145:
As the dead are gathered to be buried, Elsan arrives with news that Etzel's sons are missing. The warrior
Helpfrich then comes with news of their deaths. Dietrich finds their bodies on the seashore and breaks into despairing laments. He recognizes that the wounds on the young warriors bodies could only have been made by Witege's sword Mimming. Witege is then spotted; Dietrich jumps on his horse to attack, but Witege flees on his horse Schemming. Witege's uncle Rienolt, however, is also with him, and he turns to fight Dietrich and is slain. Dietrich pursues Witege to the edge of the sea and very nearly catches him, but Witege rides into the sea where he is rescued by the sea-spirit/
137:), where Dietrich's young brother Diether has remained. Dietrich decides to leave Etzel's children with Diether in the care of the older warrior Elsan, and marches to Ravenna. The children, however, under the pretext of viewing the city, convince a reluctant Elsan to let them leave the city. They get lost and end up on the road to Ravenna, while Elsan looks for them in despair. Once the young warriors have spent a night outside the city, they reach the shore of the sea. In the dawn they encounter
524:. There we are told that King Ermanrik was misled into attacking his nephew Didrik because of his counsellor Sifka (Sibeche in Middle High German), who was avenging Ermanrik's rape of his wife by leading him to his doom. Didrik goes into exile at Attila's court and makes an attempt to return to his kingdom with a Hunnish army, bringing along his brother Thether (Diether) and Attila's two sons Erp and Ortwin. The army fights a mighty battle against Ermanrik at Gronsport on the
19:
159:). She tells him that Dietrich was so hot with anger that his armor was soft, and Witige could have easily defeated him. Now, however, the armor had hardened, and thirty Witiges could not defeat Dietrich. Dietrich meanwhile mourns on the shore. He goes back to Ravenna, where Ermenrich has fortified himself, and storms the city. Ermernich escapes, however, and Dietrich orders the city burned, as the inhabitants surrender. RĂĽdiger rides back to
387:. Stylistically, the poem is notable for its hyperbole in its depictions of violence—the battle at Ravenna takes twelve days and the warriors literally wade in blood among mountains of corpses—and emotions, particularly of grief. The numbers of warriors involved are similarly exaggerated, with Ermenrich's army including 1,100,00 (
122:. Etzel announces that he will give Dietrich a new army, and there is a large feast to celebrate Dietrich's marriage to Herrad, niece of his wife Helche. Helche, however, is troubled by a dream in which a wild dragon carries away her two sons and rips them to shreds. Meanwhile, a new army is assembled at
293:. The first line consists of three metrical feet before the caesura, then three additional feet; the second of three feet before the caesura, then four additional feet; and the third of three feet before the caesura, and five or even six additional feet. Heinzle prints the following example as typical:
163:
to bring Etzel the news of his sons deaths; however, Orte and
Scharpfe's horses arrive at Etzelburg with bloody saddles. Helche is beside herself, but RĂĽdiger is able to calm her. Etzel sees that his sons deaths are not Dietrich's fault, and Dietrich returns to Etzel's court and back into Etzel and
144:
Meanwhile, Dietrich fights a gruelling twelve-day battle outside
Ravenna, defeating Ermenrich, who escapes. His treacherous advisor Sibeche, however, is captured by Eckehart, who ties him naked to a horse and leads him across the battlefield to avenge the death of the Harlungen at Sibeche's advice.
126:. Helche and Etzel's sons Orte and Scharpfe beg Helche to be allowed to join the army. Etzel and Dietrich come in upon this conversation, and Etzel categorically refuses. Dietrich, however, promises to take good care of the young princes, so that Helche agrees and Orte and Scharpfe join the army.
528:
and defeats him. During the battle, WiĂ°ga (Witege) kills
Thether, Erp, and Ortwin; Didrik pursues WiĂ°ga, breathing fire, until the latter disappears in the (non-existent) mouth of the Mosel into the sea. Didrik throws his spear after WiĂ°ga, and one can still see it today. Didrik then returns to
485:
is thought to have fought on the side of the Huns in this battle, with his actions transferred to his more famous son in the oral tradition. Elisabeth
Lienert suggests the poem's location at Ravenna may have been influenced by the historical Theodoric the Great besieging his enemy
284:
consists of 1140 unique stanzas, in a form that is not found in any other poem. Like other stanzaic heroic poems, it was probably meant to be sung, but no melody survives. Heinzle analyzes the stanza as consisting of three "Langzeilen" with rhymes at the
510:
is because the original tale of Witige killing Etzel's sons and
Diether has been only roughly inserted into the larger framework of Dietrich's exile. Joachim Heinzle largely dismisses such attempts at deducing the roots of the poem as unfruitful.
141:. Diether tells Etzel's children that Witege is a warrior who betrayed Dietrich, and the three young warriors attack. Witege slays each of them in difficult combat; he is deeply distressed and laments Diether's death especially.
418:, Liudegast and Liudeger. Siegfried is defeated by Dietrich and forced to plea for his life, confirming Dietrich's superiority. Michael Curschmann holds the encounters between Dietrich and Siegfried here and in the
190:
Windhager
Manuscript (W), Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Vienna, Cod. 2779, parchment, first quarter of the fourteenth century, from Niederösterreich. Contains various literary texts and the Kaiserchronik.
428:
as part of a literary rivalry between the two traditions, an intertextual relationship. The poem includes allusions to other thirteenth-century literary texts as well, including
Wolfram von Eschenbach's
1232:
328:
In some stanzas, the rhymes at the caesura in lines 1 and 2 are absent, giving a scheme: x|b, x|b, c|c. It is also possible to interpret the stanza as consisting of six shorter lines, with
391:) warriors or more. Neither Werner Hoffmann nor Victor Millet see the poem as particularly heroic, with Millet nevertheless noting that the poem does not criticize the use of violence.
129:
The army arrives in Italy, where it is greeted by
Dietrich's loyal vassals who have remained there after the last campaign. Dietrich learns that Ermenrich has assembled a large army at
273:
were viewed as a single work by contemporaries. Someone, perhaps
Heinrich der Vogler, has also reworked both texts to an extent so that their contents do not contradict each other.
1596:
1936:
265:; however, the formal and stylistic differences between the two epics have caused this theory to be abandoned. The manuscript transmission nevertheless makes clear that
206:
The origins of the earliest manuscripts as well as the dialect of the poem indicate that it was composed in Austria, sometime before 1300. Most modern scholarship holds
553:'s changes may come from oral tradition, indicating the existence of multiple versions of the story. The scholar Norbert Voorwinden has suggested that the author of
91:. Witege then flees into the sea and is rescued by a mermaid rather than fighting against Dietrich. The poem may be a dim reflection of the death of Attila's son
449:, about the death of Etzel and Herche's sons, is often considered to be one of the oldest components of the legend of Theodoric. It is first alluded to in the
99:
in 454, combined with Theodoric the Great's siege of Ravenna in 491–493. It would therefore be one of the oldest parts of the legends about Dietrich von Bern.
1589:
1553:
202:
Universitätsbibliothek Graz, Ms. 1969 (S), parchment, mid fourteenth-century, in Austro-Bavarian dialect. Contains a fragment of Die Rabenschlacht.
51:. It is part of the so-called "historical" Dietrich material and is closely related to, and always transmitted together with another Dietrich poem,
545:'s version of the story of why Sibeche betrayed Ermenrich, and it is clear that the composer of the Heldenbuch-Prosa did not have access to the
1931:
1460:
1441:
1393:
1582:
557:
was largely unaware of the oral tradition, creating an entirely new work on the basis of an allusion to the death of Etzel's sons in the
1470:
Rosenfeld, Hellmut (1955). "Wielandlied, Lied von Frau Helchen Söhnen und Hunnenschlachtlied: Historische Wirklichkeit und Heldenlied".
1361:
1342:
1321:
1254:
1921:
199:(A), Ă–sterreichische Nationalbibliothek Vienna, Cod. Series Nova 2663, parchment, 1504/1515, from Tyrol. Various literary texts.
183:
Riedegger Manuscript (R), Staatsbibliothek Berlin, Ms. germ 2 1062, on parchment from the end of the thirteenth century, from
1926:
1300:
1197:
1176:
1230:
Curschmann, Michael (1989). "Zur Wechselwirkung von Literatur und Sage: Das 'Buch von Kriemhild' und 'Das Buch von Bern'".
238:, and Elisabeth Lienert suggests that the poems were actually composed at roughly the same time, though older versions of
506:, whom Witigis betrayed, usurping the Ostrogothic throne. Werner Hoffmann suggests that Ermenrich's rather small role in
482:
1371:
Homann, Holger (1977). "Die Heldenkataloge in der historischen Dietrichepik und die Theorie der mĂĽndlichen Dichtung".
1247:
Catalogue of Persons Named in German Heroic Literature, 700–1600: Including Named Animals and Objects and Ethnic Names
1756:
67:
concerns a failed attempt by the exiled Dietrich to reclaim his kingdom in Northern Italy from his treacherous uncle
153:) Wâchilt who was his ancestress (identifiable more specifically as his great-grandmother in Swedish version of the
565:
332:
ABABCC. Consequently, the same stanza as above is printed in the edition by Elisabeth Lienert and Dorit Wolter as:
58:
1820:
1813:
537:
is the work of the latter's compiler or comes from alternative versions in oral circulation. The late medieval
193:(P) Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, Cpg 314, paper, 1443/47, from Augsburg. Contains various literary texts.
1403:
Lienert, Elisabeth (1999). "Dietrich contra Nibelungen: Zur Intertextualität der historischen Dietrichepik".
215:
48:
1221:. Samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk litteratur, 34. Vol. 1. Copenhagen: Møller. Archived from
1784:
1657:
529:
exile. Joachim Heinzle notes that it is unclear how much of the variation between the version found in
1689:
1538:
420:
1865:
1844:
478:
196:
184:
44:
222:(c. 1220) and cannot have been composed any earlier than that. Werner Hoffmann suggests that
1514:
1420:
36:
1806:
155:
18:
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79:. In the course of this attempt, Dietrich's younger brother and Etzel's young sons by his wife
1613:
1456:
1437:
1389:
1357:
1338:
1317:
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1193:
1187:
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Attempts have been made to connect the catalogues of warriors found in the work with signs of
40:
1311:
1827:
1636:
1504:
1412:
398:, beginning with the opening stanza, which cites the opening stanza of the C version of the
383:
262:
53:
490:
there from 491 to 493. Witige's character is sometimes thought to have been influenced by
424:
to have their origins in an oral tradition. However, Elisabeth Lienert sees the battles in
402:. Edward Haymes and Susan Samples suggest that the poem exists as a kind of prequel to the
1749:
1735:
1674:
1384:
Kuhn H (1980). "Dietrichs Flucht und Rabenschlacht". In Ruh K, Keil G, Schröder W (eds.).
466:
451:
96:
1216:
1763:
1742:
470:
457:
115:
72:
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1424:
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song as the earliest version. According to this theory, the song was inspired by the
118:. Dietrich is still saddened by the loss of his men in the previous poem, especially
1770:
1650:
520:
433:. This confirms its nature as a literary text, in dialogue with other literature.
329:
226:
may have been composed around 1270, before being reworked and placed together with
119:
61:, but stylistic differences have led more recent scholarship to abandon this idea.
57:. At one time, both poems were thought to have the same author, possibly a certain
1332:
1222:
1149:
1895:
1293:
Heroic legends of the North: an introduction to the Nibelung and Dietrich cycles
246:
210:
to have been composed earlier than Dietrichs Flucht: Joachim Heinzle notes that
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has been described as "elegiac" and "sentimental," particularly in relation to
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army. Diether is similarly thought to have a connection to the historical
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491:
487:
286:
160:
146:
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88:
1485:"Dietrich von Bern: Germanic Hero or Medieval King? On the Sources of
1472:
Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur (Tübingen)
179:
in four complete manuscripts and alone in one fragmentary manuscript:
1885:
1870:
1777:
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138:
134:
84:
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1388:. Vol. 2. Berlin, New York: Walter De Gruyter. cols 116–127.
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Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur
1233:
Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur
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1006:
1386:
Die deutsche Literatur des Mittelalters. Verfasserlexikon
469:(454), a rebellion of Germanic tribes after the death of
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967:
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414:, Gunther and Volker, as well as their enemies from the
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43:, the counterpart of the historical Ostrogothic king
35:(The Battle of Ravenna) is an anonymous 13th-century
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1837:
1798:
1727:
1667:
1628:
1621:
253:is anonymous. Early scholarship believed that both
1455:. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter. pp. 400–409.
1334:EinfĂĽhrung in die mittelhochdeutsche Dietrichepik
1154:. Vol. 2. Berlin: Weidmann. pp. 219–326
1148:Martin, Ernest, ed. (1866). "Die Rabenschlacht".
1337:. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter. pp. 58–83.
1266:"Gesamtverzeichnis Autoren/Werke: 'Rabenschlacht
1167:Lienert, Elisabeth; Wolter, Dorit, eds. (2005).
473:, in which Attila's favorite son and successor
406:In the course of the poem, characters from the
114:, with Dietrich still in exile at the court of
1549:Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, Cpg 314 (P)
230:in the 1280s. Victor Millet questions whether
1590:
1291:Haymes, Edward R.; Samples, Susan T. (1996).
922:
461:(c. 1200). Older scholarship proposed a
8:
514:An alternative version of the events of the
494:, a Gothic king and usurper who surrendered
443:
1436:. Berlin: Erich Schmidt. pp. 101–110.
1356:. Berlin: Erich Schmidt. pp. 161–171.
549:. This indicates that at least some of the
321:|| wie der von Bern sît sîniu lant erwerte
1625:
1597:
1583:
1575:
1120:
946:
455:, a poem likely written shortly after the
410:fight on the side of Ermenrich, including
1937:German literature of the Late Middle Ages
1560:Universitätsbibliothek Graz, Ms. 1969 (S)
1508:
1453:Germanische Heldendichtung im Mittelalter
1169:Rabenschlacht: textgeschichtliche Ausgabe
1048:
1036:
1024:
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441:The general outline of the story told in
394:The poem makes numerous allusions to the
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366:wie der von Bern sit siniu lant erwerte
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83:are killed by Dietrich's former vassal
71:, with the help of an army provided by
1192:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
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973:
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1295:. New York: Garland. pp. 79–80.
7:
1215:Bertelsen, Henrik, ed. (1905–1911).
847:
311:|| sĂ´ sult ir gerne dar zuo dagen.
187:. Contains various literary texts.
168:Dating, creation, and transmission
22:First page of manuscript P of the
14:
1354:Mittelhochdeutsche Heldendichtung
1310:Haymes, Edward R., tr. (1988).
354:so sult ir gerne dar zĹŻ dagen.
234:is really an earlier work than
110:begins a year after the end of
1:
1932:Middle High German literature
1434:Mittelhochdeutsche Heldenepik
1264:Handschriftencensus (2001b).
1249:. Oxford: Oxford University.
1245:Gillespie, George T. (1973).
175:is transmitted together with
1483:Voorwinden, Norbert (2007).
1605:The Dietrich von Bern Cycle
1432:Lienert, Elisabeth (2015).
1313:The Saga of Thidrek of Bern
1186:Klarer, Mario, ed. (2021).
1953:
1417:10.1515/bgsl.1999.121.1.23
566:oral formulaic composition
518:is found in the Old Norse
437:Relation to oral tradition
245:As with almost all German
133:. The army heads to Bern (
1610:
1510:10.1007/s11061-006-9010-3
1352:Hoffmann, Werner (1974).
1331:Heinzle, Joachim (1999).
923:Haymes & Samples 1996
1757:JĂĽngeres Hildebrandslied
1565:Windhager Manuscript (W)
1554:Riedegger Manuscript (R)
301:|| wunder hoeren sagen,
297:Welt ir in alten maeren
26:. UBH Cpg 314 fol. 162r.
1922:Dietrich von Bern cycle
1539:Ambraser Heldenbuch (A)
1451:Millet, Victor (2008).
348:von rekchen lobewæren,
336:Welt ir in alten mæren
307:von recken lobebaeren,
1171:. TĂĽbingen: Niemeyer.
533:and that found in the
444:
216:Wolfram von Eschenbach
214:contains allusions to
164:Helche's good graces.
49:Germanic heroic legend
27:
1927:German heroic legends
1785:Biterolf und Dietleib
1658:Dietrich und Wenezlan
1373:Modern Language Notes
360:Von grozer herverte,
317:von grĂ´zer herverte,
261:had a single author,
21:
1859:Legendary characters
1690:Rosengarten zu Worms
1629:The Historical Poems
1571:starts at image 237)
1545:starts at image 167)
1218:ĂžiĂ°riks saga af Bern
1151:Deutsches Heldenbuch
421:Rosengarten zu Worms
39:poem about the hero
1866:Theodoric the Great
1845:Ambraser Heldenbuch
1668:The Fantastic Poems
1274:Handschriftencensus
1135:, pp. 415–435.
1123:, pp. 243–259.
1000:, pp. 212–233.
949:, pp. 399–400.
877:, pp. 166–167.
761:, pp. 161–162.
737:, pp. 101–102.
479:Theodoric the Great
389:eilf hundert tūsent
263:Heinrich der Vogler
242:must have existed.
197:Ambraser Heldenbuch
59:Heinrich der Vogler
45:Theodoric the Great
1027:, pp. 25, 43.
342:wnder horen sagen
37:Middle High German
28:
1909:
1908:
1821:GuĂ°rĂşnarkviĂ°a III
1794:
1793:
1614:Dietrich von Bern
1462:978-3-11-020102-4
1443:978-3-503-15573-6
1395:978-3-11-022248-7
1111:, pp. 78–79.
1099:, pp. 78–80.
988:, pp. 25–26.
961:, pp. 26–34.
937:, pp. 24–25.
826:, pp. 65–66.
814:, pp. 66–67.
749:, pp. 11–12.
669:, pp. 59–60.
628:, pp. 70–71.
586:, pp. 58–60.
555:Die Rabenschlacht
541:corroborates the
531:Die Rabenschlacht
508:Die Rabenschlacht
445:Die Rabenschlacht
426:Die Rabenschlacht
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1807:ĂžiĂ°reks saga
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1223:the original
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1208:Bibliography
1188:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1150:
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1109:Heinzle 1999
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599:Lienert 2015
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52:
31:
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29:
23:
15:
1896:King Laurin
1567:, Vienna. (
1541:, Vienna. (
1316:. Garland.
1133:Homann 1977
974:Millet 2008
899:Millet 2008
788:Millet 2008
723:Millet 2008
247:heroic epic
87:outside of
1916:Categories
1876:Hildebrand
1850:Heldenbuch
1533:Facsimiles
1478:: 212–248.
1379:: 415–435.
1302:0815300336
1240:: 380–410.
1199:3110719118
1178:3484645024
572:References
481:'s father
1881:Ermanaric
1697:Eckenlied
1519:153590793
1425:162203009
1411:: 23–46.
848:Kuhn 1980
504:Theodahad
500:Byzantine
483:Theodemar
431:Willehalm
412:Siegfried
220:Willehlam
124:Etzelburg
69:Ermenrich
1718:Wunderer
1704:Goldemar
1676:Virginal
1556:, Berlin
1279:31 March
1142:Editions
287:caesuras
151:merminne
1838:Sources
1711:Sigenot
1158:3 April
498:to the
496:Ravenna
492:Witigis
488:Odoacer
161:Hunland
147:mermaid
131:Ravenna
120:Alphart
103:Summary
95:at the
89:Ravenna
1886:Witige
1778:Ortnit
1683:Laurin
1622:German
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477:died.
463:Gothic
139:Witege
135:Verona
85:Witege
81:Helche
1891:Heime
1515:S2CID
1421:S2CID
526:Mosel
475:Ellac
149:(MHG
116:Etzel
93:Ellac
73:Etzel
1489:and
1457:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1339:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1281:2018
1251:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1160:2018
269:and
257:and
77:Huns
1505:doi
1413:doi
1409:121
1238:111
218:'s
47:in
1918::
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1005:^
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289::
249:,
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368:c
362:c
356:b
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323:c
319:c
313:b
309:a
303:b
299:a
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