Digital divide in the United States

477: 485: 332:

not have broadband access. These households are more likely to be smartphone-only Internet users. This can leave them at a disadvantage when applying for jobs or doing other tasks traditionally formatted for a larger screen. As for its effects on school-age children, in 2015, over a quarter of lower-income students did not have access to broadband Internet at home, leaving them to rely on either smartphones or public library access to complete online homework. In a 2020 report by Common Sense Media, it was reported that 30% of American children in grades K-12 lacked access to broadband Internet and several key types of devices (computers, laptops, tablets), and this was exacerbated for children from lower-income homes. This lack of access can leave them at a disadvantage for accessing educational resources, particularly when distance and remote learning has become popular due to the

847:

the United States' economic activity faster, cheaper, and more efficient. The Internet provides a large contribution to wealth: 61% of businesses who use the Internet in the United States saved $ 155.2 billion as a result of ICTs as more efficient means toward productivity. In 2009, the Internet generated $ 64 billion in consumer surplus in the United States. In the United States, the Internet promotes private consumption primarily through online shopping. In 2009, online purchases of goods and services totaled about $ 250 billion, with average consumption per buyer equaling about $ 1,773 over the year. That same year, the Internet contributed to 60% of the United States' private consumption, 24% of private investment, 20% of public expenditure, and 3.8% of the GDP.

509:'s Broadband Task Force created a report showing that about 70% of teachers give students homework that demand access to broadband. Even more, approximately 65% of young scholars use the Internet at home to complete assignments as well as connect with teachers and other students via discussion boards and shared files. A recent study indicates that practically 50% of students say that they are unable to finish their homework due to an inability to either connect to the Internet or in some cases, find a computer. This has led to a new revelation: 42% of students say they received a lower grade because of this disadvantage. Finally, according to research conducted by the 215: 393:

less ASETs, and because of this, have less resources to participate online (such as building a robust online presence or navigating an online space). For example, her research describes that having consistent internet access was a challenge for people who can barely make ends meet. The lack of resources creates feelings of disempowerment. Schradie explains that middle to upper-class individuals not only tended to have more ASETs, but often feel more entitlement and confident in their ability to use digital media.

855:

consumption not only yields less profit for the company but also wastes more energy. Online shopping contributes to less fuel use: a 10-pound package via airmail uses 40% less fuel than a trip to buy that same package at a local mall, or shipping via railroad. Researchers in 2000 predicted a continuing decline in energy due to Internet consumption to save 2.7 million tons of paper per year, yielding a decrease by 10 million tons of carbon dioxide global warming pollution per year.

461:(ALA), 98% of public libraries in the United States in 2015 offered free wi-fi. In a 2011 ALA survey, it was shown that the quality of that Internet access can vary, with connections to the community's poverty level and community type. Rural libraries were much less likely to report having fiber optic Internet connections, while a majority of urban libraries reported having it. Rural libraries were also less likely to have connectivity speeds higher than 6.0 Mbit/s. 116: 374: 520:, the digital divide has been exacerbated since workplaces, schools, telehealth, and more have transitioned online. A pulse survey in November 2020 reported that for almost 80 percent of 2000 respondents aged 18+ in the US and UK internet has become more important in their lives as a result of the pandemic. Only 18% of enterprises in the United States have incorporated advanced digital technology or invested in digitalisation in response to the pandemic. 446: 385:(2018) explain that inequities in participatory activity on the Internet (such as on Knowledge (XXG)) can be represented as a pipeline model. The steps in their model include: (1) being aware of the site, (2) visiting the site, (3) understanding that it is possible to edit, contribute, or participate on the site, and (4) actually contributing on the site. Thus, gaps in digital knowledge and skills produce gaps in online participatory activity. 415:

percentage of the American population who they call "smartphone-only Internet users" who do not have home broadband but own a smartphone. This percentage has grown from 8% in 2013 to 18% in 2019. Smartphone-only Internet users are more likely to be adults who are younger (22% of Americans ages 18–29), Hispanic (25%) and Black (23%), from households with annual incomes of less than $ 30,000 (26%), and with less than a high school degree (32%).

647:. Internet Essentials is a popular program by Comcast that champions affordability for low-income residents, but the large Internet Service Provider (ISP) has sued cities for attempting to start their own city-owned broadband network. A 2020 article reported that 22 states had substantive legal roadblocks to establishing municipal or government-owned broadband networks. This can be connected to the national dispute over 278: 76: 239:. While internet access has increased in the past couple decades, there are disparities between demographic factors such as geography (urban versus rural), gender, age, race, class, and disability. In 2021, the Pew Research Center reported that 7% of Americans, approximately 23 million people, do not use the Internet and 23% do not have access to a broadband connection at home. 35: 806:(FCC) to subsidize broadband Internet service for low-income citizens, assisting in closing the gap between high-income and low-income households. The Act would expand the program to offer discounted internet service to lower-income consumers living in both urban and rural areas. The bill was introduced on June 14, 2011, but was not enacted and died in the 112th Congress. 643:. Internet Essentials is a price plan offered to every low-income family with school-age children who qualify for free school lunch as well as low-income seniors and low-income veterans. To expand internet affordability, cities will work with private partners, although there is debate over this approach due to concerns for private sector dominance and 676:

operating cost. Similarly, the city can serve as a middle-mile/last-mile provider, where they lease space on the fiber network to other vendors who then offer commercial broadband services directly to the customer. This theory of this can be exemplified in city-provided public Wi-Fi, implemented in Cities like San Leandro. The

198:" in his 2000 State of the Union address, researchers began to track trends in ICT access and usage across these different groups. NTIA defined the digital divide as "one of America's leading economic and civil rights issues" in their 1999 report "Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide" (1999). 265:

of Americans age 50–64). Although older generations still hold the lowest amount of Internet usage age-wise, the United States has seen a dramatic increase in Internet users at the age of 65 and older over time. From 2000 to 2015, the number of senior citizens connected to the Internet increased by 44%.

741:

In 2000, President Clinton allocated $ 2.34 billion to provide low-income families at-home access to computers and the Internet, to install broadband networks in underserved communities, and to encourage private donation of computers, businesses or individuals to sponsor community technology centers,

572:

Congress passed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on February 13, 2009, which was signed it into law four days later by President Barack Obama. A portion of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act designated approximately $ 7.2 billion in investments to expand broadband access nationwide,

523:

The United States also has a growing digital gap in organizations. Non-digital companies became more dynamic, and 64% of US enterprises that had previously embraced advanced digital technologies increased their investment in digitalisation, while 48% of non-digital US firms began investing in digital

396:

Data suggest that race, income, and education are intertwined, especially when it comes to the digital divide. Using the ASETs model above, those who are White, higher-income, and more highly educated typically have more ASETs. As a result, these groups tend to have higher digital connectivity. Other

285:

Generally, racial minorities have demonstrated lower levels of access and knowledge ICTs and of owning infrastructure to utilize the connection. In 2000, 50% of Whites had access to the Internet compared to 43% of Hispanics and 34% of African Americans. Between 2000 and 2010, the racial population of

850:

Between 1995 and 2009, the Internet has contributed to 8% of the GDP's growth in the United States. Most recently, the Internet has contributed to 15% of the GDP's growth from 2004 to 2009. The American government can also communicate more quickly and easily with citizens who are Internet consumers:

846:

The United States is the world leader in Internet supply ecosystem, holding over 30% of global Internet revenues and more than 40% of global Internet net income. Its lead primarily stems from the economic importance of and dependence the United States places on the Internet, since the Internet makes

790:

The Broadband Access ($ 76 billion) and Community Connect ($ 57.7 million in grants) programs administered by the US Department of Agriculture (2007) and the e-Rate program administered by the Federal Communications Commission are the pillars of national policies intended to promote the diffusion of

680:

has a fiber network from a License Agreement with San Leandro Dark Fiber that is approximately 14 miles of conduit and fiber strands throughout the city. In exchange, the city has ownership of 10 percent of the fiber installed by San Leandro Dark Fiber. In addition to this, San Leandro partners with

268:

Device ownership has drastically increased for Americans age 65 and older over the years but still remains consistently lower than that of all American adults. Data from Pew Research Center shows that smartphone ownership increased from 11% in 2011 to 24% in 2016 (compared to the American average of

854:

Additionally, widespread use of the Internet by businesses and corporations drives down energy costs. Besides the fact that Internet usage does not consume large amounts of energy, businesses who utilize connections no longer have to ship, stock, heat, cool, and light unsellable items whose lack of

607:

operated by public agencies or the private sector connecting schools, universities, libraries and state and local government agencies to reduce costs by aggregating demand. In some cases, public agencies serve as anchor tenants to make middle-mile broadband build-out to underserved communities more

580:

released in July 2008, states developed initiatives before there had been any national-wide action aimed to actively develop an information infrastructure and start to catch up to other countries in respect to the number of households with broadband internet. Broadband initiatives by the states can

543:

Aversion to the Internet influences an individual's psychological barriers to Internet usage, affecting which involving which individuals connect and for what purpose. Comfort displayed toward technology can be described as comfort performing a task concerning the medium and infrastructure by which

539:

25% of American adults live with a disability that interferes with daily living activities. 54% of adults living with a disability still connect to the Internet. 2% of adults say they have a disability or illness that makes it more difficult or impossible for them to effectively and efficiently use

492:

As new applications and software are developed, the Internet has increasingly become utilized to complete a variety of both professional work and personal tasks. To the right of this section are two tables describing the most recent data on the types of activities U.S. citizens utilize the Internet

410:

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) distinguishes between broadband or high-speed Internet access and dial-up Internet access. Broadband access includes using DSL, cable modems, fiber, wireless, satellite, or BPL. As of 2019, approximately 27% of U.S. adults did not have access to broadband

331:

In 2019, Pew Research Center came out with a report that stated while Internet usage has increased in lower-income households (with annual incomes of less than $ 30,000), In terms of income disparities, the Pew Research Center reported that 44% of adults in households with incomes below $ 30,000 do

310:

Internet connectivity varies widely state by state in the U.S. both in terms of broadband coverage and Internet speed. For example, in 2019, New Jersey ranked the highest in Internet connectivity with the fastest average Internet speed (52.0 Mbit/s) and highest percentage of broadband coverage

264:

Older generations of Americans have consistently reported the lowest level of access to the Internet per age cohorts. In 2019, 59% of Americans age 65 and older had access to broadband at home compared to about 80% of other age groups (77% of Americans age 18–29, 77% of Americans age 30–49, and 79%

460:

If Internet is inaccessible from the home, one can often find Wi-Fi connections at restaurants and coffee shops, schools, and libraries. A survey by Pew Research in 2016 found that 23% of Americans 16-years-old and older used wi-fi at a public library. According to the American Library Association

392:

examined how different factors drive the digital divide in online participation or digital engagement between lower and higher socio-economic groups. She discusses what she calls ASET resources: access, skills, empowerment, and tools. She asserts that lower-class individuals and organizations have

314:

Internet connectivity also varies by region. In 2016, U.S. Census data showed that nonmetropolitan areas in the South have the lowest percentages of households with computers or Internet connection and Metropolitan areas in the West have the highest percentages. Southern states tend to have higher

297:

The digital divide can be displayed when individuals must use smartphones in the absence of access to other devices. 41% of African Americans and 47% of English-speaking Hispanics send and receive email on cell phones, as compared to 30% of Whites. Significant differences between the racial groups

289:

English-speaking Hispanics have been the fastest rising ethnic cohort in terms of Internet usage. In 2010, 81% of English-dominant Latinos, 74% bilingual Latinos, and 47% Spanish-dominant Latinos used the Internet. Even though the rate of dominant Spanish-speaking Latinos was lower at the time, it

205:

According to Census data, 18% of households used the internet in 1997 and this usage increased to 62% in 2007 and 73% in 2015. Digital access has risen steadily over the past decade, increasing by 11 percent since 2009, though the digital divide exists between varying demographics based on region,

464:

In 2010, nine out of every ten libraries surveyed by the ALA reported that providing services to job seekers was one of the most important services free Internet services provided. Other important services included providing government information such as tax forms, and educational information to

255:

Although more women in the United States use the Internet than men, there still remains significant gender gaps in content creation and website development. For example, a 2013 survey found that about 27% of Knowledge (XXG) editors from the U.S. were female. In 2009, a Wikimedia Foundation survey

247:

By 2001, women had surpassed men as the majority of the online United States population. When controlling for income, levels of education, and employment, it turns out that women are clearly more enthusiastic ICT users than men. The 2009 Census data suggests that potential disparities in gendered

594:

convened through executive order or statute to broadband availability, identify unserved and underserved areas, assess supply and demand-side barriers, create local technology teams to implement programs to increase computer ownership, digital literacy, aggregate demand, and accelerate broadband

318:

Overall, in 2015, over 75% of urban Americans used the internet in comparison to 67% of rural Americans. The geographic disparities intertwine with racial disparities. In those rural areas, Native Americans have a 67% broadband internet subscription rate as opposed to 82% for non-Native American

786:

In 2007, the use of "hotspot" zones (where people can access free Wi-Fi) was introduced to help bridge access to the Internet. Due to a majority percentage of American adults (55) connecting wirelessly, this policy can assist in providing more comprehensive network coverage, but also ignores an

293:

The racial gap for African Americans is most evident within the senior population: in 2003, 11% of African Americans age 65 and older reported using the Internet, compared to 22% of senior Whites. Also in 2003, 68% of 18- to 24-year-old African Americans and 83% of 18- to 24-year-old Whites had

547:

Individuals who exhibit computer anxiety demonstrate fear towards the initial experience of computer usage or the process of using a computer. From this, many researchers conclude that increased computer experience could lead to lower anxiety levels. Others suggest that individuals demonstrate

339:

A reverse divide is also apparent in the choices that parents make for their children and teenagers. Kids in poor families spend more time using digital devices for entertainment and less time interacting with people face-to-face compared to children and teenagers in well-off families. Wealthy

837:

Of those who do believe that the Internet promotes social capital, a longitudinal study in Pittsburgh found that Internet usage increased rates of individual participation in community activities as well as levels of trust. Additionally, these increased levels of involvement were greater for

675:

Municipally-owned broadband networks still have the possibility for public-private partnerships. For example, municipalities could lease publicly owned fiber networks to private ISPs and provide individual strands of fiber and ask ISPs to pay upfront costs for fiber construction with a small

504:

The digital divide also impacts children's ability to learn and grow in low-income school districts. Without Internet access, students are unable to cultivate necessary tech skills in order to understand today's dynamic economy. The need for the internet starts while children are in school –

414:

Additionally, people use different physical mediums that can connect to the Internet such as desktop computers, laptops, cell phones, iPods or other MP3 players, Xboxes or PlayStations, electronic book readers, and tablets such as iPads. Since 2013, Pew Research Center has been tracking the

838:

participants who had previously been the least involved. Of those who use the Internet in the United States, studies have found that these individuals tend to be members of community social networks, participate in community activities, and exhibit higher levels of political participation.

327:

In 2016, roughly half of all households with an income less than $ 25,000 owned a desktop or laptop computer. Over 90% of all households with an income over $ 100,000 owned a desktop or laptop computer. The same relationship can be seen for households owning smartphones, tablets, and

269:

35% and 77%, respectively) and tablet ownership increased from 1% in 2010 to 32% in 2016 (compared to 3% and 51%, respectively). In terms of device usage, seniors tended to describe their smartphones as "freeing" and "connecting" and are more likely to use tablets and e-readers.

2838:"The Alliance for Public Technology, Communications Workers of America. State Broadband Initiatives: A Summary of State Programs Designed to Stimulate Broadband Deployment and Adoption. July 2008" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF)on 2012-05-17. Retrieved 2012-11-15. 700:

Founded in 1996, the Boston Digital Bridge Foundation attempts to enhance children's and their parents' computer knowledge, program application usage, and ability to easily navigate the Internet. In 2010, the City of Boston received a 4.3 million dollar grant from the

820:

Additionally, in March 2020, the Federal Communications Commission created the Keep Americans Connected Pledge for broadband and telephone service providers to ensure that Americans do not lose their broadband or telephone connectivity due to COVID-19 circumstances.

201:

The effort by the United States' government to close the digital divide has included private and public sector participation, and has developed policies to address information infrastructure and digital literacy that promotes a digital society in the United States.

315:

poverty levels that correlate with low levels of Internet connectivity. For example, in 2016, Arkansas and Mississippi reported the lowest levels of broadband use (71% of households) and both states have low median incomes compared to the rest of the country.

298:

include sending and receiving instant messages, using social networking sites, watching videos, and posting photos or videos online. In 2019, the ownership to smartphones by race/ethnicity was 82% of Whites, 79% of Hispanics, and 80% of African Americans.

715:

Since 1999, a non-profit organization called Computers for Youth has provided cheaper Internet access, computers, and training to minority homes and schools in New York City. Currently, the agency serves more than 1,200 families and teachers per year.

364:

article in 2018, the more educated parents are, and especially the more parents know about how computers work, the more likely they are to ban or sharply limit the use of computers, tablets, smartphones, and other digital devices for their children.

356:

In 2018, data showed that households where the house owner has a bachelor's degree or higher, desktop/laptop computer ownership exceeds 93%. However, in households where the house owner did not graduate high school, that figure sharply drops to 45%.

301:

A 2013 study found that "African Americans are more likely than other segments of the population to use the Internet to seek and apply for employment, and are more likely to consider the Internet very important to the success of their job search."

251:

Women in the United States are taking advantage of the freelance employment opportunities the Internet offers. For example, a report in 2018 stated that women make up the majority of online shop owners on Etsy, and the majority of hosts on Airbnb.

2670:

Willems, J., H. Farley, and C. Campbell. “The Increasing Significance of Digital Equity in Higher Education: An Introduction to the Digital Equity Special Issue.” Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, Vol. 35, no. 6, Dec. 2019, pp. 1-8,

484: 476: 2800:

Brodkin, Jon. “Comcast Brings Fiber to City That It Sued 7 Years Ago to Stop Fiber Rollout.” Ars Technica, 30 Apr 2015, arstechnica.com/information-technology/2015/04/comcast-brings-fiber-to-city-that-it-sued-7-years-ago-to-stop-fiber-rollout/.

794:

Since 2008, organizations such as Geekcorps and Inveneo have been working to reduce the digital divide by emphasizing ICTs within a classroom context. Technology used often includes laptops, handhelds (e.g. Simputer, E-slate), and tablet PCs.

659:

In 2013, 2,000 cities had public electric utilities, 400 had any kind of public broadband network, and only 150 had fiber optic networks. While, it is not as common to find fully municipally-owned power or broadband, there are cities like the

286:

Internet users became increasingly similar to the racial makeup of the United States population, demonstrating a closing racial divide. In 2019, 79% of Whites had access to broadband compared to 61% of Hispanics and 66% of African Americans.

1592:

Lenhart, Amanda, Lee Rainie, Mary Madden, Angie Boyce, John Horrigan, Katherine Allen, and Erin O'Grady. 2003. "The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A new look at Internet access and the digital divide." Pew Internet and American Life

558:

initiatives must relate to solving the larger poverty systems. In the political lens where digital access is a right, participatory citizenship in the digital era involves the right to participate in higher education, not just access.

752:

In 2004 in Houston, Texas, a non-profit organization called Technology for All (TFA) established a free broadband Wi-Fi network in an underserved community, Pecan Park. An additional grant in 2010 assisted TFA, in collaboration with

1795:

Reddick, Christopher G., R. Enriquez, R.J. Harris, and B Sharma. “Determinants of broadband access and affordability: An analysis of a community survey on the digital divide.” Cities, Volume 106, 2020, 102904, ISSN 0264-2751,

513:, "if the United States were able to close the educational achievement gaps between native-born white children and black and Hispanic children, the U.S. economy would be 5.8 percent—or nearly $ 2.3 trillion—larger in 2050". 2435: 719:

The Tomorrow's Teachers to Use Technology established by the Department of Education was given almost $ 400 million between 1999 and 2003 to train teachers in elementary and secondary schools to use ICTs in the classroom.

2063: 3115:

departments of Urban Affairs and Planning was comprised of Danisa Dambrauskas, Kazu Hoshino, Gavin O'Donoghue, and Jennifer Vallone and supervised by Professor Lisa Tolliver in the Departments of Urban Affairs and

833:

shows that the Internet enhances social capital in the United States, but others report that after controlling for background variables, civic engagement between users and non-users is not significantly different.

3466:

Kraut R., M. Patterson, V. Lundmark, S. Kiesler, T. Mukophadhyay, and W. Scherlis. 1998. "Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychology

2740:"Executive Office of the President of the United States - National Economic Council. "Recovery Act Investments in Broadband: Leveraging Federal Dollars to Create Jobs and Connect America". December 2009. (PDF)" 2653:

Bach, A. J., Wolfson, T., & Crowell, J. K. “Poverty, Literacy, and Social Transformation: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of the Digital Divide.” Journal of Media Literacy Education, 10(1), 2018, 22-41.

588:

established through legislation or executive order that directs public and private stakeholders to assess the state of high-speed Internet deployment and adoption in the state and recommend policy solutions.

3476:

Gibson RK, PEN Howard, S. Ward. 2000. "Social capital, Internet connectedness, and political participation: A four-country study. Pappres. 2000 International Political Science Association Meeting Quebec,

3585: 2771:"The Alliance for Public Technology, Communications Workers of America. State Broadband Initiatives: A Summary of State Programs Designed to Stimulate Broadband Deployment and Adoption. July 2008" 1175:

National Telecommunications & Information Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce (2020). NTIA Data Reveal Shifts in Technology Use, Persistent Digital Divide. Washington, D.C. Retrieved

397:

research suggests that a part of the digital divide has been driven by language differences, with those with lower English ability have traditionally had less Internet connectivity and usage.

190:(NTIA) conducted the first survey to assess Internet usage among different demographic groups (what the study deemed the "haves" and the "have-nots" of American society). After U.S. President 702: 187: 783:

In 2007, projects called One Laptop per Child, Raspberry Pi and 50x15 were implemented in attempting to reduce the digital divide by providing cheaper infrastructure necessary to connect.

3254:

LaRose, Robert; Gregg, Jennifer L.; Strover, Sharon; Straubhaar, Joseph; Carpenter, Serena (2007). "Closing the rural broadband gap: Promoting adoption of the Internet in rural America".

1621: 601:

to support the build-out of advanced networks in unserved and underserved areas by leveraging private sector funds to make network investment – and thus Internet service – more affordable

1082:

National Telecommunications & Information Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce. (1999). Falling through the net: Defining the digital divide. Washington, D.C. Retrieved from

1339:

Hill, Benjamin Mako; Shaw, Aaron (2013-06-26). Sánchez, Angel (ed.). "The Knowledge (XXG) Gender Gap Revisited: Characterizing Survey Response Bias with Propensity Score Estimation".

2746: 2185: 573:

improve high-speed connectivity in rural areas and public computer centers, and increase Internet capacity in schools, libraries, public safety offices, and other public buildings.

2770: 3051:"Rice University. Office of Public Affairs. Houston Grandmother Is Nation's First Super Wi-Fi User. Latest Press Release. Technology for All, 19 Apr. 2011. Web. 21 September 2011" 1179: 3776: 768:(D-Manhattan), Chair of the Select Committee on Technology in Government (now the Committee on Technology) in conjunction with a graduate student Digital Opportunities Team at 48: 2060: 2572: 1882: 816:

In 2020, federal fiscal commitments include the Consolidated Appropriations Act passed on December 27, 2020, which is a $ 7 billion fund for broadband initiatives under the

723:

In 2000, Berkeley, California established a program that facilitated digital democracy in allowing residents to contribute opinions to general city plans via the Internet.

3019: 2821:

Fung, Archon, and Erik Olin Wright. “Deepening Democracy: Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance.” Politics & Society, vol. 29, no. 1, Mar. 2001, pp. 5–41,

651:, the principle that ISPs should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, and without favoring or blocking particular products or websites. 1224:

Hilbert, Martin (November 2011). "Digital gender divide or technologically empowered women in developing countries? A typical case of lies, damned lies, and statistics".

2809:

Chamberlain, Kendra. “Municipal Broadband Is Roadblocked Or Outlawed In 22 States.” BroadbandNow, 13 May 2020, broadbandnow.com/report/municipal-broadband-roadblocks/.

1844: 712:

Inc. began Cisco Networking Academy which donated equipment and provided training programs to high schools and community centers that fell in U.S. Empowerment Zones.

551:

Communication apprehension influences propensity to use only Internet applications that promote engagement in communication with other people such as Skype or iChat.

919: 1658: 934: 668:

in 2013, leveraging the existing capacity of its City energy company, the Electric Power Board, for deployment. Some propose that broadband can be treated like a

3636: 1762: 228: 3353: 554:

Bach et al. in “Poverty, Literacy, and Social Transformation” state that technological exclusion is inherently tied to sociology exclusion and that addressing

248:

connectivity have become nearly non-existent; 73% of female citizens three years and older compared to 74% of males could access the Internet from their home.

3156:"Fall 2003 Hearing and Event Schedule for The New York City Select Committee on Technology in Government, Chaired by Council Member Gale Brewer (D-Manhattan)" 813:

and is aimed at providing affordable internet for residents in low-income housing. It was last referred to the House Committee on Financial Services in 2015.

735: 2622:

Rockwell, Steven C., Loy Singleton. 2002. "The Effects of Computer Anxiety and Communication Apprehension on the Adoption and Utilization of the Internet."

2255: 1901: 3589: 3050: 176: 3103:

Expanding Digital Opportunity in New York City Public Schools: Profiles of Innovators and Leaders Who Make a Difference (Thanks and Acknowledgements)

776:. The report was one of numerous initiatives and events implemented by the Select Committee, which includes roundtables, conferences, hearings, and 54: 1453: 311:(99%), and Montana ranked the lowest with the slowest average Internet speed (20.3 Mbit/s) and lowest percentage of broadband coverage (69%). 1203: 705:. The grant will attempt to provide Internet access and training to underserved populations including parents, children, youth, and the elderly. 348:

for their children, with all the benefits that brings to them, while other children will be left with the poor substitute of an artificial game.

1625: 294:

Internet access. A similar gap is noted in the 55- to 64-year-old range with 58% of Whites and 22% of African Americans accessing the Internet.

3020:"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. 2003. "Responding to the needs of other. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Annual Report, 2003." (PDF)" 1226: 536:

Physical, financial, psychological, and skill-based barriers exist in terms of Internet access and Internet skills for different demographics:

3627: 2777: 2556: 2529: 2470: 2419: 817: 614:

networks linking rural clinics with specialists in hospitals and academic institutions. At least 25 states support state telehealth networks.

2915:"City of Boston Receives $ 4.3 Million Grant That Will Give Training, Computers and Opportunity to Underserved Communities - City of Boston" 1005: 2739: 2486: 2193: 1355: 418:

According to a 2019 survey by the Pew Research Center in 2019, smartphone ownership in the United States varies greatly among generations:

3181: 3129: 2061:

Schradie, Jen. "The Digital Production Gap: The Digital Divide and Web 2.0 Collide." Poetics, Vol. 39, No. 2. April 2011, p. 145-168 (PDF)

967:

Norris, P. 2001. Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty and the Internet world- wide. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Univ. Press.

3421: 2990: 2395: 1378: 636: 1286: 772:, supervised by Professor Lisa Tolliver in the Departments of Urban Affairs and Planning), published a study and recommendations titled 690: 2023:

Shaw, Aaron; Hargittai, Eszter (2018-02-01). "The Pipeline of Online Participation Inequalities: The Case of Knowledge (XXG) Editing".

3771: 1176: 1152: 734:(a non-profit that attempts to enhance education with ICTs) $ 6 million to focus on providing ICTs to Hispanic-Serving Institutions, 3721: 1782:

U.S. Census Bureau. “Computer and Internet Use in the United States: 2015 American Community Survey.” U.S. Census Bureau, Sep 2017,

1138:

U.S. Census Bureau. “Computer and Internet Use in the United States: 2015 American Community Survey.” U.S. Census Bureau, Sep 2017,

810: 803: 577: 506: 154: 62: 3281: 2346: 1153:"NTIA Data Reveal Shifts in Technology Use, Persistent Digital Divide | National Telecommunications and Information Administration" 749:

contributed $ 250 million to install more than 47,000 computers and train librarians in almost 11,000 libraries in all 50 states.

697:

that planned access to ICTs for all member of the population and emphasized the government's role in protecting their existence.

3026: 1603: 2718: 2314: 2103:

Calvert, Sandra L.; et al. (2005). "Age, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Patterns in Early Computer Use: A National Survey".

1394:

Yi, Zhixian. 2008. "Internet Use Patterns in the United States." Chinese Librarianship: an International Electronic Journal 25.

874: 256:

revealed that 6% of editors who made more than 500 edits were female, with the average male editor having twice as many edits.

2689: 1255: 171:

refers to inequalities between individuals, households, and other groups of different demographic and socioeconomic levels in

3731: 3726: 3543: 1434: 809:

In 2014, Congressmen Bill Foster introduced the ‘‘Closing the Digital 5 Divide for Students Act of 2014’’, which amends the

3496: 1813:

U.S. Census Bureau. “Median Household Income, Poverty Rates and Computer and Internet Use” U.S. Census Bureau, 6 Dec 2018,

1482: 544:

to connect. Technological infrastructure sometimes causes privacy and security concerns leading to a lack of connectivity.

3736: 2961: 3236: 125: 3651: 1665: 869: 510: 3183:

Expanding Digital Opportunity in New York City Public Schools: Profiles of Innovators and Leaders Who Make a Difference

3131:

Expanding Digital Opportunity in New York City Public Schools: Profiles of Innovators and Leaders Who Make a Difference

774:

Expanding Digital Opportunity in New York City Public Schools: Profiles of Innovators and Leaders Who Make a Difference

3646: 904: 727: 2885: 1783: 1759: 1139: 1038:, and M. Stansbury. 2003. Virtual inequality: Beyond the digital divide. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 548:

anxiety toward specific computer tasks, such as using the Internet, rather than anxiety toward computers in general.

3357: 2296: 1659:"Fox, Susannah. 2004. "22% of Americans age 65 and older go online." Pew Internet & American Life Project (PDF)" 3741: 3716: 3691: 3671: 3666: 787:

underprivileged population of people who do not own infrastructure, so still lack access to the Internet and ICTs.

777: 742:

and technology training. An additional $ 45 million was added to emphasize provision of ICTs to underserved areas.

493:

for compiled by the U.S. Census Bureau and presented in its final Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012.

1555: 1083: 1048:

Nie, Norman H (2001). "Sociability, Interpersonal Relations, and the Internet: Reconciling Conflicting Findings".

468:

Over the past few years, some public libraries in the United States have started to lend out hotspots to patrons.

3751: 3711: 3701: 3696: 3681: 3620: 1830: 889: 884: 665: 2252: 2216: 2079: 1900:

Chandra, Sumit; Chang, Amy; Day, Lauren; Fazlullah, Amina; Liu, McBride; Mudalige, Thisal; Weiss, Danny (2020).

3676: 3656: 1991: 1925: 1814: 626:

to promote computer ownership, digital literacy, and development of community-based applications and services."

345: 3457:

Putnam RD. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster

1863: 3706: 3686: 3661: 677: 669: 214: 3324: 2932: 2394:

Internet Society. “Insights from Internet Society's 2020 Public Pulse Survey.” Internet Society, Nov 2020,

1727: 661: 2546: 2460: 2409: 1700:"Broadband and Jobs: African Americans Rely Heavily on Mobile Access and Social Networking in Job Search" 1526: 2277: 1500: 24: 3054: 1958: 2396:

https://www.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Public-Pulse-Survey-Results-Overview-EN.pdf

1408: 1311: 1195: 3613: 3586:"Environmental News Network Staff. 2000. "Internet boosts economy and saves energy, report says. CNN" 2962:"National Science Foundation. Advanced Networking Project with Minority-Serving Institutions. 2004. 3354:"Matsui Introduces Legislation to Ensure All Americans Have Access to Affordable Internet Services" 3112: 1177:

https://www.ntia.doc.gov/blog/2020/ntia-data-reveal-shifts-technology-use-persistent-digital-divide

914: 899: 769: 505:

necessary for matters such as school portal access, homework submission, and assignment research.

3101: 2637:"Pew Research Center - Nonpartisan, non-advocacy public opinion polling and demographic research" 2120: 1575: 1243: 1121: 1065: 998: 909: 555: 3403: 3190: 3138: 2998: 2235: 664:, Tennessee, with the first high-speed fiber-optic broadband network. The City started its own 373: 3558: 3155: 2552: 2525: 2466: 2415: 2040: 1999: 1966: 1933: 1375: 1363: 1290: 525: 517: 440: 333: 2573:"The future of remote work: An analysis of 2,000 tasks, 800 jobs, and 9 countries | McKinsey" 3263: 2822: 2672: 2655: 2517: 2112: 2032: 1797: 1567: 1551: 1348: 1235: 1113: 1057: 1035: 1031: 924: 746: 382: 2510:

European Investment Bank; Rückert, Désirée; Veugelers, Reinhilde; Weiss, Christoph (2020).

1883:"Nearly one-in-five teens can't always finish their homework because of the digital divide" 3571: 3544:

https://web.archive.org/web/20110904132420/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/20/41/40789235.pdf

2596: 2259: 2253:

2010-2011 Public Library Funding and Technology Access Survey: Survey Findings and Results

2160: 2067: 1766: 1382: 1259: 1183: 929: 864: 754: 236: 1622:"Horrigan, John. 2009. "Wireless Internet Use." Pew Internet & American Life Project" 528:. In the US, data from 2021 shows that 22% of companies do nothing in the digital area. 3289: 2914: 1287:"Reported internet usage for individuals 3 years and older, by selected characteristics" 1272: 132:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

3180:

Select Committee on Technology in Government of the New York City Council (June 2004).

3128:

Select Committee on Technology in Government of the New York City Council (June 2004).

3100:

Select Committee on Technology in Government of the New York City Council (June 2004).

2613:

Rhodes, Lois. " Barriers to Access." Evaluating Community Technology Centers. May 2002.

1648:

Livingston, Gretchen. 2010. "Latinos and Digital Technology, 2010." Pew Hispanic Center

1359: 949: 944: 894: 879: 830: 648: 498: 224: 195: 20: 2371: 3765: 2124: 1829:

Winslow, Joyce. “America's Digital Divide.” The Pew Charitable Trusts, 26 July 2019,

1699: 1247: 1069: 709: 3378: 3207: 2714: 1845:"Digital divide persists even as lower-income Americans make gains in tech adoption" 1579: 1125: 980: 2693: 1688:

Smith, Aaron. 2010. "Mobile Access 2010." Pew Internet & American Life Project.

1252: 799: 640: 434: 428: 389: 191: 3547: 1784:

https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2017/acs/acs-37.pdf

1140:

https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2017/acs/acs-37.pdf

3267: 2871:

United States Advisory Council on the National Information Infrastructure. 1996.

1801: 1352: 981:"FALLING THROUGH THE NET: A Survey of the "Have Nots" in Rural and Urban America" 635:

Private-public partnerships often present as income-targeted programs, like with

3444:

FCC. “Keep Americans Connected.” Federal Communications Commission, March 2020,

2826: 2297:"Bridging the Tech Gap: Libraries across the country lend mobile Wi-Fi hotspots" 765: 758: 576:

According to a joint report from The Alliance for the Public Technology and the

422: 341: 319:

individuals. Moreover, Native Americans living on Native American land had 53%.

277: 3445: 2969: 2873:

A nation of opportunity: Realizing the promise of the information superhighway.

1239: 1084:

http://www.ntia.doc.gov/report/1999/falling-through-net-defining-digital-divide

445: 3075: 2659: 1831:

https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/trust/archive/summer-2019/americas-digital-divide

1101: 1061: 3514: 3497:"Internet matters: The Net's sweeping impact on growth, jobs, and prosperity" 2116: 2044: 2003: 1970: 1937: 1571: 851:

e-government supports interactions with American individuals and businesses.

3605: 2511: 1992:"A Dark Consensus About Screens and Kids Begins to Emerge in Silicon Valley" 1815:

https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2018/2013-2017-acs-5year.html

2548:

Digitalisation in Europe 2021-2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey

2462:

Digitalisation in Europe 2021-2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey

2411:

Digitalisation in Europe 2021-2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey

1273:"Understanding the digital divide from a multicultural education framework" 377:

Schematic visualization of Pipeline Model described by Shaw & Hargittai

2893: 1117: 999:"Patricia, J.P. 2003. 'E-government, E-Asean Task force, UNDP-APDIP'(PDF)" 16:

Overview of the role of the digital divide in the United States of America

2036: 1501:"For vast majority of seniors who own one, a smartphone equals 'freedom'" 731: 672:, a non-rival and nonexclusive resource in which everyone can access it. 644: 281:

Rising trends in connectivity of Whites, Hispanics, and African Americans

1196:"Demographics of Internet and Home Broadband Usage in the United States" 488:

Activities the Internet is utilized for on a daily basis as percentages.

2676: 2690:"The Recovery Accountability and Transparency Board. The Recovery Act" 939: 802:

introduced the Broadband Affordability Act, which calls for the U.S.

1926:"The Digital Gap Between Rich and Poor Kids Is Not What We Expected" 2848: 2521: 2487:"The most digital companies are leaving the rest behind | McKinsey" 2347:"The Homework Gap: The 'Cruelest Part of the Digital Divide' | NEA" 757:, in upgrading their Wi-Fi network to a new long-range version, a " 620:

with targeted tax incentives for investment in broadband equipment.

1728:"Report: US States With the Worst and Best Internet Coverage 2018" 1376:

WP:Clubhouse? An Exploration of Knowledge (XXG)'s Gender Imbalance

483: 475: 444: 372: 276: 213: 183:

needed to effectively use the information gained from connecting.

1902:"Closing the K-12 Digital Divide in the Age of Distance Learning" 340:

families choose child care options and schools that limit or ban

3404:"H.R.2372 - Closing the Digital Divide for Students Act of 2015" 3332: 2940: 2139: 818:

Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act.

218:

Infographic from the White House on the digital divide in the US

3609: 3237:"New Free Software Will Help Close Digital Divide in Education" 2597:"Americans living with disability and their technology profile" 2315:"Digital Divide: The Technology Gap between the Rich and Poor" 109: 69: 28: 2436:"COVID-19 digital transformation & technology | McKinsey" 235:

As of June 2020, NTIA reports that 4 out of 5 Americans have

608:

economic. At least 30 states have established state networks

344:. This has led to concerns that wealthy families are buying 2636: 1319:

Organisation for Environmental Co-operation and Development

360:

The reverse divide is related to education. According to a

3310: 2513:

The growing digital divide in Europe and the United States

2372:"The Digital Divide in the Age of the Connected Classroom" 761:" in order to enhance network speed and computer quality. 703:

National Telecommunications and Information Administration

188:

National Telecommunications and Information Administration

3379:"Broadband Affordability Act of 2011 (2011 - H.R. 2163)" 1385:(PDF) Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2015 90: 1102:"Closing Digital Divides: The United States' Policies" 2140:"Immigrants, English Ability and the Digital Divide" 1760:

Computer and Internet Use in the United States: 2016

3160:

Solutions for State and Local Government Technology

3111:the graduate student Digital Opportunities Team at 2236:"Internet Access and Digital Holdings in Libraries" 581:be broadly classified into seven different types: 177:

information and communication technologies ("ICTs")

1959:"Silicon Valley Nannies Are Phone Police for Kids" 563:Overcoming the digital divide in the United States 2715:"The White House. Issues: Technology - Broadband" 2601:Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech 2516:. LU: Publications Office of the European Union. 2190:Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech 1608:Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech 1531:Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech 1200:Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech 1027: 1025: 829:The majority of research on civic engagement and 693:was established and administered a report called 480:Internet activities ever performed by percentage. 128:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 1704:Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies 920:List of countries by Internet connection speeds 586:Broadband Commissions, Task Force, or Authority 935:National broadband plans from around the world 681:over 100 ISPs to provide competitive leasing. 3621: 1644: 1642: 791:broadband Internet service in rural America. 229:Digital divide by continent, area and country 8: 3446:https://www.fcc.gov/keep-americans-connected 1843:Anderson, Monica; Kumar, Madhumitha (2019). 736:Historically Black Colleges and Universities 3777:Information technology in the United States 2056: 2054: 1435:"Mobile Technology and Home Broadband 2019" 63:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3628: 3614: 3606: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3080:NYC Council Committee on Technology's Blog 1289:. U.S. Census Bureau. 2009. Archived from 1095: 1093: 1091: 689:In 1993, the U.S. Advisory Council on the 3230: 3228: 2138:Ono, Hirshoni; Zavodny, Madeline (2008). 1881:Anderson, Monica; Perrin, Andrew (2018). 1604:"Technology Trends Among People of Color" 1556:"Race, Place, and Information Technology" 1483:"Tech Adoption Climbs Among Older Adults" 1481:Anderson, Monica; Perrin, Andrew (2017). 155:Learn how and when to remove this message 2545:Bank, European Investment (2022-05-05). 2459:Bank, European Investment (2022-05-05). 2408:Bank, European Investment (2022-05-05). 2266:. June 21, 2011. Retrieved Feb 23, 2020. 1454:"Digital divide decreasing but not gone" 738:, and Tribal Colleges and Universities. 449:Picture of free WiFi at a public library 3325:"ICT & Applied Technologies - IESC" 3282:"ICT & Applied Technologies - IESC" 2624:The Electronic Journal of Communication 960: 3567: 3556: 2817: 2815: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 975: 973: 2247: 2245: 2234:American Library Association (2015). 1919: 1917: 1915: 1825: 1823: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1722: 1720: 1476: 1474: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1402: 1400: 290:rose significantly from 36% in 2009. 7: 1312:"Bridging the Digital Gender Divide" 1227:Women's Studies International Forum 691:National Information Infrastructure 169:digital divide in the United States 2964:AN-MSI frequently asked questions. 2192:. February 3, 2011. Archived from 1773:. Aug 2018. Retrieved Feb 28 2020. 1698:Horrigan, John B (November 2013). 1452:Weise, Elizabeth (June 26, 2015). 1275:. EdChange Multicultural Pavilion. 1253:Free access to a pdf of the study. 328:Internet/broadband subscriptions. 14: 3515:"Study overview and key findings" 2165:Federal Communications Commission 1527:"Older Adults and Technology Use" 811:United States Housing Act of 1937 804:Federal Communications Commission 578:Communications Workers of America 507:Federal Communications Commission 369:Reasons given for trends and gaps 44:This article has multiple issues. 3208:"Portables to power PC industry" 2161:"Types of Broadband Connections" 114: 74: 33: 3422:"COVID-19 Economic Relief Bill" 3235:Thomas, J. (January 16, 2007). 2752:from the original on 2021-03-22 2721:from the original on 2017-01-20 2186:"Generations and their gadgets" 2147:Institute of the Study of Labor 1409:"Internet/Broadband Fact Sheet" 1206:from the original on 2019-10-30 1100:Choemprayong, Songphan (2006). 1011:from the original on 2012-03-08 497:See also in Education section: 52:or discuss these issues on the 1525:Smith, Aaron (April 3, 2014). 346:face-to-face human interaction 85:may be very hard to understand 1: 2295:Inklebarger, Timothy (2015). 2278:"Check Out a Library Hotspot" 2105:American Behavioral Scientist 1990:Bowles, Nellie (2018-10-26). 1957:Bowles, Nellie (2018-10-26). 1924:Bowles, Nellie (2018-10-26). 1050:American Behavioral Scientist 3268:10.1016/j.telpol.2007.04.004 2933:"CFY Is Now PowerMyLearning" 2849:"About Us – Lit San Leandro" 2551:. European Investment Bank. 2465:. European Investment Bank. 2414:. European Investment Bank. 2301:American Libraries Magazines 2276:Rosales, Jr., Romeo (2016). 2264:American Library Association 2217:"Library Use and Engagement" 2080:"Health: A White Privilege?" 1802:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102904 1407:Pew Research Center (2019). 1353:10.1371/journal.pone.0065782 870:Center for Digital Inclusion 511:Center for American Progress 443:(born 1945 and earlier): 40% 206:age, race, disability, etc. 2890:digitalbridgefoundation.org 2886:"Digital Bridge Foundation" 2827:10.1177/0032329201029001002 1554:; Gilbert, Michele (2006). 905:International communication 728:National Science Foundation 637:Comcast Internet Essentials 631:Public-Private partnerships 592:Public-Private Partnerships 524:technologies following the 3793: 3402:Foster, Bill (2015–2016). 2215:Horrigan, John B. (2016). 2084:Center for Health Progress 2066:February 27, 2012, at the 1240:10.1016/j.wsif.2011.07.001 778:collaborative partnerships 568:Information infrastructure 18: 3772:Digital divide by country 3643: 3637:Digital divide by country 3256:Telecommunications Policy 2660:10.23860/JMLE-2018-10-1-2 1433:Anderson, Monica (2019). 1062:10.1177/00027640121957277 890:Digital Opportunity Index 885:Digital divide by country 2117:10.1177/0002764204271508 2025:Journal of Communication 1864:"Smartphone Use in 2015" 1572:10.1177/1078087405283511 425:(born in 1981–1996): 93% 2282:Public Libraries Online 798:In 2011, Congresswoman 695:A Nation of Opportunity 599:Direct Funding Programs 472:Purpose of connectivity 2319:Digital Responsibility 489: 481: 465:school-aged children. 450: 378: 352:Educational attainment 282: 219: 3553:on September 4, 2011. 2991:"Digital Opportunity" 2370:NetRef (2016-01-14). 1862:Smith, Aaron (2015). 1610:. September 17, 2010. 1271:Gorski, Paul (2001). 1118:10.1515/libr.2006.201 875:Civic opportunity gap 487: 479: 448: 437:(born 1946–1964): 68% 431:(born 1965–1980): 90% 401:Means of connectivity 376: 280: 217: 210:Demographic breakdown 25:Global digital divide 3214:. September 27, 2007 2196:on November 16, 2011 1560:Urban Affairs Review 1552:Tolbert, Caroline J. 624:Demand-Side Programs 532:Lack of connectivity 194:adopted the phrase " 181:knowledge and skills 3113:CUNY Hunter College 2603:. January 21, 2011. 2345:McLaughlin, Clare. 2221:Pew Research Center 1887:Pew Research Center 1868:Pew Research Center 1849:Pew Research Center 1550:Mossberger, Karen; 1505:Pew Research Center 1487:Pew Research Center 1439:Pew Research Center 1413:Pew Research Center 915:Internet governance 900:Information society 770:CUNY Hunter College 764:In June 2004, Hon. 685:Notable Initiatives 678:City of San Leandro 666:fiber-optic network 662:City of Chattanooga 2677:10.14742/ajet.5996 2643:. October 8, 2015. 2626:12, no. 1 & 2. 2258:2022-10-24 at the 2037:10.1093/joc/jqx003 1996:The New York Times 1963:The New York Times 1930:The New York Times 1906:Common Sense Media 1771:U.S. Census Bureau 1765:2020-03-06 at the 1381:2013-10-29 at the 1258:2019-09-17 at the 1182:2021-05-15 at the 910:Internet geography 708:Starting in 1997, 556:educational equity 490: 482: 451: 411:Internet at home. 379: 306:States and Regions 283: 273:Race and ethnicity 220: 196:the digital divide 3759: 3758: 3566:Missing or empty 3519:netimpactusdy.com 2853:litsanleandro.com 2558:978-92-861-5233-7 2531:978-92-861-4683-1 2472:978-92-861-5233-7 2421:978-92-861-5233-7 526:COVID-19 pandemic 518:COVID-19 pandemic 441:Silent Generation 334:COVID-19 pandemic 165: 164: 157: 147: 146: 108: 107: 67: 3784: 3630: 3623: 3616: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3588:. Archived from 3582: 3576: 3575: 3569: 3564: 3562: 3554: 3552: 3546:. Archived from 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3493: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3432: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3356:. Archived from 3350: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3340: 3331:. Archived from 3321: 3315: 3314: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3297: 3288:. Archived from 3278: 3272: 3271: 3262:(6–7): 359–373. 3251: 3245: 3244: 3232: 3223: 3222: 3220: 3219: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3189:. Archived from 3188: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3137:. Archived from 3136: 3125: 3119: 3118: 3108: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3053:. Archived from 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3037: 3031: 3025:. Archived from 3024: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3006: 2997:. Archived from 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2968:. Archived from 2958: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2948: 2939:. Archived from 2929: 2923: 2922: 2919:cityofboston.gov 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2901: 2892:. Archived from 2882: 2876: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2819: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2782: 2776:. Archived from 2775: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2757: 2751: 2744: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2701: 2692:. Archived from 2686: 2680: 2668: 2662: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2633: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2583: 2577:www.mckinsey.com 2569: 2563: 2562: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2497: 2491:www.mckinsey.com 2483: 2477: 2476: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2446: 2440:www.mckinsey.com 2432: 2426: 2425: 2405: 2399: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2382: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2357: 2342: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2273: 2267: 2249: 2240: 2239: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2172: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2144: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2090: 2076: 2070: 2058: 2049: 2048: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2010: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1921: 1910: 1909: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1840: 1834: 1827: 1818: 1811: 1805: 1793: 1787: 1780: 1774: 1756: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1739: 1724: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1664:. Archived from 1663: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1624:. Archived from 1618: 1612: 1611: 1600: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1537: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1512: 1507:. April 29, 2015 1497: 1491: 1490: 1478: 1469: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1430: 1417: 1416: 1404: 1395: 1392: 1386: 1373: 1367: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1316: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1299: 1298: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1268: 1262: 1251: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1212: 1211: 1192: 1186: 1173: 1167: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1157:www.ntia.doc.gov 1149: 1143: 1136: 1130: 1129: 1097: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1045: 1039: 1029: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1003: 995: 989: 988: 977: 968: 965: 925:Knowledge divide 747:Gates Foundation 639:and cities like 223:Global context: 160: 153: 142: 139: 133: 126:factual accuracy 118: 117: 110: 103: 100: 94: 78: 77: 70: 59: 37: 36: 29: 3792: 3791: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3762: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3639: 3634: 3604: 3595: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3565: 3555: 3550: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3495: 3494: 3481: 3475: 3471: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3439: 3430: 3428: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3387: 3385: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3363: 3361: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3338: 3336: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3295: 3293: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3234: 3233: 3226: 3217: 3215: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3186: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3134: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3106: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3060: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3002: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2975: 2973: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2946: 2944: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2899: 2897: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2875:Washington, DC. 2870: 2866: 2857: 2855: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2820: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2724: 2722: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2699: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2683: 2669: 2665: 2652: 2648: 2641:pewresearch.org 2635: 2634: 2630: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2581: 2579: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2532: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2495: 2493: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2444: 2442: 2434: 2433: 2429: 2422: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2393: 2389: 2380: 2378: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2355: 2353: 2344: 2343: 2332: 2323: 2321: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2260:Wayback Machine 2250: 2243: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2170: 2168: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2142: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2088: 2086: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2068:Wayback Machine 2059: 2052: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2008: 2006: 1989: 1988: 1984: 1975: 1973: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1942: 1940: 1923: 1922: 1913: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1861: 1860: 1856: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1828: 1821: 1812: 1808: 1794: 1790: 1781: 1777: 1767:Wayback Machine 1757: 1746: 1737: 1735: 1726: 1725: 1718: 1708: 1706: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1640: 1631: 1629: 1620: 1619: 1615: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1587: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1535: 1533: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1510: 1508: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1480: 1479: 1472: 1462: 1460: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1432: 1431: 1420: 1406: 1405: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1383:Wayback Machine 1374: 1370: 1338: 1334: 1324: 1322: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1305: 1296: 1294: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1260:Wayback Machine 1223: 1222: 1218: 1209: 1207: 1194: 1193: 1189: 1184:Wayback Machine 1174: 1170: 1161: 1159: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1137: 1133: 1099: 1098: 1089: 1081: 1077: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1030: 1023: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1001: 997: 996: 992: 979: 978: 971: 966: 962: 958: 930:Mercedes divide 865:Achievement gap 861: 844: 827: 755:Rice University 687: 657: 633: 570: 565: 534: 474: 458: 408: 403: 371: 354: 325: 308: 275: 262: 245: 237:internet access 212: 161: 150: 149: 148: 143: 137: 134: 131: 123:This article's 119: 115: 104: 98: 95: 88: 79: 75: 38: 34: 27: 19:Main articles: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3790: 3788: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3764: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3610: 3603: 3602: 3577: 3532: 3506: 3479: 3469: 3459: 3450: 3437: 3413: 3394: 3370: 3345: 3316: 3302: 3273: 3246: 3224: 3199: 3196:on 2006-02-13. 3172: 3147: 3144:on 2006-02-13. 3120: 3109:. p. 19. 3092: 3067: 3042: 3011: 2982: 2953: 2924: 2906: 2877: 2864: 2840: 2831: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2762: 2731: 2706: 2681: 2663: 2646: 2628: 2615: 2606: 2588: 2564: 2557: 2537: 2530: 2522:10.2867/222528 2502: 2478: 2471: 2451: 2427: 2420: 2400: 2387: 2362: 2330: 2306: 2287: 2268: 2241: 2226: 2207: 2177: 2152: 2130: 2111:(5): 590–606. 2095: 2071: 2050: 2031:(1): 143–168. 2015: 1982: 1949: 1911: 1892: 1873: 1854: 1835: 1819: 1806: 1788: 1775: 1744: 1716: 1690: 1681: 1650: 1638: 1613: 1595: 1585: 1566:(5): 583–620. 1542: 1517: 1492: 1470: 1444: 1418: 1396: 1387: 1368: 1332: 1303: 1278: 1263: 1234:(6): 479–489. 1216: 1202:. 2021-04-07. 1187: 1168: 1144: 1131: 1112:(4): 201–212. 1087: 1075: 1056:(3): 420–435. 1040: 1032:Mossberger, K. 1021: 990: 969: 959: 957: 954: 953: 952: 950:Rural Internet 947: 945:Net neutrality 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 895:Digital rights 892: 887: 882: 880:Digital divide 877: 872: 867: 860: 857: 843: 842:Economic gains 840: 831:social capital 826: 825:Social capital 823: 686: 683: 656: 655:State Networks 653: 649:net neutrality 632: 629: 628: 627: 621: 615: 609: 605:State Networks 602: 596: 589: 569: 566: 564: 561: 540:the Internet. 533: 530: 499:digital divide 473: 470: 457: 454: 453: 452: 438: 432: 426: 407: 406:Infrastructure 404: 402: 399: 370: 367: 362:New York Times 353: 350: 324: 321: 307: 304: 274: 271: 261: 258: 244: 241: 225:Digital divide 211: 208: 163: 162: 145: 144: 122: 120: 113: 106: 105: 82: 80: 73: 68: 42: 41: 39: 32: 21:Digital divide 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3789: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3747:United States 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3608: 3592:on 2012-07-13 3591: 3587: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3560: 3549: 3545: 3542: 3536: 3533: 3520: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3470: 3467:53:1011–1031. 3463: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3398: 3395: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3360:on 2012-04-15 3359: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3335:on 2011-12-13 3334: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3292:on 2011-11-30 3291: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3192: 3185: 3184: 3176: 3173: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3140: 3133: 3132: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3105: 3104: 3096: 3093: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3057:on 2011-10-31 3056: 3052: 3046: 3043: 3032:on 2013-01-11 3028: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3001:on 2013-03-13 3000: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2972:on 2006-08-18 2971: 2967: 2965: 2957: 2954: 2943:on 2007-06-07 2942: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2896:on 2002-10-08 2895: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2783:on 2012-05-17 2779: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2748: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2696:on 2012-11-08 2695: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2607: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2565: 2560: 2554: 2550: 2549: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2514: 2506: 2503: 2492: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2474: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2455: 2452: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2428: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2412: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2363: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2291: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2230: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2208: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2181: 2178: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2134: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2099: 2096: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2016: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1986: 1983: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1953: 1950: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1903: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1733: 1732:Broadband Now 1729: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1671:on 2012-06-16 1667: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1628:on 2012-01-13 1627: 1623: 1617: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1596: 1589: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1546: 1543: 1532: 1528: 1521: 1518: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1463:September 20, 1459: 1455: 1448: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1347:(6): e65782. 1346: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1320: 1313: 1307: 1304: 1293:on 2016-01-06 1292: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1274: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1220: 1217: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1079: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1044: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1007: 1000: 994: 991: 986: 982: 976: 974: 970: 964: 961: 955: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 862: 858: 856: 852: 848: 841: 839: 835: 832: 824: 822: 819: 814: 812: 807: 805: 801: 796: 792: 788: 784: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 750: 748: 745:In 2003, the 743: 739: 737: 733: 729: 724: 721: 717: 713: 711: 710:Cisco Systems 706: 704: 698: 696: 692: 684: 682: 679: 673: 671: 667: 663: 654: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 630: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 606: 603: 600: 597: 593: 590: 587: 584: 583: 582: 579: 574: 567: 562: 560: 557: 552: 549: 545: 541: 537: 531: 529: 527: 521: 519: 514: 512: 508: 502: 501: 500: 494: 486: 478: 471: 469: 466: 462: 455: 447: 442: 439: 436: 433: 430: 427: 424: 421: 420: 419: 416: 412: 405: 400: 398: 394: 391: 386: 384: 375: 368: 366: 363: 358: 351: 349: 347: 343: 337: 335: 329: 322: 320: 316: 312: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 279: 272: 270: 266: 259: 257: 253: 249: 242: 240: 238: 233: 232: 230: 226: 216: 209: 207: 203: 199: 197: 193: 189: 186:In 1995, The 184: 182: 178: 174: 170: 159: 156: 141: 129: 127: 121: 112: 111: 102: 92: 86: 83:This article 81: 72: 71: 66: 64: 57: 56: 51: 50: 45: 40: 31: 30: 26: 22: 3746: 3732:South Africa 3727:Saudi Arabia 3594:. Retrieved 3590:the original 3580: 3568:|title= 3548:the original 3540: 3535: 3523:. Retrieved 3518: 3509: 3501:mckinsey.com 3500: 3472: 3462: 3453: 3440: 3429:. Retrieved 3426:www.ncsl.org 3425: 3416: 3408:Congress.gov 3407: 3397: 3386:. Retrieved 3382: 3373: 3362:. Retrieved 3358:the original 3348: 3337:. Retrieved 3333:the original 3328: 3319: 3305: 3294:. Retrieved 3290:the original 3285: 3276: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3240: 3216:. Retrieved 3211: 3202: 3191:the original 3182: 3175: 3163:. Retrieved 3159: 3150: 3139:the original 3130: 3123: 3110: 3102: 3095: 3083:. Retrieved 3079: 3070: 3059:. Retrieved 3055:the original 3045: 3034:. Retrieved 3027:the original 3014: 3003:. Retrieved 2999:the original 2994: 2985: 2974:. Retrieved 2970:the original 2963: 2956: 2945:. Retrieved 2941:the original 2936: 2927: 2918: 2909: 2898:. Retrieved 2894:the original 2889: 2880: 2872: 2867: 2856:. Retrieved 2852: 2843: 2834: 2805: 2796: 2785:. Retrieved 2778:the original 2765: 2754:. Retrieved 2734: 2723:. Retrieved 2709: 2698:. Retrieved 2694:the original 2684: 2666: 2649: 2640: 2631: 2623: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2580:. Retrieved 2576: 2567: 2547: 2540: 2512: 2505: 2494:. Retrieved 2490: 2481: 2461: 2454: 2443:. Retrieved 2439: 2430: 2410: 2403: 2390: 2379:. Retrieved 2375: 2365: 2354:. Retrieved 2350: 2322:. Retrieved 2318: 2309: 2300: 2290: 2281: 2271: 2263: 2229: 2220: 2210: 2198:. Retrieved 2194:the original 2189: 2180: 2169:. Retrieved 2167:. 2014-06-23 2164: 2155: 2146: 2133: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2087:. Retrieved 2083: 2074: 2028: 2024: 2018: 2007:. Retrieved 1995: 1985: 1974:. Retrieved 1962: 1952: 1941:. Retrieved 1929: 1905: 1895: 1886: 1876: 1867: 1857: 1848: 1838: 1809: 1791: 1778: 1770: 1736:. Retrieved 1734:. 2018-08-14 1731: 1707:. Retrieved 1703: 1693: 1684: 1673:. Retrieved 1666:the original 1653: 1630:. Retrieved 1626:the original 1616: 1607: 1598: 1588: 1563: 1559: 1545: 1534:. Retrieved 1530: 1520: 1509:. Retrieved 1504: 1495: 1486: 1461:. Retrieved 1457: 1447: 1438: 1412: 1390: 1371: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1325:February 23, 1323:. Retrieved 1318: 1306: 1295:. Retrieved 1291:the original 1281: 1266: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1208:. Retrieved 1199: 1190: 1171: 1160:. Retrieved 1156: 1147: 1134: 1109: 1105: 1078: 1053: 1049: 1043: 1036:C.J. Tolbert 1013:. Retrieved 993: 984: 963: 853: 849: 845: 836: 828: 815: 808: 800:Doris Matsui 797: 793: 789: 785: 782: 773: 763: 751: 744: 740: 725: 722: 718: 714: 707: 699: 694: 688: 674: 658: 641:Philadelphia 634: 623: 617: 611: 604: 598: 591: 585: 575: 571: 553: 550: 546: 542: 538: 535: 522: 515: 503: 496: 495: 491: 467: 463: 459: 435:Baby Boomers 429:Generation X 417: 413: 409: 395: 390:Jen Schradie 387: 380: 361: 359: 355: 338: 330: 326: 317: 313: 309: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 267: 263: 254: 250: 246: 234: 222: 221: 204: 200: 192:Bill Clinton 185: 180: 172: 168: 166: 151: 135: 124: 96: 89:Please help 84: 60: 53: 47: 46:Please help 43: 3737:South Korea 3722:Philippines 3383:GovTrack.us 3241:America.gov 2351:www.nea.org 2200:December 9, 1709:January 30, 1358:1932-6203. 766:Gale Brewer 759:Super Wi-Fi 670:public good 423:Millennials 342:screen time 179:and in the 138:August 2015 3766:Categories 3652:Bangladesh 3596:2011-12-09 3431:2021-05-15 3388:2016-02-12 3364:2011-12-09 3339:2011-12-09 3296:2011-12-09 3218:2010-05-01 3076:"About Us" 3061:2011-12-09 3036:2011-12-09 3005:2013-03-20 2976:2011-12-09 2947:2011-12-09 2900:2011-12-09 2858:2021-05-15 2787:2012-11-15 2756:2021-03-03 2725:2021-02-18 2700:2012-11-15 2582:2022-05-31 2496:2022-05-30 2445:2022-05-30 2381:2021-05-15 2356:2021-05-15 2324:2021-05-15 2171:2020-10-19 2089:2020-10-16 2009:2019-07-08 1976:2019-07-08 1943:2019-07-08 1738:2020-10-15 1675:2011-12-09 1632:2011-12-09 1536:2016-12-12 1511:2016-12-12 1297:2017-12-07 1210:2021-05-15 1162:2021-05-14 1015:2011-12-09 956:References 645:monopolies 618:Tax Policy 612:Telehealth 595:build-out. 99:April 2017 91:clarify it 49:improve it 3647:Argentina 3165:August 1, 3085:August 1, 2262:" (PDF). 2125:145164317 2045:0021-9916 2004:0362-4331 1971:0362-4331 1938:0362-4331 1769:" (PDF). 1458:USA Today 1366:23840366. 1362:3694126. 1248:146742985 1070:144011627 388:In 2018, 383:Hargittai 381:Shaw and 55:talk page 3742:Thailand 3717:Pakistan 3692:Malaysia 3672:Ethiopia 3667:Colombia 3559:cite web 3541:oecd.org 3525:July 30, 3329:iesc.org 3286:iesc.org 3212:BBC News 3116:Planning 2995:nara.gov 2747:Archived 2719:Archived 2256:Archived 2064:Archived 1763:Archived 1593:Project. 1580:18619121 1379:Archived 1341:PLoS ONE 1256:Archived 1204:Archived 1180:Archived 1126:17784485 1006:Archived 859:See also 732:EDUCAUSE 456:Location 227:and the 3752:Vietnam 3712:Nigeria 3702:Myanmar 3697:Morocco 3682:Germany 3477:Canada. 2937:cfy.org 985:doc.gov 516:In the 3677:France 3657:Canada 3521:. 2002 3311:"Home" 2555: 2528: 2469: 2418: 2376:NetRef 2123: 2043: 2002: 1969: 1936: 1578: 1321:. 2018 1246: 1124: 1068: 940:NetDay 323:Income 243:Gender 173:access 3707:Nepal 3687:Japan 3662:China 3551:(PDF) 3194:(PDF) 3187:(PDF) 3142:(PDF) 3135:(PDF) 3107:(PDF) 3030:(PDF) 3023:(PDF) 2781:(PDF) 2774:(PDF) 2750:(PDF) 2743:(PDF) 2143:(PDF) 2121:S2CID 1669:(PDF) 1662:(PDF) 1576:S2CID 1315:(PDF) 1244:S2CID 1122:S2CID 1106:Libri 1066:S2CID 1009:(PDF) 1002:(PDF) 730:gave 3572:help 3527:2004 3167:2013 3087:2013 2553:ISBN 2526:ISBN 2467:ISBN 2416:ISBN 2202:2011 2041:ISSN 2000:ISSN 1967:ISSN 1934:ISSN 1711:2014 1465:2017 1364:PMID 1356:ISSN 1327:2020 726:The 167:The 23:and 3264:doi 2823:doi 2673:doi 2656:doi 2518:doi 2113:doi 2033:doi 1798:doi 1568:doi 1360:PMC 1349:doi 1236:doi 1114:doi 1058:doi 260:Age 175:to 3768:: 3563:: 3561:}} 3557:{{ 3517:. 3499:. 3482:^ 3424:. 3406:. 3381:. 3327:. 3284:. 3260:31 3258:. 3239:. 3227:^ 3210:. 3158:. 3078:. 2993:. 2935:. 2917:. 2888:. 2851:. 2814:^ 2745:. 2717:. 2639:. 2599:. 2575:. 2524:. 2489:. 2438:. 2374:. 2349:. 2333:^ 2317:. 2299:. 2280:. 2244:^ 2219:. 2188:. 2163:. 2145:. 2119:. 2109:48 2107:. 2082:. 2053:^ 2039:. 2029:68 2027:. 1998:. 1994:. 1965:. 1961:. 1932:. 1928:. 1914:^ 1904:. 1885:. 1866:. 1847:. 1822:^ 1747:^ 1730:. 1719:^ 1702:. 1641:^ 1606:. 1574:. 1564:41 1562:. 1558:. 1529:. 1503:. 1485:. 1473:^ 1456:. 1437:. 1421:^ 1411:. 1399:^ 1343:. 1317:. 1242:. 1232:34 1230:. 1198:. 1155:. 1120:. 1110:56 1108:. 1104:. 1090:^ 1064:. 1054:45 1052:. 1034:, 1024:^ 1004:. 983:. 972:^ 780:. 336:. 58:. 3629:e 3622:t 3615:v 3599:. 3574:) 3570:( 3529:. 3503:. 3448:. 3434:. 3410:. 3391:. 3367:. 3342:. 3313:. 3299:. 3270:. 3266:: 3243:. 3221:. 3169:. 3089:. 3064:. 3039:. 3008:. 2979:. 2966:" 2950:. 2921:. 2903:. 2861:. 2829:. 2825:: 2790:. 2759:. 2728:. 2703:. 2679:. 2675:: 2658:: 2585:. 2561:. 2534:. 2520:: 2499:. 2475:. 2448:. 2424:. 2398:. 2384:. 2359:. 2327:. 2303:. 2284:. 2251:" 2238:. 2223:. 2204:. 2174:. 2149:. 2127:. 2115:: 2092:. 2047:. 2035:: 2012:. 1979:. 1946:. 1908:. 1889:. 1870:. 1851:. 1833:. 1817:. 1804:. 1800:: 1786:. 1758:" 1741:. 1713:. 1678:. 1635:. 1582:. 1570:: 1539:. 1514:. 1489:. 1467:. 1441:. 1415:. 1351:: 1345:8 1329:. 1300:. 1250:. 1238:: 1213:. 1165:. 1142:. 1128:. 1116:: 1072:. 1060:: 1018:. 987:. 231:. 158:) 152:( 140:) 136:( 130:. 101:) 97:( 93:. 87:. 65:) 61:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.