741:
457:
786:
762:
807:
841:
714:
470:
691:
643:
593:
667:
624:
1736:"ACCF/SCCT/ACR/AHA/ASE/ASNC/NASCI/SCAI/SCMR 2010 appropriate use criteria for cardiac computed tomography. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the North American Society for Cardiovascular Imaging, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance"
234:
421:
1770:
Force on
Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction): Developed in Collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons: Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine".
853:
456:
1214:
preserved. Because dehydrogenases are depleted in the area of ischemic necrosis (i.e., they leak out through the damaged cell membranes), an infarcted area is revealed as an unstained pale zone. Instead of a triphenyltetrazolium chloride dye, a LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) dye can also be used to visualize an area of necrosis.
265:. In particular, acute myocardial infarction in the distribution of the circumflex artery is likely to produce a nondiagnostic ECG. The use of additional ECG leads like right-sided leads V3R and V4R and posterior leads V7, V8, and V9 may improve sensitivity for right ventricular and posterior myocardial infarction.
372:
1769:
Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE, et al. (2007). "ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the
Management of Patients with Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task
1704:
Hendel RC, Berman DS, Di Carli MF, Heidenreich PA, Henkin RE, Pellikka PA, et al. (June 2009). "ACCF/ASNC/ACR/AHA/ASE/SCCT/SCMR/SNM 2009 Appropriate Use
Criteria for Cardiac Radionuclide Imaging: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, the
1213:
It is often possible, however, to highlight the area of necrosis that first becomes apparent after 2 to 3 hours by immersion of tissue slices in a solution of triphenyltetrazolium chloride. This dye imparts a brick-red color to intact, noninfarcted myocardium where the dehydrogenase activity is
362:
for them are taken over a 24-hour period. Because these enzyme levels are not elevated immediately following a heart attack, patients presenting with chest pain are generally treated with the assumption that a myocardial infarction has occurred and then evaluated for a more precise diagnosis.
1705:
American
Society of Nuclear Cardiology, the American College of Radiology, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Echocardiography, the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and the Society of Nuclear Medicine".
2063:
Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, Califf RM, Cheitlin MD, Hochman JS, et al. (October 2002). "ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction--summary article: a report of the
American College of
345:
T and I as they are more specific for myocardial injury. The cardiac troponins T and I which are released within 4–6 hours of an attack of MI and remain elevated for up to 2 weeks, have nearly complete tissue specificity and are now the preferred markers for assessing myocardial damage.
113:
to visualize areas of reduced blood flow in conjunction with physiologic or pharmacologic stress. Thallium may also be used to determine viability of tissue, distinguishing whether non-functional myocardium is actually dead or merely in a state of hibernation or of being stunned.
302:
It should be determined if a person is at high risk for myocardial infarction before conducting imaging tests to make a diagnosis. People who have a normal ECG and who are able to exercise, for example, do not merit routine imaging. Imaging tests such as stress radionuclide
469:
840:
1623:"Implications of the failure to identify high-risk electrocardiogram findings for the quality of care of patients with acute myocardial infarction: results of the Emergency Department Quality in Myocardial Infarction (EDQMI) study"
129:
Previous WHO criteria formulated in 1979 put less emphasis on cardiac biomarkers; according to these, a patient is diagnosed with myocardial infarction if two (probable) or three (definite) of the following criteria are satisfied:
1456:"Nomenclature and criteria for diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. Report of the Joint International Society and Federation of Cardiology/World Health Organization task force on standardization of clinical nomenclature"
740:
462:
A one-week-old myocardial infarction of the posterior left ventricle, with focal rupture, in fresh state (left) and after formalin fixation (right). The infarcted area is pale whereas the rupture is hemorrhagic (dark
404:) and pushed to the vessels supplying the heart. A radio-opaque dye is administered through the catheter and a sequence of x-rays (fluoroscopy) is performed. Obstructed or narrowed arteries can be identified, and
298:
A normal ECG does not rule out acute myocardial infarction. Mistakes in interpretation are relatively common, and the failure to identify high risk features has a negative effect on the quality of patient care.
350:
is another marker, used in some home test kits. Elevated troponins in the setting of chest pain may accurately predict a high likelihood of a myocardial infarction in the near future. New markers such as
358:
The diagnosis of myocardial infarction requires two out of three components (history, ECG, and enzymes). When damage to the heart occurs, levels of cardiac markers rise over time, which is why
1226:
Once scarring is completed, there is yet no common method of discerning the actual age of the infarct, since e.g. a scar that is four months old looks identical to a scar that is ten years old.
97:
are also suggestive of a myocardial infarction. Echo may be performed in equivocal cases by the on-call cardiologist. In stable patients whose symptoms have resolved by the time of evaluation,
355:
are under investigation. Note that only the cardiac troponins are used clinically for myocardial infarction as creatine kinase adds little value in diagnosing MI while adding to system cost.
785:
1415:"Myocardial infarction redefined--a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction"
761:
325:
Cardiac markers or cardiac enzymes are proteins that leak out of injured myocardial cells through their damaged cell membranes into the bloodstream. Until the 1980s, the enzymes
1671:
2453:
Bhaskaran A, Tung R, Stevenson WG, Kumar S (January 2019). "Catheter
Ablation of VT in Non-Ischaemic Cardiomyopathies: Endocardial, Epicardial and Intramural Approaches".
2495:
Bishop JE, Greenbaum R, Gibson DG, Yacoub M, Laurent GJ. Enhanced deposition of predominantly type I collagen in myocardial disease. J Mol Cell
Cardiol. 1990;22:1157–1165
806:
156:
The general appearance of patients may vary according to the experienced symptoms; the patient may be comfortable, or restless and in severe distress with an increased
2404:"Comparison of myocardial fibrosis quantification methods by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for risk stratification of patients with suspected myocarditis"
241:
showing ST-segment elevation (orange) in I, aVL and V1-V5 with reciprocal changes (blue) in the inferior leads, indicative of an anterior wall myocardial infarction.
713:
408:
applied as a therapeutic measure (see below). Angioplasty requires extensive skill, especially in emergency settings. It is performed by a physician trained in
228:
2101:"Transradial versus transfemoral approach for diagnostic coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention in people with coronary artery disease"
1340:
690:
2160:
347:
126:
rise accompanied by either typical symptoms, pathological Q waves, ST elevation or depression or coronary intervention are diagnostic of MI.
642:
1248:
852:
592:
2064:
Cardiology/American Heart
Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina)".
1963:"Routine creatine kinase testing does not provide clinical utility in the emergency department for diagnosis of acute coronary syndromes"
1308:
1170:
666:
352:
2542:
1799:
Eisenman A (July 2006). "Troponin assays for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome: where do we stand?".
546:
These features can be recognized in cases where the perfusion was not restored; reperfused infarcts can have other hallmarks, such as
285:
2519:
2353:"The Non-Fibrillar Side of Fibrosis: Contribution of the Basement Membrane, Proteoglycans, and Glycoproteins to Myocardial Fibrosis"
1685:
1567:
1543:
623:
475:
Cross-section of the heart, showing an old myocardial infarction of the posterior wall of the left ventricle (seen as pale areas).
2557:
2547:
1165:
311:
can confirm a diagnosis when a person's history, physical exam, ECG and cardiac biomarkers suggest the likelihood of a problem.
257:
populations. A serial ECG may be used to follow rapid changes in time. The standard 12 lead ECG does not directly examine the
2552:
66:
allows visualization of narrowings or obstructions on the heart vessels, and therapeutic measures can follow immediately. At
1667:
613:
604:
2332:
2562:
1499:
1277:
304:
98:
2567:
2286:"Diagnosis of myocardial infarction at autopsy: AECVP reappraisal in the light of the current clinical classification"
89:
and routine blood tests may indicate complications or precipitating causes and are often performed upon arrival to an
816:
Some authors summarize the vascular and early fibrotic changes as 'granulation tissue', which is maximal at 2–3 weeks
233:
1345:
981:
547:
409:
1582:"2005 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care"
383:
195:
may be found on inspection. Rarely, a cardiac bulge with a pace different from the pulse rhythm can be felt on
1350:
553:
These tables gives an overview of the histopathology seen in myocardial infarction by time after obstruction.
420:
2328:"This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (
184:
827:, which is nonspecific, having been described in congestive heart failure, hypertension, and normal aging.
326:
196:
2176:
Eichbaum FW (1975). "'Wavy' myocardial fibers in spontaneous and experimental adrenergic cardiopathies".
833:, which is associated with non-infarction diagnoses such as myocarditis and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.
503:(pink) and the cells lose their transversal striations, with typical changes and eventually loss of the
330:
75:
480:
Under the microscope, myocardial infarction presents as a circumscribed area of ischemic, coagulative
388:
In difficult cases or in situations where intervention to restore blood flow is appropriate, coronary
936:
650:
600:
539:). The interstitial space (the space between cells outside of blood vessels) may be infiltrated with
439:
273:
254:
188:
90:
79:
1201:
488:
277:
2478:
2258:
1824:
1086:
1023:
524:
177:
63:
1889:"Future biomarkers for detection of ischemia and risk stratification in acute coronary syndrome"
1844:"Troponin T levels in patients with acute coronary syndromes, with or without renal dysfunction"
1580:
ECC Committee, Subcommittees and Task Forces of the
American Heart Association (December 2005).
1498:
Garas S, Zafari AM, Garas S. Vanderbush E, Talavera F, Runge MS, Mylonakis E, Zevitz ME (eds.).
2284:
Michaud K, Basso C, d'Amati G, Giordano C, Kholová I, Preston SD, et al. (February 2020).
1256:
484:(cell death). On gross examination, the infarct is not identifiable within the first 12 hours.
2515:
2470:
2435:
2384:
2317:
2250:
2193:
2156:
2130:
2081:
2045:
2014:"Diagnosis, Investigation and Management of Patients with Acute and Chronic Myocardial Injury"
1994:
1937:
1910:
1865:
1816:
1757:
1722:
1644:
1621:
Masoudi FA, Magid DJ, Vinson DR, Tricomi AJ, Lyons EE, Crounse L, et al. (October 2006).
1603:
1563:
1539:
1477:
1436:
1395:
1193:
874:
447:
246:
238:
102:
43:
42:
is created by integrating the history of the presenting illness and physical examination with
1318:
846:
Healthy myocardium versus interstitial fibrosis in dilated cardiomyopathy. Alcian blue stain.
333:
were used to assess cardiac injury. Now, the markers most widely used in detection of MI are
2462:
2425:
2415:
2374:
2364:
2307:
2297:
2242:
2185:
2120:
2112:
2099:
Kolkailah AA, Alreshq RS, Muhammed AM, Zahran ME, Anas El-Wegoud M, Nabhan AF (April 2018).
2073:
2035:
2025:
1984:
1974:
1900:
1855:
1808:
1779:
1747:
1714:
1634:
1593:
1467:
1426:
1385:
884:
308:
165:
157:
110:
86:
2402:
Gräni C, Eichhorn C, Bière L, Kaneko K, Murthy VL, Agarwal V, et al. (February 2019).
2336:
1734:
Taylor AJ, Cerqueira M, Hodgson JM, Mark D, Min J, O'Gara P, et al. (November 2010).
1680:
1204:
relaxed myofibrils, as well as glycogen loss and mitochondrial swelling can be observered.
1109:
338:
258:
141:
523:("eat") the myocyte debris. The necrotic area is surrounded and progressively invaded by
280:(suspicious for acute injury and a possible candidate for acute reperfusion therapy with
1842:
Aviles RJ, Askari AT, Lindahl B, Wallentin L, Jia G, Ohman EM, et al. (June 2002).
2430:
2403:
2379:
2352:
2312:
2285:
2125:
2100:
2040:
2013:
1989:
1962:
1197:
1017:
879:
540:
401:
320:
262:
169:
94:
47:
2077:
1783:
1639:
1622:
1598:
1581:
1431:
1414:
1390:
1373:
1307:
Fenton DE, Stahmer S, Baumann DM. McNamara RM, Talavera F, Halamka J, Feied C (eds.).
2536:
970:
536:
507:. The interstitium at the margin of the infarcted area is initially infiltrated with
397:
2482:
2262:
1828:
2116:
1887:
Apple FS, Wu AH, Mair J, Ravkilde J, Panteghini M, Tate J, et al. (May 2005).
975:
698:
520:
504:
500:
291:
those with ST segment depression or T wave inversion (suspicious for ischemia), and
281:
261:, and is relatively poor at examining the posterior basal and lateral walls of the
208:
204:
200:
55:
2508:
2506:
Mitchell, Richard
Sheppard, Kumar, Vinay, Abbas, Abul K., Fausto, Nelson (1997).
2212:
1905:
1888:
1875:
1004:
405:
389:
212:
106:
71:
59:
2302:
1929:
1752:
1735:
1718:
2466:
2420:
2329:
1979:
1282:
1057:
988:
946:
769:
725:
721:
674:
516:
512:
508:
424:
359:
134:
Clinical history of ischaemic type chest pain lasting for more than 20 minutes
51:
1812:
1509:
1504:
1472:
1455:
1313:
1037:
496:
375:
2474:
2439:
2388:
2321:
2246:
2134:
2085:
2049:
1998:
1941:
1914:
1869:
1820:
1761:
1726:
1648:
1607:
1440:
2254:
1534:
Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL (2005).
1399:
2197:
1860:
1843:
1481:
757:
4 weeks: disappearance of capillaries; some large dilated vessels persist
528:
481:
432:
393:
342:
250:
145:
123:
2369:
2030:
443:
268:
The 12 lead ECG is used to classify patients into one of three groups:
67:
32:
Diagnose myocardial infarct via physical exam and EKG (plus blood test)
2189:
491:, one of the earliest changes under a normal microscope are so-called
926:
161:
2153:
Rubin's Pathology — Clinicopathological Foundations of Medicine
1374:"Radionuclide techniques for the assessment of myocardial viability"
941:
419:
370:
232:
216:
192:
173:
532:
2151:
Rubin E, Gorstein F, Rubin R, Schwarting R, Strayer D (2001).
1413:
Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman E, Bassand JP (September 2000).
371:
2155:. Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 546.
122:
According to the WHO criteria as revised in 2000, a cardiac
1192:
For the first ~30 minutes no change at all can be seen by
431:(ca. 400x H&E stain ) with prominent contraction band
1684:, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, archived from
2012:
Taggart C, Wereski R, Mills NL, Chapman AR (May 2021).
1961:
Wiens EJ, Arbour J, Thompson K, Seifer CM (July 2019).
2351:
Chute M, Aujla P, Jana S, Kassiri Z (September 2019).
168:. Some patients have low-grade fever (38–39 °C).
1672:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
1278:"Myocardial infarction: diagnosis and investigations"
211:, paradoxical splitting of the second heart sound, a
1152:
If not else specified in boxes, then reference is nr
294:
those with a so-called non-diagnostic or normal ECG.
2282:Unless otherwise specified in boxes, reference is:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
28:
23:
2507:
442:examination of the heart may reveal infarction at
140:Rise and fall of serum cardiac biomarkers such as
2357:Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
1050:Beginning of disintegration of dead muscle fibers
527:, which will replace the infarct with a fibrous (
2233:Fishbein MC (March 1990). "Reperfusion injury".
1302:
1300:
820:Differential diagnoses for myocardial fibrosis:
487:Although earlier changes can be discerned using
1936:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
1529:
1527:
253:or acute coronary injury in broad, symptomatic
93:. New regional wall motion abnormalities on an
1082:Increased phagocytosis of dead cells at border
564:Myocardial histologic parameters (HE staining)
2066:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1740:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1707:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1419:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
1222:
1220:
781:After 4 weeks; depends on size of infarction;
8:
2408:Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
910:Glycogen Depletion, as seen with a PAS Stain
229:Electrocardiography in myocardial infarction
191:, or swelling of the legs due to peripheral
2330:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
2146:
2144:
2105:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1662:
1660:
1658:
1493:
1491:
450:may reveal signs of myocardial infarction.
1928:Mechanic OJ, Gavin M, Grossman SA (2024).
1562:. p. 175. New Jersey: Humana Press, 1999.
1536:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
858:Subepicardial fibrosis (epicardium at top)
396:is inserted into an artery (typically the
2429:
2419:
2378:
2368:
2311:
2301:
2124:
2039:
2029:
1988:
1978:
1904:
1859:
1751:
1638:
1597:
1471:
1430:
1389:
1022:Increased infiltration of neutrophils to
867:
560:
199:. Various abnormalities can be found on
1801:Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy
1239:
1188:
1186:
1182:
836:
452:
1679:Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the
1668:American Society of Nuclear Cardiology
1560:Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes
172:may be elevated or decreased, and the
20:
913:Possibly waviness of fibers at border
348:Heart-type fatty acid binding protein
7:
733:5–10 days (including 'siderophages')
1848:The New England Journal of Medicine
1171:Myocardial infarction complications
353:glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
183:If heart failure ensues, elevated
40:diagnosis of myocardial infarction
14:
1784:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.185752
1640:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.623652
1599:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166561
1166:Myocardial infarction management
851:
839:
805:
784:
760:
739:
712:
689:
665:
641:
622:
591:
468:
455:
1108:Mature granulation tissue with
1060:removal of dead cells at border
24:Myocardial infarction diagnosis
2117:10.1002/14651858.CD012318.pub2
1146:Dense collagenous scar formed
1101:Red-gray and depressed borders
1013:Continued coagulation necrosis
1003:Infarct center becomes yellow-
656:12–24 (pyknosis, karyorrhexis)
137:Changes in serial ECG tracings
1:
2455:Heart, Lung & Circulation
2078:10.1016/s0735-1097(02)02336-7
1930:"Acute Myocardial Infarction"
1432:10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00804-4
1378:Texas Heart Institute Journal
1372:Skoufis E, McGhie AI (1998).
1130:Increased collagen deposition
1123:Gray-white granulation tissue
1072:Maximally soft and yellow-tan
662:Depends on size of infarction
614:cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia
605:cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia
203:, such as a third and fourth
2018:Journal of Clinical Medicine
1906:10.1373/clinchem.2004.046292
1309:"Myocardial infarction]"
967:Ongoing coagulation necrosis
535:(which are typical steps in
495:. Subsequently, the myocyte
305:myocardial perfusion imaging
99:Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi
1043:Softening yellow-tan center
748:Vessel/endothelial sprouts*
619:> 3 days: disintegration
245:The primary purpose of the
2584:
2514:. Philadelphia: Saunders.
2303:10.1007/s00428-019-02662-1
1753:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.07.005
1719:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.02.013
1196:or by light microscopy in
381:
318:
226:
2543:Aging-associated diseases
2467:10.1016/j.hlc.2018.10.007
2421:10.1186/s12968-019-0520-0
1980:10.1186/s12873-019-0251-4
1538:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
1346:University College London
1150:
982:Contraction band necrosis
659:1–3 days (loss of nuclei)
548:contraction band necrosis
410:interventional cardiology
378:of the coronary arteries.
1813:10.1586/14779072.4.4.509
1454:Anonymous (March 1979).
1255:(15): 15. Archived from
1053:Apoptosis of neutrophils
557:By individual parameters
384:Coronary catheterization
164:is common and points to
109:Chloride can be used in
2558:Ischemic heart diseases
2548:Cardiovascular diseases
2510:Robbins Basic Pathology
2213:"Myocardial infarction"
1500:"Myocardial Infarction"
1473:10.1161/01.CIR.59.3.607
1249:"Myocardial Infarction"
185:jugular venous pressure
101:(i.e. a "MIBI scan"),
2247:10.1002/clc.4960130312
1967:BMC Emergency Medicine
831:Subepicardial fibrosis
616:and loss of striations
573:Decrease/disappearance
567:Earliest manifestation
436:
379:
337:subtype of the enzyme
242:
197:precordial examination
2553:Diagnostic cardiology
1592:(24 Suppl): IV1-203.
1133:Decreased cellularity
825:Interstitial fibrosis
581:Stretched/wavy fibres
429:myocardial infarction
423:
374:
236:
103:thallium-201 chloride
76:myocardial infarction
1861:10.1056/NEJMoa013456
1247:Mallinson T (2010).
1089:formation at margins
937:coagulation necrosis
651:Coagulative necrosis
601:Coagulative necrosis
392:can be performed. A
274:ST segment elevation
255:emergency department
189:hepatojugular reflux
152:Physical examination
91:emergency department
2563:Medical emergencies
2370:10.3390/jcdd6040035
2235:Clinical Cardiology
2031:10.3390/jcm10112331
1512:on 11 December 2006
1353:on 16 February 2009
1321:on 25 December 2006
1202:electron microscopy
1143:Completed scarring
1140:More than 2 months
1016:Loss of nuclei and
772:and young collagen*
736:10 days to 2 months
653:: 'nuclear changes'
489:electron microscopy
278:bundle branch block
118:Diagnostic criteria
80:anatomopathological
2568:Cardiac procedures
2335:2015-11-21 at the
1893:Clinical Chemistry
1876:Summary for laymen
1253:Focus on First Aid
1087:granulation tissue
631:Interstitial edema
525:granulation tissue
437:
380:
243:
64:coronary angiogram
2190:10.1159/000169735
2162:978-0-7817-4733-2
1854:(26): 2047–2052.
1746:(22): 1864–1894.
1713:(23): 2201–2229.
1691:on April 16, 2012
1633:(15): 1565–1571.
1558:Cannon CP at al.
1194:gross examination
1157:
1156:
976:Hypereosinophilia
875:Gross examination
813:
812:
448:Gross examination
440:Histopathological
247:electrocardiogram
239:electrocardiogram
223:Electrocardiogram
215:friction rub and
144:-MB fraction and
44:electrocardiogram
36:
35:
16:Type of diagnosis
2575:
2527:
2525:
2513:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2423:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2372:
2348:
2342:
2325:
2315:
2305:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2072:(7): 1366–1374.
2060:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2033:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1992:
1982:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1884:
1878:
1873:
1863:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1765:
1755:
1730:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1676:
1664:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1577:
1571:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1508:. Archived from
1495:
1486:
1485:
1475:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1434:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1393:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1349:. Archived from
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1317:. Archived from
1304:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1244:
1227:
1224:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1190:
1153:
885:light microscopy
868:
855:
843:
809:
788:
764:
743:
716:
693:
669:
645:
626:
595:
570:Full development
561:
472:
459:
309:echocardiography
209:systolic murmurs
166:vasoconstriction
158:respiratory rate
111:nuclear medicine
87:chest radiograph
21:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2505:
2504:Table 11-2 in:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2337:Wayback Machine
2290:Virchows Archiv
2283:
2281:
2270:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2111:(4): CD012318.
2098:
2097:
2093:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1768:
1733:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1681:ABIM Foundation
1674:
1666:
1665:
1656:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1356:
1354:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1162:
1151:
1110:type I collagen
1075:Red-tan margins
925:Sometimes dark
882:
866:
859:
856:
847:
844:
754:10 days–4 weeks
559:
541:red blood cells
476:
473:
464:
460:
418:
386:
369:
339:creatine kinase
323:
317:
315:Cardiac markers
259:right ventricle
231:
225:
219:over the lung.
154:
142:creatine kinase
120:
74:can diagnose a
48:cardiac markers
17:
12:
11:
5:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2497:
2488:
2445:
2394:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2296:(2): 179–194.
2268:
2241:(3): 213–217.
2225:
2203:
2184:(6): 358–365.
2168:
2161:
2140:
2091:
2055:
2004:
1953:
1920:
1899:(5): 810–824.
1879:
1834:
1807:(4): 509–514.
1791:
1789:
1788:
1766:
1731:
1700:, which cites
1654:
1613:
1572:
1551:
1544:
1523:
1487:
1466:(3): 607–609.
1446:
1425:(3): 959–969.
1405:
1384:(4): 272–279.
1364:
1332:
1296:
1269:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1216:
1206:
1200:. However, in
1198:histopathology
1181:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1007:
999:
995:
994:
993:
992:
985:
979:
973:
968:
963:
962:
961:
956:
955:12 – 24 hours
952:
951:
950:
949:
944:
939:
935:Initiation of
931:
930:
929:
921:
917:
916:
915:
914:
911:
906:
903:
899:
898:
895:
892:
888:
887:
880:Histopathology
877:
872:
865:
862:
861:
860:
857:
850:
848:
845:
838:
835:
834:
828:
818:
817:
811:
810:
803:
800:
797:
794:
793:Dense fibrosis
790:
789:
782:
779:
776:
773:
766:
765:
758:
755:
752:
749:
745:
744:
737:
734:
731:
728:
718:
717:
710:
708:
705:
702:
701:of neutrophils
695:
694:
687:
684:
681:
678:
671:
670:
663:
660:
657:
654:
647:
646:
639:
637:
635:
632:
628:
627:
620:
617:
610:
607:
597:
596:
589:
587:
585:
582:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
558:
555:
478:
477:
474:
467:
465:
461:
454:
417:
416:Histopathology
414:
402:femoral artery
382:Main article:
368:
365:
321:Cardiac marker
319:Main article:
316:
313:
296:
295:
292:
289:
263:left ventricle
227:Main article:
224:
221:
170:Blood pressure
153:
150:
149:
148:
138:
135:
119:
116:
95:echocardiogram
34:
33:
30:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2580:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2523:
2521:1-4160-2973-7
2517:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2461:(1): 84–101.
2460:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2226:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1792:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1568:0-89603-552-2
1565:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1545:0-07-139140-1
1541:
1537:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1259:on 2010-05-21
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1096:10 – 14 days
1095:
1094:
1088:
1085:Beginning of
1084:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1056:Beginning of
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
990:
987:Beginning of
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
972:
971:Karyopyknosis
969:
966:
965:
964:
960:Dark mottling
959:
958:
957:
954:
953:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
934:
933:
932:
928:
924:
923:
922:
919:
918:
912:
909:
908:
907:
904:
902:0.5 – 4 hours
901:
900:
896:
893:
891:0 - 0.5 hours
890:
889:
886:
881:
878:
876:
873:
870:
869:
864:Chronological
863:
854:
849:
842:
837:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
821:
815:
814:
808:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:
787:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
767:
763:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
746:
742:
738:
735:
732:
729:
727:
723:
720:
719:
715:
711:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
696:
692:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
672:
668:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
648:
644:
640:
638:
636:
633:
630:
629:
625:
621:
618:
615:
611:
608:
606:
602:
599:
598:
594:
590:
588:
586:
583:
580:
579:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
562:
556:
554:
551:
549:
544:
542:
538:
537:wound healing
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
499:becomes more
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
471:
466:
458:
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
434:
430:
426:
422:
415:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
385:
377:
373:
366:
364:
361:
356:
354:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
322:
314:
312:
310:
306:
300:
293:
290:
287:
283:
282:thrombolytics
279:
275:
271:
270:
269:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:is to detect
248:
240:
235:
230:
222:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:. A cool and
159:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
133:
132:
131:
127:
125:
117:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:findings and
45:
41:
31:
27:
22:
19:
2526:8th edition.
2509:
2500:
2491:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2411:
2407:
2397:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2293:
2289:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2206:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2152:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2024:(11): 2331.
2021:
2017:
2007:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1945:. Retrieved
1933:
1923:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1775:
1771:
1743:
1739:
1710:
1706:
1693:, retrieved
1686:the original
1678:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1559:
1554:
1535:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:the original
1503:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:the original
1344:
1341:"HEART SCAN"
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1319:the original
1312:
1287:. Retrieved
1281:
1272:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:the original
1252:
1242:
1209:
1118:2 – 8 weeks
1067:7 – 10 days
1024:interstitium
991:infiltration
920:4 – 12 hours
830:
824:
819:
699:Karyorrhexis
677:infiltration
552:
545:
511:, then with
505:cell nucleus
501:eosinophilic
492:
486:
479:
438:
428:
387:
357:
341:and cardiac
334:
324:
301:
297:
267:
244:
201:auscultation
182:
155:
128:
121:
84:
56:heart muscle
39:
37:
18:
2218:28 November
1772:Circulation
1627:Circulation
1586:Circulation
1516:22 November
1460:Circulation
1357:27 November
1325:27 November
1289:27 November
1032:3 – 7 days
998:1 – 3 days
978:of myocytes
726:lymphocytes
722:Macrophages
529:collagenous
521:phagocytose
517:macrophages
513:lymphocytes
509:neutrophils
493:wavy fibers
406:angioplasty
390:angiography
367:Angiography
360:blood tests
284:or primary
272:those with
213:pericardial
205:heart sound
176:can become
107:Rubidium-82
72:pathologist
52:blood tests
2537:Categories
2178:Cardiology
1947:2024-02-05
1934:StatPearls
1778:(7): 803.
1695:August 17,
1283:GPnotebook
1263:2010-06-08
1234:References
1058:macrophage
1018:striations
989:neutrophil
984:in margins
947:Hemorrhage
799:2–3 months
770:Fibroblast
704:1.5–2 days
675:Neutrophil
612:1–3 days;
425:Micrograph
307:or stress
82:findings.
2414:(1): 14.
2363:(4): 35.
1973:(1): 37.
1505:eMedicine
1314:eMedicine
1040:at border
1038:Hyperemia
778:2–4 weeks
775:5–10 days
751:5–10 days
497:cytoplasm
376:Angiogram
343:troponins
178:irregular
162:pale skin
78:based on
2483:54349750
2475:30385114
2440:30813942
2389:31547598
2333:Archived
2322:31522288
2263:23499085
2135:29665617
2086:12383588
2050:34073539
1999:31288735
1942:29083808
1915:15774573
1870:12087140
1829:38481075
1821:16918269
1762:21087721
1727:19497454
1649:17015790
1608:16314375
1441:10987628
1160:See also
927:mottling
730:3–5 days
707:3–5 days
686:5–7 days
683:1–3 days
482:necrosis
433:necrosis
394:catheter
251:ischemia
237:12-lead
146:troponin
124:troponin
2431:6393997
2380:6956278
2313:7028821
2255:2182247
2211:Roy S.
2126:6494633
2041:8199345
1990:6617848
1400:9885104
796:4 weeks
680:12–24 h
444:autopsy
276:or new
68:autopsy
29:Purpose
2518:
2481:
2473:
2438:
2428:
2387:
2377:
2320:
2310:
2261:
2253:
2198:782705
2196:
2159:
2133:
2123:
2084:
2048:
2038:
1997:
1987:
1940:
1913:
1868:
1827:
1819:
1760:
1725:
1647:
1606:
1566:
1542:
1482:761341
1480:
1439:
1398:
1391:325572
1388:
634:4–12 h
576:Image
519:, who
398:radial
60:damage
2479:S2CID
2259:S2CID
1825:S2CID
1689:(PDF)
1675:(PDF)
1177:Notes
942:Edema
897:None
609:1–3 h
584:1–2 h
463:red).
427:of a
217:rales
193:edema
174:pulse
62:). A
58:cell
2516:ISBN
2471:PMID
2436:PMID
2385:PMID
2318:PMID
2251:PMID
2220:2006
2194:PMID
2157:ISBN
2131:PMID
2109:2018
2082:PMID
2046:PMID
1995:PMID
1938:PMID
1911:PMID
1866:PMID
1817:PMID
1758:PMID
1723:PMID
1697:2012
1645:PMID
1604:PMID
1564:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1518:2006
1478:PMID
1437:PMID
1396:PMID
1359:2006
1327:2006
1291:2006
905:None
894:None
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