197:
168:
221:
236:
and it can outline differences between the actual and simulated performances to optimise and predict the behaviour. Furthermore, since data within the digital twin are derived not only from the physical environment but also from virtual models with data elaborated through processes such as statistics
175:
A digital model has the lowest level of data integration. The term indicates a digital representation of an existing and physical object characterised by the absence of automated data flow between the physical and digital object. This suggests that the data flow from a physical object to a digital
108:
The digital twin is characterised by a bi-directional data flow between the digital and the physical. If digital representations do not enable bi-directional automatic data exchange, are modelled manually and have not a direct connection with the physical object, these cannot be a digital twin but
82:
are among the most significant elements of a digital twin. Following the approach of
Michael Grieves, the digital twin concept model is composed by three main parts: physical object, virtual or digital object and data that provide the connection between the physical and the digital. The physical
245:
Applying the concept of digital twin to the construction environment, a building digital twin is not limited to its 3D visual modeling, that is called digital model or digital shadow according to the degree of data integration. It can become a digital twin if it has automated or semi-automated
204:
Starting from the concept of digital model, if there is an automated data flow from the physical element to the digital element the digital, representation takes the name of digital shadow. Hence, a change in the physical object contributes to a change in the digital object but not vice versa.
228:
The highest level of integration is reserved to a digital twin. The data flow is automatic in both directions between the physical and digital object. In this context, a modification in the state of a physical object determines a modification in the state of a digital object and vice versa.
179:
A digital model ranges from the simple building component to the whole building considering the construction sector. In this case, it is used to represent and describe digitally a concept, to compare different options avoiding the application in the physical. In addition, the term refers to
176:
object and vice versa is provided manually. Consequently, any change occurred in the physical element does not impact the digital element and at the same way any modification of the digital element does not affect the physical element.
63:) and digital twin indistinctly considering them as interchangeable. However, a significant difference between digital twin and digital 3D models and systems exists and can be outlined based on different level of
664:
Loscos, E.; H. Xie; R.H.E.M. Koppelaar; M. BorrĂ s; D. MartĂn-Moncunil; E. Coloma; I. PĂ©rez Arnal; R. Alonso; M. Elagiry; S. Velazquez; J. Porkka; P. Vicente
Legazpi; A.M. Veleiro Blanco; D.Oostinga (2019).
59:
element, several definitions lead the concept of digital twin to be subjected to different interpretations and misconceptions. For example, some authors use the concept of
Digital Models (e.g.,
55:
Digital Twin definitions vary and take on different shades depending on the analysed context. Although the literature provides a common view of the digital twin as a digital copy of a
24:. According to the different levels of integration, the digital twin can be divided into three subcategories: Digital Model (DM), Digital Shadow (DS) and Digital Twin (DT).
212:
concept in the construction sector. It can be characterised and enriched by simulations but their output is not associated to automatic modifications in the building.
205:
According to a study carried out, most of digital twin research articles in the manufacturing area stops at the digital shadow level of integration.
699:
498:
433:"Differentiating Digital Twin from Digital Shadow: Elucidating a Paradigm Shift to Expedite a Smart, Sustainable Built Environment"
94:
Depending on the different degree of data integration, a classification of the digital twin into three subcategories was proposed:
20:
refers to the different degrees of data and information flow that may occur between the physical part and the digital copy of a
355:
Errandonea, Itxaro; Beltrán, Sergio; Arrizabalaga, Saioa (December 2020). "Digital Twin for maintenance: A literature review".
232:
Unlike the digital shadow, the digital twin enables to verify physical processes and activities prior the execution to reduce
271:
209:
479:
El Jazzar, Mahmoud; Piskernik, Melanie; Nassereddine, Hala (2020). Ungureanu, Lucian
Constantin; Hartmann, Timo (eds.).
720:
87:
that are sent to digital copy for processing. Vice versa, the digital applies its imbedded engineering models and
276:
88:
286:
33:
620:
Peng, Yang; Zhang, Ming; Yu, Fangqiang; Xu, Jinglin; Gao, Shang (November 2020). Rodrigues, Hugo (ed.).
41:
68:
32:
The concept of
Digital Twin is now increasingly widespread and it is one of the greatest examples of
622:"Digital Twin Hospital Buildings: An Exemplary Case Study through Continuous Lifecycle Integration"
181:
49:
45:
602:
576:
504:
380:
185:
322:
Kritzinger, Werner; Karner, Matthias; Traar, Georg; Henjes, Jan; Sihn, Wilfried (January 2018).
695:
643:
594:
545:
494:
372:
687:
681:
633:
586:
535:
486:
444:
411:
364:
335:
64:
196:
56:
167:
220:
84:
524:"Digital Twin in Services and Industrial Product Service Systems: Review and Analysis"
522:
Zhanga, Haiwen; Maa, Lin; Sun, Jiao; Lin, Hansheng; ThĂĽrerb, Matthias (January 2019).
480:
714:
606:
508:
384:
37:
324:"Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification"
281:
259:
237:
and regression, the digital twin is more abundant in data than the digital shadow.
21:
368:
540:
523:
340:
323:
590:
247:
60:
564:
490:
449:
432:
400:"A Digital-Twin Evaluation of Net Zero Energy Building for Existing Buildings"
255:
647:
598:
549:
376:
691:
398:
Kaewunruen, Sakdirat; Rungskunroch, Panrawee; Welsh, Joshua (January 2019).
638:
621:
466:
Digital Twin: Manufacturing
Excellence through Virtual Factory Replication
416:
399:
233:
254:
devices by the use of satellites, or by optimising and scheduling the
251:
113:
Data integration in
Digital Model, Digital Shadow and Digital Twin
581:
565:"Digital Twin: Enabling Technologies, Challenges and Open Research"
219:
195:
166:
79:
563:
Fuller, Aidan; Fan, Zhong; Day, Charles; Barlow, Chris (2020).
91:
subjecting data to transformations and processing information.
482:
EG-ICE 2020 Workshop on
Intelligent Computing in Engineering
250:
of construction site components with physical delivery and
200:
Data Flow in a
Digital Shadow based on Kritzinger et al.
171:
Data Flow in a
Digital Model based on Kritzinger et al.
485:. Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin. pp. 501–510.
224:
Data Flow in a Digital Twin based on Kritzinger et al.
468:(Technical report). Florida Institute of Technology.
258:or construction processes using connected on-site
208:The term digital shadow can be associated to the
123:Data flow from digital object to physical object
120:Data flow from physical object to digital object
8:
109:rather a digital model or a digital shadow.
680:Tao, Fei; Zhang, Meng; Nee, A.Y.C. (2019).
637:
580:
539:
448:
415:
339:
111:
683:Digital Twin Driven Smart Manufacturing
297:
667:Digital Twin Definitions for buildings
431:Sepasgozar, Samad M. E. (April 2021).
659:
657:
7:
317:
315:
313:
311:
309:
307:
305:
303:
301:
246:thermal management control, or the
184:of planned factories or
14:
272:Building Information Model (BIM)
18:Digital twin integration level
1:
626:Advances in Civil Engineering
369:10.1016/j.compind.2020.103316
210:building information modeling
541:10.1016/j.procir.2019.02.131
341:10.1016/J.IFACOL.2018.08.474
188: of new products.
591:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2998358
737:
491:10.14279/depositonce-9977
450:10.3390/buildings11040151
277:Internet of Things (IoT)
186:mathematical models
28:Digital Twin definitions
692:10.1016/c2018-0-02206-9
40:sector but also in the
225:
201:
172:
34:digital transformation
357:Computers in Industry
223:
199:
170:
639:10.1155/2020/8846667
464:Grieves, M. (2015).
101:Digital Shadow (DS),
83:collects and stores
75:Level of integration
69:information exchange
669:(Technical report).
114:
98:Digital Model (DM),
417:10.3390/su11010159
226:
202:
173:
112:
104:Digital Twin (DT).
721:Augmented reality
701:978-0-12-817630-6
575:: 108952–108971.
500:978-3-7983-3156-3
334:(11): 1016–1022.
328:IFAC-PapersOnLine
182:simulation models
160:
159:
728:
706:
705:
677:
671:
670:
661:
652:
651:
641:
617:
611:
610:
584:
560:
554:
553:
543:
519:
513:
512:
476:
470:
469:
461:
455:
454:
452:
428:
422:
421:
419:
395:
389:
388:
352:
346:
345:
343:
319:
115:
65:data integration
36:not only in the
736:
735:
731:
730:
729:
727:
726:
725:
711:
710:
709:
702:
679:
678:
674:
663:
662:
655:
619:
618:
614:
562:
561:
557:
521:
520:
516:
501:
478:
477:
473:
463:
462:
458:
430:
429:
425:
397:
396:
392:
354:
353:
349:
321:
320:
299:
295:
268:
243:
218:
194:
165:
139:Digital Shadow
77:
30:
12:
11:
5:
734:
732:
724:
723:
713:
712:
708:
707:
700:
672:
653:
612:
555:
514:
499:
471:
456:
423:
404:Sustainability
390:
347:
296:
294:
291:
290:
289:
287:Digitalisation
284:
279:
274:
267:
264:
242:
239:
217:
214:
193:
192:Digital Shadow
190:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
140:
136:
135:
132:
129:
128:Digital Model
125:
124:
121:
118:
106:
105:
102:
99:
85:real time data
76:
73:
29:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
733:
722:
719:
718:
716:
703:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:
676:
673:
668:
660:
658:
654:
649:
645:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
616:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
559:
556:
551:
547:
542:
537:
533:
529:
528:Procedia CIRP
525:
518:
515:
510:
506:
502:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:
475:
472:
467:
460:
457:
451:
446:
442:
438:
434:
427:
424:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
394:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
351:
348:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
318:
316:
314:
312:
310:
308:
306:
304:
302:
298:
292:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
269:
265:
263:
261:
260:smart devices
257:
253:
249:
240:
238:
235:
230:
222:
215:
213:
211:
206:
198:
191:
189:
187:
183:
177:
169:
163:Digital Model
162:
155:
152:
150:Digital Twin
149:
148:
144:
141:
138:
137:
133:
130:
127:
126:
122:
119:
117:
116:
110:
103:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
90:
86:
81:
74:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:manufacturing
35:
27:
25:
23:
19:
686:. Elsevier.
682:
675:
666:
629:
625:
615:
572:
568:
558:
531:
527:
517:
481:
474:
465:
459:
440:
436:
426:
407:
403:
393:
360:
356:
350:
331:
327:
282:Industry 4.0
244:
231:
227:
216:Digital Twin
207:
203:
178:
174:
107:
93:
78:
54:
42:construction
31:
22:digital twin
17:
15:
569:IEEE Access
248:procurement
582:1911.01276
443:(4): 151.
410:(1): 159.
363:: 103316.
293:References
256:renovation
156:Automatic
153:Automatic
142:Automatic
50:automotive
46:healthcare
648:1687-8094
607:207843949
599:2169-3536
550:2212-8271
534:: 57–60.
509:229698708
437:Buildings
385:225170408
377:0166-3615
61:3D models
715:Category
632:: 1–13.
266:See also
241:Examples
234:failures
57:physical
145:Manual
134:Manual
131:Manual
698:
646:
605:
597:
548:
507:
497:
383:
375:
252:sensor
52:area.
603:S2CID
577:arXiv
505:S2CID
381:S2CID
696:ISBN
644:ISSN
630:2020
595:ISSN
546:ISSN
495:ISBN
373:ISSN
80:Data
67:and
48:and
16:The
688:doi
634:doi
587:doi
536:doi
487:doi
445:doi
412:doi
365:doi
361:123
336:doi
717::
694:.
656:^
642:.
628:.
624:.
601:.
593:.
585:.
571:.
567:.
544:.
532:83
530:.
526:.
503:.
493:.
441:11
439:.
435:.
408:11
406:.
402:.
379:.
371:.
359:.
332:51
330:.
326:.
300:^
262:.
89:AI
71:.
44:,
704:.
690::
650:.
636::
609:.
589::
579::
573:8
552:.
538::
511:.
489::
453:.
447::
420:.
414::
387:.
367::
344:.
338::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
