288:. With a single exception near the beginning, the narrator is absolutely insistent about the veracity of his story, repeating over and over again that what he is telling is true. His claims of both written and oral sources might serve to convince his audience that he is narrating historical truth while still providing the poem with the authority of the oral tradition. The poem also features a realistic geography of Northern Italy, with Norbert Voorwinden noting that the poem contains more Italian place names than any other medieval German source. He concludes that all of this indicates the work intends to imitate a chronicle. These claims appear to have been taken seriously, as the World Chronicle of Heinrich von MĂĽnchen describes the life of the historical Theoderic according to
350:
seem to criticize violence or warfare; while leaving little room for the heroic warrior ethos in the traditional sense, it nonetheless portrays battle as a tool that a ruler must use. Thematically, the poem largely deals with the topic of loyalty, especially between vassal and lord, with
Dietrich and Etzel representing fealty, while Ermenrich, his deceitful advisor Sibeche, and the treacherous Witige represent disloyalty. Ermenrich appears to bring a sort of fall from grace and is described as the first figure to bring evil into the world. Dietrich is nevertheless unable to defeat him, showing that evil cannot be removed from the world. The long list of Dietrich's ancestors serves to legitimate his rule in Italy.
19:
178:, a former vassal of Dietrich's who switched sides. This results in the capture of Dietrich's best warriors, among them Hildebrand and Wolfhart. Ermenrich refuses Dietrich's offer to exchange Friderich for the prisoners and says he will only release Dietrich's men if the latter leaves the country, which, against the advice of his remaining warriors, Dietrich chooses to do. All the inhabitants of Bern leave the city, including women and children.
193:. There with the help of RĂĽdiger and Etzel's wife Helche, Dietrich receives Etzel's support to return to Italy. Dietrich's vassal Amelolt comes to Etzel's court at this time and announces he was able to recapture Bern. Dietrich sets out immediately with the Hunnish army and his remaining warriors, followed by a large army commanded by RĂĽdiger. They defeat Ermenrich once again in battle at Milan, and Ermenrich fleas to
393:. Sebastian Coxon argues that Heinrich's naming himself is a strategy to grant authorial authority to the excursus, in the same way as the poem's frequent recourse to oral and fictionalized written sources for its narrative. The excursus appears to describe the situation in Austria at the time of the poem's composition.
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upon losing his men. At the same time, the poem excludes any references to any tales found in the fantastical
Dietrich poems. Heinzle suggests that these poems may not have seemed historical to the author. Several of Dietrich's ancestors nevertheless fight against dragons—the only time this occurs in
263:
The origins of the earliest manuscripts as well as the dialect of the poem indicate that it was composed in
Austria, sometime before 1300. Given several allusions to the ways that the dukes of Austria are reducing the rights of their vassals, the poem is typically dated to after the beginning of the
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Stylistically, the poem is notable for its portrayal of escalating violence: each battle that
Dietrich fights is bloodier and deadlier than the last. The battle scenes are described in drastic terms, as the heroes literally wade in blood. Despite its drastic portrayal of warfare, the poem does not
212:
Now
Eckehart arrives and tells Dietrich that Witege has betrayed him, handing Ravenna over to Ermenrich who has killed all the inhabitants. Dietrich despairs, but Etzel is enraged and puts together a large army, which marches and defeats Ermenrich outside Bologna. Ermenrich flees into the city, but
373:. His authorship is now generally discounted, as it he is not named at the beginning or end of the text. Victor Millet notes, furthermore, that the excursus has some stylistic characteristics otherwise absent in the romance. Heinzle suggests that it is still possible that Heinrich is the author of
169:
Dietmar places his children into
Ermenrich's care when he dies, however, Ermenrich proves treacherous. First he murders the two Harlungen and takes over their country, failing to capture their regent Eckehart, then invites Dietrich to visit him in order to murder him as well. Ermenrich's messenger
353:
Lienert notes that, although the poem clearly supports
Dietrich over Ermenrich, it nevertheless questions some of his decisions. For instance, Dietrich decides to go into exile to save the men Ermenrich had captured against the advice of his vassals. His pardon of Witege, while advised by his
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is sometimes seen as a stringing together of the same episode (Dietrich's failed return from exile) by the poet in order to expand his material. The scholar
Norbert Voorwinden has suggested that the entire poem is the invention of an author inspired by the Italian campaigns of
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Unlike for the supposedly older
Rabenschlacht, the connection between Dietrichs Flucht and the oral tradition is disputed. Some debate exists over whether the oral tradition merely contained Dietrich's exile prior to the events of the
201:, however. Ermenrich ransoms his captured men, except for Witige, whom Dietrich refuses to release due to his treachery. On the advice of his vassals and RĂĽdiger, however, Dietrich forgives Witige, makes him governor of
244:
Windhager
Manuscript (W), Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Vienna, Cod. 2779, parchment, first quarter of the fourteenth century, from Niederösterreich. Contains various literary texts and the Kaiserchronik.
420:, though Millet questions this interpretation. It is clear, at any rate, that both works were deliberate brought together and adapted to be transmitted together, possibly by Heinrich der Vogler.
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had a single author; however, the formal and stylistic differences between the two epics have caused this theory to be abandoned. The manuscript transmission nevertheless makes clear that the
209:. Etzel and Helche suggest that Dietrich marry Helche's niece and lady-in-waiting Herrat, which Dietrich initially refuses. Hildebrand and RĂĽdiger eventually convince him to accept the offer.
377:, but finds it more likely that he merely wrote the excursus where he is named. Werner Hoffmann believes that Heinrich reworked and expanded a pre-existing poem and connected it with the
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174:, capturing Ermenrich's son Friderich. He is left without any money to reward his soldiers, so he sends a group of vassals to fetch some. This group falls into an ambush by
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Lienert, Elisabeth (2003), "Rede und Schrift: Zur Inszenierung von Erzählen in mittelhochdeutscher Heldenepik", in Bertelsmeier-Kierst, Christa; Young, Christopher (eds.),
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104:
Unlike most German heroic poems, the poem is written in rhyming couplets, suggesting that it may have been intended to be read as a historical document like a rhymed
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in Austria in 1282. Alternatively, this may simply provide a date for when the poem was reworked by the author of these portions, Heinrich der Vogler (see below).
256:(K) Universitätsbibliothek Innsbruck, B III, parchment, in Austro-Bavarian dialect, beginning of fourteenth century. Contains a fragment of Dietrichs Flucht.
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von der Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich; Primisser, Anton, eds. (1825). "Dietrichs Ahnen und Flucht zu den Heunen. Aus der Heidelberger und Wiener Handschrift".
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rather than in stanzas, as is the case with most German heroic epics. It may indicate that the author was trying to make his work more similar to either
57:. It is part of the so-called "historical" Dietrich material and is closely related to, and always transmitted together with a second Dietrich poem, the
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158:, who marries Ortnit's widow and becomes king. Wolfdietrich has 56 children, but all die except for Hugdietrich. Hugdietrich's son
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253:(A), Ă–sterreichische Nationalbibliothek Vienna, Cod. Series Nova 2663, parchment, 1504/1515, from Tyrol. Various literary texts.
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warns Dietrich, however, and so Ermenrich is forced to invade with an army. Dietrich defeats Ermenrich decisively in battle at
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Riedegger Manuscript (R), Staatsbibliothek Berlin, Ms. germ 2 1062, on parchment from the end of the thirteenth century, from
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317:, Gunther, and Gernot all appear as figures in the poem. The opening lines of the poem also take their inspiration from the
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Excerpts from Dietrichs Flucht are also transmitted in some manuscripts of the World Chronicle of Heinrich von MĂĽnchen.
81:
describes the rule of Dietrich's ancestors in his kingdom in northern Italy; his betrayal and exile by his wicked uncle
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Catalogue of Persons Named in German Heroic Literature, 700-1600: Including Named Animals and Objects and Ethnic Names
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At the same time, the poem seeks to create something like a complete tale of the heroic world, including figures from
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97:. With Etzel's help, Dietrich makes two attempts to reclaim his kingdom from Ermenrich, but each time his victory is
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381:. Hoffmann is highly critical of what he believes is Heinrich's work, pointing to numerous inconsistencies within
166:). Ermenrich is the father of Friderich, Dietmar of Dietrich and Diether (II), and Diether of the two Harlungen.
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150:) and spend their lives acquiring brides and fighting dragons. This easy line of inheritance is broken first by
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A certain Heinrich der Vogler names himself as author in an excursus against princely caprice in the middle of
247:(P) Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, Cpg 314, paper, 1443/47, from Augsburg. Contains various literary texts.
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433:, or whether or not tales of at least one failed attempt to return prior to the events of that poem existed.
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is named as author in an excursus of the poem. Earlier scholarship considered him to be the author of
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Dietrichs Flucht begins with a long history of Dietrich's ancestors, who all live exceptionally long,
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and virtuous lives and leave a single heir to the kingdom. They are native to Italy (called
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vassals, far exceeds their advice by appointing Witege governor of Ravenna in his absence.
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Kuhn H (1980). "Dietrichs Flucht und Rabenschlacht". In Ruh K, Keil G, Schröder W (eds.).
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Dietrichs Flucht is about 10000 lines long. The poem is unusual in that it is written in
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to be the older of the two poems, providing a model for the third battle and end of
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Page from the Ambraser Heldenbuch. Fol. 51r. The large initial marks the start of
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Heroic legends of the North: an introduction to the Nibelung and Dietrich cycles
112:. The poem unites figures from various German heroic traditions, including the
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75:, however more recent scholarship believes he is only author of this excursus.
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were viewed as a single work by contemporaries. Most scholarship holds the
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Dietrich goes into exile with 50 warriors, making his way to the court of
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1233:"Dietrich von Bern: Germanic Hero or Medieval King? On the Sources of
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The Presentation of Authorship in Medieval German Literature 1220-1290
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in four complete manuscripts and alone in one fragmentary manuscript:
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369:. He is not attested elsewhere and may have been a wandering poet or
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1160:. Vol. 2. Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. cols 116–127.
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341:(poor Dietrich) may also derive from Dietrich's monologue in the
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Eine Epoche im Umbruch: Volkssprachige Literalität 1200-1300
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Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon
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101:and he is forced to return to exile with the Huns.
1216:. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. pp. 400–409.
229:Dietrichs Flucht is transmitted together with tee
41:(The Book of Verona) is an anonymous 13th-century
1119:EinfĂĽhrung in die mittelhochdeutsche Dietrichepik
1122:. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter. pp. 58–83.
1004:Lienert, Elisabeth; Beck, Gertrud, eds. (2003).
991:. Vol. 2. Berlin: Weidmann. pp. 55–215
985:Martin, Ernest, ed. (1866). "Dietrichs Flucht".
385:(e.g. the hero Alphart dies twice) and between
1296:Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, Cpg 314 (P)
969:Der Helden Buch in der Ursprache herausgegeben
1332:
1097:Haymes, Edward R.; Samples, Susan T. (1996).
972:. Vol. 2. Berlin: Reimer. pp. 1–104
8:
1007:Dietrichs Flucht: textgeschichtliche Ausgabe
1197:. Berlin: Erich Schmidt. pp. 101–110.
1141:. Berlin: Erich Schmidt. pp. 161–171.
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221:. He is forced to return to Etzel.
241:. Contains various literary texts.
225:Dating, creation, and transmission
14:
1139:Mittelhochdeutsche Heldendichtung
284:, or, more probably to a rhyming
89:, where he is warmly received by
346:the historical Dietrich poems.
424:Relation to the oral tradition
45:poem about the legendary hero
1:
1674:Middle High German literature
1195:Mittelhochdeutsche Heldenepik
1062:. Oxford: Oxford University.
1058:Gillespie, George T. (1973).
1231:Voorwinden, Norbert (2007).
1077:Handschriftencensus (2001).
794:, pp. 104–105, 107–108.
329:(new tales) rather than the
1347:The Dietrich von Bern Cycle
1193:Lienert, Elisabeth (2015).
1043:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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1258:10.1007/s11061-006-9010-3
1137:Hoffmann, Werner (1974).
1116:Heinzle, Joachim (1999).
1039:Coxon, Sebastian (2001).
71:and possibly also of the
1499:JĂĽngeres Hildebrandslied
1307:Windhager Manuscript (W)
1301:Riedegger Manuscript (R)
272:Genre and interpretation
85:, and his flight to the
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1286:Ambraser Heldenbuch (A)
1212:Millet, Victor (2008).
35:(Dietrich's Flight) or
1010:. TĂĽbingen: Niemeyer.
213:Dietrich's victory is
55:Germanic heroic legend
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1669:German heroic legends
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1601:Legendary characters
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1549:ĂžiĂ°reks saga
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1541:Scandinavian
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1513:Wolfdietrich
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1393:Alpharts Tod
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1098:
1086:. Retrieved
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1021:. Retrieved
1006:
993:. Retrieved
987:
974:. Retrieved
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915:Lienert 2015
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876:Lienert 2015
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720:Heinzle 1999
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1638:King Laurin
1309:, Vienna. (
1288:, Vienna. (
903:Millet 2008
804:Millet 2008
768:Millet 2008
756:Millet 2008
744:Millet 2008
621:Millet 2008
582:Millet 2008
331:alte maeren
327:newe maeren
148:RĹ“mischlant
1658:Categories
1618:Hildebrand
1592:Heldenbuch
1280:Facsimiles
1186:3484108517
1108:0815300336
1033:References
1017:3484645016
864:Coxon 2001
307:, and the
140:Methuselan
1623:Ermanaric
1439:Eckenlied
1267:153590793
927:Kuhn 1980
315:Siegfried
286:chronicle
266:Habsburgs
207:Etzelburg
144:Lomparten
106:chronicle
83:Ermenrich
1460:Wunderer
1446:Goldemar
1418:Virginal
1303:, Berlin
960:Editions
400:and the
371:minstrel
1580:Sources
1453:Sigenot
1088:1 April
1023:3 April
995:3 April
976:3 April
333:of the
219:Alphart
215:Pyrrhic
203:Ravenna
199:Bologna
195:Ravenna
160:Amelung
134:Summary
99:pyrrhic
1628:Witige
1520:Ortnit
1425:Laurin
1364:German
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304:Ortnit
176:Witege
164:Verona
152:Ortnit
127:Ortnit
124:, and
95:Helche
1633:Heime
1263:S2CID
446:Notes
189:, at
183:Etzel
172:Milan
91:Etzel
1237:and
1218:ISBN
1199:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1143:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1090:2018
1064:ISBN
1045:ISBN
1025:2018
1012:ISBN
997:2018
978:2018
408:and
389:and
191:Gran
187:Huns
87:Huns
63:. A
1253:doi
146:or
53:in
1660::
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1249:91
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1081:.
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26:.
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