471:'s were early forerunners making some of the early market advances in the arena, but the arena has become crowded today with many manufacturers. In transmission line and generator protection, by the mid-1990s the digital relay had nearly replaced the solid state and electro-mechanical relay in new construction. In distribution applications, the replacement by the digital relay proceeded a bit more slowly. While the great majority of feeder relays in new applications today are digital, the solid state relay still sees some use where simplicity of the application allows for simpler relays, which allows one to avoid the complexity of digital relays.
376:
1044:
1623:
36:
133:
436:
in 1969. Westinghouse developed the first digital relay with the Prodar 70 being developed between 1969 and 1971. It was commissioned in service on a 230kV transmission line at PG&E's Tesla substation in
February 1971 and was in service for six years. In 2017, George received the IEEE Halperin
288:
The relay analyzes the resultant A/D converter outputs to determine if action is required under its protection algorithm(s). Protection algorithms are a set of logic equations in part designed by the protection engineer, and in part designed by the relay manufacturer. The relay is capable of applying
487:
device number. In the era of electromechanical and solid state relays, any one relay could implement only one or two protective functions, so a complete protection system may have many relays on its panel. In a digital/numeric relay, many functions are implemented by the microprocessor programming.
479:
Protective elements refer to the overall logic surrounding the electrical condition that is being monitored. For instance, a differential element refers to the logic required to monitor two (or more) currents, find their difference, and trip if the difference is beyond certain parameters. The term
423:
and comparator is used to create a DC that rises when a trip point is reached. Then a relatively simple microprocessor does a slow speed A/D conversion of the DC signal, integrates the results to create the time-overcurrent curve response, and trips when the integration rises above a set-point.
275:
Only the fundamental component is needed for most protection algorithms, unless a high speed algorithm is used that uses subcycle data to monitor for fast changing issues. The sampled data is then passed through a low pass filter that numerically removes the frequency content that is above the
437:
Electric
Transmission and Distribution Award. The award was for "pioneering development and practical demonstration of protective relaying of electric power systems with real-time digital computer techniques." George was chairman of the IEEE Power System Relaying and Control
387:
converts the voltages and currents to magnetic and electric forces and torques that press against spring tensions in the relay. The tension of the spring and taps on the electromagnetic coils in the relay are the main processes by which a user sets such a relay.
188:
to analyze power system voltages, currents or other process quantities for the purpose of detection of faults in an electric power system or industrial process system. A digital protective relay may also be called a "numeric protective relay".
323:
In some relays, a short history of the entire sampled data is kept for oscillographic records. The event recording would include some means for the user to see the timing of key logic decisions, relay I/O (input/output) changes, and see, in an
406:
does some of the relay logic, but the logic is fixed and simple. For instance, in some time overcurrent solid state relays, the incoming AC current is first converted into a small signal AC value, then the AC is fed into a
336:
Digital/numerical relays provide a front panel display, or display on a terminal through a communication interface. This is used to display relay settings and real-time current/voltage values, etc.
311:
The relay may have an extensive collection of settings, beyond what can be entered via front panel knobs and dials, and these settings are transferred to the relay via an interface with a PC (
432:
The digital/numeric relay was invented by George
Rockefeller. George conceived of it in his Master's Thesis in 1967–68 at Newark College of Engineering. He published his seminal paper
441:
committee (1981-1982) as well as a member of the "Computer
Relaying Subcommittee" which was created by the PSRC in 1971 and disbanded in 1978. He wrote the foreword for the PSRC
289:
advanced logic. It is capable of analyzing whether the relay should trip or restrain from tripping based on parameters set by the user, compared against many functions of its
395:, the incoming voltage and current wave-forms are monitored by analog circuits, not recorded or digitized. The analog values are compared to settings made by the user via
776:
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1568:
424:
Though this relay has a microprocessor, it lacks the attributes of a digital/numeric relay, and hence the term "microprocessor relay" is not a clear term.
771:
1647:
280:
of interest (i.e., nominal system frequency), and uses
Fourier transform algorithms to extract the fundamental frequency magnitude and angle.
442:
308:
jumpers to accessing the relay's internal parameter setting webpage via communications link on another computer hundreds of kilometers away.
1652:
1626:
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460:
701:
Rockefeller, G.D.; Udren, E.A.; Gilcrest, G.B. (1972). "High-Speed
Distance Relaying Using a Digital Computer I - System Description".
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from 4 to 64 (varies by relay) samples per power system cycle. As a minimum, magnitude of the incoming quantity, commonly using
53:
1356:
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More complex digital relays will have metering and communication protocol ports, allowing the relay to become an element in a
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and may include many protection functions in one unit, as well as providing metering, communication, and self-test functions.
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57:
72:
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and some form of averaging) would be used in a simple relay function. More advanced analysis can be used to determine
234:
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In 1971 M. Ramamoorty was the first to describe calculation of impedance for distance protection using discrete
157:
86:
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Rockefeller, G.D.; Udren, E.A. (1972). "High-Speed
Distance Relaying Using a Digital Computer II-Test Results".
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68:
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904:
745:
710:
675:
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87 – Current
Differential (87L=transmission line diff; 87T=transformer diff; 87G=generator diff)
296:
If a fault condition is detected, output contacts operate to trip the associated circuit breaker(s).
258:
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The logic is user-configurable and can vary from simply changing front panel switches or moving of
230:
210:
455:
The first practical commercially available microprocessor based digital/numeric relay was made by
1387:
998:
229:
needs to sample faster than twice per cycle of the highest frequency that it is to monitor). The
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1538:
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1023:
826:
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93:
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For simplicity on one-line diagrams, the protection function is usually identified by an
214:
827:"Understanding Microprocessor-Based Technology Applied to Relaying" Working Group Report
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1206:
1008:
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315:), and this same PC interface may be used to collect event reports from the relay.
796:
Ramamoorty, M. (1971). "A note on impedance measurement using digital computers".
859:
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fashion, at least the fundamental component of the incoming analogue parameters.
1408:
1376:
1169:
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1003:
993:
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type protective relays. They are functional replacements for electro-mechanical
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153:
809:
1201:
529:
51 – Inverse Time
Overcurrent (N for neutral, G from ground current)
526:
50 – Instantaneous
Overcurrent (N for neutral, G for ground current)
379:
Electromechanical protective relays at a hydroelectric generation station
364:
352:
262:
250:
1122:
1112:
873:
541:
67 – Directional Over Current (typically controls a 50/51 element)
198:
666:
Rockefeller, G.D. (1969). "Fault Protection with a Digital Computer".
625:"George Dorwart Rockefeller - Engineering and Technology History Wiki"
438:
1117:
495:. A summary of some common device numbers seen in digital relays is:
420:
356:
348:
344:
772:"IEEE Herman Halperin Electric Transmission and Distribution Award"
602:
538:
64 – Ground Fault (64F = Field Ground, 64G = Generator Ground)
488:
Any one numeric relay may implement one or all of these functions.
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inputs, relay contact inputs, timing and order of event sequences.
480:
element and function are quite interchangeable in many instances.
464:
374:
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177:
131:
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484:
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877:
29:
355:(copper or fibre-optic). Communication languages may include
833:
Abdelmoumene, Abdelkader; Bentarzi, Hamid (23 June 2017).
152:
is a computer-based system with software-based protection
835:"A review on protective relays' developments and trends"
27:
System using algorithmic detection of electrical faults
863:
A review on protective relays' developments and trends
399:
in the relay, and in some case, taps on transformers.
601:. Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories. Archived from
867:
Video that explains overcurrent protection testing:
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1502:
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1401:
1255:
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1103:
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911:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
550:86 – Lockout Relay / Trip Circuit Supervision
777:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
738:IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems
703:IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems
668:IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems
599:"Schweitzer Programmable Automation Controller"
860:http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/jesa/v25n2/10.pdf
889:
8:
869:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bQ6fZrrP0H4
655:(MS thesis). Newark College of Engineering.
419:value proportionate to the AC waveform. An
1055:
896:
882:
874:
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
652:Fault protection with a digital computer
491:A listing of device numbers is found at
434:Fault Protection with a Digital Computer
343:system. Communication ports may include
590:
829:, IEEE Power System Relaying Committee
233:signal is then sampled by the relay's
649:Rockefeller, George D. (1968-05-31).
402:In some solid-state relays, a simple
205:signals (i.e., at the secondary of a
7:
839:Journal of Energy in Southern Africa
58:adding citations to reliable sources
523:47 – Negative Sequence Voltage
517:46 – Negative Sequence Current
514:32 – Directional Power Element
1574:Renewable energy commercialization
852:10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i2a2674
383:By contrast, an electromechanical
25:
160:. Such relays are also termed as
1622:
1621:
1042:
156:for the detection of electrical
34:
499:11 – Multi-function Device
221:content above about 1/3 of the
45:needs additional citations for
547:81 – Under/Over Frequency
1:
1648:Electric power infrastructure
1569:Renewable Energy Certificates
1529:Cost of electricity by source
1451:Arc-fault circuit interrupter
1327:High-voltage shore connection
443:tutorial on Computer Relaying
411:and filter that converts the
1584:Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread
1382:Transmission system operator
1342:Mains electricity by country
919:Automatic generation control
798:IEE-IERE Proceedings - India
520:40 – Loss of Excitation
1653:Electric power distribution
1609:List of electricity sectors
1604:Electric energy consumption
1322:High-voltage direct current
1297:Electric power transmission
1287:Electric power distribution
964:Energy return on investment
371:Comparison with other types
235:analog-to-digital converter
142:electric power transmission
1674:
1524:Carbon offsets and credits
1242:Three-phase electric power
579:Three-phase electric power
172:Description and definition
140:In utility and industrial
1617:
1579:Renewable Energy Payments
1068:Fossil fuel power station
1040:
544:79 – Reclosing Relay
457:Edmund O. Schweitzer, III
1362:Single-wire earth return
1302:Electrical busbar system
959:Energy demand management
758:10.1109/TPAS.1972.293483
723:10.1109/TPAS.1972.293482
688:10.1109/TPAS.1969.292466
475:Protective element types
18:Digital protective relay
1493:Residual-current device
1483:Power system protection
1473:Generator interlock kit
511:27 – Under Voltage
508:25 – Synchronizing
176:The digital protective
1277:Distributed generation
949:Electric power quality
810:10.1049/iipi.1971.0062
532:59 – Over Voltage
380:
137:
1549:Fossil fuel phase-out
1317:Electricity retailing
1312:Electrical substation
1292:Electric power system
459:in the early 1980s.
378:
278:fundamental frequency
213:) are brought into a
135:
905:Electricity delivery
785:on January 11, 2019.
211:current transformers
207:voltage transformers
54:improve this article
1514:Availability factor
1466:Sulfur hexafluoride
1347:Overhead power line
1247:Virtual power plant
1222:Induction generator
1175:Sustainable biofuel
984:Home energy storage
974:Grid energy storage
939:Droop speed control
750:1972ITPAS..91.1244R
715:1972ITPAS..91.1235G
680:1969ITPAS..88..438R
605:on 9 September 2015
569:Overhead power line
493:ANSI Device Numbers
1388:Transmission tower
999:Nameplate capacity
505:24 – Volts/Hz
502:21 – Distance
445:produced in 1979.
381:
223:sampling frequency
138:
1635:
1634:
1539:Environmental tax
1419:Cascading failure
1188:
1187:
1024:Utility frequency
393:solid-state relay
313:personal computer
300:Parameter setting
239:Fourier transform
166:protective relays
130:
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122:
104:
69:"Numerical relay"
16:(Redirected from
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1534:Energy subsidies
1488:Protective relay
1429:Rolling blackout
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1014:Power-flow study
954:Electrical fault
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793:
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781:. Archived from
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744:(3): 1244–1258.
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709:(3): 1235–1243.
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564:Polyphase system
385:protective relay
284:Logic processing
193:Input processing
182:protective relay
136:Protective relay
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1478:Numerical relay
1456:Circuit breaker
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1337:Load management
1307:Electrical grid
1272:Demand response
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1232:Microgeneration
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1034:Vehicle-to-grid
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535:62 – Timer
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319:Event recording
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215:low pass filter
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150:numerical relay
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109:
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63:
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51:
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28:
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989:Load-following
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821:External links
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404:microprocessor
397:potentiometers
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255:reactive power
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110:September 2014
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1461:Earth-leakage
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1402:Failure modes
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1237:Rankine cycle
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1217:Cooling tower
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1060:Non-renewable
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979:Grid strength
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934:Demand factor
932:
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927:
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922:
920:
917:
916:
914:
910:
906:
899:
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848:
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836:
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803:
799:
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751:
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743:
739:
732:
729:
724:
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677:
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669:
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630:
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604:
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584:
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531:
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405:
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389:
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350:
346:
342:
337:
331:
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318:
316:
314:
309:
307:
306:circuit board
299:
297:
294:
292:
283:
281:
279:
273:
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267:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:A/D converter
224:
220:
217:that removes
216:
212:
208:
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200:
192:
190:
187:
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179:
171:
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124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1559:Net metering
1506:and policies
1477:
1424:Power outage
1393:Utility pole
1357:Pumped hydro
1263:distribution
1258:Transmission
1207:Cogeneration
1009:Power factor
862:
845:(2): 91–95.
842:
838:
801:
797:
791:
783:the original
775:
766:
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737:
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706:
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628:
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607:. Retrieved
603:the original
593:
574:Power outage
490:
482:
478:
454:
452:analysis.
447:
433:
431:
401:
390:
382:
338:
335:
332:Data display
322:
310:
303:
295:
287:
274:
272:quantities.
268:, and other
247:phase angles
196:
184:that uses a
175:
149:
146:distribution
139:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1554:Load factor
1409:Black start
1377:Transformer
1078:Natural gas
1029:Variability
1004:Peak demand
994:Merit order
924:Backfeeding
609:21 November
367:protocols.
148:systems, a
1642:Categories
1596:production
1441:Protective
1372:Super grid
1367:Smart grid
1194:Generation
1128:Geothermal
1019:Repowering
804:(6): 243.
635:2019-02-13
631:. May 2018
585:References
266:distortion
241:concepts (
154:algorithms
80:newspapers
1504:Economics
1227:Micro CHP
1105:Renewable
1088:Petroleum
1083:Oil shale
969:Grid code
929:Base load
469:ABB Group
409:rectifier
259:impedance
225:(a relay
219:frequency
1627:Category
1414:Brownout
1202:AC power
912:Concepts
629:ethw.org
558:See also
365:IEC61850
353:Ethernet
291:analogue
263:waveform
201:and low
1443:devices
1153:Thermal
1148:Osmotic
1143:Current
1123:Biomass
1113:Biofuel
1095:Nuclear
1052:Sources
746:Bibcode
711:Bibcode
676:Bibcode
450:Fourier
428:History
270:complex
203:current
199:voltage
94:scholar
1658:Relays
1138:Marine
1118:Biogas
779:(IEEE)
467:, and
439:(PSRC)
421:op-amp
357:Modbus
349:RS-485
345:RS-232
158:faults
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1495:(GFI)
1384:(TSO)
1170:Solar
1158:Tidal
1133:Hydro
465:AREVA
415:to a
391:In a
341:SCADA
251:power
180:is a
178:relay
101:JSTOR
87:books
1261:and
1180:Wind
1163:Wave
1073:Coal
611:2012
485:ANSI
361:DNP3
351:or
209:and
197:Low
144:and
73:news
847:doi
806:doi
754:doi
719:doi
684:doi
461:SEL
363:or
243:RMS
56:by
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417:DC
413:AC
359:,
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253:,
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231:AC
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756::
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686::
678::
638:.
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347:/
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117:(
112:)
108:(
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91:·
84:·
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50:.
20:)
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