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243:(literally, "refutation, scrutiny") whereby a series of questions clarifies a more precise statement of a vague belief, logical consequences of that statement are explored, and a contradiction is discovered. The method is largely destructive, in that false belief is exposed and only constructive in that this exposure may lead to further search for truth. The detection of error does not amount to a proof of the antithesis. For example, a contradiction in the consequences of a definition of
276:, dialectic occurs between Socrates, the Sophist Gorgias, and two men, Polus and Callicles. Because Socrates' ultimate goal was to reach true knowledge, he was even willing to change his own views in order to arrive at the truth. The fundamental goal of dialectic, in this instance, was to establish a precise definition of the subject (in this case, rhetoric) and with the use of argumentation and questioning, make the subject even more precise. In the
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exists that certain gods love but other gods hate. Again, Euthyphro agrees. Socrates concludes that if
Euthyphro's definition of piety is acceptable, then there must exist at least one thing that is both pious and impious (as it is both loved and hated by the gods)—which Euthyphro admits is absurd. Thus, Euthyphro is brought to a realization by this dialectical method that his definition of piety is not sufficiently meaningful.
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3026:. Dialectical naturalism explores the complex interrelationship between social problems, and the direct consequences they have on the ecological impact of human society. Bookchin offered dialectical naturalism as a contrast to what he saw as the "empyrean, basically antinaturalistic dialectical idealism" of Hegel, and "the wooden, often scientistic dialectical materialism of orthodox Marxists".
2984:, the primary feature of Marx's "dialectical materialism" (Lenin's term) is its application of materialist philosophy to history and social sciences. Lenin's main contribution to the philosophy of dialectical materialism is his theory of reflection, which presents human consciousness as a dynamic reflection of the objective material world that fully shapes its contents and structure.
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709:, variously translated into English as "sublation" or "overcoming", to conceive of the working of the dialectic. Roughly, the term indicates preserving the true portion of an idea, thing, society, and so forth, while moving beyond its limitations. What is sublated, on the one hand, is overcome, but, on the other hand, is preserved and maintained.
400:'s conception of synthesis, although Hegel didn't adopt Fichte's "thesis–antithesis–synthesis" language except to describe Kant's philosophy: rather, Hegel argued that such language was "a lifeless schema" imposed on various contents, whereas he saw his own dialectic as flowing out of "the inner life and self-movement" of the content itself.
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3084:, this means that election and reprobation cannot be viewed as a quantitative limitation of God's action. Rather it must be seen as its "qualitative definition". As Christ bore the rejection as well as the election of God for all humanity, every person is subject to both aspects of God's double predestination.
3151:: "I mistrust all systematizers and I avoid them. The will to a system is a lack of integrity". In the same book, Nietzsche criticized Socrates' dialectics because he believed it prioritized reason over instinct, resulting in the suppression of individual passions and the imposition of an artificial morality.
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is the primary contradiction to be resolved by
Marxist dialectics because of its central role in the social and political lives of a society. Nonetheless, Marx and Marxists developed the concept of class struggle to comprehend the dialectical contradictions between mental and manual labor and between
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it includes in its comprehension an affirmative recognition of the existing state of things, at the same time, also, the recognition of the negation of that state, of its inevitable breaking up; because it regards every historically developed social form as in fluid movement, and therefore takes into
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the necessity of the connectedness and the immanent emergence of distinctions must be found in the treatment of the fact itself, for it falls within the concept's own progressive determination. What propels the concept onward is the already mentioned negative which it possesses in itself; it is this
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attacked the dialectic repeatedly. In 1937, he wrote and delivered a paper entitled "What Is
Dialectic?" in which he criticized the dialectics of Hegel, Marx, and Engels for their willingness "to put up with contradictions". He argued that accepting contradiction as a valid form of logic would lead
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Dialectic is one of the eight functional specialties
Lonergan envisaged for theology to bring this discipline into the modern world. Lonergan believed that the lack of an agreed method among scholars had inhibited substantive agreement from being reached and progress from being made compared to the
3113:
For the sake of greater precision, let us say that a dialectic is a concrete unfolding of linked but opposed principles of change. Thus there will be a dialectic if (1) there is an aggregate of events of a determinate character, (2) the events may be traced to either or both of two principles, (3)
268:
to provide a definition of piety. Euthyphro replies that the pious is that which is loved by the gods. But, Socrates also has
Euthyphro agreeing that the gods are quarrelsome and their quarrels, like human quarrels, concern objects of love or hatred. Therefore, Socrates reasons, at least one thing
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viewed dialectic as a method that imposes artificial boundaries and suppresses the richness and diversity of reality. He rejected the notion that truth can be fully grasped through dialectical reasoning and offered a critique of dialectic, challenging its traditional framework and emphasizing the
712:
As in the
Socratic dialectic, Hegel claimed to proceed by making implicit contradictions explicit: each stage of the process is the product of contradictions inherent or implicit in the preceding stage. On his view, the purpose of dialectics is "to study things in their own being and movement and
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A dialectical relationship is a relationship in which two phenomena or ideas mutually impact each other, leading to development and negation. Development refers to the change and motion of phenomena and ideas from less advanced to more advanced or from less complete to more complete. Dialectical
288:
In
Platonism and Neoplatonism, dialectic assumed an ontological and metaphysical role in that it became the process whereby the intellect passes from sensibles to intelligibles, rising from idea to idea until it finally grasps the supreme idea, the first principle which is the origin of all. The
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In dialectical theology the difference and opposition between God and human beings is stressed in such a way that all human attempts at overcoming this opposition through moral, religious or philosophical idealism must be characterized as 'sin'. In the death of Christ humanity is negated and
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repeatedly criticized
Hegelian and Marxian dialectics, calling them "fuzzy and remote from science" and a "disastrous legacy". He concluded: "The so-called laws of dialectics, such as formulated by Engels (1940, 1954) and Lenin (1947, 1981), are false insofar as they are intelligible."
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wrote, "More often than not, the grandiose rhetoric about dialectics is reducible to the simple fact that everything is dependent upon everything else and is in a state of interaction and that it's all rather complicated—which is true in most cases, but doesn't really say anything."
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overcome, but this judgment also points forwards to the resurrection in which humanity is reestablished in Christ. For Barth this meant that only through God's 'no' to everything human can his 'yes' be perceived. Applied to traditional themes of
Protestant theology, such as
2964:
Friedrich Engels further proposed that nature itself is dialectical, and that this is "a very simple process, which is taking place everywhere and every day". His dialectical "law of the transformation of quantity into quality and vice versa" corresponds, according to
2921:
negation refers to a stage of development in which a contradiction between two previous subjects gives rise to a new subject. In the
Marxist view, dialectical negation is never an endpoint, but instead creates new conditions for further development and negation.
3179:
responded that "Popper's critique touches only a hyperbolic version of dialectic", and he quipped: "Ironically, there is something decidedly dialectical about Popper's critique of dialectics." Around the same time as Popper's critique was published, philosopher
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have attempted to provide mathematical foundations for dialectic through formalisation, although logic has been related to dialectic since ancient times. There have been pre-formal and partially-formal treatises on argument and dialectic, from authors such as
3581:, 449B: "Socrates: Would you be willing then, Gorgias, to continue the discussion as we are now doing , by way of question and answer, and to put off to another occasion the (emotional) speeches (rhetoric) that (the sophist) Polus began?"
3335:), systems have been built that define well-formedness of arguments, rules governing the process of introducing arguments based on fixed assumptions, and rules for shifting burden. Many of these logics appear in the special area of
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town and country. Hence, philosophic contradiction is central to the development of dialectics: the progress from quantity to quality, the acceleration of gradual social change; the negation of the initial development of the
699:
suggest a flaw or an incompleteness in any initial thesis. For Hegel, the concrete must always pass through the phase of the negative, that is, mediation. This is the essence of what is popularly called Hegelian dialectics.
3123:, S.J., however, criticized Lonergan's theological method in a short article entitled "Some Critical Thoughts on 'Functional Specialties in Theology'" where he stated: "Lonergan's theological methodology seems to me to be
247:
does not provide a correct definition. The principal aim of Socratic activity may be to improve the soul of the interlocutors, by freeing them from unrecognized errors, or indeed, by teaching them the spirit of inquiry.
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theory into dialectical materialism and historical materialism. While the first was supposed to be the key method and theory of the philosophy of nature, the second was the Soviet version of the philosophy of history.
392:, whose dialectical model of nature and of history made dialectics a fundamental aspect of reality, instead of regarding the contradictions into which dialectics leads as evidence of the limits of pure reason, as
2931:, writing several decades after Hegel's death, proposed that Hegel's dialectic is too abstract. Against this, Marx presented his own dialectic method, which he claimed to be "direct opposite" of Hegel's method.
289:
philosopher is consequently a "dialectician". In this sense, dialectic is a process of inquiry that does away with hypotheses up to the first principle. It slowly embraces multiplicity in unity. The philosopher
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Herbermann, C. G. (1913). The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, and history of the Catholic church. New York: The Encyclopedia press, inc. Page 760–764.
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wrote that the dialectic in this sense is used to understand "the total process of enlightenment, whereby the philosopher is educated so as to achieve knowledge of the supreme good, the Form of the Good".
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that constitutes the truly dialectical factor. It is in this dialectic as understood here, and hence in grasping opposites in their unity, or the positive in the negative, that the speculative consists.
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should not be made a basis for any sort of scientific system and that philosophers should be much more modest in their claims. One task which they can fulfill quite usefully is the study of the critical
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3218:, not a Marxist himself, have found agreement between dialectical principles and their own scientific outlooks, although Wan opined that Engels's "laws" of dialectics "in fact 'explain' nothing".
3166:. Popper concluded the essay with these words: "The whole development of dialectic should be a warning against the dangers inherent in philosophical system-building. It should remind us that
198:). The outcome of such a dialectic might be the refutation of a relevant proposition, or a synthesis, a combination of the opposing assertions, or a qualitative improvement of the dialogue.
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discussed the "sense and nonsense in dialectic" and rejected two conceptions of dialectic as unscientific but accepted one conception as a "convenient organizing category".
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refigured "dialectic" to no longer refer to a literal dialogue. Instead, the term takes on the specialized meaning of development by way of overcoming internal
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and retooled in what they considered to be a nonidealistic manner. It would also become a crucial part of later representations of Marxism as a philosophy of
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account its transient nature not less than its momentary existence; because it lets nothing impose upon it, and is in its essence critical and revolutionary.
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Hyman, A., & Walsh, J. J. (1983). Philosophy in the Middle Ages: the Christian, Islamic, and Jewish traditions. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co. Page 164.
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3196:, reviewing Bunge's criticisms of dialectics, found Bunge's arguments to be important and sensible, but he thought that dialectics could still serve some
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Dialectic itself can be formalised as moves in a game, where an advocate for the truth of a proposition and an opponent argue. Such games can provide a
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In the Marxist tradition, "dialectic" refers to regular and mutual relationships, interactions, and processes in nature, society, and human thought.
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3109:. For Lonergan, dialectic is both individual and operative in community. Simply described, it is a dynamic process that results in something new:
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For Hegel, even history can be reconstructed as a unified dialectic, the major stages of which chart a progression from self-alienation as
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2910:. Marxist dialectic is thus a method by which one can examine social and economic behaviors. It is the foundation of the philosophy of
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limitations of its approach to understanding reality. He expressed skepticism towards its methodology and implications in his work
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Prakken, Henry; Vreeswijk, Gerard (2005). "Logics for defeasible argumentation". In Gabbay, Dov M.; Guenthner, Franz (eds.).
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the principles are opposed yet bound together, and (4) they are modified by the changes that successively result from them.
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viewed Hegelian and materialist dialectic as progressive, albeit inexact and diffuse, attempts at achieving what he called
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4561:, Collected Works vol. 3, ed. Frederick E. Crowe and Robert M. Doran (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1992, pp.217-218).
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1973:
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Wan, Poe Yu-ze (December 2013). "Dialectics, complexity, and the systemic approach: toward a critical reconciliation".
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Chesñevar, Carlos Iván; Maguitman, Ana Gabriela; Loui, Ronald Prescott (December 2000). "Logical models of argument".
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Abelson, P. (1965). The seven liberal arts; a study in mediæval culture. New York: Russell & Russell. Page 82.
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4967:; Garssen, Bart; Krabbe, Erik C. W.; Snoeck Henkemans, A. Francisca; Verheij, Bart; Wagemans, Jean H. M. (2014).
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415:. These representations often contrasted dramatically and led to vigorous debate among different Marxist groups.
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An argument against the provisory answer, traditionally a single argument from authority ("On the contrary...");
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theory of history. The legacy of Hegelian and Marxian dialectics has been criticized by philosophers such as
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280:, Socrates reaches the truth by asking a series of questions and in return, receiving short, clear answers.
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3127:, and hence is not the methodology of theology as such, but only a very general methodology of science."
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who invented dialectic, of which the dialogues of Plato are examples of the Socratic dialectical method.
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describes changes in the forms of thought through their own internal contradictions into concrete forms
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329:(480–524). After him, many scholastic philosophers also made use of dialectics in their works, such as
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The replies to each of the initial objections. ("To the first, to the second etc., I answer that...")
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Logic, which could be considered to include dialectic, was one of the three liberal arts taught in
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purposes for scientists. Wan pointed out that scientists such as the American Marxist biologists
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5182:. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). Dordrecht; Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 219–318.
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3037:, in Europe also known as theology of crisis and dialectical theology, is an approach to
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3660:"Socratic Method: Aporeia, Elenchus and Dialectics (Plato: Four Dialogues, Handout 3)"
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by Michael Allen Fox. Prometheus Books. 2005. p. 43. Also see Hegel's preface to the
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Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences in Basic Outline: Part 1, Science of Logic
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Later, Stalin's works on the subject established a rigid and formalistic division of
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3076:(1899–1966), even though Barth himself expressed his unease in the use of the term.
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376:
The determination of the question after weighing the evidence ("I answer that...");
218:
79:
3060:, much of which had been in decline (especially in western Europe) since the late
201:
The term "dialectic" owes much of its prestige to its role in the philosophies of
5268:
5113:
4587:
3933:
388:
The concept of dialectics was given new life at the start of the 19th century by
139:. Nevertheless, some twentieth-century logicians have attempted to formalize it.
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4754:
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4074:, trans. A. V. Miller (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), secs. 50, 51, pp. 29, 30.
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668:
This dialectic is sometimes presented in a threefold manner, as first stated by
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186:
129:
125:
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101:
68:
703:
To describe the activity of overcoming the negative, Hegel often used the term
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Dialectic implies a developmental process and so does not naturally fit within
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1983:
1908:
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797:
713:
thus to demonstrate the finitude of the partial categories of understanding".
252:
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Arguing on the Toulmin model: new essays in argument analysis and evaluation
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5115:
Reason, Method, and Value: A Reader on the Philosophy of Nicholas Rescher
5012:(Updated ed.). Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
4055:] (in German) (Fourth ed.). Dresden-Leipzig. 1848 . p. 367.
3515:
3480:
3038:
2729:
2724:
2523:
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1057:
704:
326:
311:
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4854:. Boston studies in the philosophy of science. Vol. 295. New York:
4086:
Lectures on Negative Dialectics: Fragments of a Lecture Course 1965/1966
3221:
Even some Marxists are critical of the term "dialectics". For instance,
3022:
to describe the philosophical underpinnings of the political program of
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6384:
6358:
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6290:
6122:
6010:
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4049:
Historische Entwicklung der spekulativen Philosophie von Kant bis Hegel
1498:
747:
330:
315:
60:
20:
3275:
Dialectics: A Controversy-Oriented Approach to the Theory of Knowledge
432:
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel § Dialectics, speculation, idealism
6649:
6570:
6300:
5959:
5949:
5647:
5549:
4123:(Winter 2020 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1493:
75:
4198:. Vol. 1. Translated by Nguyen, Luna. Banyan House Publishing.
3049:(1914–1918). It is characterized as a reaction against doctrines of
5224:(1996). "Unity and identity of opposites in calculus and physics".
5053:. Argumentation library. Vol. 10. Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag.
4575:. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. p. 194.
4249:] (in German). Vol. 1 (Second German ed.). p. 14
4053:
Historical development of speculative philosophy from Kant to Hegel
3502: – Various works on dialectics and logical reasoning
184:
based upon dialogue of arguments and counter-arguments, advocating
6465:
6127:
5413:
3423:
can be interpreted as a dialectic in this sense. For example, the
3257:
206:
64:
5321:
4384:. Hull, UK: Centre for Systems Studies Press. pp. x, 62ff.
423:"Hegelian dialectic" redirects here. For the Prodigy album, see
403:
In the mid-19th century, Hegelian dialectic was appropriated by
7108:
5850:
5388:
5350:
3751:
Adler, Mortimer Jerome (2000). "Dialectic". Routledge. Page 4.
6310:
5306:– An algorithm based on the principles of classical dialectics
5259:
Eilenberg, Samuel; Kelly, G. Max (1966). "Closed Categories".
4293:
Part I: Philosophy, XIII. Dialectics. Negation of the Negation
2906:
is a form of Hegelian dialectic which applies to the study of
1028:
Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
5346:
34:
3777:
From topic to tale: logic and narrativity in the Middle Ages
3427:
is such an adjunction or more generally the duality between
3106:
The Origins of Lonergan's Notion of the Dialectic of History
367:
A provisory answer to the question ("And it seems that...");
4907:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
998:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
672:, as comprising three dialectical stages of development: a
325:, the first medieval philosopher to work on dialectics was
4618:
Twilight of the Idols or How to Philosophize with a Hammer
4011:. Cambridge Hegel Translations. Cambridge, UK; New York:
3056:
and a more positive reevaluation of the teachings of the
370:
The principal arguments in favor of the provisory answer;
364:
The question to be determined ("It is asked whether...");
3965:"Hegel's Dialectics § 3. Why does Hegel use dialectics?"
818:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
4717:. Frankfurt; New Brunswick: Ontos Verlag. p. 116.
3366:
3362:
3320:
3316:
3249:
3245:
4647:
Popper, Karl R. (October 1940). "What is dialectic?".
4196:
Curriculum of the Basic Principles of Marxism-Leninism
3644:
3289:, 1980s). One can include works of the communities of
4194:
Ministry of Education and Training (Vietnam) (2023).
5261:
Proceedings of the Conference on Categorical Algebra
4611:
4609:
4548:
Karl Barth, The Epistle to the Romans (1933), p. 346
3688:. Vol. 2. Translated by Catan, John R. Albany:
7358:
7258:
7220:
7167:
7134:
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6804:
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6480:
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5861:
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5757:
5714:
5666:
5623:
5576:
5548:
5500:
5472:
5399:
5146:For surveys of work in this area see, for example:
3411:. This perspective may be useful in the context of
3343:and computer-supported collaborative work systems.
3256:Since the late 20th century, European and American
2914:, which forms the basis of historical materialism.
4899:
5332:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 156.
3214:) and the German-American evolutionary biologist
4420:. London; Washington, DC: Cassell. p. 209.
3994:'s own dogmatic text on dialectical materialism.
239:are a particular form of dialectic known as the
4222:Afterword to the Second German Edition, Vol. I
3841:A History of Twelfth-Century Western Philosophy
3111:
2942:
5049:Hitchcock, David; Verheij, Bart, eds. (2006).
4910:. Translated by Alexander Locascio. New York:
4670:Popper, Karl R. (1962). "What is dialectic?".
3868:Medieval literary politics: shapes of ideology
217:said that it was the pre-Socratic philosopher
5362:
4842:
4840:
3387:, one that is very general in applicability.
2940:. As Marx explained dialectical materialism,
2884:
778:The Condition of the Working Class in England
638:
63:about a subject but wishing to arrive at the
8:
5095:"Nicholas Rescher: Philosophical Dialectics"
4799:. Episteme. Vol. 9. Dordrecht; Boston:
3125:so generic that it really fits every science
773:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
4715:Dialectics: A Classical Approach to Inquiry
4592:. Cambridge University Press. p. 117.
4330:
4328:
4326:
4168:Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences
3893:"Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Thomas Aquinas"
3871:. Manchester University Press. p. 11.
3844:. Cambridge University Press. p. 198.
3814:William of Sherwood's Introduction to logic
3495:
3485:
3137:Category:Critics of dialectical materialism
3103:wrote about Lonergan's use of dialectic in
3045:that was developed in the aftermath of the
720:to self-unification and realization as the
425:Hegelian Dialectic (The Book of Revelation)
175:
7131:
7122:
7105:
6801:
6508:
6280:
5917:
5858:
5847:
5396:
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5369:
5355:
5347:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4943:
3007:, or a universal science of organization.
2891:
2877:
1465:
918:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
793:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
734:
645:
631:
542:Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences
435:
5187:
5161:
4639:
4637:
4348:
3918:. New York: Ronald Press Co. p. 108.
3817:. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 69–102.
3492: – A philosophical journal
3399:interpreted dialectics in the setting of
3187:The philosopher of science and physicist
3018:is a term coined by American philosopher
4343:(4): 411–452 (412, 416, 419, 424, 428).
3593:A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations
120:, adapted the Hegelian dialectic into a
4901:"Dialectics—A Marxist 'Rosetta Stone'?"
4559:Insight: A Study of Human Understanding
4516:"American Heritage Dictionary (online)"
3986:'s "humanist" dialectical materialism (
3568:
1576:
1528:
1468:
746:
684:. Although, Hegel opposed these terms.
604:
583:
557:
515:
459:
452:
4765:. New York: The John Day Co. pp.
4470:
4468:
4447:
4445:
4277:Afterword to the Second German Edition
4189:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
3790:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Peter Abelard"
3673:, Department for Continuing Education.
3064:. It is primarily associated with two
1699:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
7468:Concepts in ancient Greek metaphysics
3990:) was composed to directly challenge
2977:"a hundred years ahead of his time".
2934:Marxist dialectics is exemplified in
2612:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
988:Change the World Without Taking Power
94:and continued to be developed in the
7:
4675:: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge
4496:"Merriam-Webster Dictionary(online)"
396:had argued. Hegel was influenced by
5315:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4120:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3970:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3717:The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy
943:Marxism and the Oppression of Women
873:Theses on the Philosophy of History
549:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
255:as the foundation of his argument.
147:There are a variety of meanings of
4763:Reason, Social Myths and Democracy
4476:"Britannica Encyclopedia (online)"
3811:Kretzmann, Norman (January 1966).
676:, giving rise to its reaction; an
663:that overcome previous oppositions
614:
213:period (5th to 4th centuries BC).
132:, who considered it unscientific.
14:
5337:Studies in the Hegelian Dialectic
4759:"Sense and nonsense in dialectic"
4337:Philosophy of the Social Sciences
4307:"Dialectics of Nature, chapter 3"
3932:; Guyer, P.; Wood, A. W. (2003).
3591:Ayer, A. J.; O'Grady, J. (1992).
3311:Logic and dialectic#Defeasibility
3087:Dialectic prominently figured in
963:Time, Labor and Social Domination
59:between people holding different
7426:
7425:
7412:
5099:Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews
4969:Handbook of argumentation theory
4539:See Church Dogmatics III/3, xii.
4113:Maybee, Julie E. (Winter 2020).
3963:Maybee, Julie E. (Winter 2020).
3459:
3445:
3357:Logic and dialectic#Dialog games
2858:
2846:
2834:
2670:21st-century communist theorists
1013:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
928:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
848:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
754:
439:
5180:Handbook of philosophical logic
4681:. pp. 312–335 (316, 335).
4380:Bogdanov, Alexander A. (1996).
3337:artificial intelligence and law
2973:and anticipated the concept of
1372:Theory of historical trajectory
1250:Dictatorship of the proletariat
953:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy
853:History and Class Consciousness
808:Critique of the Gotha Programme
272:In another example, in Plato's
251:In common cases, Socrates uses
19:For varieties of language, see
5226:Applied Categorical Structures
4571:McShane, S.J., Philip (1972).
4164:Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
4142:Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
4005:Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich
1170:Socially necessary labour time
1068:Philosophy in the Soviet Union
958:The Sublime Object of Ideology
883:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1:
5112:Jacquette, Dale, ed. (2009).
4971:. New York: Springer-Verlag.
4616:Nietzsche, Friedrich (1997).
4586:Nietzsche, Friedrich (2001).
4117:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
3967:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.).
3895:. Newadvent.org. 1 March 1907
3838:Dronke, Peter (9 July 1992).
3792:. Newadvent.org. 1 March 1907
3686:History of Ancient Philosophy
3612:A commentary on Hegel's logic
1091:Critique of political economy
618:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
446:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
390:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
6898:Ordinary language philosophy
5269:10.1007/978-3-642-99902-4_22
4453:"Original Britinnica online"
4382:Bogdanov's Tektology. Book 1
3690:State University of New York
3658:Wyss, Peter (October 2014).
3610:McTaggart, J. M. E. (1964).
3506:Dialectical behavior therapy
3413:theoretical computer science
3091:'s philosophy, in his books
1128:Falling profit-rate tendency
908:The Society of the Spectacle
727:of free and equal citizens.
6948:Contemporary utilitarianism
6863:Internalism and externalism
5198:10.1007/978-94-017-0456-4_3
5118:. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag.
4813:10.1007/978-94-009-8517-9_4
4673:Conjectures and Refutations
4657:(196): 403–426 (407, 426).
3240:Logic and dialectic#History
2602:Capitalism Nature Socialism
1118:Concrete and abstract labor
1008:Capital in the Anthropocene
933:Social Justice and the City
828:The Accumulation of Capital
528:The Phenomenology of Spirit
78:, but the concept excludes
7489:
6212:Svatantrika and Prasangika
5008:Toulmin, Stephen (2003) .
4801:Kluwer Academic Publishers
4793:"A critique of dialectics"
4713:Rescher, Nicholas (2007).
4677:(1st ed.). New York:
4418:The Murray Bookchin reader
4305:Engels, Friedrich (1883).
4288:Engels, Frederick, (1877)
4013:Cambridge University Press
3940:Cambridge University Press
3779:, by Eugene Vance, p.43-45
3429:closed monoidal categories
3415:where the duality between
3372:
3350:
3304:
3233:
3134:
878:Dialectic of Enlightenment
429:
422:
310:; the other elements were
228:
35:
18:
7463:Philosophical methodology
7406:
7121:
7104:
6511:
5857:
5846:
5434:Philosophy of mathematics
5424:Philosophy of information
5395:
5384:
5059:10.1007/978-1-4020-4938-5
4977:10.1007/978-90-481-9473-5
4864:10.1007/978-94-007-4408-0
4259:Marxists Internet Archive
3914:Nicholson, J. A. (1950).
3715:Blackburn, Simon (1996).
3211:The Dialectical Biologist
1023:Literature and Revolution
983:Late Victorian Holocausts
913:Pedagogy of the Oppressed
898:The Wretched of the Earth
670:Heinrich Moritz Chalybäus
360:) was formed as follows:
176:
5018:10.1017/CBO9780511840005
4359:10.1177/0048393112441974
4170:(2nd ed.). London:
4146:Hegel's Science of Logic
4084:Adorno, Theodor (2008).
3684:Reale, Giovanni (1990).
3425:Curry-Howard equivalence
3327:Building on theories of
3175:". Seventy years later,
3068:professors and pastors,
973:The Origin of Capitalism
843:The State and Revolution
90:. It has its origins in
6903:Postanalytic philosophy
6844:Experimental philosophy
5329:Encyclopædia Britannica
4852:Evaluating philosophies
4573:Foundations of Theology
4557:Bernard J.F. Lonergan,
4172:Oxford University Press
4071:Phenomenology of Spirit
3988:Dialectical Materialism
3935:Critique of pure reason
3865:Delany, Sheila (1990).
3721:Oxford University Press
3645:"Elenchus - Wiktionary"
2912:dialectical materialism
1674:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
1317:Relations of production
1200:Base and superstructure
1053:Dialectical materialism
1018:The Revolution Betrayed
838:Terrorism and Communism
833:Philosophical Notebooks
788:The Communist Manifesto
687:By contrast, the terms
413:dialectical materialism
112:, a theory advanced by
110:Dialectical materialism
55:, refers originally to
7036:Social constructionism
6048:Hellenistic philosophy
5464:Theoretical philosophy
5439:Philosophy of religion
5429:Philosophy of language
5343:(1896) at marxists.org
4797:Scientific materialism
4174:. p. Note to §81.
3916:Philosophy of religion
3631:, IX 25ff and VIII 57
3536:Reflective equilibrium
3496:
3486:
3160:principle of explosion
3116:
3030:Theological dialectics
3016:Dialectical naturalism
3011:Dialectical naturalism
2947:
2908:historical materialism
2617:Historical Materialism
1362:Proletarian revolution
1357:Primitive accumulation
1352:Historical determinism
398:Johann Gottlieb Fichte
74:. Dialectic resembles
48:
7419:Philosophy portal
6938:Scientific skepticism
6918:Reformed epistemology
5444:Philosophy of science
5304:v:Dialectic algorithm
5172:10.1145/371578.371581
5150:ACM Computing Surveys
5124:10.1515/9783110329056
5091:Hetherington, Stephen
4965:Eemeren, Frans H. van
4723:10.1515/9783110321289
4166:(1874). "The Logic".
3616:Russell & Russell
3541:Relational dialectics
3148:Twilight of the Idols
3082:double predestination
2853:Philosophy portal
2647:Science & Society
1265:Democratic centralism
1123:Factors of production
993:Caliban and the Witch
938:Women, Race and Class
304:medieval universities
51:), also known as the
6839:Critical rationalism
6546:Edo neo-Confucianism
6390:Acintya bheda abheda
6369:Renaissance humanism
6080:School of the Sextii
5454:Practical philosophy
5449:Political philosophy
5310:"Hegel's Dialectics"
5010:The uses of argument
4912:Monthly Review Press
4848:Bunge, Mario Augusto
4789:Bunge, Mario Augusto
4115:"Hegel's Dialectics"
4066:The Accessible Hegel
3671:University of Oxford
3667:open.conted.ox.ac.uk
3597:Blackwell Publishers
3511:Dialectical research
3329:defeasible reasoning
3295:paraconsistent logic
3279:Frans H. van Eemeren
3267:The Uses of Argument
2969:, to the concept of
2865:Socialism portal
2841:Communism portal
2710:History of communism
2705:Economic determinism
2690:Criticism of Marxism
2680:Creative destruction
1440:Marxism and religion
1160:Scientific socialism
1063:Philosophy of nature
948:Imagined Communities
813:Dialectics of Nature
725:constitutional state
535:The Science of Logic
339:Garlandus Compotista
258:For example, in the
192:counter-propositions
163:Classical philosophy
7473:Ancient Greek logic
6410:Nimbarka Sampradaya
6321:Korean Confucianism
6068:Academic Skepticism
5222:Lawvere, F. William
4271:Marx, Karl, (1873)
3556:Universal dialectic
3142:Friedrich Nietzsche
2597:Capital & Class
1277:False consciousness
1225:Commodity fetishism
1215:Class consciousness
1133:Means of production
968:The Age of Extremes
888:The Long Revolution
823:What Is to Be Done?
783:The German Ideology
345:, Roger Swyneshed,
335:William of Sherwood
298:Medieval philosophy
7031:Post-structuralism
6933:Scientific realism
6888:Quinean naturalism
6868:Logical positivism
6824:Analytical Marxism
6043:Peripatetic school
5955:Chinese naturalism
5482:Aesthetic response
5409:Applied philosophy
5341:J. M. E. McTaggart
5238:10.1007/BF00122250
4858:. pp. 84–85.
4218:Marx, Karl (1873)
4015:. pp. 34–35.
3647:. 8 February 2021.
3551:Unity of opposites
3385:semantics of logic
3173:methods of science
3119:natural sciences.
3097:Method in Theology
3001:Alexander Bogdanov
2811:Worker cooperative
2789:Left-wing populism
2715:Left-wing politics
2652:Socialist Register
2642:Rethinking Marxism
1435:Literary criticism
1138:Mode of production
1003:Capitalist Realism
863:The Black Jacobins
659:Hegelian dialectic
605:Related categories
419:Hegelian dialectic
358:quaestio disputata
356:This dialectic (a
241:method of elenchus
237:Socratic dialogues
157:Western philosophy
92:ancient philosophy
53:dialectical method
7440:
7439:
7402:
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7398:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7100:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7091:
6819:Analytic feminism
6791:
6790:
6753:Kierkegaardianism
6715:Transcendentalism
6675:Neo-scholasticism
6521:Classical Realism
6498:
6497:
6270:
6269:
6085:Neopythagoreanism
5842:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5459:Social philosophy
5323:"Dialectic"
5278:978-3-642-99904-8
4896:Heinrich, Michael
4150:Allen & Unwin
3629:Diogenes Laërtius
3467:Psychology portal
3453:Philosophy portal
3409:idempotent monads
3401:categorical logic
3287:pragma-dialectics
2904:Marxist dialectic
2901:
2900:
2742:Political ecology
2720:Marxian economics
1659:Council communism
1627:
1626:
1554:Neue Marx-Lektüre
1516:Regulation school
1405:Cultural analysis
1297:Lumpenproletariat
1240:Cultural hegemony
1230:Communist society
1220:Classless society
1155:Productive forces
893:Guerrilla Warfare
766:Theoretical works
731:Marxist dialectic
655:
654:
566:Absolute idealism
384:Modern philosophy
347:William of Ockham
82:elements such as
7480:
7429:
7428:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7132:
7123:
7106:
6996:Frankfurt School
6943:Transactionalism
6893:Normative ethics
6873:Legal positivism
6849:Falsificationism
6834:Consequentialism
6829:Communitarianism
6802:
6670:New Confucianism
6509:
6316:Neo-Confucianism
6281:
6090:Second Sophistic
6075:Middle Platonism
5918:
5859:
5848:
5691:Epiphenomenalism
5558:Consequentialism
5492:Institutionalism
5397:
5386:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5348:
5333:
5325:
5291:
5290:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5232:(2–3): 167–174.
5218:
5212:
5211:
5191:
5175:
5165:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5046:
5040:
5039:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4961:
4938:
4937:
4903:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4844:
4835:
4834:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4710:
4704:
4700:
4666:
4641:
4632:
4631:
4613:
4604:
4603:
4583:
4577:
4576:
4568:
4562:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4518:. Archived from
4512:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4449:
4440:
4439:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4377:
4371:
4370:
4352:
4332:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4311:www.marxists.org
4302:
4296:
4286:
4280:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4256:
4254:
4243:link=Das Kapital
4231:
4225:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4191:
4176:
4175:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4081:
4075:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4001:
3995:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3786:
3780:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3712:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3664:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3635:
3626:
3620:
3619:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3588:
3582:
3573:
3501:
3491:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3379:Dialogical logic
3370:
3351:This section is
3341:decision support
3324:
3305:This section is
3283:Rob Grootendorst
3271:Nicholas Rescher
3253:
3234:This section is
3223:Michael Heinrich
3206:Richard Lewontin
3177:Nicholas Rescher
3089:Bernard Lonergan
3072:(1886–1968) and
3054:liberal theology
2989:Marxist–Leninist
2971:phase transition
2929:Friedrich Engels
2893:
2886:
2879:
2863:
2862:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2816:Workers' council
2637:Race & Class
1544:Frankfurt School
1511:Neo-Gramscianism
1484:Marxism–Leninism
1466:
1410:Cultural Studies
1367:World revolution
1312:Private property
858:Prison Notebooks
758:
735:
647:
640:
633:
616:
571:British idealism
443:
436:
409:Friedrich Engels
321:Based mainly on
264:, Socrates asks
179:
178:
118:Friedrich Engels
84:emotional appeal
38:
37:
7488:
7487:
7483:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7443:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7413:
7411:
7390:
7354:
7254:
7216:
7163:
7117:
7116:
7088:
7077:Russian cosmism
7050:
7046:Western Marxism
7011:New Historicism
6976:Critical theory
6962:
6958:Wittgensteinian
6854:Foundationalism
6787:
6724:
6705:Social contract
6561:Foundationalism
6494:
6476:
6460:Illuminationism
6445:Aristotelianism
6431:
6420:Vishishtadvaita
6373:
6325:
6266:
6233:
6104:
6033:Megarian school
6028:Eretrian school
5969:
5930:Agriculturalism
5907:
5853:
5834:
5781:
5753:
5710:
5662:
5619:
5603:Incompatibilism
5572:
5544:
5496:
5468:
5391:
5380:
5375:
5320:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5279:
5258:
5257:
5253:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5208:
5189:10.1.1.295.2649
5177:
5163:10.1.1.702.8325
5147:
5145:
5141:
5134:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5069:
5048:
5047:
5043:
5028:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4987:
4963:
4962:
4941:
4926:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4874:
4856:Springer-Verlag
4846:
4845:
4838:
4823:
4787:
4786:
4782:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4733:
4712:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4689:
4669:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4615:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4589:The Gay Science
4585:
4584:
4580:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4556:
4552:
4547:
4543:
4538:
4534:
4525:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4466:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4443:
4428:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4392:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4350:10.1.1.989.6440
4334:
4333:
4324:
4315:
4313:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4287:
4283:
4270:
4266:
4252:
4250:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4193:
4192:
4179:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4152:. p. §185.
4140:
4139:
4135:
4126:
4124:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4100:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4064:
4060:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4023:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3982:
3978:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3942:. p. 495.
3928:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3627:
3623:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3465:
3460:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3397:William Lawvere
3393:
3381:
3373:Main articles:
3371:
3360:
3349:
3333:John L. Pollock
3325:
3314:
3303:
3263:Stephen Toulmin
3254:
3243:
3232:
3139:
3133:
3047:First World War
3032:
3020:Murray Bookchin
3013:
2967:Christian Fuchs
2897:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2821:
2820:
2794:Universal class
2685:Conflict theory
2665:
2657:
2656:
2632:New Left Review
2587:
2579:
2578:
1719:
1709:
1708:
1639:
1629:
1628:
1539:Budapest School
1463:
1462:Common variants
1455:
1454:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1342:
1332:
1331:
1235:Critical theory
1195:
1185:
1184:
1165:Surplus product
1093:
1083:
1082:
1043:
1033:
1032:
903:Reading Capital
768:
733:
651:
622:
621:
620:
613:
597:Young Hegelians
592:Right Hegelians
576:German idealism
448:
434:
428:
421:
386:
306:as part of the
300:
291:Simon Blackburn
286:
233:
231:Socratic method
227:
225:Socratic method
209:, in the Greek
180:) is a form of
165:
145:
137:classical logic
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7486:
7484:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7445:
7444:
7438:
7437:
7435:
7434:
7422:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7355:
7353:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7275:
7270:
7264:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7226:
7224:
7222:Middle Eastern
7218:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7173:
7171:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7140:
7138:
7129:
7119:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7110:
7109:
7102:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7086:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6986:Existentialism
6983:
6981:Deconstruction
6978:
6972:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6814:Applied ethics
6810:
6808:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6786:
6785:
6780:
6778:Nietzscheanism
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6738:
6732:
6730:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6722:
6720:Utilitarianism
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6618:Transcendental
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6556:Existentialism
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6512:
6506:
6500:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6486:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6441:
6439:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6381:
6379:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6344:Augustinianism
6341:
6335:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6287:
6285:
6278:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6257:Zoroastrianism
6254:
6249:
6243:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6114:
6112:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6100:Church Fathers
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5982:
5980:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5926:
5924:
5915:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5873:
5867:
5865:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5791:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5615:Libertarianism
5612:
5611:
5610:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5588:
5582:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5554:
5552:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5478:
5476:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5419:Metaphilosophy
5416:
5411:
5405:
5403:
5393:
5392:
5389:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5334:
5318:
5312:entry in the
5307:
5299:
5298:External links
5296:
5293:
5292:
5277:
5251:
5213:
5206:
5156:(4): 337–383.
5139:
5132:
5104:
5082:
5068:978-1402049378
5067:
5041:
5027:978-0521827485
5026:
5000:
4985:
4939:
4924:
4887:
4872:
4836:
4822:978-9027713049
4821:
4780:
4746:
4731:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4687:
4667:
4643:
4633:
4627:978-0872203549
4626:
4605:
4598:
4578:
4563:
4550:
4541:
4532:
4507:
4487:
4464:
4441:
4426:
4416:, ed. (1997).
4405:
4390:
4372:
4322:
4297:
4281:
4264:
4226:
4211:
4204:
4177:
4155:
4133:
4105:
4099:978-0745635101
4098:
4076:
4058:
4040:
4021:
3996:
3984:Henri Lefebvre
3976:
3955:
3948:
3921:
3906:
3884:
3877:
3857:
3850:
3830:
3823:
3803:
3781:
3769:
3760:
3744:
3735:
3726:
3707:
3705:, VII, 533 c-d
3695:
3692:. p. 150.
3676:
3650:
3636:
3621:
3602:
3599:. p. 484.
3595:. Oxford, UK:
3583:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3456:
3440:
3437:
3433:internal logic
3395:Mathematician
3392:
3389:
3375:Game semantics
3348:
3345:
3302:
3299:
3291:informal logic
3231:
3228:
3202:Richard Levins
3132:
3129:
3031:
3028:
3024:social ecology
3012:
3009:
2997:systems theory
2982:Vladimir Lenin
2950:Class struggle
2899:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2855:
2843:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2799:Vulgar Marxism
2796:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:Related topics
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2627:Monthly Review
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2607:Constellations
2604:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1637:Other variants
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1521:Third-worldist
1518:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1430:Historiography
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1347:Class struggle
1343:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1302:Metabolic rift
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1078:Marxist ethics
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
923:Ways of Seeing
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
769:
764:
763:
760:
759:
751:
750:
744:
743:
732:
729:
653:
652:
650:
649:
642:
635:
627:
624:
623:
612:
611:
610:
607:
606:
602:
601:
600:
599:
594:
586:
585:
584:Related topics
581:
580:
579:
578:
573:
568:
560:
559:
555:
554:
553:
552:
545:
538:
531:
521:
520:
513:
512:
511:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
462:
461:
457:
456:
450:
449:
444:
420:
417:
385:
382:
381:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
351:Thomas Aquinas
299:
296:
285:
282:
229:Main article:
226:
223:
164:
161:
144:
141:
106:contradictions
61:points of view
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7485:
7474:
7471:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7433:
7432:
7423:
7421:
7420:
7409:
7408:
7405:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7359:Miscellaneous
7357:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7257:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7219:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7112:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7085:
7084:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7055:Miscellaneous
7053:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7041:Structuralism
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7026:Postmodernism
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7016:Phenomenology
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6953:Vienna Circle
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6883:Moral realism
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6747:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6727:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6685:Phenomenology
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6625:Individualism
6623:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6586:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6501:
6491:
6490:Judeo-Islamic
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6466:ʿIlm al-Kalām
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6428:
6425:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6415:Shuddhadvaita
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6376:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6349:Scholasticism
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5878:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5849:
5845:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5800:Conceptualism
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5729:Particularism
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5696:Functionalism
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5681:Eliminativism
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5597:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5586:Compatibilism
5584:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5525:Particularism
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5503:
5499:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5475:
5471:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5372:
5367:
5365:
5360:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5342:
5338:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5324:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5297:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5255:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5209:
5207:9789048158775
5203:
5199:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5181:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5143:
5140:
5135:
5133:9783110329056
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5116:
5108:
5105:
5101:(2006.07.16).
5100:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5045:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5004:
5001:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4986:9789048194728
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4925:9781583672884
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4902:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4873:9789400744073
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4732:9783938793763
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4709:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4674:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4619:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4599:9780521636452
4595:
4591:
4590:
4582:
4579:
4574:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4536:
4533:
4522:on 2005-05-10
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4454:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4312:
4308:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4290:Anti-Dühring,
4285:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4260:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4205:9798987931608
4201:
4197:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4109:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4092:. p. 6.
4091:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4059:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4022:9780521829144
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3992:Joseph Stalin
3989:
3985:
3980:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3966:
3959:
3956:
3951:
3949:9780758339010
3945:
3941:
3938:. Cambridge:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3910:
3907:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3878:9780719030451
3874:
3870:
3869:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3851:9780521429078
3847:
3843:
3842:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3824:9780816603954
3820:
3816:
3815:
3807:
3804:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3770:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3757:0-415-22550-7
3754:
3748:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3618:. p. 11.
3617:
3613:
3606:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3531:False dilemma
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3499:
3498:De Dialectica
3494:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3457:
3454:
3443:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3301:Defeasibility
3300:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3277:, 1977), and
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3237:
3230:Formalization
3229:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3194:Poe Yu-ze Wan
3190:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3143:
3138:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3101:Michael Shute
3098:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3043:Protestantism
3040:
3036:
3035:Neo-orthodoxy
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
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2938:
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2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2894:
2889:
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2882:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:
2844:
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2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Revolutionary
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Authoritarian
2750:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
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2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
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2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:Moufawad-Paul
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
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2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
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2320:
2317:
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2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
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2290:
2287:
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2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
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2242:
2240:
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2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
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2212:
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2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
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1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
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1772:
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1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
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1755:
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1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:Eurocommunism
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:Austromarxism
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:Communization
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1569:Praxis School
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
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1474:
1471:
1467:
1459:
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1408:
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1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
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1391:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1327:Working class
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
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1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:Crisis theory
1106:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
767:
762:
761:
757:
753:
752:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:
730:
728:
726:
723:
719:
714:
710:
708:
707:
701:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
648:
643:
641:
636:
634:
629:
628:
626:
625:
619:
615:
609:
608:
603:
598:
595:
593:
590:
589:
588:
587:
582:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
550:
546:
544:
543:
539:
537:
536:
532:
530:
529:
525:
524:
523:
522:
519:
514:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
464:
463:
458:
455:
451:
447:
442:
438:
437:
433:
426:
418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
394:Immanuel Kant
391:
383:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
362:
361:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
343:Walter Burley
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
297:
295:
292:
283:
281:
279:
275:
270:
267:
263:
262:
256:
254:
249:
246:
242:
238:
232:
224:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
190:(theses) and
189:
188:
183:
174:, dialectic (
173:
170:
162:
160:
158:
154:
150:
142:
140:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:argumentation
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
32:
28:
22:
7424:
7410:
7081:
7072:Postcritique
7062:Kyoto School
7021:Posthumanism
7001:Hermeneutics
6856: /
6797:Contemporary
6773:Newtonianism
6736:Cartesianism
6695:Reductionism
6531:Conservatism
6526:Collectivism
6464:
6192:Sarvāstivadā
6170:Anekantavada
6095:Neoplatonism
6063:Epicureanism
5996:Pythagoreans
5935:Confucianism
5901:Contemporary
5891:Early modern
5795:Anti-realism
5749:Universalism
5706:Subjectivism
5502:Epistemology
5327:
5313:
5260:
5254:
5229:
5225:
5216:
5179:
5153:
5149:
5142:
5114:
5107:
5098:
5085:
5050:
5044:
5009:
5003:
4968:
4905:
4890:
4851:
4796:
4783:
4762:
4755:Hook, Sidney
4749:
4714:
4708:
4671:
4654:
4648:
4617:
4588:
4581:
4572:
4566:
4558:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4524:. Retrieved
4520:the original
4510:
4499:. Retrieved
4490:
4479:. Retrieved
4456:. Retrieved
4417:
4414:Biehl, Janet
4408:
4381:
4375:
4340:
4336:
4314:. Retrieved
4310:
4300:
4289:
4284:
4272:
4267:
4257:– via
4251:. Retrieved
4246:
4242:
4229:
4219:
4214:
4195:
4167:
4158:
4145:
4136:
4125:. Retrieved
4118:
4108:
4085:
4079:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4034:
4008:
3999:
3987:
3979:
3968:
3958:
3934:
3924:
3915:
3909:
3897:. Retrieved
3887:
3867:
3860:
3840:
3833:
3813:
3806:
3794:. Retrieved
3784:
3772:
3763:
3747:
3738:
3729:
3716:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3685:
3679:
3666:
3653:
3639:
3624:
3614:. New York:
3611:
3605:
3592:
3586:
3576:
3571:
3546:Tarka sastra
3476:Conversation
3403:in terms of
3394:
3382:
3347:Dialog games
3326:
3274:
3266:
3255:
3220:
3209:
3208:(authors of
3186:
3153:
3146:
3140:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3078:
3074:Emil Brunner
3062:18th century
3051:19th-century
3033:
3014:
2994:
2986:
2979:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2943:
2935:
2933:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2903:
2902:
2737:Municipalism
2549:Bhattacharya
1694:Situationist
1669:Instrumental
1322:State theory
1287:Immiseration
1282:Human nature
1272:Exploitation
1102:accumulation
715:
711:
705:
702:
696:
692:
688:
686:
681:
677:
673:
667:
658:
656:
547:
540:
533:
526:
402:
387:
357:
355:
320:
301:
287:
277:
273:
271:
259:
257:
250:
244:
234:
219:Zeno of Elea
200:
191:
187:propositions
185:
166:
152:
148:
146:
134:
100:
52:
40:
26:
25:
7067:Objectivism
7006:Neo-Marxism
6968:Continental
6878:Meta-ethics
6858:Coherentism
6763:Hegelianism
6700:Rationalism
6660:Natural law
6640:Materialism
6566:Historicism
6536:Determinism
6427:Navya-Nyāya
6202:Sautrāntika
6197:Pudgalavada
6133:Vaisheshika
5986:Presocratic
5886:Renaissance
5825:Physicalism
5810:Materialism
5716:Normativity
5701:Objectivism
5686:Emergentism
5676:Behaviorism
5625:Metaphysics
5591:Determinism
5530:Rationalism
5263:: 421–562.
4914:. pp.
4803:. pp.
4679:Basic Books
4620:. Hackett.
4253:28 December
4239:"Afterword"
3526:Doublethink
3405:adjunctions
3391:Mathematics
3353:transcluded
3307:transcluded
3236:transcluded
3189:Mario Bunge
3182:Sidney Hook
3155:Karl Popper
3121:Karl Rahner
3058:Reformation
2937:Das Kapital
2700:Communalism
2099:Wallerstein
1689:Revisionist
1420:Film theory
1400:Criminology
1395:Archaeology
1307:Proletariat
1292:Imperialism
1205:Bourgeoisie
1180:Wage labour
1073:Reification
868:On Practice
460:Forerunners
454:Hegelianism
130:Mario Bunge
126:Karl Popper
122:materialist
102:Hegelianism
96:Middle Ages
7447:Categories
7366:Amerindian
7273:Australian
7212:Vietnamese
7192:Indonesian
6741:Kantianism
6690:Positivism
6680:Pragmatism
6655:Naturalism
6635:Liberalism
6613:Subjective
6551:Empiricism
6455:Avicennism
6400:Bhedabheda
6284:East Asian
6207:Madhyamaka
6187:Abhidharma
6053:Pyrrhonism
5820:Nominalism
5815:Naturalism
5744:Skepticism
5734:Relativism
5724:Absolutism
5653:Naturalism
5563:Deontology
5535:Skepticism
5520:Naturalism
5510:Empiricism
5474:Aesthetics
5378:Philosophy
4688:0710065078
4526:2008-07-26
4501:2008-07-26
4481:2008-07-26
4458:2008-07-26
4427:0304338737
4391:0859588769
4316:2024-08-25
4235:Marx, Karl
4148:. London:
4127:2024-02-11
3899:20 October
3796:3 November
3719:. Oxford:
3563:References
3488:Dialectica
3431:and their
3216:Ernst Mayr
3168:philosophy
3164:trivialism
3135:See also:
3131:Criticisms
3070:Karl Barth
2959:status quo
2955:status quo
2757:Democratic
2622:Mediations
2234:Przeworski
2174:Poulantzas
2024:Sivanandan
1979:Bettelheim
1879:Horkheimer
1874:Mariátegui
1849:Pashukanis
1774:Liebknecht
1704:Wertkritik
1644:Analytical
1504:Trotskyism
1479:Autonomist
1470:Structural
1450:Philosophy
1390:Aesthetics
1175:Value-form
1143:Capitalist
1048:Alienation
1041:Philosophy
798:Grundrisse
678:antithesis
516:Principal
430:See also:
253:enthymemes
196:antitheses
177:διαλεκτική
172:philosophy
153:dialectics
80:subjective
41:dialektikḗ
36:διαλεκτική
7453:Dialectic
7245:Pakistani
7207:Taiwanese
7154:Ethiopian
7127:By region
7113:By region
6928:Scientism
6923:Systemics
6783:Spinozism
6710:Socialism
6645:Modernism
6608:Objective
6516:Anarchism
6450:Averroism
6339:Christian
6291:Neotaoism
6262:Zurvanism
6252:Mithraism
6247:Mazdakism
6018:Cyrenaics
5945:Logicians
5578:Free will
5540:Solipsism
5487:Formalism
5287:251105095
5184:CiteSeerX
5158:CiteSeerX
4995:871004444
4934:768793094
4882:806947226
4741:185032382
4367:144820093
4345:CiteSeerX
4031:651153726
3521:Discourse
3421:semantics
3269:, 1958),
3258:logicians
3198:heuristic
3162:and thus
3005:tektology
2975:emergence
2925:Karl Marx
2804:Economism
2767:Reformist
2747:Socialism
2695:Communism
2675:Anarchism
2529:Coulthard
2454:McDonnell
2414:Screpanti
2324:Rowbotham
2189:Harnecker
1999:Althusser
1939:Deutscher
1779:Kollontai
1769:Luxemburg
1749:Plekhanov
1679:Nkrumaism
1590:Classical
1564:Political
1489:Guevarism
1445:Sociology
1425:Geography
1245:Democracy
1193:Sociology
1148:Socialist
1113:Commodity
718:servitude
706:Aufhebung
682:synthesis
508:Schelling
503:Hölderlin
468:Aristotle
405:Karl Marx
323:Aristotle
266:Euthyphro
261:Euthyphro
215:Aristotle
211:Classical
182:reasoning
169:classical
149:dialectic
114:Karl Marx
49:Dialektik
27:Dialectic
7458:Rhetoric
7431:Category
7386:Yugoslav
7376:Romanian
7283:Scottish
7268:American
7197:Japanese
7177:Buddhist
7159:Africana
7149:Egyptian
6991:Feminist
6913:Rawlsian
6908:Quietism
6806:Analytic
6758:Krausism
6665:Nihilism
6630:Kokugaku
6593:Absolute
6588:Idealism
6576:Humanism
6364:Occamism
6331:European
6276:Medieval
6222:Yogacara
6182:Buddhist
6175:Syādvāda
6058:Stoicism
6023:Cynicism
6011:Sophists
6006:Atomists
6001:Eleatics
5940:Legalism
5881:Medieval
5805:Idealism
5759:Ontology
5739:Nihilism
5643:Idealism
5401:Branches
5390:Branches
5246:34109341
5093:(2006).
5077:82229075
5036:51607421
4898:(2004).
4850:(2012).
4791:(1981).
4757:(1940).
4436:36477047
4400:36991138
4275:Vol. I,
4144:(1812).
4007:(2010).
3930:Kant, I.
3703:Republic
3516:Dialogic
3481:Dialogue
3439:See also
3407:between
3039:theology
2999:pioneer
2730:Old Left
2725:New Left
2592:Antipode
2586:Journals
2489:Heinrich
2464:Roediger
2459:Douzinas
2449:Hennessy
2404:Holloway
2319:Hartsock
2309:Eagleton
2294:Federici
2269:Bannerji
2244:Therborn
2224:Rancière
2219:Easthope
2199:Anderson
2194:Altvater
2094:O'Connor
2089:Mészáros
2084:Guattari
2039:Thompson
2029:Miliband
2009:Williams
1994:Hobsbawm
1969:Emmanuel
1949:Beauvoir
1914:Lefebvre
1859:Benjamin
1824:Bukharin
1804:Zinoviev
1799:Grossman
1784:Bogdanov
1759:Connolly
1739:Lafargue
1684:Orthodox
1654:Centrist
1605:Leninism
1600:Feminist
1549:Humanist
1530:Hegelian
1058:Ideology
740:a series
738:Part of
722:rational
697:concrete
693:negative
689:abstract
483:Rousseau
327:Boethius
312:rhetoric
203:Socrates
88:rhetoric
69:reasoned
67:through
57:dialogue
7381:Russian
7350:Spanish
7345:Slovene
7335:Maltese
7330:Italian
7310:Finland
7278:British
7260:Western
7250:Turkish
7235:Islamic
7230:Iranian
7182:Chinese
7169:Eastern
7136:African
7083:more...
6768:Marxism
6598:British
6541:Dualism
6437:Islamic
6395:Advaita
6385:Vedanta
6359:Scotism
6354:Thomism
6296:Tiantai
6239:Persian
6227:Tibetan
6217:Śūnyatā
6158:Cārvāka
6148:Ājīvika
6143:Mīmāṃsā
6123:Samkhya
6038:Academy
5991:Ionians
5965:Yangism
5922:Chinese
5913:Ancient
5876:Western
5871:Ancient
5830:Realism
5787:Reality
5777:Process
5658:Realism
5638:Dualism
5633:Atomism
5515:Fideism
4831:7596139
4767:262–264
4663:2250841
4273:Capital
4247:Capital
4220:Capital
3578:Gorgias
3367:history
3365:|
3321:history
3319:|
3250:history
3248:|
3158:to the
3093:Insight
2995:Soviet
2829:Outline
2782:Utopian
2559:Srnicek
2544:Toscano
2539:Seymour
2494:Prashad
2444:Sankara
2439:Berardi
2424:Hampton
2399:Burawoy
2369:Panitch
2364:Haraway
2354:Cleaver
2339:Brenner
2304:Balibar
2259:Postone
2249:Losurdo
2179:Vattimo
2149:Gonzalo
2144:Jameson
2134:Parenti
2074:Liebman
2069:Guevara
1959:Nkrumah
1954:Sombart
1929:Padmore
1899:Kalecki
1894:Marcuse
1854:Bordiga
1839:Gramsci
1794:Trotsky
1754:Du Bois
1744:Kautsky
1620:Western
1499:Titoism
1384:Aspects
1340:History
1260:Radical
1098:Capital
803:Capital
748:Marxism
558:Schools
478:Spinoza
331:Abelard
316:grammar
308:trivium
278:Gorgias
274:Gorgias
155:within
143:History
21:dialect
7340:Polish
7320:German
7315:French
7300:Danish
7290:Canada
7240:Jewish
7202:Korean
7187:Indian
6729:People
6650:Monism
6603:German
6571:Holism
6504:Modern
6482:Jewish
6405:Dvaita
6378:Indian
6301:Huayan
6153:Ajñana
6110:Indian
5975:Greco-
5960:Taoism
5950:Mohism
5896:Modern
5863:By era
5852:By era
5767:Action
5648:Monism
5568:Virtue
5550:Ethics
5285:
5275:
5244:
5204:
5186:
5160:
5130:
5075:
5065:
5034:
5024:
4993:
4983:
4932:
4922:
4880:
4870:
4829:
4819:
4775:265987
4773:
4739:
4729:
4697:316022
4695:
4685:
4661:
4624:
4596:
4434:
4424:
4398:
4388:
4365:
4347:
4202:
4096:
4090:Polity
4029:
4019:
3946:
3875:
3848:
3821:
3755:
3417:syntax
2777:Social
2762:Market
2564:Horvat
2519:Fisher
2514:Linera
2509:Lordon
2499:Kelley
2484:Marcos
2479:Ghandy
2469:Foster
2394:Fraser
2389:Wright
2379:Jessop
2374:Clarke
2359:Bishop
2349:Massey
2329:Mouffe
2279:Newton
2274:Spivak
2264:Rodney
2229:Berman
2184:Badiou
2164:Laclau
2159:Harvey
2154:Dussel
2114:Debord
2109:Tronti
2079:Heller
2064:Castro
2059:Berger
2044:Bauman
2034:Cabral
2019:Mandel
2014:Freire
2004:Hinton
1984:Draper
1964:Sweezy
1934:Sartre
1924:Adorno
1889:Brecht
1844:Galiev
1819:Korsch
1814:Lukács
1789:Stalin
1734:Morris
1729:Engels
1717:People
1494:Maoism
1415:Ethics
1255:Soviet
978:Empire
695:, and
674:thesis
498:Fichte
493:Goethe
349:, and
76:debate
45:German
7371:Aztec
7325:Greek
7305:Dutch
7295:Czech
7144:Bantu
6581:Anti-
6128:Nyaya
6118:Hindu
5978:Roman
5772:Event
5414:Logic
5283:S2CID
5242:S2CID
5176:And:
4916:36–37
4805:41–63
4659:JSTOR
4363:S2CID
4245:[
4051:[
3663:(PDF)
3355:from
3331:(see
3309:from
3238:from
3066:Swiss
2574:Saito
2569:Hamza
2434:Žižek
2419:Tamás
2384:Davis
2344:Davis
2334:Geras
2299:Wolff
2284:Sakai
2239:Cohen
2214:Sison
2209:Vogel
2169:Bahro
2139:Negri
2129:Nairn
2054:Kosik
2049:Fanon
1989:Jones
1944:Hoxha
1919:James
1904:Fromm
1834:Serge
1809:Bloch
1764:Lenin
1585:Black
1210:Class
518:works
473:Böhme
284:Plato
245:piety
207:Plato
65:truth
31:Greek
6472:Sufi
6306:Chan
6165:Jain
6138:Yoga
5668:Mind
5608:Hard
5596:Hard
5273:ISBN
5202:ISBN
5128:ISBN
5073:OCLC
5063:ISBN
5032:OCLC
5022:ISBN
4991:OCLC
4981:ISBN
4930:OCLC
4920:ISBN
4878:OCLC
4868:ISBN
4827:OCLC
4817:ISBN
4771:OCLC
4737:OCLC
4727:ISBN
4693:OCLC
4683:ISBN
4650:Mind
4622:ISBN
4594:ISBN
4432:OCLC
4422:ISBN
4396:OCLC
4386:ISBN
4255:2014
4200:ISBN
4094:ISBN
4027:OCLC
4017:ISBN
3944:ISBN
3901:2015
3873:ISBN
3846:ISBN
3819:ISBN
3798:2011
3753:ISBN
3575:See
3419:and
3377:and
3363:edit
3317:edit
3293:and
3281:and
3246:edit
3204:and
3095:and
2980:For
2927:and
2534:Malm
2504:Dean
2474:West
2429:Cano
2409:Rose
2314:Kurz
2289:Wood
2254:Ture
2204:Löwy
2124:Hall
2119:Amin
2104:Mies
1974:Hill
1884:Dutt
1869:Basu
1724:Marx
1615:Post
1577:Both
1559:Open
657:The
488:Kant
407:and
314:and
235:The
205:and
128:and
116:and
86:and
6746:Neo
6311:Zen
5339:by
5265:doi
5234:doi
5194:doi
5168:doi
5120:doi
5055:doi
5014:doi
4973:doi
4860:doi
4809:doi
4719:doi
4355:doi
3041:in
1909:Cox
1864:Mao
1610:Neo
167:In
151:or
7449::
5326:.
5281:.
5271:.
5240:.
5228:.
5200:.
5192:.
5166:.
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1829:Ho
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