By contrast, the traditionals wanted to refuse anything less than the full return of the property to the Lakota.
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CIA, BIA, U.S. Justice Dept., and the U.S. Marshals, it is virtually impossible to for any Oglala to voice any kind of opinion which may run contrary to this puppet government with out being arrested or beaten...a policy that cannot go unchallenged or unanswered.
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On April 4, 1973 a group of AIM Wounded Knee occupants were caught by FBI Agents while leaving Wounded Knee. They were heavily armed and had a list of names of people who were to be "done away with". Wilson and members of his "GOON squad" were on the list.
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Wilson's main supporters were from within the town of Pine Ridge. The traditionals, who tended to be full-bloods who lived on the outskirts and followed older practices, would criticize Wilson for being too close to whites. Officials of the
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233:(he was of mixed-race ancestry) over full-blood Oglala, and giving "special attention" and benefits to his friends and relatives. In response, Wilson reportedly said, "There's nothing in tribal law against
162:. No impeachment proceedings were renewed. Several hundred Lakota people marched in protest, demanding the removal of Wilson from office. US Marshals were assigned to protect Wilson and his family.
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progressives. He did not support protests that year organized by AIM. The election was close, but Wilson won five of the reservation's nine districts and won heavily in Pine Ridge village.
195:, Wilson grew up in the town of Pine Ridge. He continued to live there as an adult. He learned the plumber's trade and worked at that craft as an adult. He and his wife had ten children.
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Wilson moved out of Pine Ridge after the 1976 election. He eventually returned and was campaigning for a council seat when he died in 1990 from kidney failure and an enlarged heart.
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Wilson was inaugurated on April 10, 1972. He helped set up the first Indian housing authority on the reservation. He also began showing what his detractors would describe as
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charges against him in February 1973. The prosecution was unprepared when Wilson said he was ready to go to trial, and the proceedings closed without completing the
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in Washington, DC in November 1972. During the incident at the BIA headquarters building, irreplaceable Indian land deeds were lost and destroyed. Wilson warned
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with his family off the reservation. By 1990 Wilson had returned to Pine Ridge; he was campaigning for a seat on the tribal council at the time of his death.
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Following complaints about his favoring friends and family in award of jobs and suppressing political opponents with his private
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council according to the bylaws, using the executive committee to bypass the housing board, and illegally arresting Keith.
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641:"letter, D.J. Banks, National Field Director, Oklahoma to AIM Delegates, Officials, and Chapters, April 16, 1973", in
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third person to be elected to consecutive terms as Oglala Sioux Tribal Chair since the position was created in 1936.
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When Wilson ran for reelection in 1974, he faced a dozen challengers. He placed second in the primary, and defeated
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On February 9, 1973, tribal councilors Sioux Long, Kills Straight, and C. Hobart Keith introduced eight charges of
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Several hundred protesters marched in Pine Ridge after the council meeting. Because of the heightened tension,
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166:(AIM) and Lakota supporters occupied the town of Wounded Knee, and a 71-day armed siege resulted, known as the
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Lichtenstein, Grace (1976-01-29). "Tribal Leader Is Defeated in Election on Troubled Pine Ridge Reservation".
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229:(BIA) continued to have a significant role in reservation affairs. Opponents criticized Wilson for favoring
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170:. Two Native Americans were shot and killed and a US Marshal severely wounded during this period.
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In the 1976 election for tribal president, Wilson was defeated by Al Trimble by a wide margin.
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At the time, the Lakota Sioux had brought suit against the US government for the taking of the
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Ruling Pine Ridge: Oglala Lakota Politics from the IRA to Wounded Knee (Plains Histories)
746:
Lichtenstein, Grace (1975-04-22). "Legacy of Wounded Knee: Hatred, Violence, and Fear".
131:(April 29, 1934 â January 31, 1990) was elected chairman (also called president) of the
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the Vice Chairmanship. He also fired tribal employees who had protested against him.
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778:"Accounting For Native American Deaths, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota"
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Gladstone, Lyn. "Oglala Council Continues Hearing Weighing Charges against Wilson,"
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OFFICIAL STATEMENT, The FBI Files on the American Indian Movement and Wounded Knee,
402:"Unsolved deaths debunked by FBI Case by case examination puts some rumors to rest"
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Following the murder of Wesley Bad Heart Bull in a border town in early 1973,
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quasi-law enforcement group to intimidate opponents with violence and murder.
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Affidavit of Eda Gordon, private investigator, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 2000
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435:"Obituary: Richard Wilson, 55, Tribal Head in Occupation of Wounded Knee"
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Lyman, Stanley David, Floyd A. O'Neil, June K. Lyman, and Susan McKay.
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147:
56: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
143:, where he served from 1972â1976, following re-election in 1974.
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Wilson had Means arrested and tried to suspend Long from office.
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Special Agent Jack R. Coler, United States Department of Justice
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Impeached Native American tribal officials of the United States
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25:
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People from the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota
810:. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press. pp. 207â208.
765:. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press. pp. 204â205.
315:, the BIA superintendent at the reservation, ordered the
613:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 6â12.
871:
Tim Giago. "Whatever Happened to the So-Called GOONS?"
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to place Wilson and his family in protective custody.
465:. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press. p. 131.
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Federal Bureau of Investigation Minneapolis Division
659:. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press. p. 204.
555:
Schultz, Terri. "Bamboozle Me Not at Wounded Knee,"
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527:Reinhardt, Ruling Pine Ridge, pp. 134-137, 151-152
300:Vincent Thunder Bull as presiding officer for the
16:Oglala Lakota Tribal chairman, 1972-76 (1934-1990)
721:. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. pp.
687:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 204â205.
541:Blood Struggle: the Rise of Modern Indian Nations
395:
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308:voted 14-0 to close the impeachment proceedings.
154:(GOONs), members of the tribal council brought
1074:National Amerindianist American Redman's Party
673:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1991, p. 61
577:Reinhardt, Ruling Pine Ridge, pp. 157-159, 171
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840:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 312.
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987:Bureau of Indian Affairs building takeover
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265:Bureau of Indian Affairs building takeover
599:Reinhardt, Ruling Pine Ridge, pp. 180-183
551:
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492:Reinhardt, Ruling Pine Ridge, pp. 131-132
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
364:in the runoff election on February 7. A
19:For other people named Dick Wilson, see
1002:Statue of Christopher Columbus toppling
389:
1028:National Council on Indian Opportunity
428:
426:
275:In late 1972, Wilson formed a private
263:Wilson harshly criticized AIM for the
931:Native Americans in the United States
671:Wounded Knee 1973: A Personal Account
611:Wounded Knee 1973: A Personal Account
366:United States Civil Rights Commission
7:
1059:American Indian Movement of Colorado
623:Reinhardt, Ruling Pine Ridge, p. 184
568:Reinhardt, Ruling Pine Ridge, p. 153
503:"Richard Wilson, Ex-Tribal Chairman"
221:on important issues only belatedly.
54:adding citations to reliable sources
1064:International Indian Treaty Council
632:Lyman, Wounded Knee 1973, pp. 12-15
509:. Associated Press. 3 February 1990
244:in 1877, in violation of the 1868
65:"Dick Wilson" tribal chairman
14:
855:"Caged Warrior - Leonard Peltier"
1100:Beatrice Long Visitor Holy Dance
543:, New York: Norton, 2005, p. 144
433:Foderaro, Lisa W. (1990-02-04).
174:election was disputed, and a US
30:
41:needs additional citations for
1276:Oglala Sioux Tribe politicians
317:United States Marshals Service
281:Guardians of the Oglala Nation
152:Guardians of the Oglala Nation
1:
951:Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)
838:The Dull Knives of Pine Ridge
685:The Dull Knives of Pine Ridge
609:Lyman, Stanley David (1991).
137:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
1205:Rita Long Visitor Holy Dance
1018:Bringing the Circle Together
702:(Documentary film). Miramax.
400:Melmer, David (2000-07-19).
304:, which began the next day.
21:Dick Wilson (disambiguation)
459:Reinhardt, Akim D. (2007).
208:Election as Tribal Chairman
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806:Reihardt, Akim D. (2007).
761:Reihardt, Akim D. (2007).
655:Reihardt, Akim D. (2007).
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1291:South Dakota Independents
972:Mount Rushmore Occupation
936:Indian termination policy
557:Harper's Monthly Magazine
248:that had established the
1286:American Indian Movement
1281:American anti-communists
982:Trail of Broken Treaties
917:American Indian Movement
227:Bureau of Indian Affairs
183:Early life and education
164:American Indian Movement
992:Wounded Knee Occupation
882:, Officer Down Memorial
329:Wounded Knee Occupation
250:Great Sioux Reservation
176:Civil Rights Commission
168:Wounded Knee Occupation
1220:Raymond Yellow Thunder
1069:Mohawk Warrior Society
977:Occupation of Alcatraz
698:Michael Apted (1992).
539:Wilkinson, Charles F.
341:
246:Treaty of Fort Laramie
189:Pine Ridge Reservation
1240:Wesley Bad Heart Bull
1210:Sacheen Littlefeather
836:Starita, Joe (1995).
713:Frazier, Ian (2000).
683:Starita, Joe (1995).
336:
1155:Lorelei DeCora Means
876:, September 16, 2007
645:Microfilm 4-xxxx-188
406:Indian Country Today
50:improve this article
1043:Republic of Lakotah
1033:Native American Day
203:Tribal chairmanship
1225:Tom B.K. Goldtooth
1038:Red Power movement
997:Incident at Oglala
946:Red Power movement
776:staff (May 2000).
700:Incident at Oglala
590:, 23 February 1973
588:Rapid City Journal
352:After Wounded Knee
279:, which he called
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1247:
1230:Vernon Bellecourt
1125:Edgar Bear Runner
941:Rainbow Coalition
808:Ruling Pine Ridge
763:Ruling Pine Ridge
732:978-0-374-22638-1
657:Ruling Pine Ridge
472:978-0-89672-601-7
302:impeachment trial
287:Impeachment trial
160:impeachment trial
129:Richard A. Wilson
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1266:1990 deaths
1261:1934 births
1120:Dick Wilson
1105:Carter Camp
559:, June 1973
293:impeachment
242:Black Hills
156:impeachment
1255:Categories
924:Background
792:2007-10-29
717:On the Rez
445:2011-06-05
416:2007-10-29
384:References
376:Later life
76:newspapers
1083:Activists
1215:Sundance
235:nepotism
1170:Pura FĂ©
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