84:, Lovell proposed his idea of the creation of the first Canadian Dictionary, and shortly after submitted an article on the “Lexicographical Challenges of Canadian English”. In March 1960, funding was granted to create the first Canadian Dictionary, DHCP-1 (Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles). Unfortunately, devastation would strike weeks after the news came, Charles Lovell passed away.
104:, Crate, And Leechman were responsible for controlling the majority of the information brought in through slips. Scargill, the “director of the Lexicographical Centre in Victoria'' was the promoter and organizer of the DCHP. The Publisher, Gage, requested that four versions of the dictionary were to be made. The
179:
The launch coincided with the 57th anniversary of
Charles J. Lovell's passing, the founding editor of DCHP-1. DCHP-1 was launched as a Centennial project; DCHP-2 was launched as a Sesquicentennial contribution with the goal of lifting the discussion about Canadianisms, and about Canadian English more
196:
and other sources. Potential headwords and citations were cross-checked with other varieties of
English using web data and entered into the Bank of Canadian English, a quotation filing system, to be proofread and edited. The potential headwords and citations were then classified into one of the six
205:
The use of slips while writing DCHP-2 played a significant role in the dictionary's creation. Slips are considered “the sine qua non of lexicography” (Dollinger, 2019, p. 90) and can be hand-written, typed, or cut and pasted texts from newspapers, fliers, books, etc., on four-by-six inch slips
142:
The second edition was edited by Stefan
Dollinger (editor-in-chief) and Margery Fee (associate editor) and includes features not part of the first edition: a six-way classification system for Canadianisms, the Dictionary Editing Tool, and the Bank of Canadian English (BCE), a quotation database.
130:
In 2006, after almost 40 years of existence without any updates, work on a new edition was started. Nelson
Education Ltd., which had acquired Gage Ltd. and with it the rights to the DCHP-1 had been actively seeking collaborators in academia to produce a new edition of the DCHP-1. This project,
206:
of paper. The top left corner would show the catchword, which would then possibly become a headword in the dictionary, which a quotation would follow. Thousands to millions of these slips provided the data from which the dictionary was created.
80:, felt that there was a true distinction between American words and Canadian ones. This led Lovell to create a separate file for words that he deemed to be Canadian as he traversed across the country. In 1954, after creation of the
192:). The online version of DCHP-1 was made publicly accessible in 2013. The main data collection phase for the DCHP-2 lasted from 2007 to 2010 and included 36,000 new citations derived from the 7,000 new potential headwords found in
99:
and Lovell would become known as the big six of creating
Canadian English). Drysdale focused on working with the publisher of the dictionary in Toronto, W.J. Gage publishing and relayed information to the team.
1206:
75:
dictionary engulfed the small amount of
Canadian words found in their research as was the practice during this time for larger varieties. Lovell, working at the time for the University of Chicago and the
91:. A professor of English at the Royal Military College in Kingston, Ontario. Without intention, Avis, came to become a dictionary editor and leader to complete DHCP-1. Along with him, Patrick Drysdale,
139:'s Department of English in August 2006, after a year of preparatory work. Since 2009, DCHP-2 has had no association with Nelson Ltd. or any other publisher and had been a purely academic project.
1756:
108:
and the
Complete version DCHP-1. Through laborious hours and turmoil, the team rolled out the final dictionary just in time for Canadians' momentous Centennial year In November 1967.
1554:
162:
1511:
189:
798:
DCHP-2: The
Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles, Second Edition. With the assistance of Baillie Ford, Alexandra Gaylie, and Gabrielle Lim. www.dchp.ca/dchp2
1749:
1690:
1300:
273:
Type 6: Memorial: These terms are the opposite of cultural salience, meaning terms deriving from adverse events or historical occurrences in Canada. An example would be
71:
The origins of the first
Canadian Dictionary (DCHP-1) can be linked to American Lexicographer Charles Julien Lovell just after WW2 in 1946. Predating this, the American
229:
Type 2: Preservation: A form or meaning that was once widespread across many
English language variations but is now preserved in Canadian English. An example would be
1001:
Dollinger, Stefan; Brinton, Laurel J.; Fee, Margery (2012). "Revising The Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles: A Progress Report, 2006—(April) 2012".
1596:
1582:
1435:
1070:
244:(beanie), which had earlier referred to other kinds of hats, not just the ones we now associate with the word toque or Generation X "late '80s disoriented adults."
1394:
1207:
Towards a fully revised and extended edition of the Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles (DCHP-2): background, challenges, prospects (2006)
1742:
1728:
59:(DCHP-2), was then created by expanding and partially revising the first edition's data set. DCHP-2 was published in 2017 as an academic project by the
1091:
1071:"Dictionary of Canadianisms is a fine birthday gift to Canada: Editorial From "all-dressed" to "Garburator" - what Canadian English says about Canada"
812:
325:, which is almost 5000 words long) and the CBC The National Newscast featured DCHP-2 in April 2017 as the topic of its cultural news item of the day.
274:
682:
Dollinger, Stefan (2010). "Software from the Bank of Canadian English as an open source tool for the dialectologist: ling.surf and its features". In
143:
DCHP-2 was published in 2017 as an academic project by the University of British Columbia, and is only available as a free-access online dictionary.
1719:
1561:
1167:
354:
262:
Type 5: Frequency: Terms or meanings that are used and heard more frequently in Canadian English than in other national identities. For instance,
247:
Type 4: Culturally Significant: Terms or meanings enshrined and important to the national identity and/or history of Canada. The discourse marker
1763:
1293:
628:
603:
575:
545:
520:
495:
467:
442:
417:
392:
334:
1800:
1401:
1735:
1715:
49:
151:
Completed in 2011 after automatic scanning and manual proofreading by a team of UBC students under the direction of Stefan Dollinger,
1657:
1630:
1426:
780:
1525:
1518:
1046:
969:
935:
901:
1589:
284:
Non-Canadian: Terms or meanings labelled 'Canadian' in other sources or that are thought to be Canadian but are not. For instance,
1286:
155:-1 was republished in open access as of 2013, thanks to Nelson Ltd. (Dollinger et al. 2013), and is available as a free website,
168:, fully revised and expanded, is published 2017 (thanks to a three-year SSHRC Insight Grant, Competition 2012, Insight Grants).
1790:
1568:
81:
1575:
1458:
1378:
1158:
757:
723:
340:
193:
136:
120:
60:
1190:-2): background, challenges, prospects". HSL/SHL – Historical Sociolinguistics/Sociohistorical Linguistics (Leiden, NL). 6.
1785:
1309:
784:
197:
categories of Canadianisms according to their distinctive histories in Canada, cultural significance, or usage frequency.
1664:
1504:
347:
252:
124:
1682:
1616:
1534:
1485:
1370:
1149:
77:
17:
1795:
1497:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1176:
361:
302:
116:
72:
1637:
1418:
1386:
52:
in 1967. The text of this first edition was scanned and released as a free-access online dictionary in 2013.
1411:
1105:
645:
1451:
660:
240:
Type 3: Semantic Change: Terms that have undergone a semantic change in Canadian English. For instance,
1205:
Dollinger, Stefan. 2006. Towards a fully revised Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles.
1671:
115:-1 was the first scholarly historical dictionary of a variety of English other than British English (
1478:
1362:
101:
96:
88:
684:
Joseph Wright's English Dialect Dictionary and Beyond: Studies in Late Modern English Dialectology
1648:
1443:
1191:
188:
The process started with the scanning and digitization of the first edition of the dictionary (
176:
DCHP-2, the second, reconceptualized and updated edition was released online on 17 March 2017.
1042:
965:
931:
897:
624:
599:
571:
541:
516:
491:
463:
438:
413:
388:
1695:
1607:
1545:
1006:
435:
Creating Canadian English: the professor, the mountaineer, and a national variety of English
256:
132:
87:
The lead of the project would then be taken on and headed by Lovell's colleague and friend,
45:
37:
1220:
Dictionary of New Zealand English: A Dictionary of New Zealandisms on Historical Principles
1469:
621:
Creating Canadian English: the professor, the mountaineer, and a nation variety of English
596:
Creating Canadian English: the professor, the mountaineer, and a nation variety of English
568:
Creating Canadian English: the professor, the mountaineer, and a nation variety of English
538:
Creating Canadian English: the professor, the mountaineer, and a nation variety of English
513:
Creating Canadian English: the professor, the mountaineer, and a nation variety of English
488:
Creating Canadian English: the professor, the mountaineer, and a nation variety of English
460:
Creating Canadian English: the professor, the mountaineer, and a nation variety of English
410:
Creating Canadian English: the professor, the mountaineer, and a nation variety of English
384:
Creating Canadian English: the professor, the mountaineer, and a nation variety of English
686:, ed. by Manfred Markus, Clive Upton and Reinhard Heuberger, 249-261. Berne: Peter Lang.
1321:
1227:
Australian National Dictionary. A Dictionary of Australianisms on Historical Principles
834:
214:
The DCHP-2 lists six types of Canadianism with an additional "non-Canadian" category:
1779:
1133:
Cassidy, Frederick G. and Joan Houston Hall (eds.). 1985, 1991, 1996, 2002, in prep.
289:
230:
644:
Barber, Katherine; Considine, John; Friend, David; Pratt, Terry (January 30, 2005).
267:
1317:
92:
48:
though not necessarily exclusive to Canada. The first edition was published by
1700:
1182:
Dollinger, Stefan. 2006. "Towards a fully revised and extended edition of the
218:
Type 1: Origin: terms or meanings are created in Canada. An example would be
876:
696:
305:, an online-only publication; there is no hardcopy available at this point.
1278:
1010:
285:
263:
1239:
Dollinger, Stefan, Laurel J. Brinton, and Margery Fee (2012). "Revising
1137:. Volumes I–V. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
1036:
959:
925:
891:
382:
1705:
127:), the two dominant varieties of English throughout the 20th century.
1104:
Department of English, (see list of media coverage towards the end).
278:
223:
219:
41:
317:
referred to it as a great "birthday gift for the nation" of Canada,
744:
Dollinger, Stefan; Brinton, Laurel J.; Fee, Margery, eds. (2013).
241:
234:
111:
The result was a ground-breaking dictionary in several ways: the
106:
Beginning Dictionary, Intermediate Dictionary, Senior Dictionary,
1245:
Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America
1003:
Dictionaries: Journal of the Dictionary Society of North America
1282:
1162:
on Historical Principles. See Craigie and Hulbert (eds.) 1968 .
1234:
A Dictionary of South African English on Historical Principles
1171:. See Cassidy and Hall (eds.) 1985, 1991, 1996, 2002, in prep.
1258:, ed. by Pedro A. Fuertes Olivera, 367–382. London Routledge.
1254:: World Englishes and linguistic variation in real-time". In
855:
745:
711:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
63:, and is only available as a free-access online dictionary.
248:
95:, Douglas Leechman, and Mathew Scargill (these names, with
1271:
Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles (DCHP)
1092:"Dictionary of Canadianisms is 'tabled' and 'all-dressed'"
813:"Dictionary of Canadianisms is 'tabled' and 'all-dressed'"
1270:
1142:
A Dictionary of American English on Historical Principles
1241:
The Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
40:
of words, expressions, or meanings which are native to
777:
1140:
Craigie, William and James R. Hulbert (eds.). 1968 .
714:
A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
648:
A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
57:
A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
29:
A Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
657:
Conference on Canadian English in the Global Context
1714:
1681:
1647:
1606:
1544:
1468:
1354:
1316:
1252:
Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
1184:
Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
589:
587:
18:
Dictionary of Canadianisms on Historical Principles
1750:Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners
1144:. 4 volumes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1691:Collaborative International Dictionary of English
1094:. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 4 September 2017.
1069:Toronto Star, Editorial Board (26 March 2017).
301:The DCHP-2 is, like the current edition of the
135:in January 2005, and formally commenced at the
540:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66–84.
490:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51.
180:generally, on an empirically sounder footing.
1294:
710:Dollinger, Stefan; et al., eds. (2011).
44:or which are distinctively characteristic of
8:
1395:An Universal Etymological English Dictionary
796:Dollinger, Stefan & Margery Fee (2017).
1041:. Cambridge University Press. p. 123.
623:. Cambridge University Press. p. 119.
1743:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
1301:
1287:
1279:
964:. Cambridge University Press. p. 92.
930:. Cambridge University Press. p. 91.
896:. Cambridge University Press. p. 90.
598:. Cambridge University Press. p. 80.
570:. Cambridge University Press. p. 67.
515:. Cambridge University Press. p. 66.
462:. Cambridge University Press. p. 58.
437:. Cambridge University Press. p. 57.
412:. Cambridge University Press. p. 38.
387:. Cambridge University Press. p. 40.
1250:Dollinger, Stefan. (2017). "Revising the
1243:: A Progress Report, 2006—(April) 2012."
131:DCHP-2, was proposed at a conference on
1215:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1168:Dictionary of American Regional English
1135:Dictionary of American Regional English
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
373:
355:Dictionary of American Regional English
1256:The Routledge Handbook of Lexicography
800:. Vancouver, BC: UBC. pp. online.
1229:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
335:List of Canadian English dictionaries
321:lauded its detail (e.g. the entry on
255:are all examples, including the term
7:
1757:Merriam-Webster's Advanced Learner's
1404:A Dictionary of the English Language
1222:. Auckland: Oxford University Press.
561:
559:
557:
481:
479:
1225:Ramson, W. S. et al. (eds.). 1988.
1631:Dictionary of Newfoundland English
1236:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1232:Silva, Penny et al. (eds.). 1996.
25:
1597:Webster's Third New International
1211:Mathews, Mitford M. (ed.). 1951.
1090:Valpy, Michael (10 March 2017).
811:Valpy, Michael (10 March 2017).
1035:Dollinger, Stefan (June 2019).
958:Dollinger, Stefan (June 2019).
924:Dollinger, Stefan (June 2019).
890:Dollinger, Stefan (June 2019).
82:Canadian Linguistic Association
1459:Dictionary of American English
1379:The New World of English Words
1159:Dictionary of American English
1110:University of British Columbia
758:University of British Columbia
724:University of British Columbia
341:Dictionary of American English
194:The Canadian Oxford Dictionary
137:University of British Columbia
121:Dictionary of American English
61:University of British Columbia
1:
673:Abstract of panel discussion.
646:"Towards a Second Edition of
1729:Cambridge Advanced Learner's
125:A Dictionary of Americanisms
1801:Online English dictionaries
1218:Orsman, H. W. (ed.). 1997.
251:, and hockey terms such as
1817:
1624:Dictionary of Canadianisms
1371:The English Schoole-Master
1275:, DCHP-1 and DCHP-2 online
1213:Dictionary of Americanisms
1150:Dictionary of Americanisms
712:"A Brief History of DCHP,
619:Dollinger, Stefan (2019).
594:Dollinger, Stefan (2019).
566:Dollinger, Stefan (2019).
536:Dollinger, Stefan (2019).
511:Dollinger, Stefan (2019).
486:Dollinger, Stefan (2019).
458:Dollinger, Stefan (2019).
433:Dollinger, Stefan (2019).
408:Dollinger, Stefan (2019).
381:Dollinger, Stefan (2019).
348:Dictionary of Americanisms
78:Dictionary of Americanisms
1764:Oxford Advanced Learner's
1345:Middle English Dictionary
1338:Dictionary of Old English
1331:An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary
1177:Oxford English Dictionary
1153:. See Mathews (ed.) 1951.
1038:Creating Canadian English
961:Creating Canadian English
927:Creating Canadian English
893:Creating Canadian English
756:. Vancouver, BC, Canada:
722:. Vancouver, BC, Canada:
663:Department of Linguistics
362:Oxford English Dictionary
117:Oxford English Dictionary
1736:Collins COBUILD Advanced
1387:A New English Dictionary
877:"Introduction to DCHP-2"
697:"Introduction to DCHP-2"
1310:Dictionaries of English
233:(colouring pencil) and
201:The “Technology”: Slips
119:) or American English (
1791:1967 non-fiction books
1583:Random House Webster's
1452:World Book Dictionary
1011:10.1353/dic.2012.0004
661:University of Toronto
1786:English dictionaries
1412:Webster's Dictionary
815:. The Globe and Mail
55:A second edition of
1658:Australian National
1590:Webster's New World
1576:New Oxford American
1436:Imperial Dictionary
1363:Catholicon Anglicum
1247:33: 164–178. Print.
785:Canadian Literature
275:residential schools
222:(one-dollar coin),
89:Walter Spencer Avis
36:) is a historical
1649:Australian English
1444:Century Dictionary
319:The Globe and Mail
266:(moving truck) or
226:(two-dollar coin).
50:W. J. Gage Limited
1773:
1772:
1665:Australian Oxford
1562:American Regional
1555:American Heritage
630:978-1-108-49771-8
605:978-1-108-49771-8
577:978-1-108-49771-8
547:978-1-108-49771-8
522:978-1-108-49771-8
497:978-1-108-49771-8
469:978-1-108-49771-8
444:978-1-108-49771-8
419:978-1-108-49771-8
394:978-1-108-49771-8
172:Release of DCHP-2
16:(Redirected from
1808:
1796:Canadian English
1696:Urban Dictionary
1608:Canadian English
1546:American English
1303:
1296:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1101:
1095:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1032:
1015:
1014:
998:
983:
982:
980:
978:
955:
949:
948:
946:
944:
921:
915:
914:
912:
910:
887:
881:
880:
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
852:
846:
845:
843:
841:
831:
825:
824:
822:
820:
808:
802:
801:
793:
787:
775:
769:
768:
766:
764:
741:
735:
734:
732:
730:
707:
701:
700:
693:
687:
680:
674:
672:
670:
668:
654:
641:
635:
634:
616:
610:
609:
591:
582:
581:
563:
552:
551:
533:
527:
526:
508:
502:
501:
483:
474:
473:
455:
449:
448:
430:
424:
423:
405:
399:
398:
378:
297:Accessing DCHP-2
257:French immersion
133:Canadian English
46:Canadian English
38:usage dictionary
21:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1710:
1677:
1643:
1617:Canadian Oxford
1602:
1540:
1470:British English
1464:
1350:
1312:
1307:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1202:
1200:Further reading
1197:
1194:, 1 Sept. 2006.
1129:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1034:
1033:
1018:
1000:
999:
986:
976:
974:
972:
957:
956:
952:
942:
940:
938:
923:
922:
918:
908:
906:
904:
889:
888:
884:
875:
874:
870:
860:
858:
856:"DCHP-1 Online"
854:
853:
849:
839:
837:
833:
832:
828:
818:
816:
810:
809:
805:
795:
794:
790:
776:
772:
762:
760:
743:
742:
738:
728:
726:
709:
708:
704:
695:
694:
690:
681:
677:
666:
664:
652:
643:
642:
638:
631:
618:
617:
613:
606:
593:
592:
585:
578:
565:
564:
555:
548:
535:
534:
530:
523:
510:
509:
505:
498:
485:
484:
477:
470:
457:
456:
452:
445:
432:
431:
427:
420:
407:
406:
402:
395:
380:
379:
375:
371:
331:
311:
299:
212:
203:
186:
184:Creating DCHP-2
174:
149:
69:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1814:
1812:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1722:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1429:New Dictionary
1424:
1416:
1408:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1375:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1324:
1322:Middle English
1314:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1264:
1263:External links
1261:
1260:
1259:
1248:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1180:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1096:
1083:
1061:
1047:
1016:
984:
970:
950:
936:
916:
902:
882:
868:
847:
835:"Language Hat"
826:
803:
788:
770:
736:
702:
688:
675:
636:
629:
611:
604:
583:
576:
553:
546:
528:
521:
503:
496:
475:
468:
450:
443:
425:
418:
400:
393:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
358:
351:
344:
337:
330:
327:
310:
307:
298:
295:
294:
293:
282:
281:(Inuit people)
271:
270:(strong wind).
260:
245:
238:
237:(couch, sofa).
227:
211:
208:
202:
199:
185:
182:
173:
170:
148:
145:
68:
65:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1813:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1638:Gage Canadian
1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1427:Richardson's
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1050:
1048:9781108596862
1044:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
985:
973:
971:9781108596862
967:
963:
962:
954:
951:
939:
937:9781108596862
933:
929:
928:
920:
917:
905:
903:9781108596862
899:
895:
894:
886:
883:
878:
872:
869:
857:
851:
848:
836:
830:
827:
814:
807:
804:
799:
792:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:
763:September 21,
759:
755:
751:
749:
740:
737:
729:September 21,
725:
721:
717:
715:
706:
703:
698:
692:
689:
685:
679:
676:
662:
658:
651:
649:
640:
637:
632:
626:
622:
615:
612:
607:
601:
597:
590:
588:
584:
579:
573:
569:
562:
560:
558:
554:
549:
543:
539:
532:
529:
524:
518:
514:
507:
504:
499:
493:
489:
482:
480:
476:
471:
465:
461:
454:
451:
446:
440:
436:
429:
426:
421:
415:
411:
404:
401:
396:
390:
386:
385:
377:
374:
368:
364:
363:
359:
357:
356:
352:
350:
349:
345:
343:
342:
338:
336:
333:
332:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
308:
306:
304:
296:
291:
290:sunset clause
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
269:
265:
261:
258:
254:
250:
246:
243:
239:
236:
232:
231:pencil crayon
228:
225:
221:
217:
216:
215:
209:
207:
200:
198:
195:
191:
183:
181:
177:
171:
169:
167:
165:
160:
158:
154:
146:
144:
140:
138:
134:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
74:
66:
64:
62:
58:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
30:
19:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1636:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1533:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1457:
1450:
1442:
1434:
1428:
1420:
1419:Worcester's
1410:
1403:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1113:. Retrieved
1109:
1099:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1064:
1052:. Retrieved
1037:
1002:
975:. Retrieved
960:
953:
941:. Retrieved
926:
919:
907:. Retrieved
892:
885:
871:
859:. Retrieved
850:
838:. Retrieved
829:
817:. Retrieved
806:
797:
791:
781:2nd ed. 2017
773:
761:. Retrieved
753:
747:
739:
727:. Retrieved
719:
716:, 1954—2011"
713:
705:
691:
683:
678:
667:21 September
665:. Retrieved
656:
647:
639:
620:
614:
595:
567:
537:
531:
512:
506:
487:
459:
453:
434:
428:
409:
403:
383:
376:
360:
353:
346:
339:
322:
318:
315:Toronto Star
314:
312:
300:
235:Chesterfield
213:
204:
187:
178:
175:
163:
161:
156:
152:
150:
141:
129:
112:
110:
105:
86:
70:
56:
54:
33:
28:
27:
26:
1447:(1889–1891)
1439:(1847–1850)
1115:4 September
1076:4 September
819:19 February
253:wrap around
159:-1 Online.
93:Chuck Crate
1780:Categories
1701:Wiktionary
1421:Dictionary
1402:Johnson's
1127:References
1005:(33): 90.
750:-1 Online"
147:Milestones
1672:Macquarie
1192:Dollinger
1054:April 11,
977:April 11,
943:April 11,
909:April 11,
309:Reception
1716:Learners
1479:Chambers
1355:Historic
1156:DAE = A
329:See also
286:clawback
264:cube van
210:Typology
1706:Wordnik
1569:Encarta
1535:Penguin
1526:Shorter
1519:Concise
1512:Compact
1486:Collins
1165:DARE =
840:May 15,
754:DCHP.ca
720:DCHP.ca
268:Chinook
67:History
1683:Online
1492:Oxford
1415:(1828)
1407:(1755)
1398:(1721)
1390:(1702)
1382:(1658)
1374:(1596)
1366:(1483)
1174:OED =
1045:
968:
934:
900:
861:28 May
627:
602:
574:
544:
519:
494:
466:
441:
416:
391:
279:Eskimo
224:toonie
220:loonie
190:DCHP-1
42:Canada
1147:DA =
1106:"UBC"
653:(PDF)
369:Notes
242:toque
1320:and
1188:DCHP
1117:2017
1078:2017
1056:2023
1043:ISBN
979:2023
966:ISBN
945:2023
932:ISBN
911:2023
898:ISBN
863:2020
842:2019
821:2018
765:2015
748:DCHP
731:2015
669:2015
625:ISBN
600:ISBN
572:ISBN
542:ISBN
517:ISBN
492:ISBN
464:ISBN
439:ISBN
414:ISBN
389:ISBN
313:The
164:DCHP
157:DCHP
153:DCHP
123:and
113:DCHP
102:Avis
97:Avis
34:DCHP
1720:ESL
1505:ODE
1498:OED
1318:Old
1007:doi
783:in
303:OED
288:or
277:or
73:OED
1782::
1718:/
1108:.
1019:^
987:^
779:;
752:.
718:.
659:.
655:.
586:^
556:^
478:^
323:eh
249:eh
166:-2
1302:e
1295:t
1288:v
1186:(
1119:.
1080:.
1058:.
1013:.
1009::
981:.
947:.
913:.
879:.
865:.
844:.
823:.
767:.
746:"
733:.
699:.
671:.
650:"
633:.
608:.
580:.
550:.
525:.
500:.
472:.
447:.
422:.
397:.
292:.
259:.
32:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.