798:
Dida uses tone as a grammatical device. Morpho-tonology plays a greater role in verb and pronominal paradigms than it does in nouns, and perhaps because of this, Dida verbs utilize a simpler tone system than nouns do: Noun roots have four lexically contrastive tones, subject pronouns have three, and
195:
ISO divides Dida into three groups, Yocoboué (Yokubwe) Dida (101,600 speakers in 1993), Lakota Dida (93,800 speakers in 1993), and Gaɓogbo (Guébié/Gebye) which are only marginally mutually intelligible and best considered separate languages. Yocoboué consists of the Lozoua (Lozwa) and Divo dialects
212:
The Dida lects have consonant and vowel inventories typical of the
Eastern Kru languages. However, tone varies significantly between dialects, or at least between their descriptions. The following phonology is that of Abu Dida, from Miller (2005), and of Yocoboué Dida, from Masson (1992).
265:
than their non-tense counterparts: the formants of the highest tense vowels overlap the formants of the non-tense mid vowels, but there is visible tension in the lips and throat when these are enunciated carefully.
520:
There is a short epenthetic vowel between the initial consonant and the flap, which takes the quality of the syllabic vowel that follows ( "country"). Flap clusters occur with all consonants, even the approximants
1043:
281:, both elements are either contracted or non-contracted, so the pharyngealization is here transcribed after the second element of the vowel. Examples are
777:
1526:
1036:
625:
499:
257:, but here are transcribed with lower vowels to reflect their phonetic realization. There is no tense contrast with the low vowel.) The
1767:
1029:
1008:. Abidjan & Paris: Inst. de Linguistique Appliquée (ILA); Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique (ACCT). pp. 1–56.
339:
Yocoboué Dida has a nine vowel system: four vowels being standard, and five vowels being a retracted series, plus a realization.
150:
555:"appear", occurs in numerous common idioms, so overall it's not an uncommon sound. It is a true fricative and may devoice to
63:
507:
1519:
308:"25 cents" (from English "pound"). In diphthongs, nasalization shows up primarily on the second element of the vowel.
201:
512:
between vowels and after most consonants ( "country"), but a central tap after alveolars ( "blood"). After a nasal (
57:
558:
1052:
855:
is realized as a simple low tone.) However, some of these only occur in morphologically complex words, such as
605:
593:
342:
The four regular vowels are /i e o u/, and the retracted vowels are /ɪ ɛ a ɔ ʊ/. /a/ may also be realized as .
160:
1762:
1660:
1512:
1418:
883:
879:
875:
871:
852:
840:
836:
824:
817:
810:
619:
599:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
552:
548:
540:
534:
530:
526:
522:
513:
493:
489:
328:
324:
316:
305:
301:
297:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
254:
250:
246:
239:
235:
73:
273:, which have the same number of tonal distinctions as simple vowels. All start with the higher vowels,
1645:
783:
775:
631:
623:
611:
603:
591:
556:
505:
497:
1479:
1554:
1110:
1711:
1624:
785:
1243:
196:(7,100 and 94,500 speakers), and Lakota the Lakota (Lákota), Abou (Abu), and Vata dialects. The
296:
Dida also has nasal vowels, but they are not common and it is not clear how many. Examples are
1640:
1564:
1484:
1248:
1233:
1218:
1125:
1120:
1105:
856:
227:
1004:
Masson, Denis (1992). "Esquisse phonologique du dida de
Yocoboué". In Egner, Ingeborg (ed.).
1489:
1474:
1459:
1444:
1434:
1413:
1364:
1359:
1344:
1339:
1331:
1321:
1316:
1296:
1213:
1180:
1175:
977:
320:
197:
1741:
1696:
1670:
1665:
1619:
1601:
1469:
1454:
1449:
1439:
1354:
1288:
1273:
1253:
1238:
1203:
1170:
1165:
1155:
1145:
1135:
1066:
181:
49:
1198:
226:
Abu Dida has a ten-vowel system: nine vowels distinguished by "tenseness", likely either
1736:
1731:
1691:
1655:
1609:
1574:
1569:
1549:
1464:
1408:
1382:
1306:
1278:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1223:
1208:
1130:
1100:
547:
is powered by the glottis moving downward, but there is no rush of air into the mouth.
345:
All vowels do have nasal realizations, but the nasalization of vowels is not phonemic.
140:
1756:
1706:
1701:
1675:
1650:
1614:
1584:
1579:
1535:
1387:
1374:
1311:
1228:
1190:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1092:
848:
633:
613:
185:
68:
1349:
1301:
832:
312:
991:
Kaye, Jonathan; Charette, Monik (December 1981). "Tone sensitive rules in Dida".
189:
30:
943:
938:
929:
924:
915:
910:
262:
800:
544:
270:
231:
133:
100:
1021:
123:
116:
109:
1392:
168:
156:
1006:
Esquisses phonologiques de trois langues ivoriennes: beng, dida, yaouré
258:
164:
1071:
982:
965:
831:
about twice as common as the other two. Speaker intuition hears six
1504:
1508:
1025:
583:
and another vowel. They may also be followed by a flap, as in
488:
Syllables may be vowel only, consonant-vowel, or consonant-
167:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
353:
The consonants in Abu Dida are typical for
Eastern Kru:
966:"Analyse phonologique des emprunts en dida de Niakassé"
590:
When emphasized, zero-onset words may take an initial
1017:(MA thesis). Santa Barbara: University of California.
234:(contraction of the larynx) of the type described as
1724:
1684:
1633:
1600:
1593:
1542:
1427:
1401:
1373:
1330:
1287:
1189:
1091:
1082:
1059:
516:), it is itself nasalized, and sounds like a short
131:
98:
93:
46:
36:
26:
21:
319:"nothing"), morphemic contractions, and shortened
641:The following consonants are for Yocoboué Dida:
1520:
1037:
976:(1). Montreal: University of Quebec: 87–111.
8:
311:Vowel length is not distinctive, apart from
993:Cahiers ivoiriens de recherche linguistique
1597:
1527:
1513:
1505:
1088:
1044:
1030:
1022:
806:There are three level tones in Abou Dida:
525:"top"), apart from the alveolar sonorants
327:"will" (compare its likely lexical source
18:
981:
533:, which is only attested in the syllable
862:Monosyllabic nouns contrast four tones:
643:
355:
903:
551:occurs in few words, but one of these,
161:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
238:, plus an uncommon mid-central vowel
7:
261:of the tense vowels show them to be
200:is the Lozoua speech of the town of
543:is implosive in the sense that the
782:when after alveolar stops, and as
16:Kru dialect cluster of Ivory Coast
14:
851:; otherwise the low falling tone
970:Revue québécoise de linguistique
843:. (The falling tones only reach
571:plus a vowel are distinct from
253:. (These could be analyzed as
245:The non-contracted vowels are
1:
630:before high front vowels, or
249:, and the contracted vowels
598:, and initial approximants
529:and the marginal consonant
1784:
504:initially, a lateral flap
113: – Yocoboué Dida
894:being the most frequent.
847:register at the end of a
799:verb roots have just two
767:
496:is a lateral approximant
481:
285:"bottle" (from English),
269:Abu Dida has a number of
147:
1768:Languages of Ivory Coast
1053:Languages of Ivory Coast
964:Charette, Monik (1984).
120: – Lakota Dida
949:(subscription required)
935:(subscription required)
921:(subscription required)
774:/l/ can be realized as
1419:Bouakako Sign Language
1015:The Tones of Abou Dida
149:This article contains
1013:Miller, Kirk (2005).
236:retracted tongue root
622:becomes palatalized
602:may become fricated
323:, such as the modal
127: – Gaɓogbo
42:(200,000 cited 1993)
1428:Immigrant languages
841:/˥˧/,/˥˩/,/˧˩/,/˨˩/
790:when after nasals.
694:Plosive/Affricate
408:Plosive/affricate
1750:
1749:
1720:
1719:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1060:Official language
947:(18th ed., 2015)
933:(18th ed., 2015)
919:(18th ed., 2015)
772:
771:
638:when emphasized.
486:
485:
321:grammatical words
289:"get stuck", and
277:, and except for
230:or supra-glottal
228:pharyngealization
175:
174:
157:rendering support
153:phonetic symbols.
1775:
1598:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1506:
1089:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1023:
1018:
1009:
1000:
987:
985:
983:10.7202/602529ar
951:
950:
936:
922:
908:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
854:
846:
842:
838:
830:
826:
823:
819:
816:
812:
809:
789:
781:
712:k͡p ɡ͡b
644:
637:
629:
621:
617:
609:
601:
597:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
563:word initially.
562:
554:
550:
542:
536:
532:
528:
524:
515:
511:
503:
495:
491:
469:Tap/approximant
426:k͡p ɡ͡b
356:
330:
326:
318:
307:
303:
299:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
256:
252:
248:
241:
198:prestige dialect
143:
126:
119:
112:
103:
52:
19:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
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1680:
1629:
1589:
1538:
1533:
1503:
1494:
1423:
1397:
1369:
1326:
1283:
1185:
1084:
1078:
1055:
1050:
1012:
1003:
990:
963:
960:
958:Further reading
955:
954:
948:
937:
934:
923:
920:
909:
905:
900:
891:
887:
867:
864:high, mid, low,
863:
844:
828:
821:
814:
807:
796:
667:
662:
417:t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
381:
376:
368:
351:
337:
293:"little bone".
224:
219:
210:
182:dialect cluster
155:Without proper
139:
122:
121:
115:
114:
108:
107:
99:
89:
53:
50:Language family
48:
39:
38:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
1781:
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1771:
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1765:
1755:
1754:
1748:
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1020:
1019:
1010:
1001:
988:
959:
956:
953:
952:
902:
901:
899:
896:
886:"arrow", with
795:
792:
770:
769:
766:
764:
761:
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751:
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209:
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173:
172:
159:, you may see
145:
144:
137:
129:
128:
104:
96:
95:
94:Language codes
91:
90:
88:
87:
86:
85:
84:
83:
82:
81:
64:Atlantic–Congo
56:
54:
47:
44:
43:
40:
37:
34:
33:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1780:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:Kru languages
1761:
1760:
1758:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1713:
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1708:
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1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
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1677:
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1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
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1659:
1657:
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1644:
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1638:
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1632:
1626:
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1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:Kru languages
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
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1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
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1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
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1381:
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1378:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
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1338:
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1335:
1333:
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1315:
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1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
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1265:
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1240:
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1230:
1227:
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1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
984:
979:
975:
972:(in French).
971:
967:
962:
961:
957:
946:
945:
940:
932:
931:
926:
918:
917:
912:
911:Yocoboué Dida
907:
904:
897:
895:
860:
858:
850:
849:prosodic unit
834:
833:contour tones
804:
802:
793:
791:
787:
779:
765:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
737:
734:
733:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
719:
716:
715:
711:
709:kʷ ɡʷ
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
692:
689:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
671:
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660:
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654:
651:
648:
646:
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635:
627:
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595:
588:
560:
546:
538:
519:
509:
501:
479:
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471:
468:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
451:
448:
447:
444:
442:
440:
438:
436:
433:
430:
429:
425:
423:kʷ ɡʷ
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
406:
403:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
385:
379:
374:
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366:
363:
360:
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348:
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343:
340:
334:
332:
322:
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309:
294:
272:
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243:
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97:
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80:
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62:
61:
59:
55:
51:
45:
41:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
1559:
1115:
1014:
1005:
996:
992:
973:
969:
942:
928:
914:
906:
861:
839:and falling
805:
797:
773:
755:Approximant
640:
589:
539:
517:
487:
352:
344:
341:
338:
313:phonesthesia
310:
295:
283:/ɓue˨teoˤ˥˩/
268:
244:
225:
211:
194:
177:
176:
148:
132:
78:
1646:Glaro-Twabo
999:(8): 82–85.
925:Lakota Dida
882:"buffalo",
878:"leopard",
868:mid-falling
741:s z
738:f v
706:k ɡ
703:c ɟ
700:t d
697:p b
514:/m/,/ɲ/,/ŋ/
455:s z
452:f v
420:k ɡ
414:t d
411:p b
300:"nothing",
287:/pa˨ɺeaˤ˨˩/
190:Ivory Coast
163:instead of
58:Niger–Congo
31:Ivory Coast
1757:Categories
1480:Portuguese
1083:Indigenous
944:Ethnologue
930:Ethnologue
916:Ethnologue
898:References
857:perfective
835:: rising
801:word tones
735:Fricative
717:Implosive
661:Labialized
449:Fricative
431:Implosive
375:Labialized
349:Consonants
271:diphthongs
255:/iˤeˤoˤuˤ/
251:/eˤɛˤɔˤoˤ/
188:spoken in
186:Kru family
106:Variously:
1712:Tajuasohn
1625:Glio-Oubi
1085:languages
837:/˧˥/,/˨˧/
545:airstream
232:phonation
208:Phonology
134:Glottolog
101:ISO 639-3
1641:Daho-Doo
1485:Japanese
1219:Alladian
1121:Glio-Ubi
884:/dʒeˤ˧˩/
652:Alveolar
587:"face".
585:/kʷɺeˤ˥/
492:-vowel.
369:alveolar
364:Alveolar
335:Yocoboué
331:"get").
306:/pɔõˤ˥˧/
304:"chin",
302:/ɡ͡boũ˧/
291:/feɔˤ˥˩/
275:/ieˤuoˤ/
259:formants
169:Help:IPA
141:dida1245
1594:Western
1543:Eastern
1490:Russian
1475:Chinese
1460:Italian
1445:Spanish
1435:English
1414:Lomakka
1365:Tagwana
1360:Sénoufo
1345:Djimini
1340:Cebaara
1322:Soninke
1317:Maninka
1297:Bambara
1214:Adjukru
939:Gaɓogbo
880:/dʒeˤ˩/
876:/dʒeˤ˧/
874:"egg",
872:/dʒeˤ˥/
859:verbs.
827:, with
655:Palatal
600:/j/,/w/
527:/n/,/ɺ/
317:/fẽˤː˥/
315:(as in
298:/fẽˤː˥/
247:/ieaou/
184:of the
165:Unicode
74:Eastern
1742:Siamou
1725:Others
1697:Dewoin
1685:Others
1671:Konobo
1666:Nyabwa
1620:Krumen
1470:Arabic
1455:German
1450:Arabic
1440:French
1355:Palaka
1332:Senufo
1274:Morofo
1254:Eotile
1244:Baoulé
1239:Avikam
1204:Abidji
1171:Tiagba
1166:Siamou
1156:Nyabwa
1146:Kwadia
1136:Konobo
1072:Nouchi
1067:French
845:bottom
820:, and
673:Nasal
668:velar
666:Labial
649:Labial
523:/wɺi˥/
387:Nasal
382:velar
380:Labial
361:Labial
217:Vowels
202:Guitry
27:Region
1737:Kuwaa
1692:Bassa
1661:Krahn
1610:Grebo
1602:Grebo
1570:Kodia
1565:Godié
1550:Bakwe
1465:Hindi
1409:Hausa
1402:Other
1393:Mooré
1383:Cerma
1307:Dyula
1289:Mande
1279:Nzema
1269:Mbato
1264:Krobu
1259:Esuma
1249:Ebrié
1234:Attié
1224:Anyin
1209:Abure
1131:Guéré
1126:Godié
1106:Bakwé
794:Tones
788:]
784:[
780:]
776:[
663:velar
658:Velar
636:]
632:[
628:]
624:[
616:]
612:[
608:]
604:[
596:]
592:[
579:plus
561:]
557:[
553:/ɣa˧/
510:]
506:[
502:]
498:[
377:velar
372:Velar
367:Post-
329:/ka˧/
325:/kă˥/
263:lower
180:is a
1732:Aizi
1707:Klao
1702:Gbii
1676:Wobe
1651:Sapo
1615:Jabo
1585:Wane
1580:Neyo
1575:Kuya
1560:Dida
1555:Bété
1388:Lobi
1312:Guro
1229:Apro
1181:Wobé
1176:Wané
1161:Neyo
1151:Mobu
1141:Kuya
1116:Dida
1111:Bété
1101:Aizi
890:and
888:high
866:and
853:/˨˩/
808:high
569:/ɡʷ/
567:and
565:/kʷ/
535:/ɣa/
178:Dida
79:Dida
22:Dida
1634:Wee
1375:Gur
1350:Kar
1302:Dan
1199:Abé
1191:Kwa
1093:Kru
978:doi
941:at
927:at
913:at
892:mid
829:mid
825:/˨/
822:low
818:/˧/
815:mid
811:/˥/
620:/w/
581:/u/
577:/ɡ/
575:or
573:/k/
549:/ɣ/
541:/ɓ/
531:/ɣ/
494:/ɺ/
490:/ɺ/
279:/a/
240:/ə/
222:Abu
151:IPA
124:gie
117:dic
110:gud
69:Kru
1759::
1656:Wè
995:.
974:14
968:.
870::
813:,
803:.
786:ɾ̃
768:w
634:ʝʷ
618:.
614:ɣʷ
610:,
537:.
518:n.
482:w
242:.
204:.
192:.
60:?
1528:e
1521:t
1514:v
1045:e
1038:t
1031:v
997:9
986:.
980::
778:ɾ
763:j
760:l
746:ɣ
720:ɓ
685:ŋ
682:ɲ
679:n
676:m
626:ɥ
606:ʝ
594:ɦ
559:x
521:(
508:ɺ
500:l
477:j
474:ɺ
460:ɣ
434:ɓ
399:ŋ
396:ɲ
393:n
390:m
171:.
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