Peaceful Revolution - Knowledge (XXG)

1217: 695: 1328: 1365: 1604: 582: 997: 1061: 1110: 1236: 235: 1024:, the then Hungarian Prime Minister, who promoted the idea. The border was temporarily opened at 3 p.m., and 700–900 East Germans, who had travelled there after being tipped off, rushed across, without intervention from Hungarian border guards. It was the largest escape movement from East Germany since the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. The local organization in Sopron took over the Hungarian Democratic Forum, the other contacts were made via Habsburg and the Hungarian Minister of State 2161: 2596:(ruling mayor of Berlin in 1989) expected the Berlin Wall to open: "We expected that one day the storm would come across the border from behind, actually, since Otto von Habsburg and the Pan-Europa-Union had the pan-European picnic on the border between Hungary and Austria on August 19, 1989 in Sopron. Hundreds of them came. It was stupid that people from the GDR should cross the border via Hungary and Austria. if there was a border crossing directly with them." In: 67: 1712: 276: 1684: 1726: 833:, was prohibited in East Germany because its new open political criticisms annoyed upper circles of the GDR leadership. This caused a lot of resentment and helped to activate the opposition movement. After a year, the sale of the magazine was reinstated, and censored editions of the issues from the preceding year were made available in a special edition for East Germans. 1698: 2977: 1399: 1361:(Church of St Nicholas). Prayers were said for people who had been mistreated by the state authorities, so the meetings took on a political character. The numbers attending grew and on 4 September 1989, it became a demonstration of over 1000 people in front of the church. The Stasi arrived to break it up, taking some demonstrators away in trucks. 878:, the East German parliament. The results of elections were generally about 99% "Yes" in favour of the list. However, before the 7 May 1989 election there were open signs of citizens' dissatisfaction with the government and the SED was concerned that there could be a significant number of "No" votes. The number of applications for an 1040:’s reaction to an opening of the border on the Iron Curtain. In particular, it was examined whether Moscow would give the Soviet troops stationed in Hungary the command to intervene. The West German government was already prepared for the mass escape, and trains and coaches were ready to take the escapees from Vienna to 1513:. Honecker responded that Mielke should not open his mouth so much. Mielke responded by putting the last nail in Honecker's coffin. He announced that the Stasi had a file on the now-ousted leader. It contained proof of Honecker's corrupt business practices, sexual activities, and how, as a member of the underground 1011:

at the Austro-Hungarian border followed on 19 August 1989. This was a celebration of more open relationships between east and west, near Sopron, but on the Austrian side of the border. The opening of the border gate then set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer

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Citizens demanded their legal right to observe the vote count. Election monitors from churches and other groups showed the figures had been falsified. About 10 percent of voters had put a line through every name on the list, indicating a "No" vote, and about 10 percent of the electorate had not voted

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Between 1963 and 1988, the Stasi recorded that 14,737 people were returned to East Germany after failed escape attempts via the borders of other Soviet bloc countries. It is not known how many East Germans were shot and killed while trying to escape to the west via these borders. The last one killed

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The plans contained exact provisions for the use of all available prisons and camps, and when those were full for the conversion of other buildings: Nazi detention centers, schools, hospitals, and factory holiday hostels. Every detail was foreseen, from where the doorbell was located on the house of

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On 10 August 1989, Hungary announced it would be further relaxing its handling of first-time East German border offenders, which had already become lenient. It stamped the passports of people caught trying to illegally cross the border, rather than arresting them or reporting them to the East German

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In the weeks before the election, opposition activists called for it to be boycotted, and distributed a leaflet criticising Erich Honecker's regime. Nevertheless, the result of the election was proclaimed as 98.5 percent "Yes". Clear evidence of electoral fraud was smuggled to the West German media.

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Although it was hailed as a communist success story, by the late 1980s its economic growth had slowed to less than 1% per annum and the government's economic goals were not reached. It had to deal with increasing global competition with run-down industrial infrastructure, and shortages of labour and

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on 7 October 1989, the 40th anniversary of the founding of the GDR, were marred by demonstrations. There had been protests in the preceding weeks, and Hungary and Czechoslovakia now allowed East Germans to travel freely across their borders to the west. From 1 to 8 October, 14 "Freedom Trains" took

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Applications to leave were often not approved and could take years to process. Making the application was risky as the applicants were considered disloyal "enemies of the state". It was common for people to lose their jobs after making an application and to be harassed by the Stasi. Retired people

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once per annum. Because East Germans' travel to the west had been very restricted, until the middle of the 1980s only about 60,000 visitors had received "Welcome Money". However, between 9 and 22 November alone, over 11 million East Germans had crossed into West Berlin or West Germany. In November

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However, growing political agitation in East Germany was part of wider liberalisation within the Soviet bloc resulting from Gorbachev's reforms – the country was not as isolated as China. Although Gorbachev visited Beijing in May 1989 to normalize Sino-Soviet relations, and the Chinese people were

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Poor sewerage and industrial infrastructure led to major environmental problems. Half the country's domestic sewage was untreated, as was most industrial waste. Over a third of all East Germany's rivers, and almost a third of its reservoirs and half of its lakes were severely polluted. Its forests

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countries. It was the Soviet Union's most important trading partner, although it was very much subordinate. It was a net exporter of technology. Its shared language, cultural and personal connections with West Germany helped to boost its economy. Its trade with West Germany was 50 to 60 percent of

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By 1984, 23 sites had been selected for "isolation and internment camps." Those who were to be imprisoned in them ran into six categories; including anyone who had ever been under surveillance for anti-state activities, including all members of peace movements which were not under Stasi control.

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The demonstrations became a regular weekly event in Leipzig and around the country, with tens of thousands joining in. There were mass arrests and beatings at the Leipzig demonstrations on 11 September and going through until 2 October. After the demonstration on 9 October, in which the security

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In addition to the GDR 40th anniversary demonstrations and the protests against electoral fraud, from September 1989 there were regular weekly pro-democracy demonstrations in towns and cities across the country. They are referred to as "Monday demonstrations" as that was the day they occurred in

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between April and June 1989 on West German television broadcasts. When the Chinese regime brutally crushed the demonstration on 3–4 June, several hundred and possibly several thousand protesters were killed. This caused concern for the nascent East German protest movement, that had demonstrated

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About 100,000 East Germans then travelled to Hungary, hoping to also get across the border. Many people camped in the garden of the West German embassy in Budapest, in parks and around the border areas. Although the East German government asked for these people to be deported back to the GDR,

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of August 19, 1989: “Habsburg distributed leaflets far into Poland, on which the East German holidaymakers were invited to a picnic. When they came to the picnic, they were given gifts, food and Deutsche Mark, and then they were persuaded to come to the West.” But with the mass exodus at the

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Although there were almost 500,000 Soviet troops stationed in the GDR, they were not going to help suppress any demonstrations. It later emerged that Gorbachev had ordered that the troops were to stay in their barracks during the commemorations. As the reformist Gorbachev was paraded along

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After Hungary and Czechoslovakia allowed East Germans to cross to the west via their borders, there was nothing the GDR government could to do to prevent people leaving. Between 4–5 November, the weekend before the Berlin Wall was opened, over 50,000 people left. Party official

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and Leipzig respectively. In Leipzig, there was no violence, as the 70,000 participants were too many for the 8,000 armed security forces present to tackle. "The message from Leipzig soared over the entire country: The masses had the power to topple the regime peacefully".

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The policy of non-interference in Soviet Bloc countries' internal affairs was made official with Gorbachev's statement on 26 October 1989 that the "Soviet Union has no moral or political right to interfere in the affairs of its East European neighbors". This was dubbed the

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From 10 September 1989, the Hungarian government allowed all East Germans to cross the Austro-Hungarian border without hindrance. Tens of thousands left and many also travelled to Czechoslovakia, whose government also gave in to demands to open its western border.

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Workers in East Germany earned more than those in other communist countries and they had better housing than most of them. But East German workers compared themselves with West Germans, who were much better off, which was another cause of dissatisfaction.

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raw materials. From 1986, its products were often seen as inferior and orders delivered to the Soviet Union were increasingly rejected due to poor quality control standards. Other communist countries were pursuing market-led reforms, but the government of

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As a result of new hopes inspired by the mass exodus of East Germans via Hungary, several opposition groups formed in Autumn 1989, with the aim of bringing about the same sorts of reforms in the GDR that had been instituted in Poland and Hungary.

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on 9 November 1989. Through a change in leadership and a willingness to negotiate, the SED attempted to win back the political initiative, but control of the situation increasingly lay with the West German government under Chancellor

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bureaucrats staged a takeover. Frustrated East german activists accepted the collapse of the GDR. East German citizens accepted the German reunification following 40 years of repression and inaction by the East German elites.

969:, retired on 22 May 1988 and other political parties were formed which challenged the old socialist order in Hungary, leading to a period of liberalisation. Almost a year later, on 2 May 1989, the Hungarian government began 2930: 1208:

enthusiastic about his ideas, he had no influence with the Chinese government. Rather than stifle the East Germans' protests, the Tiananmen Square demonstration was further inspiration for their desire to instigate change.

1639:, a border official, allowed people to pass through into West Berlin. Over the next few days streams of cars queued at the checkpoints along the Berlin Wall and the inner German border to travel through to West Germany. 1252:

12,000 East German refugees from Prague across GDR territory to West Germany, with cheers from East Germans as they passed. All were signs that the anniversary, which Mikhail Gorbachev attended, would not run smoothly.

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between 1961 and 1988. However, the majority of attempts were thwarted and those caught were arrested and sent back to face the East German legal system. Some were also shot and killed by border guards.

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Besetzung Stasi-Bezirksverwaltung 1989. Die Angst überwunden. Denkmale in Erfurt (69): Mit der Besetzung der ersten Stasi-Bezirksverwaltung gab Erfurt am 4. Dezember 1989 ein DDR-weites Signal.

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forces were completely outnumbered by the 70,000 protesters and unable to hinder them, the demonstrations in Leipzig and elsewhere remained relatively peaceful. The largest gatherings were the

937:, although those involved had no choice in the matter. Between 1964 and 1989 a recorded 33,755 political prisoners and about 250,000 of their relatives and others were "sold" to West Germany. 3414: 1498: 641: 1204:

proclaimed it was "a defeat for counter-revolutionary forces." Sixteen civil rights activists in East Berlin were arrested for protesting against the actions of the Chinese government.

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after 1961 travelled to other Eastern Bloc countries, as they believed their western borders were easier to breach than East Germany's. Around 7,000–8,000 East Germans escaped through

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rejected such changes, claiming they contradicted Marxist ideology. More than one-fifth of the government's income was spent on subsidising the costs of housing, food and basic goods.

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in Berlin on 4 November 1989, and 11 November in Leipzig, each with an estimated 500,000 protesters, although there are claims that up to 750,000 were at the Berlin demonstration.

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The protesters called for an open border with West Germany, genuine democracy, and greater human rights and environmental protections. The most noted slogan protesters shouted was

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On the 28 October 1989, to try to calm the protests, an amnesty was issued for political prisoners being held for border crimes or for participation in the weekly demonstrations.

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The Soviet Union and the Eastern bloc states had strongly isolationist policies and they developed complex systems and infrastructure to restrict their citizens travel beyond the

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were doubtful about his ability to bring about reform, saying that "he would have to undertake 'tremendous efforts' to dispel the mistrust of a great part of the population."

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authorities; first-time offenders would just get a warning, and no stamp. It also announced a proposal to downgrade illegal border crossing from a crime to a misdemeanour.

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were damaged by sulphur dioxide and air pollution in cities was a problem. Protests about these environmental problems played a large part in the Peaceful Revolution.

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Thomas Roser: DDR-Massenflucht: Ein Picknick hebt die Welt aus den Angeln (German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018.

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announced at a press conference on the evening of Thursday 9 November 1989 that East Germans were free to travel through the checkpoints of the Berlin Wall and the

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countries, the GDR's lack of competitiveness in the global market economy, as well as its sharply rising national debt, hastened the destabilization of the SED's

1036:, distributed thousands of brochures inviting them to a picnic near the border at Sopron. Habsburg and Imre Pozsgay saw the event also as an opportunity to test 549:

Because of its hostile response to the reforms implemented within its "socialist brother lands", the SED leadership was already increasingly isolated within the

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Pan-European Picnic, the subsequent hesitant behavior of the Socialist Unity Party of East Germany and the non-intervention of the Soviet Union broke the dams.

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at the Hungarian-Austrian border, when hundreds of East Germans, who were allowed to travel to Hungary but not to the west, escaped to West Germany via Austria.

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and prepared free elections. After an election win for a coalition of parties that supported German reunification, the political path within the GDR was clear.

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Not all pro-democracy activists wanted reunification with capitalist West Germany. Many envisioned a separate, left-leaning but genuinely democratic state.

1364: 7163: 934: 3857: 2828: 7252: 3007: 2195:, Vol. 40, No. 2, "Power, Purpose, and Collective Choice: Economic Strategy in Socialist States" (Spring, 1986), pp. 381–420. Retrieved 22 August 2019 7204: 2255: 1818:

Most parts of East Germany could pick up West German television. In theory, watching it was banned, but it was tolerated as it couldn't be prevented.

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candidates. The National Front was, in theory, an alliance of political parties, but they were all controlled by the SED party, which controlled the

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Officially Honecker resigned due to ill health, but he had been sharply criticized by the party. Although Krenz, 52, was the youngest member of the

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Following the reforms, by 1988 relations had soured between Gorbachev and Honecker, although the relationship of KGB and the Stasi was still close.

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translates into "the turn" or "the turning point". The began to be used in reference to the Peaceful Revolution on 16 October 1989 in the magazine

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Krenz, the last SED leader of the GDR, was only in office for 46 days, resigning on 3 December, along with the rest of the SED Politburo and the

1028:. Extensive advertising for the planned picnic was made by posters and flyers among the GDR holidaymakers in Hungary. The Austrian branch of the 2850: 1646:("Welcome Money"). This was a payment that the West German government had given to visiting East Germans since 1970. In 1989 the amount was 100 7133: 5405: 3540: 3477: 3261: 3025: 2559: 7128: 5063: 4728: 4253: 4065: 4040: 3942: 3887: 3035: 2243: 1919: 1318: 630: 585: 253: 6151: 5895: 5155: 4095: 2447: 1309:

On 18 October, only eleven days after these events, Honecker was removed as head of the party and the state and was replaced by Egon Krenz.

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in Prenzlauer Berg, Berlin was crushed by security forces, who beat people up and made around 500 arrests. Other protests outside the

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Churches were often pivotal in the demonstrations. The Leipzig "Monday demonstrations" stemmed from Monday prayer meetings at the

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to West Germany, to travel via East Germany. Between the first and eighth of October 1989, 14 so-called "Freedom Trains" (German:

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remained the real holders of political power. Over 200,000 members of the SED had left the party during the previous two months.

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removes section of the East German Constitution granting the SED a monopoly of power, thus ending Communist rule in East Germany.

508: 2548:„Der 19. August 1989 war ein Test für Gorbatschows“ (German – August 19, 1989 was a test for Gorbachev), in: FAZ 19 August 2009. 2015: 1528:, he was a hardliner who had congratulated the Chinese regime on its brutal crushing of the Tiananmen Square demonstration. The 7318: 6765: 6146: 6075: 5975: 5853: 5625: 5615: 5202: 4589: 4338: 4268: 4019: 3902: 3897: 3503: 3322: 1598: 6196: 5965: 5540: 5427: 5415: 4624: 1477:), to each local Stasi precinct to begin the planned arrests, he was ignored. Terrified of an East German version of the mass 7333: 5545: 5237: 5180: 4619: 3467: 1544: 1280: 1175: 870:

In practice, there was no real choice in GDR elections, which consisted of citizens voting to approve a pre-selected list of

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in the late 1980s. A process of sociopolitical change that led to, among other openings, the opening of their borders to the

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became the prime minister and 17 November he formed a 28-member Council of Minister which included 11 non-SED ministers.

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of the party. The country was then in practice run by Prime Minister Modrow. Krenz was succeeded as head of state by

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were more likely to have their applications accepted as the state would avoid the burden of paying their pensions.

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Vergessene Migrationsgeschichte/n? Die Ausreise aus der DDR in der Erinnerung von Übersiedler-Eltern und -Kindern

1486: 766: 303: 170: 2210: 7338: 6840: 6407: 5670: 5314: 4858: 4333: 4283: 3922: 3912: 3681: 3442: 2506:(The Berlin Wall began to crumble in Burgenland – German), in Wiener Zeitung 16 August 1999; Otmar Lahodynsky: 1744: 1439: 473: 281: 195: 58: 5748: 5728: 3779: 3603: 2369: 1952: 1302:

When numerous East Germans were arrested for protesting the 40th-anniversary celebrations, many of them sang "

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This article is about the revolution in East Germany. For the concept of a revolution which is peaceful, see

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From 10 November, East Germans who had crossed the border queued outside West German banks to collect their

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East Germany's economy was stronger than other Eastern Bloc countries and it was the most successful of the

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who joked "You know the Frank Sinatra song, 'I Did It My Way'? Hungary and Poland are doing it their way."

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The East German government gave in to pressure to allow special trains carrying East German refugees from

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There were protests throughout the country, the most organised being three consecutive demonstrations in

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Ich packe meinen Koffer. Eine ethnologische Spurensuche rund um OstWest-Ausreisende und Spätaussiedelnde

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at all. After the initial protests on 7 May, there were demonstrations on the seventh of every month in

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followed an implosion of democratic institutions in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) as hundreds of

288: 31: 6402: 3608: 2872: 2689: 1978: 725:(Treaty of Unification) between the GDR and the Federal Republic of Germany on 31 August 1990 and the 6635: 6257: 6211: 6126: 6121: 5920: 5819: 5768: 5763: 5655: 5610: 5565: 5503: 5334: 5309: 5259: 5187: 5101: 4951: 4553: 4532: 4298: 4176: 3799: 3794: 3754: 3623: 3568: 2931:"The Dynamics of Informational Cascades: The Monday Demonstrations in Leipzig, East Germany, 1989–91" 1765: 1643: 1621: 1559: 1539: 1510: 1489:, Stasi agents throughout the GDR fortified their office-buildings and barricaded themselves inside. 1179:

against electoral fraud in May. "We too feared the possibility of a 'Chinese solution,'" said Pastor

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Clamor in the East; East Germany opens Frontier to the West for Migration or Travel; Thousands Cross

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to implement "Plan X"—the SED's plan to arrest and indefinitely detain 85,939 East Germans during a

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in August 1961. After that it was still possible to leave legally, by applying for and receiving an

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in October 1990. The peaceful revolution was marked by nonviolent initiatives and demonstrations.

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The government also forcibly exiled people, and political prisoners and their families could be

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States Parties to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol

2105: 2089:(December 2011) "Contemporary Issues in Historical Perspective: The Demise of the Soviet Bloc" 2025: 1877: 1668:. The term was first used publicly in East Germany on 18 October by the last communist leader 1651:

and December about 4 billion DM was paid out, and the system was stopped on 29 December 1989.

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When this information was broadcast, it was picked up in East Germany, instigating protests.

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nations to initiate their own political and economic reforms within the terms of the treaty.

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calling for the opening of the border with West Germany and greater human rights protections.

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Knowing Your Friends: Intelligence Inside Alliances and Coalitions from 1914 to the Cold War

1848: 1749: 1535: 1257: 1138: 809: 715: 367: 362: 352: 166: 109: 75: 66: 6710: 2536:(German – Mass exodus of the GDR: A picnic clears the world) in: Die Presse 16 August 2018. 2448:

Snipping away at the Iron Curtain: when Hungary opened its Austrian border – archive, 1989

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per person. It was a lucrative way for the East German government to get western currency.

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Ranis Castle in Thuringia was among the locations selected for an internment camp under

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formed. They all had similar aims, wanting greater democracy and environmental reforms.

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was influenced by the Central Round Table, which put into action the dissolution of the

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Law, History, and Justice: Debating German State Crimes in the Long Twentieth Century

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On 7 November 1989, the entire Cabinet of the East German government, the 44-member

911:. About 3.5 million people left the GDR for West Germany before the building of the 7224: 7005: 6955: 6885: 6875: 6729: 6717: 6704: 6510: 6337: 5838: 5086: 4936: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4491: 4273: 3819: 3774: 3508: 3399: 3374: 1982: 1739: 1703: 1689: 1506: 1443: 1434:. According to John Koehler, Plan X had been in preparation since 1979 and was, "a 1419: 1025: 1013: 908: 750: 550: 523: 482: 433: 401: 377: 342: 298: 174: 96: 2430:

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Leipzig, where they started, but they were staged on several days of the week. In

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The first wave of demonstrations ended in March 1990 due to the forthcoming free

930:(permission to leave). Between 1961 and 1988 about 383,000 people left this way. 7050: 6655: 6625: 6480: 6470: 6369: 6232: 6025: 5560: 5514: 5344: 5329: 5140: 4988: 4956: 4843: 4658: 4563: 4502: 4328: 3872: 3759: 3734: 3676: 3638: 3628: 3498: 2021: 1683: 1664: 1571: 1563: 1462: 1435: 1098: 912: 875: 801: 796: 655: 609: 601: 566: 559: 554: 542: 538: 428: 418: 406: 347: 6809: 6520: 6490: 6444: 6359: 6327: 6319: 6262: 5950: 5665: 5463: 5354: 5242: 4848: 4374: 4248: 3862: 3648: 3593: 3563: 3493: 3265: 1679: 1669: 1261: 1142: 982: 978: 530:, similar to destabilization of such regimes in other Eastern Bloc countries. 396: 337: 2352: 7105: 6950: 6799: 6772: 6585: 6540: 6449: 6417: 6397: 6389: 5718: 5508: 4414: 4208: 3927: 3867: 3749: 3359: 2390:"The Cold War's Forgotten Victims: Avenging East Germans Killed in Bulgaria" 2001: 1759: 1612: 1529: 1130: 1118: 248: 178: 87:

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in the late 1980s was the prelude to widespread demonstrations against the

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was a 19-year-old man, shot at the Bulgarian-Turkish border in July 1989.

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2303:"Crossing the Borders of Friendship: Mobility across Communist Borders" 1672:

in a speech to the Volkskammer upon his election as General Secretary.

1518: 1497:

On 18 October 1989, the 77-year-old Erich Honecker was replaced as the

1398: 1295: 1265: 1041: 949: 842: 589: 3307: 2791: 1275:

On 7 October, a candelight demonstration with 1,500 protesters around

6698: 6500: 6439: 5374: 3618: 2729: 2055: 1340: 1332: 1291: 1287: 1083: 986: 690:, which supported reunification, got the highest proportion of votes. 669: 2493:

Miklós Németh in Interview, Austrian TV – ORF "Report", 25 June 2019

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Der Bundespräsident. The 25th anniversary of the peaceful revolution

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China's pro-democracy protests struck hope and fear in East Germany

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and seeking asylum. On 27 June 1989 the Hungarian foreign minister

686:, which was also a quasi-referendum on reunification, in which the 7183: 6645: 6428: 5804:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

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East-West relationships between minimum exchange and welcome money

2562:[Pan-European Picnic: With the picnic basket to freedom]. 2465:

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In November 1988, the distribution of the Soviet monthly magazine

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East Germany's Cabinet Resigns, Bowing to Protest and Mass Flight

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99 Percent for the Communists: How the End of East Germany Began

1631:

After some initial confusion, with 20,000 people arriving at the

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A demonstration on 30 October 1989 in front of the town hall in

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Confrontation between security forces and demonstrators at the

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Paneuropäisches Picknick: Die Generalprobe für den Mauerfall

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From December 1989, the GDR government of Prime Minister

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Mark Keck-Szajbel, Mark; Stola, Dariusz (11 March 2015)

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Häftlingsdeals mit der DDR Menschen gegen Maisladungen

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Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

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Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

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protest in Schönhauser Allee, Berlin, 7 October 1989

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We Are the People' A Peaceful Revolution in Leipzig

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Die Berliner Mauer begann im Burgenland zu bröckeln

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Retrieved 30 July 2019 2359:. Retrieved 30 July 2019 2217:Retrieved 22 August 2019 2020:. Bloomington, Indiana: 2017:The History of the Stasi 1745:Common knowledge (logic) 1562:, led by Prime Minister 1440:Nazi concentration camps 1202:German People's Congress 1088:Flüchtlingszüge aus Prag 898:Gaps in the Iron Curtain 698:Queue outside a bank in 629:From 4 September 1989 – 522:Same as in other of the 196:Reunification of Germany 59:Reunification of Germany 6071:Fall of the Berlin Wall 6016:People Power Revolution 6001:Central American crisis 5941:1986 Black Sea incident 5591:1973 Afghan coup d'état 5489:Western Sahara conflict 5300:1966 Syrian coup d'état 5223:1963 Syrian coup d'état 5166:Portuguese Colonial War 5129:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 4894:1954 Syrian coup d'état 4771:Annexation of Hyderabad 4714:1947–1949 Palestine war 4385:Economic liberalization 4324:1991 Belarusian strikes 4264:Fall of the Berlin Wall 3918:Public Against Violence 3908:Popular Front of Latvia 3687:Political demonstration 3536:Chinese economic reform 3448:People Power Revolution 3191:Orlow, Dietrich (2016) 2342:Berlin: Ringbuch Verlag 2104:Mastny, Vojtech (1998) 1595:Fall of the Berlin Wall 1483:Hungarian secret police 1354:("We are one people"). 1212:40th anniversary of GDR 1165:Decisive events of 1989 1105:Newly formed opposition 837:Economy of East Germany 649:fall of the Berlin Wall 332:Main dissident leaders: 203:East German Round Table 190:Fall of the Berlin Wall 55:fall of the Berlin Wall 7319:Nonviolent revolutions 6365:Neoclassical economics 5876:Gulf of Sidra incident 5433:1969 Libyan revolution 5124:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 4909:1954 Geneva Conference 4669:Turkish straits crisis 4664:Corfu Channel incident 3519:New political thinking 2690:Bärbel Bohley Obituary 1907:. Abingdon: Routledge. 1616: 1474: 1467: 1442:got their start after 1415: 1411: 1372: 1335: 1281:Palace of the Republic 1244: 1232: 1122: 1067: 1004: 965:The Hungarian leader, 706: 654:1 December 1989 – The 647:9 November 1989 – The 593: 462: 455: 7334:Rebellions in Germany 7215:Russia–NATO relations 7096:Jonathan Reed Winkler 6380:Democratic capitalism 6375:Supply-side economics 6343:American conservatism 6142:Breakup of Yugoslavia 6031:Bougainville conflict 5946:South Yemen civil war 5881:Martial law in Poland 5744:Nicaraguan Revolution 5719:Dirty War (Argentina) 5526:1971 JVP insurrection 5340:Years of Lead (Italy) 5218:North Yemen civil war 5136:Berlin Crisis of 1961 5112:Albanian–Soviet split 5044:1959 Tibetan uprising 5009:Syrian Crisis of 1957 4864:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 4724:1948 Arab–Israeli War 4390:Post-Soviet conflicts 4344:Tajikistani Civil War 4294:Revolution on Granite 4254:Monday Demonstrations 3780:Sanjaasürengiin Zorig 3614:Mengistu Haile Mariam 3380:Eastern Bloc politics 3279:"Der Spiegel 42/1989" 2087:Kramer, Mark (2011) ( 1903:Childs, David (2014) 1755:Pluralistic ignorance 1606: 1521:and had named names. 1447:came to power in 1933 1401: 1367: 1330: 1313:Weekly demonstrations 1238: 1219: 1112: 1063: 999: 767:Czechoslovakia (1953) 759:Socialist Unity Party 729:on 12 September 1990. 697: 622:19 August 1989 – The 584: 470:German pronunciation: 456:Friedliche Revolution 289:Socialist Unity Party 32:Nonviolent revolution 7314:German reunification 7284:1990 in East Germany 7279:1989 in East Germany 6636:Non-Aligned Movement 6258:Peaceful coexistence 6212:North Borneo dispute 6127:German reunification 6122:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 5820:Salvadoran Civil War 5769:Grand Mosque seizure 5764:Yemenite War of 1979 5656:Mozambican Civil War 5611:Carnation Revolution 5566:Yemenite War of 1972 5504:1970 Polish protests 5335:1967 Hong Kong riots 5310:Argentine Revolution 5260:Guatemalan Civil War 5188:Cuban Missile Crisis 5102:Bay of Pigs Invasion 4974:1956 Poznań protests 4952:Geneva Summit (1955) 4554:Hukbalahap Rebellion 4533:Non-Aligned Movement 3800:Vytautas Landsbergis 3795:Viacheslav Chornovil 3624:Denis Sassou Nguesso 2959:Torpey, John (1995) 2894:Thüringer Allgemeine 2705:Dale, Gareth (2006) 1766:Tear down this wall! 1568:Politburo of the SED 1560:Council of Ministers 1511:political corruption 1151:Democratic Awakening 903:Enemies of the state 779:Prague Spring (1968) 734:German reunification 704:West German currency 688:Alliance for Germany 682:18 March 1990 - The 596:Significant events: 586:Monday demonstration 517:German reunification 513:parliamentary system 264:Democratic Beginning 152:German reunification 115:Political repression 7309:Peaceful Revolution 7304:Protests in Germany 7289:Revolutions of 1989 7081:Alex von Tunzelmann 7071:Vladimir Tismăneanu 6996:Thomas J. McCormick 6991:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 6891:Robert Hugh Ferrell 6754:Crusade for Freedom 6551:Illiberal democracy 6435:Ho Chi Minh Thought 6238:Eisenhower Doctrine 6091:Peaceful Revolution 6086:Romanian Revolution 6066:Revolutions of 1989 6051:1988 Polish strikes 5961:Operation INFEKTION 5956:1987 Lieyu massacre 5861:Eritrean Civil Wars 5844:Peruvian Revolution 5794:1979 Herat uprising 5784:Sino-Vietnamese War 5749:Uganda–Tanzania War 5729:Egyptian–Libyan War 5696:Third Indochina War 5691:Sino-Albanian split 5681:Ethiopian Civil War 5581:Eritrean Civil Wars 5521:Ping-pong diplomacy 5494:Cambodian Civil War 5320:Korean DMZ Conflict 5305:Cultural Revolution 5275:Dominican Civil War 5253:Tlatelolco massacre 5039:1959 Mosul uprising 5029:1958 Lebanon crisis 4756:Al-Wathbah uprising 4679:First Indochina War 4649:Iran crisis of 1946 4244:Pan-European Picnic 4219:1988 Polish strikes 3599:Wojciech Jaruzelski 3339:Revolutions of 1989 3298:) broadcast by the 2796:Haus der Geschichte 2564:Süddeutsche Zeitung 1905:The Fall of the GDR 1718:East Germany portal 1626:inner German border 1611:border crossing in 1418:On 8 October 1989, 1352:"Wir sind ein Volk" 1348:"Wir sind das Volk" 1009:Pan-European Picnic 917:Inner German border 763:East Germany (1953) 624:Pan-European Picnic 615:27 June 1989 – The 479:revolutions of 1989 474:[diːˈvɛndə] 448:Peaceful Revolution 51:Revolutions of 1989 40:Peaceful Revolution 7235:Russian Revolution 7031:Mary Elise Sarotte 7016:William B. Pickett 6941:Patrick J. Hearden 6921:Gabriel Gorodetsky 6916:Timothy Garton Ash 6901:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 6496:Ethnic nationalism 6248:Hallstein Doctrine 6132:Yemeni unification 5921:1985 Geneva Summit 5886:Casamance conflict 5789:New Jewel Movement 5774:Iranian Revolution 5759:Chadian–Libyan War 5706:Cambodian conflict 5686:Lebanese Civil War 5676:Western Sahara War 5651:June 1976 protests 5646:Cambodian genocide 5411:17 July Revolution 5365:Nigerian Civil War 5280:Rhodesian Bush War 5265:Colombian conflict 5208:Ramadan Revolution 4947:Bandung Conference 4823:Operation Valuable 4704:Partition of India 3604:Slobodan Milošević 3473:Vatican Opposition 3136:2019-08-30 at the 2965:Theory and Society 2410:(7 December 2009) 2111:2017-07-06 at the 1617: 1485:agents during the 1432:state of emergency 1416: 1373: 1336: 1304:The Internationale 1245: 1233: 1123: 1068: 1005: 736:achieved with the 710:1 July 1990 – The 707: 636:18 October 1989 – 594: 163:Civil disobedience 78:, 10 November 1989 7266: 7265: 7253:List of conflicts 7101:Rudolph Winnacker 7046:Giles Scott-Smith 7021:Ronald E. Powaski 6976:Melvyn P. Leffler 6906:John Lewis Gaddis 6881:Robert D. English 6846:Warren H. Carroll 6836:Michael Beschloss 6805:Nuclear arms race 6786: 6785: 6692:Neues Deutschland 6594: 6593: 6576:White nationalism 6546:Liberal democracy 6283:Ulbricht Doctrine 6273:Brezhnev Doctrine 6081:Velvet Revolution 5825:Soviet–Afghan War 5641:Angolan Civil War 5438:Goulash Communism 5295:ASEAN Declaration 5248:Mexican Dirty War 5146:Annexation of Goa 5097:1960 U-2 incident 5071:Sino-Soviet split 5049:Laotian Civil War 4889:Bricker Amendment 4869:Mau Mau rebellion 4813:Malayan Emergency 4801:Chinese Civil War 4761:Tito–Stalin split 4615:Division of Korea 4439: 4438: 4365:Colour revolution 4195: 4194: 4162:Congo-Brazzaville 3883:Democratic Russia 3840:Pope John Paul II 3835:George H. W. Bush 3785:Vladimir Bukovsky 3574:Mikhail Gorbachev 3569:Nicolae Ceaușescu 3355:Era of Stagnation 3037:978-1-7892-0105-5 1622:Günter Schabowski 1579:Central Committee 1552:Neues Deutschland 1277:Gethsemane Church 1247:Celebrations for 1241:Gethsemane Church 1225:Mikhail Gorbachev 1193:Neues Deutschland 1181:Christian Fuehrer 1121:, 23 October 1989 1113:Demonstrators in 1038:Mikhail Gorbachev 1034:Karl von Habsburg 1030:Paneuropean Union 1018:Otto von Habsburg 1001:Otto von Habsburg 814:Gennadi Gerasimov 755:Mikhail Gorbachev 732:3 October 1990 – 592:, 16 October 1989 494:Mikhail Gorbachev 444: 443: 424:Günter Schabowski 319: 318: 199:(3 October 1990) 193:(9 November 1989) 72:Berlin wall falls 16:(Redirected from 7346: 7299:1990 in politics 7011:David S. Painter 6936:John Earl Haynes 6866:Nicholas J. Cull 6851:Adrian Cioroianu 6831:Thomas A. Bailey 6778:Voice of America 6669: 6581:White separatism 6561:Social democracy 6556:Guided democracy 6536:Authoritarianism 6486:Ultranationalism 6476:Anti-imperialism 6403:Marxism–Leninism 6316: 6303:Kinmen Agreement 6268:Johnson Doctrine 6253:Kennedy Doctrine 6169:Frozen conflicts 6152:1991 August Coup 6041:Afghan Civil War 5936:Reykjavík Summit 5931:Somali Rebellion 5871:Ugandan Bush War 5849:Gdańsk Agreement 5370:Protests of 1968 5350:War of Attrition 5059:Cuban Revolution 4995:We will bury you 4962:Cyprus Emergency 4942:Kashmir Princess 4932:Jebel Akhdar War 4781:Western betrayal 4466: 4459: 4452: 4443: 4314:Transnistria War 3973: 3815:Aung San Suu Kyi 3730:Alexander Dubček 3667:Civil resistance 3524:Sinatra Doctrine 3504:Demokratizatsiya 3405:Shortage economy 3332: 3325: 3318: 3309: 3303: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3275: 3269: 3259: 3253: 3240: 3234: 3224: 3218: 3205: 3196: 3189: 3183: 3173: 3164: 3151: 3145: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3109: 3102: 3096: 3089: 3083: 3082:, pages 142–143. 3078:Koehler (1999), 3076: 3070: 3067: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3021: 3015: 3012:Der Tagesspiegel 3004: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2974: 2968: 2957: 2951: 2944: 2938: 2927: 2921: 2914: 2901: 2898:www.efurt-web.de 2886: 2880: 2869: 2858: 2847: 2836: 2833:Der Tagesspiegel 2825: 2816: 2805: 2799: 2782: 2776: 2766: 2755: 2744: 2733: 2722: 2716: 2703: 2697: 2686: 2680: 2667: 2658: 2647: 2638: 2628: 2622: 2609: 2600: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2537: 2530: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2474: 2468: 2463:Andreas Rödder: 2461: 2455: 2444: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2408:Jeszenszky, Géza 2405: 2399: 2386: 2377: 2366: 2360: 2349: 2343: 2336: 2330: 2319: 2310: 2299: 2293: 2282: 2276: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2235: 2224: 2218: 2207: 2196: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2158: 2152: 2139: 2133: 2126: 2120: 2102: 2096: 2085: 2079: 2070: 2059: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2011: 2005: 1995: 1986: 1975: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1949: 1943: 1932: 1923: 1917: 1908: 1901: 1888: 1887: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1860: 1859: 1844: 1828: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1810: 1806: 1800: 1793: 1787: 1783: 1750:Mutual knowledge 1734: 1729: 1728: 1727: 1720: 1715: 1714: 1713: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1549:, editor of the 1548: 1258:Unter den Linden 1096: 1052:dictated to the 942:escape illegally 929: 810:Sinatra Doctrine 723:Einigungsvertrag 604:liberalisation ( 476: 471: 465: 363:Wolfgang Templin 279: 278: 277: 238: 237: 236: 227: 226: 167:Civil resistance 119:Economic failure 110:Authoritarianism 76:Brandenburg Gate 69: 37: 21: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7343: 7339:Democratization 7269: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7239: 7230:Second Cold War 7188: 7116: 7110: 7086:Odd Arne Westad 7076:Patrick Vaughan 7061:Athan Theoharis 7041:Ellen Schrecker 7026:Yakov M. Rabkin 7001:Timothy Naftali 6946:Tvrtko Jakovina 6931:Jussi Hanhimäki 6814: 6792: 6782: 6760:Paix et Liberté 6735: 6679:Active measures 6660: 6590: 6571:White supremacy 6531:Totalitarianism 6459: 6384: 6307: 6293:Reagan Doctrine 6288:Carter Doctrine 6228:Truman Doctrine 6216: 6163: 6095: 5990:Soviet reaction 5901:Ndogboyosoi War 5808: 5779:Saur Revolution 5606:1973 oil crisis 5571:Munich massacre 5479:Alcora Exercise 5474:Black September 5452: 5198:Sino-Indian War 5092:Simba rebellion 5075: 4919:Capture of the 4827: 4766:Berlin Blockade 4699:May 1947 crises 4689:Truman Doctrine 4654:Greek Civil War 4643:Blacklist Forty 4610:Gouzenko Affair 4597:Cursed soldiers 4549:Morgenthau Plan 4537: 4475: 4470: 4440: 4435: 4419: 4380:Democratization 4370:Decommunization 4353: 4289:Helsinki Summit 4229:April 9 tragedy 4201: 4191: 4120: 4029: 3977: 3968: 3962: 3850: 3844: 3712: 3706: 3659: 3653: 3609:Mathieu Kérékou 3556: 3550: 3482: 3458:Reagan Doctrine 3433:Active measures 3425: 3419: 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3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3854: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3825:Isaias Afwerki 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3805:Zianon Pazniak 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3716: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3663: 3661: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3584:Erich Honecker 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3560: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3496: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3429: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3365:Anti-communism 3362: 3357: 3351: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3305: 3304: 3284: 3270: 3254: 3235: 3219: 3214:New York Times 3197: 3184: 3180:New York Times 3165: 3160:New York Times 3146: 3122: 3110: 3108:, pages 63–64. 3097: 3084: 3071: 3059: 3050: 3036: 3016: 2999: 2986: 2969: 2952: 2939: 2935:World Politics 2922: 2902: 2881: 2859: 2855:Spiegel Online 2837: 2817: 2813:New York Times 2800: 2792:Sites of Unity 2777: 2756: 2734: 2717: 2698: 2681: 2676:New York Times 2659: 2639: 2623: 2618:New York Times 2601: 2586: 2577: 2550: 2538: 2532:Thomas Roser: 2525: 2516: 2514:9 August 2014. 2495: 2486: 2484:18 August 2014 2469: 2456: 2432: 2420: 2400: 2378: 2374:Spiegel Online 2361: 2344: 2331: 2311: 2294: 2277: 2260: 2248: 2236: 2219: 2215:New York Times 2197: 2180: 2168: 2153: 2148:New York Times 2134: 2121: 2097: 2080: 2060: 2044: 2030: 2006: 1987: 1970: 1944: 1924: 1909: 1889: 1882: 1864: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1820: 1811: 1801: 1797:Deutsche Marks 1788: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1735: 1732:Germany portal 1721: 1707: 1693: 1677: 1674: 1656: 1653: 1648:Deutsche Marks 1644:Begrüßungsgeld 1590: 1587: 1494: 1491: 1424:Erich Honecker 1395: 1392: 1314: 1311: 1221:Erich Honecker 1213: 1210: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1106: 1103: 1065:Erich Honecker 1050:Erich Honecker 962: 959: 954:Czechoslovakia 921:Ausreiseantrag 904: 901: 899: 896: 892:Alexanderplatz 880:Ausreiseantrag 872:National Front 867: 864: 852:Erich Honecker 838: 835: 821: 818: 775:Hungary (1956) 753:nations under 746: 743: 742: 741: 730: 719: 692: 691: 680: 673: 662: 659: 652: 645: 638:Erich Honecker 634: 627: 620: 613: 608:) and reform ( 578: 575: 535: 532: 442: 441: 437: 436: 431: 426: 421: 415: 410: 409: 404: 399: 394: 392:Erich Honecker 388: 384: 381: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 358:Martin Böttger 355: 350: 345: 340: 334: 330: 329: 326: 325: 321: 320: 317: 316: 314: 313: 308: 307: 306: 296: 291: 271: 269: 267: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 230: 223: 222: 218: 217: 216: 215: 210: 205: 186: 182: 181: 160: 156: 155: 154: 153: 150: 145: 138: 134: 133: 132: 131: 126: 123:Anti-Communist 120: 117: 112: 105: 101: 100: 95: 93: 89: 88: 85: 81: 80: 70: 62: 61: 42: 41: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7351: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7242: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7220:War on terror 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7115:Espionage and 7113: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7066:Andrew Thorpe 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6961:Gabriel Kolko 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6926:Fred Halliday 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6911:Lloyd Gardner 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6871:Norman Davies 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6856:John Costello 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6791:Technological 6789: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6694: 6693: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672:Pro-communist 6670: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599:Organizations 6597: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6413:Eurocommunism 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6243:Domino theory 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6197:South Ossetia 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5981:8888 Uprising 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5926:Iran–Iraq War 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5891:Falklands War 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5754:NDF Rebellion 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5734:German Autumn 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5621:Metapolitefsi 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5385: 5383: 5382:Prague Spring 5380: 5376: 5373: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5360:Al-Wadiah War 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:12-3 incident 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5004: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4904:Domino theory 4902: 4900: 4899:Petrov Affair 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4776:Madiun Affair 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4736:Marshall Plan 4734: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4485:United States 4482: 4481: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4432: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4410:Yugoslav Wars 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4400:Neo-Stalinism 4398: 4396: 4395:Neo-Sovietism 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4279:Black January 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4198: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3855: 3853: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3830:Ronald Reagan 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3810:Zhelyu Zhelev 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3790:Boris Yeltsin 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3770:Joachim Gauck 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3717: 3715: 3709: 3703: 3702:Strike action 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3644:Todor Zhivkov 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3634:Deng Xiaoping 3632: 3630: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3620: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3463:Soviet Empire 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3424:International 3422: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 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Wende 249:New Forum 179:Elections 104:Caused by 46:Die Wende 18:Die wende 7258:Timeline 7248:Category 7193:See also 6685:Izvestia 6526:Islamism 6423:Hoxhaism 6298:Rollback 6177:Abkhazia 6117:Gulf War 6021:Glasnost 5391:incident 5161:Sand War 5019:Ifni War 4528:Rio Pact 4473:Cold War 4172:Mongolia 4167:Ethiopia 4152:Cambodia 4056:Chechnya 3990:Bulgaria 3765:Tank Man 3755:Wang Dan 3740:Liu Gang 3697:Samizdat 3692:Protests 3531:Glasnost 3514:500 Days 3438:Cold War 3346:Internal 3231:BBC News 3134:Archived 2982:HuffPost 2798:), 2022. 2109:Archived 1676:See also 1133:(German: 1115:Schwerin 975:Budapest 946:Bulgaria 915:and the 791:glasnost 777:and the 606:Glasnost 577:Timeline 92:Location 57:and the 6748:Amerika 6631:Comecon 6516:Fascism 6506:Zionism 6455:Titoism 5996:Contras 5464:Détente 4741:Comecon 4424:Related 4182:Somalia 4111:Ukraine 4091:Moldova 4066:Georgia 4061:Estonia 4051:Belarus 4041:Armenia 4015:Romania 4005:Hungary 3985:Albania 3893:Sąjūdis 3713:leaders 3660:methods 3557:leaders 3546:Đổi Mới 3487:Reforms 3142:AP News 1963:29 June 1519:Gestapo 1296:Dresden 1266:Beijing 1264:was in 1183:of the 1044:, near 1042:Giessen 950:Hungary 830:Sputnik 590:Leipzig 221:Parties 159:Methods 6699:Pravda 6501:Racism 6440:Maoism 6192:Kosovo 5713:Condor 5389:Pueblo 5375:May 68 5003:Gladio 4921:Tuapse 4584:Jungle 4576:Priboi 4202:events 4137:Angola 4096:Russia 4071:Latvia 4010:Poland 3967:Events 3619:Ne Win 3034: 2730:DW.com 2570:4 June 2512:Profil 2056:DW.com 2028: 1880: 1609:Wartha 1505:chief 1475:Schild 1471:German 1444:Hitler 1408:German 1404:Plan X 1394:Plan X 1341:Erfurt 1333:Plauen 1292:Plauen 1288:Saxony 1084:Prague 987:Sopron 670:Erfurt 452:German 53:, the 7184:Stasi 6651:SAARC 6646:ASEAN 6611:SEATO 6464:Other 6429:Juche 6187:Korea 6100:1990s 5813:1980s 5457:1970s 5080:1960s 4832:1950s 4542:1940s 4523:NEATO 4518:SEATO 4508:ANZUS 4157:China 4147:Burma 4142:Benin 2635:UNHCR 2145:. in 2091:. In 1773:Notes 1547:] 1503:Stasi 1428:Stasi 1095:] 928:] 677:Stasi 571:Stasi 311:Grepo 294:Stasi 137:Goals 6724:TASS 6616:METO 6606:NATO 5832:and 5830:1980 5387:USS 4513:METO 4498:NATO 3302:2016 3045:2019 3032:ISBN 2790:In: 2572:2024 2039:2019 2026:ISBN 1965:2018 1878:ISBN 1597:and 1422:and 1321:and 1190:The 1145:and 1007:The 952:and 843:CMEA 700:Gera 489:. 446:The 84:Date 7179:KGB 7174:MVD 7159:MI6 7154:MI5 7149:CIA 6621:EEC 3395:KGB 3300:ZDF 3264:on 3246:in 3229:on 3211:in 3178:in 3157:in 3140:in 3010:in 2980:in 2963:in 2933:in 2896:on 2875:in 2853:in 2831:in 2811:in 2771:on 2750:on 2728:on 2692:in 2673:in 2653:on 2615:in 2450:in 2392:in 2372:in 2355:on 2325:on 2305:in 2288:in 2271:in 2230:in 2213:in 2191:in 2054:on 2000:in 1981:in 1938:on 1481:of 1449:." 1198:SED 1099:Hof 588:in 7275:: 3200:^ 3168:^ 3113:^ 3062:^ 2905:^ 2862:^ 2840:^ 2820:^ 2759:^ 2752:DW 2737:^ 2662:^ 2655:DW 2642:^ 2604:^ 2541:^ 2435:^ 2414:. 2381:^ 2314:^ 2200:^ 2115:. 2063:^ 2024:. 1990:^ 1955:. 1927:^ 1912:^ 1892:^ 1851:. 1628:. 1585:. 1545:de 1473:: 1414:). 1410:: 1390:. 1294:, 1223:, 1153:, 1093:de 948:, 926:de 773:, 769:, 765:, 612:). 562:. 454:: 177:, 173:, 169:, 165:, 74:, 5992:) 5988:( 4997:" 4993:" 4970:" 4966:" 4465:e 4458:t 4451:v 3331:e 3324:t 3317:v 3294:( 3281:. 3047:. 2794:( 2788:. 2574:. 2041:. 1967:. 1886:. 1861:. 1768:" 1764:" 679:. 644:. 619:. 468:( 450:( 34:. 20:)

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