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the widespread adoption of the DOI system, to cooperate with the IDF in the development of the DOI system as a whole, and to provide services on behalf of their specific user community. A list of current RAs is maintained by the
International DOI Foundation. The IDF is recognized as one of the federated registrars for the Handle System by the DONA Foundation (of which the IDF is a board member), and is responsible for assigning Handle System prefixes under the top-level
599:, and is freely available to any user encountering a DOI name. Resolution redirects the user from a DOI name to one or more pieces of typed data: URLs representing instances of the object, services such as e-mail, or one or more items of metadata. To the Handle System, a DOI name is a handle, and so has a set of values assigned to it and may be thought of as a record that consists of a group of fields. Each handle value must have a data type specified in its
4696:
788:(RDS) to find the service appropriate to the given URN scheme. However no such widely deployed RDS schemes currently exist.... DOI is not registered as a URN namespace, despite fulfilling all the functional requirements, since URN registration appears to offer no advantage to the DOI System. It requires an additional layer of administration for defining DOI as a URN namespace (the string
695:
36:
583:(URN) or PURL but differs from an ordinary URL. URLs are often used as substitute identifiers for documents on the Internet although the same document at two different locations has two URLs. By contrast, persistent identifiers such as DOI names identify objects as first class entities: two instances of the same object would have the same DOI name.
682:, thereby avoiding the conversion of the DOIs to URLs, which depend on domain names and may be subject to change, while still allowing the DOI to be treated as a normal hyperlink. A disadvantage of this approach for publishers is that, at least at present, most users will be encountering the DOIs in a browser,
559:
The comparison of persistent identifier approaches is difficult because they are not all doing the same thing. Imprecisely referring to a set of schemes as "identifiers" does not mean that they can be compared easily. Other "identifier systems" may be enabling technologies with low barriers to entry,
750:
met the ISO requirements for approval. The relevant ISO Working Group later submitted an edited version to ISO for distribution as an FDIS (Final Draft
International Standard) ballot, which was approved by 100% of those voting in a ballot closing on 15 November 2010. The final standard was published
722:
Registration agencies, appointed by the IDF, provide services to DOI registrants: they allocate DOI prefixes, register DOI names, and provide the necessary infrastructure to allow registrants to declare and maintain metadata and state data. Registration agencies are also expected to actively promote
555:
resolution to related current data and is best suited to material that will be used in services outside the direct control of the issuing assigner (e.g., public citation or managing content of value). It uses a managed registry (providing both social and technical infrastructure). It does not assume
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with objects, allowing it to provide users with relevant pieces of information about the objects and their relationships. Included as part of this metadata are network actions that allow DOI names to be resolved to web locations where the objects they describe can be found. To achieve its goals, the
195:
The DOI for a document remains fixed over the lifetime of the document, whereas its location and other metadata may change. Referring to an online document by its DOI should provide a more stable link than directly using its URL. But if its URL changes, the publisher must update the metadata for the
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to select the most appropriate among multiple locations for a given object, according to the location of the user making the request. However, despite this ability, the DOI system has drawn criticism from librarians for directing users to non-free copies of documents, that would have been available
342:
The CrossRef recommendation is primarily based on the assumption that the DOI is being displayed without being hyperlinked to its appropriate URL—the argument being that without the hyperlink it is not as easy to copy-and-paste the full URL to actually bring up the page for the DOI, thus the entire
718:
The IDF is controlled by a Board elected by the members of the
Foundation, with an appointed Managing Agent who is responsible for co-ordinating and planning its activities. Membership is open to all organizations with an interest in electronic publishing and related enabling technologies. The IDF
714:
relating to the DOI system, manages common operational features, and supports the development and promotion of the DOI system. The IDF ensures that any improvements made to the DOI system (including creation, maintenance, registration, resolution and policymaking of DOI names) are available to any
500:
as used within the DOI system associates metadata with objects. A small kernel of common metadata is shared by all DOI names and can be optionally extended with other relevant data, which may be public or restricted. Registrants may update the metadata for their DOI names at any time, such as when
475:
The Handle System ensures that the DOI name for an object is not based on any changeable attributes of the object such as its physical location or ownership, that the attributes of the object are encoded in its metadata rather than in its DOI name, and that no two objects are assigned the same DOI
504:
The
International DOI Foundation (IDF) oversees the integration of these technologies and operation of the system through a technical and social infrastructure. The social infrastructure of a federation of independent registration agencies offering DOI services was modelled on existing successful
203:
The developer and administrator of the DOI system is the
International DOI Foundation (IDF), which introduced it in 2000. Organizations that meet the contractual obligations of the DOI system and are willing to pay to become a member of the system can assign DOIs. The DOI system is implemented
548:, etc. The purpose of an identifier registry is to manage a given collection of identifiers, whereas the primary purpose of the DOI system is to make a collection of identifiers actionable and interoperable, where that collection can include identifiers from many other controlled collections.
287:
The names can refer to objects at varying levels of detail: thus DOI names can identify a journal, an individual issue of a journal, an individual article in the journal, or a single table in that article. The choice of level of detail is left to the assigner, but in the DOI system it must be
571:
The DOI system does not have this approach and should not be compared directly to such identifier schemes. Various applications using such enabling technologies with added features have been devised that meet some of the features offered by the DOI system for specific sectors (e.g.,
204:
through a federation of registration agencies coordinated by the IDF. By late April 2011 more than 50 million DOI names had been assigned by some 4,000 organizations, and by April 2013 this number had grown to 85 million DOI names assigned through 9,500 organizations.
796:) and an additional step of unnecessary redirection to access the resolution service, already achieved through either http proxy or native resolution. If RDS mechanisms supporting URN specifications become widely available, DOI will be registered as a URN.
459:, in which each DOI name permanently and unambiguously identifies the object to which it is associated (although when the publisher of a journal changes, sometimes all the DOIs will be changed, with the old DOIs no longer working). It also associates
603:
field, which defines the syntax and semantics of its data. While a DOI persistently and uniquely identifies the object to which it is assigned, DOI resolution may not be persistent, due to technical and administrative issues.
4022:
2301:
644:. Indeed, as previously mentioned, this is how CrossRef recommends that DOIs always be represented (preferring HTTPS over HTTP), so that if they are cut-and-pasted into other documents, emails, etc., they will be actionable.
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any specific business model for the provision of identifiers or services and enables other existing services to link to it in defined ways. Several approaches for making identifiers persistent have been proposed.
2220:
425:, each table or graph in an OECD publication is shown with a DOI name that leads to an Excel file of data underlying the tables and graphs. Further development of such services is planned.
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All DOI prefixes begin with "10" to distinguish the DOI from other implementations of the Handle System followed by a four-digit number or string (the prefix can be longer if necessary).
418:
409:
Permanent global identifiers for both commercial and non-commercial audio/visual content titles, edits, and manifestations through the
Entertainment ID Registry, commonly known as
1295:
The registrant code may be further divided into sub-elements for administrative convenience if desired. Each sub-element of the registrant code shall be preceded by a full stop.
488:, and is engineered to operate reliably and flexibly so that it can be adapted to changing demands and new applications of the DOI system. DOI name-resolution may be used with
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Registration agencies generally charge a fee to assign a new DOI name; parts of these fees are used to support the IDF. The DOI system overall, through the IDF, operates on a
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The prefix identifies the registrant of the identifier and the suffix is chosen by the registrant and identifies the specific object associated with that DOI. Most legal
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specification. The DOI name-resolution mechanism acts behind the scenes, so that users communicate with it in the same way as with any other web service; it is built on
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Assuming the publishers do their job of maintaining the databases, these centralized references, unlike current web links, should never become outdated or broken
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655:. At the beginning of the year 2016, a new class of alternative DOI resolvers was started by http://doai.io. This service is unusual in that it tries to find a
596:
1477:
568:(GUIDs), etc.), but may lack some of the functionality of a registry-controlled scheme and will usually lack accompanying metadata in a controlled scheme.
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265:. The "10" part of the prefix distinguishes the handle as part of the DOI namespace, as opposed to some other Handle System namespace, and the characters
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327:) instead of the officially specified format. This URL is persistent (there is a contract that ensures persistence in the DOI.ORG domain), so it is a
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DOI registrant. It also prevents third parties from imposing additional licensing requirements beyond those of the IDF on users of the DOI system.
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DOI to maintain the link to the URL. It is the publisher's responsibility to update the DOI database. If they fail to do so, the DOI resolves to a
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Franklin, Jack (2003). "Open access to scientific and technical information: the state of the art". In Grüttemeier, Herbert; Mahon, Barry (eds.).
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403:
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URL should be displayed, allowing people viewing the page containing the DOI to copy-and-paste the URL, by hand, into a new window/tab in their
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1371:
20:
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1043:
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Langston, Marc; Tyler, James (2004). "Linking to
Journal Articles in an Online Teaching Environment: The Persistent Link, DOI, and OpenURL".
1000:
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181:
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4452:
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3358:
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2919:
2368:
2254:
671:). While traditional DOI resolvers solely rely on the Handle System, alternative DOI resolvers first consult open access resources such as
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DOI names can identify creative works (such as texts, images, audio or video items, and software) in both electronic and physical forms,
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3626:
3423:
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1829:
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name. Because DOI names are short character strings, they are human-readable, may be copied and pasted as text, and fit into the
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667:. Since then, other open-access favoring DOI resolvers have been created, notably https://oadoi.org/ in October 2016 (later
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A DOI aims to resolve to its target, the information object to which the DOI refers. This is achieved by binding the DOI to
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in its technical committee on identification and description, TC46/SC9. The Draft
International Standard ISO/DIS 26324,
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246:, whose limit depends only on the total number of registrants. The prefix may be further subdivided with periods, like
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374:(JaLC) an organization providing link management and DOI assignment for electronic academic journals in Japanese.
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into a resolver is to include the DOI in a document as a URL which uses the resolver as an HTTP proxy, such as
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in the prefix identify the registrant; in this case the registrant is the
International DOI Foundation itself.
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381:, a consortium of leading research libraries, technical information providers, and scientific data centers;
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standard, first standardized in 2000, ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2005 Syntax for the
Digital Object Identifier.
710:), a non-profit organization created in 1997, is the governance body of the DOI system. It safeguards all
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providing an easy to use labeling mechanism that allows anyone to set up a new instance (examples include
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529:, rather than the specific place where the object is located at a certain time. It implements the
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is the suffix, or item ID, identifying a single object (in this case, the latest version of the
153:). They are widely used to identify academic, professional, and government information, such as
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1308:"Frequently asked questions about the DOI system: 6. What can a DOI name be assigned to?"
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Open access to scientific and technical information: state of the art and future trends
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The maintainers of the DOI system have deliberately not registered a DOI namespace for
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1857:. CAPSH (Committee for the Accessibility of Publications in Sciences and Humanities).
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918:"ISO 26324:2012(en), Information and documentation – Digital object identifier system"
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A DOI name does not depend on the object's location and, in this way, is similar to a
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explicitly states that DOIs should be displayed on screens and in print in the format
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An alternative to HTTP proxies is to use one of a number of add-ons and plug-ins for
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370:, a leading provider of Chinese and Taiwanese electronic academic journals; and the
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1915:
1078:"Digital Object Identifier (DOI) Under the Context of Research Data Librarianship"
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A DOI name differs from commonly used Internet pointers to material, such as the
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1974:
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2029:. International Organization for Standardization. 10 May 2012. Archived from
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1187:"DOI News, April 2011: 1. DOI System exceeds 50 million assigned identifiers"
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1128:
1094:
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323:, a major DOI registration agency, recommends displaying a URL (for example,
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declared as part of the metadata that is associated with a DOI name, using a
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Other registries are identified by other strings at the start of the prefix.
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publication information changes or when an object moves to a different URL.
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in order to go to the appropriate page for the document the DOI represents.
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1129:"Digital Object Identifiers: Promise and problems for scholarly publishing"
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1223:. Publishers International Linking Association, Inc. 2013. Archived from
826:
686:, or other software which does not have one of these plug-ins installed.
460:
429:
378:
363:
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197:
189:
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2185:– DOI Foundation service for converting long DOIs to shorter equivalents
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A DOI name also differs from standard identifier registries such as the
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2570:
1421:"Resolving DOI Based URNs Using Squid: An Experimental System at UKOLN"
821:
656:
489:
227:
1609:
969:
284:, and abstract works such as licenses, parties to a transaction, etc.
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367:
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divided into two parts, a prefix and a suffix, separated by a slash.
2139:"ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2005 Syntax for the Digital Object Identifier"
1882:"Co-opting 'Official' Channels through Infrastructures for Openness"
766:. info:doi/ is the infoURI Namespace of Digital Object Identifiers.
719:
holds annual open meetings on the topics of DOI and related issues.
230:
characters are allowed in these strings, which are interpreted in a
35:
3950:
663:) version of a title and redirects the user to that instead of the
212:
A DOI is a type of Handle System handle, which takes the form of a
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3731:
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3418:
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2448:
991:
Witten, Ian H.; Bainbridge, David & Nichols, David M. (2010).
846:
816:
693:
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To resolve a DOI name, it may be input to a DOI resolver, such as
19:
For the use of digital object identifiers on Knowledge (XXG), see
1941:
1344:. 13 February 2014. Section 2.6.1 Screen and print presentation.
1109:
Paskin, Norman (2010), "Digital Object Identifier (DOI) System",
537:) concept and adds to it a data model and social infrastructure.
4144:
4007:
4000:
3666:
3611:
3211:
2822:
2247:
851:
770:
748:
Information and documentation – Digital Object Identifier System
541:
510:
410:
395:
328:
177:
2385:
2202:
1281:. International DOI Foundation. 1 February 2016. Archived from
141:
used to uniquely identify various objects, standardized by the
4631:
4321:
3373:
2356:
ISO 27730: International Standard Collection Identifier (ISCI)
2193:
1589:"Assigning Digital Object Identifiers to RFCs § DOIs for RFCs"
921:
777:
636:
506:
169:
90:
1669:
DeRisi, Susanne; Kennison, Rebecca; and Twyman, Nick (2003).
742:
The DOI system is an international standard developed by the
640:. This approach allows users to click on the DOI as a normal
406:(ISTIC), two initiatives sponsored by the Chinese government.
2189:
Factsheet: DOI System and Internet Identifier Specifications
803:
Factsheet: DOI System and Internet Identifier Specifications
1531:"We Need Publishing Standards for Datasets and Data Tables"
172:
where the object is located. Thus, by being actionable and
404:
Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China
16:
ISO standard unique string identifier for a digital object
2083:"Standards and Specifications: 1. ISO TC46/SC9 Standards"
2027:"Digital object identifier (DOI) becomes an ISO standard"
1558:
1250:"Factsheet—Key Facts on Digital Object Identifier System"
2004:
2175:
1127:
Davidson, Lloyd A.; Douglas, Kimberly (December 1998).
2182:
1113:(3rd ed.), Taylor and Francis, pp. 1586–1592
419:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
947:
455:
The IDF designed the DOI system to provide a form of
434:
multilingual European DOI Registration Agency (mEDRA)
1470:"Crossref Revises DOI Display Guidelines - Crossref"
1394:"New Crossref DOI display guidelines are on the way"
626:, both of which support HTTPS. For example, the DOI
355:
Major content of the DOI system currently includes:
184:
which are identifiers only. The DOI system uses the
157:
articles, research reports, data sets, and official
4614:
4340:
3492:
2441:
1769:"DOI System and Internet Identifier Specifications"
1266:
Over 18,000 DOI name prefixes within the DOI System
1160:
995:(2nd ed.). Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 352–253.
793:
789:
608:
525:(URL), in that it identifies an object itself as a
339:to the correct online location of the linked item.
96:
86:
68:
58:
50:
42:
2302:International Standard Identifier for Libraries...
1854:
493:for no additional fee from alternative locations.
1916:"Introducing oaDOI: resolve a DOI straight to OA"
647:Other DOI resolvers and HTTP Proxies include the
62:
2113:"About "info" URIs – Frequently Asked Questions"
1111:Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences
362:(journal articles, books, ebooks, etc.) through
2144:. National Information Standards Organization.
1967:"Chapter 7: The International DOI Foundation".
1795:"DOI System and standard identifier registries"
1559:"multilingual European DOI Registration Agency"
782:
2269:International Securities Identification Number
1909:
1907:
1820:International DOI Foundation (7 August 2014).
744:International Organization for Standardization
143:International Organization for Standardization
2397:
2214:
1252:. International DOI Foundation. 6 June 2016.
597:Corporation for National Research Initiatives
505:federated deployments of identifiers such as
8:
591:DOI name resolution is provided through the
28:
2089:. Doi.org. 18 November 2010. Archived from
1044:"How the "Digital Object Identifier" Works"
366:, a consortium of around 3,000 publishers;
2404:
2390:
2382:
2221:
2207:
2199:
234:manner. The prefix usually takes the form
115:
2309:International Standard Audiovisual Number
1698:
1688:
1608:
1542:
1432:
1144:
1093:
614:Another approach, which avoids typing or
396:Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure
145:(ISO). DOIs are an implementation of the
21:Knowledge (XXG):Digital Object Identifier
2316:International Standard Musical Work Code
1849:
1847:
517:Comparison with other identifier schemes
2059:. Doi.org. 28 June 2010. Archived from
906:
886:
149:; they also fit within the URI system (
2351:International Standard Name Identifier
2323:International Standard Link Identifier
2119:from the original on 27 September 2010
1671:"Editorial: The what and whys of DOIs"
1510:from the original on 29 September 2020
980:from the original on 25 December 2022.
27:
2262:International Standard Recording Code
1374:from the original on 24 November 2016
1318:from the original on 16 February 2023
912:
910:
784:URN architecture assumes a DNS-based
242:is a number greater than or equal to
7:
2369:Virtual International Authority File
2277:: Issuer Identification Number (IIN)
2255:International Standard Serial Number
1948:from the original on 8 February 2017
1914:Piwowar, Heather (25 October 2016).
1892:from the original on 19 October 2016
1880:Schonfeld, Roger C. (3 March 2016).
1565:from the original on 1 February 2018
1400:from the original on 19 October 2016
1122:
1120:
958:from the original on 7 January 2023.
675:(Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).
2288:International Standard Music Number
1861:from the original on 25 August 2016
1167:from the original on 13 August 2010
562:Persistent Uniform Resource Locator
2283:: Business Entity Identifier (BIC)
2248:International Standard Book Number
1922:from the original on 17 March 2017
1832:from the original on 31 March 2015
1749:from the original on 7 August 2022
1480:from the original on 25 April 2018
754:DOI is a registered URI under the
630:can be included in a reference or
551:The DOI system offers persistent,
387:official publications through the
14:
2295:International Bank Account Number
2229:International numbering standards
2151:from the original on 25 June 2021
1801:from the original on 26 June 2010
1775:from the original on 26 June 2010
1650:from the original on 8 March 2013
1449:from the original on 13 June 2010
1348:from the original on 30 June 2014
1197:from the original on 27 July 2011
1082:Journal of eScience Librarianship
1018:The Internet and Higher Education
928:from the original on 17 June 2016
4695:
4694:
2337:International Standard Text Code
1714:
1617:from the original on 8 July 2017
1256:from the original on 5 June 2016
1133:Journal of Electronic Publishing
34:
2053:"Standards and Specifications"
1997:"Multi-Primary Administrators"
1050:. 23 July 2001. Archived from
993:How to Build a Digital Library
801:International DOI Foundation,
472:with a social infrastructure.
331:—providing the location of an
1:
1636:Timmer, John (6 March 2010).
873:Universally unique identifier
253:For example, in the DOI name
1690:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000057
1638:"DOIs and their discontents"
1030:10.1016/j.iheduc.2003.11.004
786:Resolution Discovery Service
712:intellectual property rights
704:International DOI Foundation
690:IDF organizational structure
168:about the object, such as a
63:International DOI Foundation
1217:"doi info & guidelines"
1161:"Welcome to the DOI System"
637:https://doi.org/10.1000/182
566:Globally Unique Identifiers
531:Uniform Resource Identifier
325:https://doi.org/10.1000/182
200:, leaving the DOI useless.
151:Uniform Resource Identifier
74:; 24 years ago
4752:
1419:Powell, Andy (June 1998).
1338:"DOI Handbook – Numbering"
1279:"DOI Handbook—2 Numbering"
553:semantically interoperable
377:Research datasets through
18:
4690:
2423:
2344:Digital Object Identifier
2241:
2234:
2087:Overviews & Standards
2057:Overviews & Standards
1973:. Doi.org. Archived from
1735:. IOS Press. p. 74.
1500:"Japan Link Center(JaLC)"
1163:. Doi.org. 28 June 2010.
857:Publisher Item Identifier
457:persistent identification
428:Other registries include
127:digital object identifier
46:Digital object identifier
33:
29:Digital object identifier
1771:. Doi.org. 18 May 2010.
1368:"DOI Display Guidelines"
1146:10.3998/3336451.0004.203
1095:10.7191/jeslib.2021.1180
792:rather than the simpler
523:Uniform Resource Locator
464:DOI system combines the
2330:Legal Entity Identifier
421:'s publication service
208:Nomenclature and syntax
807:
699:
698:Logo of the foundation
389:EU publications office
1886:The Scholarly Kitchen
1434:10.1045/june98-powell
868:Scientific literature
734:cost recovery basis.
697:
581:Uniform Resource Name
535:Uniform Resource Name
451:Features and benefits
440:can be referenced as
176:, a DOI differs from
135:persistent identifier
4726:Electronic documents
1544:10.1787/603233448430
1535:Research Information
1088:(2): Article e1180.
769:The DOI syntax is a
498:indecs Content Model
470:indecs Content Model
335:which will redirect
294:indecs Content Model
186:indecs Content Model
4721:Academic publishing
2194:CrossRef DOI lookup
1561:. mEDRA.org. 2003.
1504:japanlinkcenter.org
952:Handle.Net Registry
948:"The Handle System"
665:publisher's version
616:cutting-and-pasting
400:Tsinghua University
360:Scholarly materials
30:
4736:Index (publishing)
2417:by standard number
2007:on 14 January 2017
1942:"DOI System Tools"
1529:Green, T. (2009).
1227:on 21 October 2002
758:specified by IETF
751:on 23 April 2012.
700:
624:http://dx.doi.org/
527:first-class entity
482:open architectures
261:and the suffix is
4708:
4707:
2431:ISO romanizations
2379:
2378:
2115:. Info-uri.info.
1742:978-1-58603-377-4
1193:. 20 April 2011.
1076:Liu, Jia (2021).
1054:on 2 October 2010
1002:978-0-12-374857-7
842:Object identifier
837:Metadata standard
790:urn:doi:10.1000/1
372:Japan Link Center
123:
122:
4743:
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4697:
2418:
2406:
2399:
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2209:
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2179:
2178:
2176:Official website
2161:
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2068:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2033:on 2 August 2012
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2003:. Archived from
1993:
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832:Digital identity
805:
795:
791:
780:, stating that:
726:
639:
629:
625:
621:
620:https://doi.org/
602:
486:trust mechanisms
446:
442:doi:10.17487/rfc
326:
315:Contrary to the
311:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:, the prefix is
256:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:case-insensitive
222:
214:character string
119:
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31:
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2064:
2063:on 26 June 2010
2051:
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2010:
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2001:DONA Foundation
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1977:on 10 July 2015
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1668:
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1585:Levine, John R.
1583:
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1314:. 3 July 2018.
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1285:on 30 June 2014
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806:
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756:info URI scheme
740:
738:Standardization
724:
692:
661:author archived
635:
627:
623:
622:(preferred) or
619:
600:
595:, developed by
589:
519:
484:, incorporates
453:
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353:
324:
310:doi:10.1000/182
309:
302:
290:data dictionary
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108:/the-identifier
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2093:on 4 July 2011
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564:(PURL), URLs,
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110:/what-is-a-doi
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1378:19 October
901:References
587:Resolution
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4075:15926 WIP
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4700:Category
2425:List of
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