1399:, the more gas will be transferred into the lung per unit time for a given gradient in partial pressure (or concentration) of the gas. Since it can be possible to know the alveolar oxygen concentration and the rate of oxygen uptake - but not the oxygen concentration in the pulmonary artery - it is the venous oxygen concentration that is generally employed as a useful approximation in a clinical setting.
225:), disease states introduce considerable uncertainty to this approach. Instead, the first 500 to 1,000 ml of the expired gas is disregarded and the next portion which contain gas that has been in the alveoli is analyzed. By analyzing the concentrations of carbon monoxide and inert gas in the inspired gas and in the exhaled gas, it is possible to calculate
221:) before it gets to the alveoli where gas exchange will occur; on exhalation, alveolar gas must return along the same path, and so the exhaled sample will be purely alveolar only after a 500 to 1,000 ml of gas has been breathed out. While it is algebraically possible to approximate the effects of anatomy (the
2752:
has retained such clinical utility. The technique was invented to settle one of the great controversies of pulmonary physiology a century ago, namely the question of whether oxygen and the other gases were actively transported into and out of the blood by the lung, or whether gas molecules diffused
1708:
is of great practical importance, being the overall measure of gas transport, the interpretation of this measurement is complicated by the fact that it does not measure any one part of a multi-step process. So as a conceptual aid in interpreting the results of this test, the time needed to transfer
1587:
between 75% and 125% of the average. However, individuals vary according to age, sex, height and a variety of other parameters. For this reason, reference values have been published, based on populations of healthy subjects as well as measurements made at altitude, for children and some specific
140:
Not all pulmonary arterial blood goes to areas of the lung where gas exchange can occur (the anatomic or physiologic shunts), and this poorly oxygenated blood rejoins the well oxygenated blood from healthy lung in the pulmonary vein. Together, the mixture has less oxygen than that blood from the
2018:
in the heart that allows blood to be shunted from the high pressure, systemic circulation to the low pressure, pulmonary circulation) there is also increased blood flow throughout the body, and the lung adapts by recruiting extra capillaries to carry the increased output of the heart, further
1124:
2910:
Miller A, Thornton JC, Warshaw R, Anderson H, Teirstein AS, Selikoff IJ (1983). "Single breath diffusing capacity in a representative sample of the population of
Michigan, a large industrial state. Predicted values, lower limits of normal, and frequencies of abnormality by smoking history".
686:
Other methods that are not so widely used at present can measure the diffusing capacity. These include the steady state diffusing capacity that is performed during regular tidal breathing, or the rebreathing method that requires rebreathing from a reservoir of gas mixtures.
1410:(CO) is tightly and rapidly bound to hemoglobin in the blood, so the partial pressure of CO in the capillaries is negligible and the second term in the denominator can be ignored. For this reason, CO is generally the test gas used to measure the diffusing capacity and the
3253:
Roughton FJ, Forster RE (1957). "Relative importance of diffusion and chemical reaction rates in determining rate of exchange of gases in the human lung, with special reference to true diffusing capacity of pulmonary membrane and volume of blood in the lung capillaries".
2100:
will increase. In this case, the carbon monoxide used in the test will bind to haemoglobin that has bled into the lung. This does not reflect an increase in diffusing capacity of the lung to transfer oxygen to the systemic circulation.
1878:
916:
367:
1526:
2960:
Knudson RJ, Kaltenborn WT, Knudson DE, Burrows B (1987). "The single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. Reference equations derived from a healthy nonsmoking population and effects of hematocrit".
2739:
due to better perfusion of apices of lung. This is caused by increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and/or due to more negative pleural pressure generated during inspiration due to bronchial narrowing.
2765:, and convincingly demonstrated that gasses diffuse passively, a finding that led to the demonstration that capillaries in the blood were recruited into use as needed – a Nobel Prize–winning idea.
2014:
of the lung. So breathing hard during exercise will bring extra blood into the lung during inspiration and push blood out during expiration. But during exercise (or more rarely when there is a
2757:
invented the technique, using a protocol analogous to the steady state diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide, and concluded that oxygen was actively transported into the lung. His student,
575:
806:
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906:
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1231:
857:
740:
645:
2589:
2527:
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1317:
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1402:
Sampling the oxygen concentration in the pulmonary artery is a highly invasive procedure, but fortunately another similar gas can be used instead that obviates this need (
266:
2715:
2626:
2464:
2407:
2312:
2267:
2172:
2098:
2054:
1959:
1671:
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1172:
450:
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1706:
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2494:
2129:
1988:
1922:
1781:
1734:
1435:
1397:
674:
480:
186:
125:. In addition, gas transport is only diffusion limited in extreme cases, such as for oxygen uptake at very low ambient oxygen or very high pulmonary blood flow.
3692:
3045:
Crapo RO, Morris AH, Gardner RM (1982). "Reference values for pulmonary tissue volume, membrane diffusing capacity, and pulmonary capillary blood volume".
2900:
LUNGFUNKTION - Practice compendium for semester 6. Department of
Medical Sciences, Clinical Physiology, Academic Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Retrieved 2010.
1791:
3210:
Ip MS, Lam WK, Lai AY, et al. (July 2007). "Hong Kong
Thoracic Society. Reference values of diffusing capacity of non-smoking Chinese in Hong Kong".
1119:{\displaystyle D_{L_{O_{2}}}={\frac {{\dot {V}}_{O_{2}}}{P_{A_{O_{2}}}-P_{a_{O_{2}}}}}\simeq {\frac {{\dot {V}}_{O_{2}}}{P_{A_{O_{2}}}-P_{v_{O_{2}}}}}}
742:
is the proportionality factor relating the rate of oxygen uptake into the lung to the oxygen gradient between the capillary blood and the alveoli (per
2277:), a fraction of the blood's hemoglobin is rendered ineffective by its tight binding to CO, and so is analogous to anemia. It is recommended that
3685:
3618:
3607:
3596:
3585:
3422:
Collard, P; Njinou, B; Nejadnik, B; Keyeux, A; Frans, A (May 1994). "Single breath diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in stable asthma".
2854:
107:
1998:
the lung because of the negative intrathoracic pressure required for inspiration. At the extreme, inspiring against a closed glottis, the
284:
2753:
passively. Remarkable too is the fact that both sides used the technique to gain evidence for their respective hypotheses. To begin with,
110:
of gas across the alveolar-capillary membrane and also takes into account factors affecting the behaviour of a given gas with hemoglobin.
4049:
1445:
3118:
Chin NK, Ng TP, Hui KP, Tan WC (Jun 1997). "Population based standards for pulmonary function in non-smoking adults in
Singapore".
2137:
and when the subject lies down, both of which increase the blood in the lung by compression and by gravity and thus both increase
2006:
the chest. The opposite is also true, as exhaling increases the pressure within the thorax and so tends to push blood out; the
4308:
3580:
Mason RJ, Broaddus VC, Martin T, King T Jr., Schraufnagel D, Murray JF, Nadel JA. (2010) Textbook of
Respiratory Medicine. 5e.
3289:
Greening, AP; Hughes, JM (May 1981). "Serial estimations of carbon monoxide diffusing capacity in intrapulmonary haemorrhage".
1709:
CO from the air to the blood can be divided into two parts. First CO crosses the alveolar capillary membrane (represented by
3827:
2866:
Graham BL, Mink JT, Cotton DJ (1981). "Improved accuracy and precision of single-breath CO diffusing capacity measurements".
2662:
2015:
4243:
4218:
2644:
3517:
Krogh A. 1910 On the combination of hæmoglobin with mixtures of oxygen and carbonic acid. Skand Arch
Physiol 23: 217–223.
4213:
3859:
92:
3526:
Krogh A. 1910 Some experiments on the invasion of oxygen and carbonic oxide into water. Skand Arch
Physiol 23: 224–235
393:
The pulmonary function equipment monitors the change in the concentration of CO that occurred during the breath hold,
133:
743:
500:
753:
4203:
4059:
4054:
202:
that is freely distributed throughout the alveolar space but which doesn't cross the alveolar-capillary membrane.
69:
3921:
3563:
2722:
2640:
808:(i.e., in a gas, a volume is proportional to the number of molecules in it). Further, the oxygen concentration (
96:
3508:
Krogh A. 1910 On the mechanism of the gas-exchange in the lungs of the tortoise. Skand Arch
Physiol 23: 200–216.
4283:
4110:
4077:
4069:
3637:
210:
are two such gasses. The test gas is held in the lung for about 10 seconds during which time the CO (but
27:
217:
The anatomy of the airways means inspired air must pass through the mouth, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles (
196:
as nearly as possible. This test gas mixture contains a small amount of carbon monoxide (usually 0.3%) and a
3837:
3726:
1999:
145:
4273:
4238:
4208:
4143:
4044:
2673:
862:
747:
103:
4253:
3916:
3677:
3633:
2940:
2352:. At high altitude, inspired oxygen is low and more of the blood's hemoglobin is free to bind CO; thus
1193:
218:
118:
188:. The test is performed by having the subject blow out all of the air that they can, leaving only the
4125:
4100:
3911:
2225:
2063:
into the lung will increase the number of haemoglobin molecules in contact with air, and so measured
2060:
815:
698:
647:
is the initial alveolar fractional CO concentration, as calculated by the dilution of the tracer gas.
606:
482:, is determined by the degree to which the tracer gas has been diluted by inhaling it into the lung.
4248:
4230:
4198:
4148:
3773:
2561:
2499:
1324:
1281:
1238:
3544:
Krogh A, Krogh M. 1910 On the tensions of gases in arterial blood. Skand Arch
Physiol 23: 179–192.
1178:
for a first derivative (or rate) and is commonly used in respiratory physiology for this purpose.)
228:
4120:
4092:
3946:
3846:
3709:
3482:
3404:
3235:
3192:
3143:
3027:
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2683:
2594:
2432:
2375:
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2235:
2140:
2066:
2022:
1927:
1639:
1599:
1553:
1148:
430:
3457:
Gjedde A (2010). "Diffusive insights: on the disagreement of
Christian Bohr and August Krogh".
396:
4278:
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3184:
3135:
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3019:
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2883:
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2824:
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appears to be increased. Conversely, supplemental oxygen increases Hb saturation, decreasing
2007:
1991:
214:
the tracer gas) continuously moves from the alveoli into the blood. Then the subject exhales.
2412:
2355:
2335:
2203:
2180:
1739:
1678:
3466:
3431:
3386:
3345:
3337:
3298:
3263:
3219:
3174:
3163:"Differences between Finnish and European reference values for pulmonary diffusing capacity"
3127:
3085:
3009:
2970:
2920:
2875:
2814:
2318:
2273:, the opposite is true. In environments with high levels of CO in the inhaled air (such as
1362:
is the partial pressure of oxygen in the systemic veins (where it can actually be measured).
809:
144:
Similarly, not all inspired air goes to areas of the lung where gas exchange can occur (the
3535:
Krogh A. 1910 On the mechanism of gas exchange in the lungs. Skand Arch Physiol 23: 248–278
2534:
2472:
2107:
1966:
1900:
1759:
1712:
1633:, and requires an adjustment of the calculation when COHb is greater than 2% of the whole.
1413:
1375:
652:
458:
164:
4031:
4003:
3906:
3553:
Krogh A, Krogh M. 1910 Rate of diffusion into lungs of man. Skand Arch Physiol 23: 236–247
2803:"Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung"
2654:
2056:
will appear to increase when the subject is not at rest, particularly during inspiration.
1407:
42:
908:
divided by the oxygen gradient between the alveoli ("A") and the pulmonary artery ("a").
750:, it is convenient to express the transport of gas molecules as changes in volume, since
192:
of gas. The person then inhales a test gas mixture rapidly and completely, reaching the
4190:
4169:
4153:
4010:
3959:
3854:
3768:
3131:
2754:
91:
measurement has been standardized according to a position paper by a task force of the
65:
3350:
3325:
1783:). Since the steps are in series, the conductances add as the sum of the reciprocals:
4302:
4039:
3967:
3931:
3896:
3223:
2730:
2658:
2317:
The lung blood volume is also reduced when blood flow is interrupted by blood clots (
1873:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{D_{L_{CO}}}}={\frac {1}{D_{M}}}+{\frac {1}{\theta *V_{c}}}}
3486:
3408:
3196:
3147:
3031:
2836:
4135:
3977:
3880:
3810:
3805:
3499:
Krogh A. 1910 On the oxygen metabolism of the blood. Skand Arch Physiol 23: 193–199
3239:
2762:
2758:
2726:
2229:
1175:
812:) in the pulmonary artery is taken to be representative of capillary blood. Thus,
193:
189:
3649:
1736:) and then CO combines with the hemoglobin in capillary red blood cells at a rate
3074:"Reference values for paediatric pulmonary function testing: The Utrecht dataset"
2879:
2819:
2802:
33:
4115:
3995:
3982:
3972:
3940:
3864:
3815:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3644:
3267:
2974:
2924:
2648:
122:
3090:
3073:
4105:
3987:
3888:
3789:
3763:
3758:
3735:
3014:
2997:
2669:
2221:
198:
3470:
3435:
3179:
3162:
2761:
developed the single breath diffusion capacity technique along with his wife
4263:
3901:
3820:
3391:
3375:"The pulmonary diffusing capacity in congenital and rheumatic heart disease"
3374:
2998:"Standardization of the measurement of transfer factor (Diffusing capacity)"
2633:
2322:
129:
114:
3478:
3400:
3359:
3275:
3231:
3188:
3099:
2828:
1596:
In heavy smokers, blood CO is great enough to influence the measurement of
106:, the diffusing capacity has a long history of great utility, representing
3443:
3310:
3139:
3058:
3023:
2982:
2932:
2887:
3872:
2326:
3326:"Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity and ITS Subdivisions in Polycythemia Vera"
2220:, depends on the concentration of hemoglobin in that blood, abbreviated
4082:
3717:
2274:
2133:
207:
3341:
3302:
128:
The diffusing capacity does not directly measure the primary cause of
4258:
3955:
3935:
3797:
2736:
2270:
362:{\displaystyle {\dot {V}}_{CO}={\frac {\Delta {}*V_{A}}{\Delta {t}}}}
203:
3072:
Koopman M, Zanen P, Kruitwagen CL, van der Ent CK, Arets HG (2011).
859:
can be calculated as the rate that oxygen is taken up by the lung
3654:
2774:
2668:
Diseases of the blood vessels in the lung, either inflammatory (
1521:{\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}={\frac {{\dot {V}}_{CO}}{P_{A_{CO}}}}}
1403:
276:
at which CO is taken up by the lung is calculated according to:
81:
73:
68:
in lung blood vessels. It is part of a comprehensive series of
3681:
3613:
West, J. (2012) Pulmonary Pathophysiology: The Essentials. 8e.
3591:
Ruppel, G. L. (2008) Manual of Pulmonary Function Testing. 9e.
113:
The term may be considered a misnomer as it represents neither
16:
Measure of the transfer of gas from the lung to red blood cells
2010:
is an exhalation against a closed airway which can move blood
121:(as it is typically measured under submaximal conditions) nor
2321:) or reduced by bone deformities of the thorax, for instance
3602:
West, J. (2011) Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials. 9e.
2996:
Cotes JE, Chinn DJ, Quanjer PH, Roca J, Yernault JC (1993).
64:) measures the transfer of gas from air in the lung, to the
2849:
West, J. 2011. Respiratory Physiology: The Essentials. 9e.
3373:
AUCHINCLOSS JH, Jr; GILBERT, R; EICH, RH (February 1959).
2733:, due increase in volume of blood exposed to inspired gas.
1319:
is the partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary artery.
2661:, or due to an acute inflammatory response to allergens (
1990:, changes appreciably during ordinary activities such as
1233:
is the rate that oxygen is taken up by the lung (ml/min).
87:, is reduced in certain diseases of the lung and heart. D
2332:
Varying the ambient concentration of oxygen also alters
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2801:
Macintyre N, Crapo RO, Viegi G, et al. (2005).
2019:
increasing the quantity of blood in the lung. Thus
1994:. Simply breathing in brings some additional blood
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2945:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1276:is the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli.
3564:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920"
1550:In general, a healthy individual has a value of
570:{\displaystyle P_{A_{CO}}=V_{B}*F_{A_{CO_{O}}}}
801:{\displaystyle {V_{O_{2}}}\propto {n_{O_{2}}}}
76:to transport gas into and out of the blood. D
3693:
1963:The volume of blood in the lung capillaries,
1756:times the volume of capillary blood present (
8:
3663:The American Physiological Society home page
2531:Diseases that alter lung tissue reduce both
4186:
4027:
3722:
3700:
3686:
3678:
3673:The European Respiratory Society home page
3655:American Association for Respiratory Care
3161:Piirilä P, Seikkula T, Välimäki P (2007).
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2794:
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2790:
146:anatomic and the physiological dead spaces
132:, or low blood oxygen, namely mismatch of
3636:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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2632:Loss of lung parenchyma in diseases like
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1372:Thus, the higher the diffusing capacity
1174:, say "V dot". This is the notation of
141:healthy lung alone, and so is hypoxemic.
72:to determine the overall ability of the
3668:The American Thoracic Society home page
2786:
3324:Burgess, J. H.; Bishop, J. M. (1963).
2938:
2748:In one sense, it is remarkable that DL
2591:to a variable extent, and so decrease
2200:The rate of CO uptake into the blood,
18:
1592:Blood CO levels may not be negligible
159:single-breath diffusing capacity test
7:
1785:
1439:
910:
901:{\displaystyle ({\dot {V}}_{O_{2}})}
494:
278:
161:is the most common way to determine
4050:High-resolution computed tomography
3708:Tests and procedures involving the
2314:be adjusted when blood CO is high.
3132:10.1111/j.1440-1843.1997.tb00070.x
2228:). More hemoglobin is present in
1226:{\displaystyle {\dot {V}}_{O_{2}}}
695:The diffusion capacity for oxygen
434:
400:
348:
316:
14:
3330:Journal of Clinical Investigation
2639:Diseases that scar the lung (the
3224:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2007.01084.x
852:{\displaystyle (D_{L_{O_{2}}})}
735:{\displaystyle (D_{L_{O_{2}}})}
3828:Laryngotracheal reconstruction
2680:Lung conditions that increase
2663:acute interstitial pneumonitis
1695:
1682:
895:
866:
846:
819:
729:
702:
640:{\displaystyle F_{A_{CO_{O}}}}
413:
404:
329:
320:
255:
232:
1:
4219:Positive pressure ventilation
2645:idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
2584:{\displaystyle \theta *V_{c}}
2522:{\displaystyle \theta *V_{c}}
1355:{\displaystyle P_{v_{O_{2}}}}
1312:{\displaystyle P_{a_{O_{2}}}}
1269:{\displaystyle P_{A_{O_{2}}}}
4214:Negative pressure ventilator
3657:Clinical Practice Guidelines
3634:Pulmonary+diffusing+capacity
3047:Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir
2880:10.1152/jappl.1981.51.5.1306
2820:10.1183/09031936.05.00034905
427:, and also records the time
261:{\displaystyle (D_{L_{CO}})}
3268:10.1152/jappl.1957.11.2.290
2975:10.1164/arrd.1987.135.4.805
2925:10.1164/arrd.1983.127.3.270
455:The volume of the alveoli,
4325:
4204:Surgical airway management
4060:Ventilation/perfusion scan
3860:Tracheoesophageal puncture
3091:10.1016/j.rmed.2010.07.020
2710:{\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}}
2621:{\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}}
2469:Lung diseases that reduce
2459:{\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}}
2402:{\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}}
2307:{\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}}
2262:{\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}}
2167:{\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}}
2093:{\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}}
2049:{\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}}
1954:{\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}}
1666:{\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}}
1626:{\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}}
1580:{\displaystyle D_{L_{CO}}}
1167:{\displaystyle {\dot {V}}}
676:is the barometric pressure
445:{\displaystyle \Delta {t}}
3015:10.1183/09041950.041s1693
2653:Swelling of lung tissue (
2641:interstitial lung disease
420:{\displaystyle \Delta {}}
4284:Pulmonary rehabilitation
4111:Bronchial challenge test
4078:Pneumonia severity index
4070:Clinical prediction rule
3645:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
3638:Medical Subject Headings
3471:10.1152/advan.00092.2010
3436:10.1378/chest.105.5.1426
3180:10.3402/ijch.v66i5.18316
3167:Int J Circumpolar Health
3108:2011 Dec;105(12):1970-1.
1437:equation simplifies to:
744:Fick's laws of diffusion
134:ventilation to perfusion
70:pulmonary function tests
3392:10.1161/01.cir.19.2.232
2927:(inactive 2024-09-12).
2422:{\displaystyle \theta }
2365:{\displaystyle \theta }
2345:{\displaystyle \theta }
2213:{\displaystyle \theta }
2190:{\displaystyle \theta }
1749:{\displaystyle \theta }
1701:{\displaystyle (D_{L})}
4309:Respiratory physiology
4274:Hyperinflation therapy
4239:Artificial respiration
4209:Mechanical ventilation
4144:Bronchoalveolar lavage
4045:CT pulmonary angiogram
2723:Goodpasture's syndrome
2711:
2674:pulmonary hypertension
2622:
2585:
2552:
2523:
2490:
2460:
2423:
2403:
2366:
2346:
2308:
2263:
2214:
2191:
2168:
2125:
2094:
2050:
1984:
1955:
1918:
1874:
1777:
1750:
1730:
1702:
1667:
1636:The two components of
1627:
1581:
1522:
1431:
1393:
1356:
1313:
1270:
1227:
1168:
1120:
902:
853:
802:
748:respiratory physiology
736:
670:
641:
571:
476:
446:
421:
363:
268:according to Equation
262:
182:
104:respiratory physiology
4254:Decompression chamber
3922:Heart–lung transplant
2712:
2623:
2586:
2553:
2551:{\displaystyle D_{M}}
2524:
2491:
2489:{\displaystyle D_{M}}
2461:
2424:
2404:
2367:
2347:
2309:
2264:
2215:
2192:
2169:
2126:
2124:{\displaystyle V_{c}}
2095:
2051:
1985:
1983:{\displaystyle V_{c}}
1956:
1919:
1917:{\displaystyle V_{c}}
1875:
1778:
1776:{\displaystyle V_{c}}
1751:
1731:
1729:{\displaystyle D_{M}}
1703:
1668:
1628:
1582:
1523:
1432:
1430:{\displaystyle D_{L}}
1394:
1392:{\displaystyle D_{L}}
1357:
1314:
1271:
1228:
1169:
1121:
903:
854:
803:
737:
671:
669:{\displaystyle V_{B}}
642:
572:
477:
475:{\displaystyle V_{A}}
447:
422:
364:
263:
223:three-equation method
219:anatomical dead space
183:
181:{\displaystyle D_{L}}
4126:Impulse oscillometry
4101:Body plethysmography
2721:Alveolar hemorrhage
2684:
2670:pulmonary vasculitis
2595:
2562:
2535:
2500:
2473:
2433:
2413:
2376:
2356:
2336:
2281:
2236:
2226:Complete Blood Count
2204:
2181:
2141:
2108:
2067:
2023:
1967:
1928:
1901:
1792:
1760:
1740:
1713:
1679:
1640:
1600:
1554:
1446:
1414:
1376:
1325:
1282:
1239:
1194:
1149:
917:
863:
816:
754:
699:
653:
607:
501:
459:
431:
397:
285:
229:
190:residual lung volume
165:
148:), and so is wasted.
93:European Respiratory
4249:Hyperbaric medicine
4231:Respiratory therapy
4149:Nasopharyngeal swab
3774:Acoustic rhinometry
2731:intracardiac shunts
2672:) or hypertrophic (
1588:population groups.
194:total lung capacity
4121:Diffusion capacity
4093:Lung function test
3710:respiratory system
3002:Eur Respir J Suppl
2707:
2618:
2581:
2548:
2519:
2486:
2456:
2419:
2399:
2362:
2342:
2304:
2259:
2210:
2187:
2164:
2121:
2090:
2046:
1980:
1951:
1914:
1870:
1773:
1746:
1726:
1698:
1663:
1623:
1577:
1518:
1427:
1389:
1352:
1309:
1266:
1223:
1164:
1116:
898:
849:
798:
732:
666:
637:
567:
472:
442:
417:
359:
258:
178:
54:Diffusing capacity
22:Diffusing capacity
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4279:Pulmonary hygiene
4269:Postural drainage
4178:
4177:
4019:
4018:
3619:978-1-4511-0713-5
3608:978-1-60913-640-6
3597:978-0-323-05212-2
3586:978-1-4160-4710-0
3342:10.1172/JCI104804
3303:10.1042/cs0600507
2963:Am Rev Respir Dis
2913:Am Rev Respir Dis
2855:978-1-60913-640-6
2372:is increased and
2269:is elevated. In
2016:structural defect
2008:Valsalva maneuver
2000:Müller's maneuver
1895:
1894:
1868:
1840:
1820:
1543:
1542:
1516:
1484:
1207:
1161:
1140:
1139:
1114:
1045:
1028:
959:
879:
592:
591:
384:
383:
357:
298:
97:American Thoracic
60:) (also known as
51:
50:
4316:
4187:
4183:Other procedures
4028:
3723:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3568:
3567:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3545:
3542:
3536:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3459:Adv Physiol Educ
3454:
3448:
3447:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3394:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3353:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3291:Clinical Science
3286:
3280:
3279:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3182:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3093:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3017:
2993:
2987:
2986:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2936:
2907:
2901:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2863:
2857:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2822:
2798:
2729:, left to right
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2319:pulmonary emboli
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2131:is increased in
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1796:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1154:
1134:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
999:
998:
997:
996:
995:
994:
974:
973:
972:
971:
961:
960:
952:
948:
943:
942:
941:
940:
939:
938:
911:
907:
905:
904:
899:
894:
893:
892:
891:
881:
880:
872:
858:
856:
855:
850:
845:
844:
843:
842:
841:
840:
810:partial pressure
807:
805:
804:
799:
797:
796:
795:
794:
793:
775:
774:
773:
772:
771:
741:
739:
738:
733:
728:
727:
726:
725:
724:
723:
675:
673:
672:
667:
665:
664:
646:
644:
643:
638:
636:
635:
634:
633:
632:
631:
586:
576:
574:
573:
568:
566:
565:
564:
563:
562:
561:
536:
535:
523:
522:
521:
520:
495:
481:
479:
478:
473:
471:
470:
451:
449:
448:
443:
441:
426:
424:
423:
418:
416:
378:
368:
366:
365:
360:
358:
356:
355:
346:
345:
344:
332:
314:
309:
308:
300:
299:
291:
279:
271:
267:
265:
264:
259:
254:
253:
252:
251:
187:
185:
184:
179:
177:
176:
36:
19:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4288:
4225:
4174:
4158:
4130:
4087:
4064:
4032:Medical imaging
4015:
4004:Mediastinoscopy
3944:
3939:
3926:
3912:Transplantation
3907:Wedge resection
3832:
3712:
3706:
3630:
3577:
3575:Further reading
3572:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3336:(7): 997–1006.
3323:
3322:
3318:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3044:
3043:
3039:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2937:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2848:
2844:
2800:
2799:
2788:
2783:
2771:
2751:
2746:
2718:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2655:pulmonary edema
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2571:
2560:
2559:
2538:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2509:
2498:
2497:
2476:
2471:
2470:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2411:
2410:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2354:
2353:
2334:
2333:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2179:
2178:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2020:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1887:
1857:
1850:
1830:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1789:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1738:
1737:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1685:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1535:
1501:
1496:
1474:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1408:Carbon monoxide
1379:
1374:
1373:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1211:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1147:
1146:
1132:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1049:
1035:
1013:
1008:
1003:
986:
981:
976:
975:
963:
949:
930:
925:
920:
915:
914:
883:
869:
861:
860:
832:
827:
822:
814:
813:
785:
780:
763:
758:
752:
751:
715:
710:
705:
697:
696:
693:
656:
651:
650:
623:
615:
610:
605:
604:
584:
553:
545:
540:
527:
509:
504:
499:
498:
462:
457:
456:
429:
428:
395:
394:
376:
347:
336:
315:
288:
283:
282:
269:
240:
235:
227:
226:
168:
163:
162:
155:
90:
85:
79:
66:red blood cells
62:transfer factor
59:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4322:
4320:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4206:
4201:
4195:
4193:
4191:Oxygen therapy
4184:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4170:Blood gas test
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4154:Sputum culture
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4034:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4011:Nuss procedure
4007:
4006:
4001:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3960:pleural cavity
3951:
3949:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3876:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:Cricothyrotomy
3852:
3850:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3801:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3769:Rhinomanometry
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3731:
3729:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3652:
3641:
3629:
3628:External links
3626:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3611:
3600:
3589:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3555:
3546:
3537:
3528:
3519:
3510:
3501:
3492:
3465:(4): 174–185.
3449:
3414:
3365:
3316:
3281:
3262:(2): 290–302.
3256:J Appl Physiol
3245:
3218:(4): 599–606.
3202:
3153:
3110:
3064:
3037:
2988:
2952:
2902:
2893:
2874:(5): 1306–13.
2868:J Appl Physiol
2858:
2842:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2755:Christian Bohr
2749:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2666:
2651:
2637:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2545:
2541:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2483:
2479:
2468:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2418:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2361:
2341:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2209:
2186:
2176:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2118:
2114:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2002:, pulls blood
1977:
1973:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1911:
1907:
1897:Any change in
1896:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1881:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1770:
1766:
1745:
1723:
1719:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1635:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1593:
1590:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1547:
1546:Interpretation
1544:
1541:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1471:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1424:
1420:
1386:
1382:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1320:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1277:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1234:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1203:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1160:
1157:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1041:
1032:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1002:
993:
989:
984:
979:
970:
966:
958:
955:
946:
937:
933:
928:
923:
897:
890:
886:
878:
875:
868:
848:
839:
835:
830:
825:
821:
792:
788:
783:
778:
770:
766:
761:
731:
722:
718:
713:
708:
704:
692:
689:
684:
683:
682:
681:
680:
679:
678:
677:
663:
659:
648:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
590:
589:
580:
578:
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
539:
534:
530:
526:
519:
516:
512:
507:
490:
489:
488:
487:
486:
485:
484:
483:
469:
465:
453:
440:
436:
415:
412:
409:
406:
402:
382:
381:
372:
370:
354:
350:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:
325:
322:
318:
312:
307:
304:
297:
294:
257:
250:
247:
243:
238:
234:
175:
171:
154:
151:
150:
149:
142:
88:
83:
77:
57:
56:of the lung (D
49:
48:
45:
38:
37:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4321:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4040:Bronchography
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:Thoracentesis
3966:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:Decortication
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3897:Pneumonectomy
3895:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3550:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3430:(5): 1426–9.
3429:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3385:(2): 232–41.
3384:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3297:(5): 507–12.
3296:
3292:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3173:(5): 449–57.
3172:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2969:(4): 805–11.
2968:
2964:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2813:(4): 720–35.
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2743:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2659:heart failure
2656:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2543:
2539:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2416:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2359:
2339:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2276:
2272:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2207:
2184:
2175:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2062:
2057:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1975:
1971:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1909:
1905:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1768:
1764:
1743:
1721:
1717:
1690:
1686:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1634:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1591:
1589:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1545:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1384:
1380:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1278:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1235:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1201:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1158:
1155:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1127:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1030:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1000:
991:
987:
982:
977:
968:
964:
956:
953:
944:
935:
931:
926:
921:
913:
912:
909:
888:
884:
876:
873:
837:
833:
828:
823:
811:
790:
786:
781:
776:
768:
764:
759:
749:
745:
720:
716:
711:
706:
690:
688:
661:
657:
649:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
603:
602:
601:
600:
599:
598:
597:
596:
595:
588:
581:
579:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
537:
532:
528:
524:
517:
514:
510:
505:
497:
496:
493:
467:
463:
454:
438:
410:
407:
392:
391:
390:
389:
388:
387:
386:
385:
380:
373:
371:
352:
341:
337:
333:
326:
323:
310:
305:
302:
295:
292:
281:
280:
277:
275:
272:. First, the
248:
245:
241:
236:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
173:
169:
160:
152:
147:
143:
139:
138:
137:
135:
131:
126:
124:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
86:
80:, especially
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
46:
44:
39:
35:
31:
29:
25:
20:
3994:
3978:Thoracoscopy
3954:
3887:
3881:Bronchoscopy
3871:
3845:
3811:Laryngectomy
3806:Laryngoscopy
3796:
3780:
3734:
3656:
3643:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3504:
3495:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3333:
3329:
3319:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3126:(2): 143–9.
3123:
3119:
3113:
3106:Respir. Med.
3105:
3084:(1): 15–23.
3081:
3077:
3067:
3053:(6): 893–9.
3050:
3046:
3040:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2941:cite journal
2919:(3): 270–7.
2916:
2912:
2905:
2896:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2845:
2810:
2807:Eur Respir J
2806:
2759:August Krogh
2747:
2727:polycythemia
2530:
2331:
2316:
2230:polycythemia
2224:in the CBC (
2199:
2177:Reasons why
2132:
2103:
2059:In disease,
2058:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1962:
1885:
1674:
1595:
1549:
1533:
1401:
1371:
1176:Isaac Newton
1130:
694:
685:
593:
582:
491:
374:
273:
222:
216:
211:
197:
158:
156:
127:
112:
101:
61:
53:
52:
4116:Capnography
3996:mediastinum
3983:Thoracotomy
3973:Pleurodesis
3941:mediastinum
3865:Tracheotomy
3816:Laryngotomy
3754:Somnoplasty
3749:Septoplasty
3744:Rhinoplasty
3379:Circulation
3212:Respirology
3120:Respirology
3104:Erratum in
3078:Respir. Med
2649:sarcoidosis
2643:), such as
691:Calculation
492:Similarly,
123:capacitance
108:conductance
99:Societies.
4199:Intubation
4106:Spirometry
3988:Chest tube
3932:Chest wall
3790:Sinusotomy
3764:Rhinectomy
3759:Alarplasty
2781:References
2061:hemorrhage
199:tracer gas
47:CPT: 94720
4264:Nebulizer
4055:Spiral CT
3947:diaphragm
3902:Lobectomy
3821:Thyrotomy
3008:: 41–52.
2657:) due to
2634:emphysema
2569:∗
2566:θ
2507:∗
2504:θ
2417:θ
2360:θ
2340:θ
2323:scoliosis
2232:, and so
2208:θ
2185:θ
2104:Finally,
1855:∗
1852:θ
1744:θ
1482:˙
1205:˙
1159:˙
1087:−
1043:˙
1031:≃
1001:−
957:˙
877:˙
777:∝
538:∗
435:Δ
401:Δ
349:Δ
334:∗
317:Δ
296:˙
130:hypoxemia
115:diffusion
4303:Category
4136:Cytology
3873:bronchus
3838:Lower RT
3727:Upper RT
3487:31010852
3479:21098384
3409:27264342
3401:13629784
3360:14016987
3276:13475180
3232:17587430
3197:22302973
3189:18274210
3148:31037816
3100:20889322
3032:54555111
2837:18177228
2829:16204605
2769:See also
2327:kyphosis
1992:exercise
119:capacity
4083:CURB-65
3847:trachea
3718:Surgery
3444:8181330
3311:7249536
3240:5897844
3140:9441128
3059:6927541
3024:8499053
2983:3565929
2933:6830050
2888:7298468
2744:History
2275:smoking
2134:obesity
1924:alters
208:methane
153:Testing
34:D011653
4259:Heliox
3956:pleura
3936:pleura
3798:larynx
3650:003854
3640:(MeSH)
3617:
3606:
3595:
3584:
3485:
3477:
3442:
3407:
3399:
3358:
3351:289367
3348:
3309:
3274:
3238:
3230:
3195:
3187:
3146:
3138:
3098:
3057:
3030:
3022:
2981:
2931:
2886:
2853:
2835:
2827:
2737:Asthma
2271:anemia
2197:varies
1675:While
746:). In
594:where
204:Helium
117:nor a
41:Other
4163:Other
4024:Tests
3782:sinus
3483:S2CID
3424:Chest
3405:S2CID
3236:S2CID
3193:S2CID
3144:S2CID
3028:S2CID
2833:S2CID
2763:Marie
2647:, or
1145:(For
43:codes
3945:and
3889:lung
3736:nose
3615:ISBN
3604:ISBN
3593:ISBN
3582:ISBN
3475:PMID
3440:PMID
3397:PMID
3356:PMID
3307:PMID
3272:PMID
3228:PMID
3185:PMID
3136:PMID
3096:PMID
3055:PMID
3020:PMID
2979:PMID
2947:link
2929:PMID
2884:PMID
2851:ISBN
2825:PMID
2775:DLCO
2558:and
2496:and
2429:and
2325:and
2004:into
1996:into
1404:DLCO
274:rate
206:and
157:The
95:and
74:lung
28:MeSH
4244:CPR
3467:doi
3432:doi
3428:105
3387:doi
3346:PMC
3338:doi
3299:doi
3264:doi
3220:doi
3175:doi
3128:doi
3086:doi
3082:105
3010:doi
2971:doi
2967:135
2921:doi
2917:127
2876:doi
2815:doi
2012:out
1880:.
1406:).
212:not
102:In
89:LCO
84:LCO
4305::
3934:,
3648::
3481:.
3473:.
3463:34
3461:.
3438:.
3426:.
3403:.
3395:.
3383:19
3381:.
3377:.
3354:.
3344:.
3334:42
3332:.
3328:.
3305:.
3295:60
3293:.
3270:.
3260:11
3258:.
3234:.
3226:.
3216:12
3214:.
3191:.
3183:.
3171:66
3169:.
3165:.
3142:.
3134:.
3122:.
3094:.
3080:.
3076:.
3051:18
3049:.
3026:.
3018:.
3006:16
3004:.
3000:.
2977:.
2965:.
2943:}}
2939:{{
2915:.
2882:.
2872:51
2870:.
2831:.
2823:.
2811:26
2809:.
2805:.
2789:^
2750:CO
2725:,
2676:).
2665:).
2628:.
2466:.
2329:.
2222:Hb
2174:.
1528:.
577:.
369:.
136::
3958:/
3943:,
3938:,
3701:e
3694:t
3687:v
3621:.
3610:.
3599:.
3588:.
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