884:) attempts to combine GTOPO30, SRTM and bathymetric data to produce a truly global elevation model. The Earth2014 global topography and relief model provides layered topography grids at 1 arc-minute resolution. Other than SRTM30plus, Earth2014 provides information on ice-sheet heights and bedrock (that is, topography below the ice) over Antarctica and Greenland. Another global model is Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010) with 7.5 arc second resolution. It is based on SRTM data and combines other data outside SRTM coverage. A novel global DEM of postings lower than 12 m and a height accuracy of less than 2 m is expected from the
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217:
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Supercomputer Center at the
University of California San Diego and is operated in collaboration with colleagues in the School of Earth and Space Exploration at Arizona State University and UNAVCO. Core operational support for OpenTopography comes from the National Science Foundation, Division of Earth Sciences.
864:
under the
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, while most of the rest of the planet was only covered in a 3 arc-second resolution (around 90 meters along the equator). SRTM does not cover the polar regions and has mountain and desert no data (void) areas. SRTM data, being derived
207:
are originally DSMs, although in forested areas, SRTM reaches into the tree canopy giving readings somewhere between a DSM and a DTM). DTMs are created from high resolution DSM datasets using complex algorithms to filter out buildings and other objects, a process known as "bare-earth extraction". In
551:
The quality of a DEM is a measure of how accurate elevation is at each pixel (absolute accuracy) and how accurately is the morphology presented (relative accuracy). Quality assessment of DEM can be performed by comparison of DEMs from different sources. Several factors play an important role for
942:
OpenTopography is a web based community resource for access to high-resolution, Earth science-oriented, topography data (lidar and DEM data), and processing tools running on commodity and high performance compute system along with educational resources. OpenTopography is based at the San Diego
174:
DEM is often used as a generic term for DSMs and DTMs, only representing height information without any further definition about the surface. Other definitions equalise the terms DEM and DTM, equalise the terms DEM and DSM, define the DEM as a subset of the DTM, which also represents other
918:
Many national mapping agencies produce their own DEMs, often of a higher resolution and quality, but frequently these have to be purchased, and the cost is usually prohibitive to all except public authorities and large corporations. DEMs are often a product of
1830:"I. Balenović, A. Seletković, R. Pernar, A. Jazbec. Estimation of the mean tree height of forest stands by photogrammetric measurement using digital aerial images of high spatial resolution. ANNALS OF FOREST RESEARCH. 58(1), P. 125-143, 2015"
635:
865:
from radar, represents the elevation of the first-reflected surface—quite often tree tops. So, the data are not necessarily representative of the ground surface, but the top of whatever is first encountered by the radar.
291:
Visualizations are sometimes also done as oblique views, reconstructing a synthetic visual image of the terrain as it would appear looking down at an angle. In these oblique visualizations, elevations are sometimes scaled using
895:
Since 2002, the HRS instrument on SPOT 5 has acquired over 100 million square kilometers of stereo pairs used to produce a DTED2 format DEM (with a 30-meter posting) DEM format DTED2 over 50 million km. The radar satellite
331:
data or any other sampled elevation datasets (by GPS or ground survey) are not DEMs, but may be considered digital terrain models. A DEM implies that elevation is available continuously at each location in the study area.
851:
along the equator) is available, but its quality is variable and in some areas it is very poor. A much higher quality DEM from the
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument of the
279:
The digital elevation model itself consists of a matrix of numbers, but the data from a DEM is often rendered in visual form to make it understandable to humans. This visualization may be in the form of a contoured
891:
The most common grid (raster) spacing is between 50 and 500 meters. In gravimetry e.g., the primary grid may be 50 m, but is switched to 100 or 500 meters in distances of about 5 or 10 kilometers.
828:
offers a bare earth simulation of the Earth's surface at 30 arc-second resolution. Adapted from GLO-30, the data removes all forests and buildings. The data is free to download non-commercially and through the
400:
381:
240:(TIN). The TIN DEM dataset is also referred to as a primary (measured) DEM, whereas the Raster DEM is referred to as a secondary (computed) DEM. The DEM could be acquired through techniques such as
204:
188:
1065:
I. Balenovic, H. Marjanovic, D. Vuletic, etc. Quality assessment of high density digital surface model over different land cover classes. PERIODICUM BIOLOGORUM. VOL. 117, No 4, 459–470, 2015.
446:(LOLA) and Lunar Altimeter (LALT) mapping of the Moon, and the Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA) mapping of Mercury. In planetary mapping, each planetary body has a unique reference surface.
1182:
Peckham, Robert Joseph; Jordan, Gyozo (Eds.)(2007): Development and
Applications in a Policy Support Environment Series: Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography. Heidelberg.
2258:"Comparison of free high-resolution digital elevation data sets (ASTER GDEM2, SRTM v2.1/v4.1) and validation against accurate heights from the Australian National Gravity Database"
391:(1986) provided the first usable elevation data for a sizeable portion of the planet's landmass, using two-pass stereoscopic correlation. Later, further data were provided by the
296:" in order to make subtle elevation differences more noticeable. Some scientists, however, object to vertical exaggeration as misleading the viewer about the true landscape.
288:
assignment (or "pseudo-color") to render elevations as colors (for example, using green for the lowest elevations, shading to red, with white for the highest elevation.).
907:
In 2014, acquisitions from radar satellites TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X will be available in the form of a uniform global coverage with a resolution of 12 meters.
1815:
360:
instrumentation), collect sufficient data to generate a digital elevation map tens of kilometers on a side with a resolution of around ten meters. Other kinds of
2397:
1278:"Understanding Digital Surface Models, Digital Terrain Models and Digital Elevation Models: A Comprehensive Guide to Digital Models of the Earth's Surface"
1076:
2257:
1791:
901:
341:
2200:"Comparison and validation of recent freely-available ASTER-GDEM ver1, SRTM ver4.1 and GEODATA DEM-9S ver3 digital elevation models over Australia"
1434:
2199:
1506:
Hargitai, Henrik; Willner, Konrad; Buchroithner, Manfred (2019), Hargitai, Henrik (ed.), "Methods in
Planetary Topographic Mapping: A Review",
1140:
825:
1948:
2182:
1614:
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1311:
1160:
1108:
2401:
1384:
2374:
1862:"Earth2014: 1 arc-min shape, topography, bedrock and ice-sheet models - available as gridded data and degree-10,800 spherical harmonics"
1597:
Hargitai, Henrik; Willner, Konrad; Hare, Trent (2019), Hargitai, Henrik (ed.), "Fundamental
Frameworks in Planetary Mapping: A Review",
590:
802:
795:
147:
Surfaces represented by a
Digital Surface Model include buildings and other objects. Digital Terrain Models represent the bare ground.
97:
2421:
1919:
1228:
678:
392:
1330:
396:
357:
2053:
1246:
263:
DEMs are commonly built using data collected using remote sensing techniques, but they may also be built from land surveying.
1337:. In: Avalanche Formation, Movement and Effects (Proceedings of the Davos Symposium, September 1986). IAHS Publ. no. 162,1987
1039:
275:
Relief map of Spain's Sierra Nevada, showing use of both shading and false color as visualization tools to indicate elevation
180:
1401:
963:
735:
443:
93:
967:
946:
The OpenDemSearcher is a
Mapclient with a visualization of regions with free available middle and high resolution DEMs.
581:
Reference 3D products include quality masks that give information on the coastline, lake, snow, clouds, correlation etc.
439:
237:
2006:
1025:
369:
171:(DTM) represents the bare ground surface without any objects like plants and buildings (see the figure on the right).
1977:
319:
digital contour maps that may have been produced by direct survey of the land surface. This method is still used in
221:
2349:
1682:
368:
method, where two optical images are acquired with different angles taken from the same pass of an airplane or an
1683:"Straightforward reconstruction of 3D surfaces and topography with a camera: Accuracy and geoscience application"
755:
365:
598:
2385:
2306:
434:
has been use of orbital altimetry used to make digital elevation map of planets. A primary tool for this is
1642:"Modeling and mapping soil resistance to penetration and rutting using LiDAR-derived digital elevation data"
1091:
861:
459:
1793:
A Comparative
Usability Assessment of Augmented Reality 3-D Printed Terrain Models and 2-D Topographic Maps
1546:
1861:
1003:
920:
438:
but radar altimetry is also used. Planetary digital elevation maps made using laser altimetry include the
418:
2167:
1510:, Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer International Publishing, pp. 147–174,
993:
485:
476:
293:
1601:, Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, Springer International Publishing, pp. 75–101,
224:
with elevations indicated as normalized 8-bit grayscale, where lighter values indicate higher elevation
1481:
422:
MOLA digital elevation model showing the two hemispheres of Mars. This image appeared on the cover of
2272:
2211:
1876:
1738:
1697:
1449:
931:
910:
ALOS provides since 2016 a global 1-arc second DSM free of charge, and a commercial 5 meter DSM/DTM.
751:
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89:
65:
34:
1956:
1008:
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877:
499:
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1087:
983:
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730:
701:
120:
1346:
934:'s Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) instrument; and NASA's Mars Digital Terrain Model (DTM).
1829:
216:
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1307:
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955:
781:
771:
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694:
619:
431:
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The HRS instrument on SPOT 5 has acquired over 100 million square kilometers of stereo pairs.
388:
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271:
132:
128:
81:
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38:
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881:
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684:
526:
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Mappers may prepare digital elevation models in a number of ways, but they frequently use
281:
229:
1927:
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represents the earth's surface and includes all objects on it. In contrast to a DSM, the
2276:
2215:
1880:
1742:
1701:
1453:
1327:
127:
and visualization applications, a DTM is often required for flood or drainage modeling,
873:
745:
480:
324:
305:
257:
241:
124:
1727:"Quality assessment of DEM derived from topographic maps for geomorphometric purposes"
1250:
610:
108:) represents specifically the ground surface while DEM and DSM may represent tree top
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726:
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17:
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979:
361:
353:
328:
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1409:
1277:
1215:
1606:
1515:
808:
741:
285:
2150:
1435:"SRTM vs ASTER elevation products. Comparison for two regions in Crete, Greece"
1433:
Nikolakopoulos, K. G.; Kamaratakis, E. K; Chrysoulakis, N. (10 November 2006).
594:
Digital
Elevation Model - Red Rocks Amphitheater, Colorado obtained using a UAV
2391:
2293:
2232:
2223:
1897:
1888:
1759:
1461:
1109:"Intermap Digital Surface Model: accurate, seamless, wide-area surface models"
897:
869:
860:
resolution. A similarly high resolution was previously only available for the
856:
is also freely available for 99% of the globe, and represents elevation at 30
715:
653:
603:
512:
349:
345:
199:) use the term DEM as a generic term for DSMs and DTMs. Some datasets such as
196:
1768:
1667:
1469:
356:), or a single pass if the satellite is equipped with two antennas (like the
950:
841:
830:
665:
661:
657:
309:
233:
69:
671:
Modeling soils wetness with Cartographic Depth to Water Indexes (DTW-index)
626:
30:
2014:
1750:
1658:
1641:
1587:, DOI 10.1007/s11214-007-9273-4, 24 August 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
1216:
Mobile radio network design in the VHF and UHF bands: a practical approach
1193:
454:
1985:
1710:
1045:
885:
785:
615:
320:
208:
the following, the term DEM is used as a generic term for DSMs and DTMs.
113:
85:
1726:
1084:
Severn Tidal Tributaries Catchment Flood Management Plan – Scoping Stage
2346:
2089:
837:
759:
711:
220:
Heightmap of Earth's surface (including water and ice), rendered as an
73:
634:
1869:
International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation
688:
77:
1371:
1363:
143:
2035:
1194:"Methods for visual quality assessment of a digital terrain model"
948:
857:
633:
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609:
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563:
471:
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453:
435:
417:
340:
One powerful technique for generating digital elevation models is
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253:
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245:
215:
192:
142:
29:
2071:
930:: the MEGDR, or Mission Experiment Gridded Data Record, from the
2379:
2054:"A basic guide for using Digital Elevation Models with Terragen"
1581:
The Mercury Laser Altimeter Instrument for the MESSENGER Mission
1031:
959:
927:
377:
200:
184:
42:
2392:
Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 (GMTED2010)
2341:
535:
502:
401:
Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer
2336:
1563:
1214:
Adrian W. Graham, Nicholas C. Kirkman, Peter M. Paul (2007):
602:
Bezmiechowa airfield 3D Digital Surface Model obtained using
1370:, Issue 9, American Geophysical Union, 3 March 1992, p. 99.
962:
with 10× elevation exaggeration rendered with data from the
96:(GIS), and are the most common basis for digitally produced
876:. When land topography and bathymetry is combined, a truly
848:
2406:
638:
Digital Terrain Model Generator + Textures(Maps) + Vectors
131:, geological applications, and other applications, and in
2370:
175:
morphological elements, or define a DEM as a rectangular
27:
3D computer-generated imagery and measurements of terrain
2127:
1920:"GEO Elevation Services : Airbus Defence and Space"
1640:
Campbell, D. M. H.; White, B.; Arp, P. A. (2013-11-01).
450:
Methods for obtaining elevation data used to create DEMs
1844:"Martin Gamache's paper on free sources of global data"
904:
to provide DEMs for commercial and military customers.
163:(DSM) in scientific literature. In most cases the term
2359:
Elevation Mapper, Create geo-referenced elevation maps
2103:
1385:
Elegant Figures What Not To Do: Vertical Exaggeration
1265:
Digital terrain modeling: principles and methodology,
1127:
Digital terrain modeling: principles and methodology,
630:
Example DEM flown with the Gatewing X100 in Assenede
559:
sampling density (elevation data collection method);
2198:Hirt, C.; Filmer, M.S.; Featherstone, W.E. (2010).
1428:
1426:
1328:Terrain models — A tool for natural hazard Mapping
236:when representing elevation) or as a vector-based
488:/ Multi-view stereo applied to aerial photography
880:is obtained. The SRTM30Plus dataset (used in
493:Block adjustment from optical satellite imagery
344:where two passes of a radar satellite (such as
315:Older methods of generating DEMs often involve
2407:Sonny's LiDAR Digital Terrain Models of Europe
1690:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
888:satellite mission which started in July 2010.
2175:Terrain Analysis: Principles and Applications
8:
1978:"TerraSAR-X : Airbus Defence and Space"
1635:
1633:
399:(SRTM, 2000) using single-pass SAR and the
1814:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1391:November 5, 2010. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
2292:
2231:
2173:. In Wilson, J.P.; Gallant, J.C. (eds.).
1896:
1758:
1709:
1657:
836:An alternative free global DEM is called
151:There is no universal usage of the terms
2386:Global 30 Arc-Second Elevation (GTOPO30)
1553:, No. 3, NASA. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
1402:"WorldDEM(TM): Airbus Defence and Space"
902:MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates Ltd.
342:interferometric synthetic aperture radar
179:and a DTM as a three-dimensional model (
1442:International Journal of Remote Sensing
1057:
872:) data is generated using ship-mounted
693:Creation of physical models (including
395:(ERS, 1991) using the same method, the
1807:
1725:Szypuła, Bartłomiej (1 January 2019).
1646:Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
327:is not always satisfactory. Note that
1263:Li, Z., Zhu, Q. and Gold, C. (2005),
1125:Li, Z., Zhu, Q. and Gold, C. (2005),
403:(ASTER, 2000) instrumentation on the
76:or overlaying objects, commonly of a
7:
2265:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences
2204:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences
2166:Wilson, J.P.; Gallant, J.C. (2000).
1077:"Appendix A – Glossary and Acronyms"
232:(a grid of squares, also known as a
2375:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
824:Released at the beginning of 2022,
2177:. New York: Wiley. pp. 1–27.
803:advanced driver-assistance systems
796:Intelligent transportation systems
710:Reduction (terrain correction) of
646:Extracting terrain parameters for
552:quality of DEM-derived products:
25:
1681:James, M. R.; Robson, S. (2012).
1372:https://doi.org/10.1029/91EO00076
926:Free DEMs are also available for
393:European Remote-Sensing Satellite
2380:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
2104:"San Diego Supercomputer Center"
407:using double-pass stereo pairs.
397:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
364:pairs can be employed using the
183:). Most of the data providers (
1551:The Martian Chronicle, Volume 1
622:. Note that tunnels are closed.
606:flying 200 m above hilltop
372:(such as the HRS instrument of
2402:Technische Universität München
1364:"Flat-Venus Society" organizes
1153:10.1007/978-3-319-02370-0_31-1
1036:DIMAP Sentinel 1 ESA data base
868:Submarine elevation (known as
736:Geographic information systems
697:and 3D printed terrain models)
660:or mass movement (for example
496:Interferometry from radar data
430:A tool of increasing value in
228:A DEM can be represented as a
119:While a DSM may be useful for
94:geographic information systems
88:. A "global DEM" refers to a
1:
2394:by the U.S. Geological Survey
2388:by the U.S. Geological Survey
1599:Planetary Cartography and GIS
1508:Planetary Cartography and GIS
1406:www.intelligence-airbusds.com
964:Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter
642:Common uses of DEMs include:
444:Lunar Orbital Laser Altimeter
2347:Geo-Spatial Data Acquisition
2285:10.1080/08120099.2014.884983
2256:Rexer, M.; Hirt, C. (2014).
1949:"International - Geospatial"
1860:Hirt, C.; Rexer, M. (2015).
968:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
442:(MOLA) mapping of Mars, the
440:Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter
238:triangular irregular network
1607:10.1007/978-3-319-62849-3_4
1566:. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
1516:10.1007/978-3-319-62849-3_6
1026:Bathymetric Attributed Grid
578:terrain analysis algorithm;
370:Earth Observation Satellite
284:, or could use shading and
2438:
1374:. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
1353:. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
1267:CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
1192:Podobnikar, Tomaz (2008).
1129:CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
222:equirectangular projection
2224:10.1080/08120091003677553
1889:10.1016/j.jag.2015.03.001
1462:10.1080/01431160600835853
1247:"Landslide Glossary USGS"
614:Digital Surface Model of
366:digital image correlation
260:, etc. (Li et al. 2005).
92:. DEMs are used often in
2422:Digital elevation models
1302:DeMers, Michael (2002).
1141:"Digital Terrain Models"
833:at a cost commercially.
1547:Orbital Laser Altimeter
1389:NASA Earth Observatory,
1145:Encyclopedia of Geodesy
862:United States territory
674:Creation of relief maps
460:unmanned aerial vehicle
153:digital elevation model
50:digital elevation model
2332:DEM Quality Comparison
2090:"About OpenTopography"
2076:www.opentopography.org
1347:Making 3D Terrain Maps
1304:GIS Modeling in Raster
1229:"DIN Standard 18709-1"
1004:Physical terrain model
970:
921:national lidar dataset
765:Line-of-sight analysis
639:
631:
623:
607:
595:
534:Surveying and mapping
462:
427:
276:
225:
148:
45:
2007:"ALOS World 3D - 30m"
1953:gs.mdacorporation.com
1804:– via ProQuest.
1790:Adams, Aaron (2019).
1751:10.1515/geo-2019-0066
1659:10.2489/jswc.68.6.460
1326:RONALD TOPPE (1987):
994:Digital outcrop model
954:
637:
629:
613:
601:
593:
486:Structure from motion
477:Stereo photogrammetry
457:
426:magazine in May 1999.
421:
294:vertical exaggeration
274:
219:
169:digital terrain model
165:digital surface model
161:digital surface model
157:digital terrain model
146:
102:digital terrain model
58:digital surface model
33:
18:Digital terrain model
1711:10.1029/2011JF002289
932:Mars Global Surveyor
752:Satellite navigation
725:Terrain analysis in
575:vertical resolution;
90:discrete global grid
66:3D computer graphics
2277:2014AuJES..61..213R
2216:2010AuJES..57..337H
1982:www.astrium-geo.com
1924:www.astrium-geo.com
1881:2015IJAEO..39..103H
1743:2019OGeo...11...66S
1702:2012JGRF..117.3017J
1575:John F. Cavanaugh,
1454:2006IJRS...27.4819N
1009:Terrain cartography
999:Global Relief Model
878:global relief model
831:developer's website
562:grid resolution or
500:Real Time Kinematic
308:rather than direct
2352:2013-08-22 at the
2294:20.500.11937/38264
2233:20.500.11937/43846
1898:20.500.11937/25468
1760:20.500.12128/11742
1333:2020-07-29 at the
1088:Environment Agency
971:
731:physical geography
702:aerial photography
695:raised relief maps
685:3D flight planning
640:
632:
624:
608:
596:
556:terrain roughness;
463:
428:
277:
226:
149:
121:landscape modeling
72:data to represent
68:representation of
46:
2371:Satellite Geodesy
2342:Maps-for-free.com
2184:978-0-471-32188-0
1616:978-3-319-62848-6
1525:978-3-319-62848-6
1448:(21): 4819–4838.
1362:David Morrison, "
1313:978-0-471-31965-8
1162:978-3-319-01868-3
1139:Hirt, C. (2014).
1014:Terrain rendering
900:has been used by
782:Precision farming
772:Flight simulation
706:satellite imagery
700:Rectification of
679:3D visualizations
620:construction site
432:planetary science
414:Planetary mapping
336:Satellite mapping
133:planetary science
16:(Redirected from
2429:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2305:. Archived from
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2252:
2250:
2248:
2235:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2172:
2153:
2148:
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2124:
2118:
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2115:
2114:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2072:"OpenTopography"
2068:
2062:
2061:
2056:. Archived from
2050:
2044:
2043:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2022:
2013:. Archived from
2011:www.eorc.jaxa.jp
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1984:. Archived from
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1955:. Archived from
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1926:. Archived from
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1866:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
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1834:
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1826:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1787:
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1762:
1731:Open Geosciences
1722:
1716:
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1687:
1678:
1672:
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1487:on July 21, 2011
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1147:. pp. 1–6.
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1111:. Archived from
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1090:. Archived from
1081:
1073:
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1020:DEM file formats
988:spatial gradient
953:
791:Surface analysis
777:Train simulation
720:physical geodesy
531:Inertial surveys
508:Topographic maps
389:SPOT 1 satellite
129:land-use studies
39:Tithonium Chasma
21:
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2128:"Home | UNAVCO"
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2314:. Retrieved
2307:the original
2268:
2264:
2245:. Retrieved
2207:
2203:
2188:. Retrieved
2174:
2146:
2135:. Retrieved
2131:
2122:
2111:. Retrieved
2108:www.sdsc.edu
2107:
2098:
2084:
2075:
2066:
2058:the original
2048:
2039:
2030:
2019:. Retrieved
2015:the original
2010:
2001:
1990:. Retrieved
1986:the original
1981:
1972:
1961:. Retrieved
1957:the original
1952:
1943:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:the original
1923:
1914:
1904:February 20,
1902:. Retrieved
1872:
1868:
1855:
1838:
1824:
1798:. Retrieved
1792:
1785:
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1507:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1482:the original
1445:
1441:
1414:. Retrieved
1410:the original
1405:
1396:
1388:
1379:
1367:
1358:
1350:
1342:
1322:
1303:
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1281:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1251:the original
1241:
1233:the original
1223:
1210:
1201:
1198:S.A.P.I.EN.S
1197:
1187:
1178:
1168:February 10,
1166:. Retrieved
1144:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1113:the original
1103:
1092:the original
1083:
1071:
1060:
980:Ground slope
956:STL 3D model
945:
941:
925:
917:
909:
906:
894:
890:
867:
847:, c. 1
835:
823:
768:Base mapping
641:
618:interchange
550:
429:
423:
409:
386:
362:stereoscopic
354:Cosmo SkyMed
339:
329:contour line
314:
303:
290:
278:
262:
227:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
150:
118:
105:
101:
61:
57:
53:
49:
47:
37:of a DEM of
35:3D rendering
2382:by NASA/JPL
2168:"Chapter 1"
2040:www.aw3d.jp
1875:: 103–112.
1696:(F3): n/a.
1287:7 September
809:Archaeology
742:Engineering
286:false color
139:Terminology
98:relief maps
2190:2007-02-16
2137:2018-08-16
2113:2018-08-16
2021:2017-09-09
1992:2012-01-11
1963:2012-02-02
1934:2012-01-11
1416:2018-01-05
1052:References
923:programs.
898:RADARSAT-2
870:bathymetry
845:resolution
716:gravimetry
666:landslides
662:avalanches
654:water flow
604:Pteryx UAV
572:algorithm;
513:Theodolite
350:TerraSAR-X
346:RADARSAT-1
300:Production
205:ASTER GDEM
197:Spot Image
159:(DTM) and
2398:Earth2014
2316:April 24,
2242:140651372
1810:cite book
1777:208868204
1769:2391-5447
1668:0022-4561
1625:133867607
1534:133855780
1470:0143-1161
1306:. Wiley.
842:arcsecond
658:hydrology
652:Modeling
267:Rendering
234:heightmap
70:elevation
2416:Category
2350:Archived
1800:11 March
1491:June 22,
1331:Archived
1046:USGS DEM
986:(ground
974:See also
938:Websites
886:TanDEM-X
786:forestry
616:motorway
547:Accuracy
380:band of
321:mountain
114:building
86:asteroid
2303:3783826
2273:Bibcode
2212:Bibcode
1877:Bibcode
1739:Bibcode
1698:Bibcode
1577:et al.,
1478:1939968
1450:Bibcode
1282:FlyGuys
966:of the
958:of the
838:GTOPO30
815:Sources
760:GLONASS
712:gravity
424:Science
376:or the
203:or the
155:(DEM),
116:roofs.
74:terrain
64:) is a
2301:
2247:May 5,
2240:
2181:
1796:. NMSU
1775:
1767:
1666:
1623:
1613:
1562:NASA,
1532:
1522:
1476:
1468:
1310:
1159:
1086:. UK:
984:aspect
826:FABDEM
820:Global
805:(ADAS)
748:design
689:TERCOM
536:drones
312:data.
310:survey
230:raster
189:ERSDAC
110:canopy
78:planet
2310:(PDF)
2299:S2CID
2261:(PDF)
2238:S2CID
2171:(PDF)
1865:(PDF)
1847:(PDF)
1773:S2CID
1686:(PDF)
1621:S2CID
1530:S2CID
1485:(PDF)
1474:S2CID
1438:(PDF)
1095:(PDF)
1080:(PDF)
1028:(BAG)
914:Local
858:meter
798:(ITS)
738:(GIS)
566:size;
564:pixel
479:from
472:Radar
467:Lidar
382:ASTER
374:SPOT5
254:InSAR
250:IfSAR
246:lidar
212:Types
193:CGIAR
100:. A
84:, or
56:) or
2318:2014
2249:2012
2179:ISBN
1906:2016
1816:link
1802:2022
1765:ISSN
1664:ISSN
1611:ISBN
1564:LOLA
1520:ISBN
1493:2010
1466:ISSN
1308:ISBN
1289:2023
1204:(2).
1170:2016
1157:ISBN
1040:SDTS
1032:DTED
982:and
960:Moon
928:Mars
840:(30
784:and
758:and
744:and
729:and
687:and
664:and
656:for
586:Uses
387:The
378:VNIR
358:SRTM
201:SRTM
185:USGS
177:grid
82:moon
43:Mars
2400:by
2373:by
2289:hdl
2281:doi
2228:hdl
2220:doi
1893:hdl
1885:doi
1755:hdl
1747:doi
1706:doi
1694:117
1654:doi
1603:doi
1583:",
1512:doi
1458:doi
1387:,"
1366:",
1149:doi
1042:DEM
756:GPS
704:or
515:or
503:GPS
384:).
352:or
348:or
252:or
181:TIN
112:or
106:DTM
62:DSM
54:DEM
41:on
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