2280:
387:
107:
81:
was apparently well aware of the technique. IBM kept some secrets, as
Coppersmith explains: "After discussions with NSA, it was decided that disclosure of the design considerations would reveal the technique of differential cryptanalysis, a powerful technique that could be used against many ciphers.
483:
non-linear function. The incredibly high branch (active S-box count) of 25 over 4R means that over 8 rounds, no attack involves fewer than 50 non-linear transforms, meaning that the probability of success does not exceed Pr ≤ Pr. For example, with the current S-box AES emits no fixed differential
467:
for instance) then for only 4 values (or 2 pairs) of inputs is that differential possible. Suppose we have a non-linear function where the key is XOR'ed before evaluation and the values that allow the differential are {2,3} and {4,5}. If the attacker sends in the values of {6, 7} and observes the
352:
is the total number of rounds. The attacker then deduces which round keys (for the final round) are possible, assuming the difference between the blocks before the final round is fixed. When round keys are short, this can be achieved by simply exhaustively decrypting the ciphertext pairs one round
478:
The AES non-linear function has a maximum differential probability of 4/256 (most entries however are either 0 or 2). Meaning that in theory one could determine the key with half as much work as brute force, however, the high branch of AES prevents any high probability trails from existing over
487:
There exist no bijections for even sized inputs/outputs with 2-uniformity. They exist in odd fields (such as GF(2)) using either cubing or inversion (there are other exponents that can be used as well). For instance, S(x) = x in any odd binary field is immune to differential and linear
356:
For any particular cipher, the input difference must be carefully selected for the attack to be successful. An analysis of the algorithm's internals is undertaken; the standard method is to trace a path of highly probable differences through the various stages of encryption, termed a
447:
The attack relies primarily on the fact that a given input/output difference pattern only occurs for certain values of inputs. Usually the attack is applied in essence to the non-linear components as if they were a solid component (usually they are in fact look-up tables or
484:
with a probability higher than (4/256) or 2 which is far lower than the required threshold of 2 for a 128-bit block cipher. This would have allowed room for a more efficient S-box, even if it is 16-uniform the probability of attack would have still been 2.
37:
applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. In the broadest sense, it is the study of how differences in information input can affect the resultant difference at the output. In the case of a
364:
Since differential cryptanalysis became public knowledge, it has become a basic concern of cipher designers. New designs are expected to be accompanied by evidence that the algorithm is resistant to this attack and many including the
492:
designs use 7- and 9-bit functions in the 16-bit non-linear function. What these functions gain in immunity to differential and linear attacks, they lose to algebraic attacks. That is, they are possible to describe and solve via a
82:
This in turn would weaken the competitive advantage the United States enjoyed over other countries in the field of cryptography." Within IBM, differential cryptanalysis was known as the "T-attack" or "Tickle attack".
343:
In the most basic form of key recovery through differential cryptanalysis, an attacker requests the ciphertexts for a large number of plaintext pairs, then assumes that the differential holds for at least
322:
199:
operation is usual. The attacker then computes the differences of the corresponding ciphertexts, hoping to detect statistical patterns in their distribution. The resulting pair of differences is called a
73:, published a paper stating that differential cryptanalysis was known to IBM as early as 1974, and that defending against differential cryptanalysis had been a design goal. According to author
66:(DES). It was noted by Biham and Shamir that DES was surprisingly resistant to differential cryptanalysis, but small modifications to the algorithm would make it much more susceptible.
252:
2260:
2090:
93:, and even a 31-round version of FEAL is susceptible to the attack. In contrast, the scheme can successfully cryptanalyze DES with an effort on the order of 2 chosen plaintexts.
353:
with each possible round key. When one round key has been deemed a potential round key considerably more often than any other key, it is assumed to be the correct round key.
85:
While DES was designed with resistance to differential cryptanalysis in mind, other contemporary ciphers proved to be vulnerable. An early target for the attack was the
1943:
1878:
959:
408:
128:
833:
257:
1705:
1061:
510:
62:
in the late 1980s, who published a number of attacks against various block ciphers and hash functions, including a theoretical weakness in the
471:
In essence, to protect a cipher from the attack, for an n-bit non-linear function one would ideally seek as close to 2 as possible to achieve
1695:
1189:
892:
853:
783:
580:
520:
1596:
463:(LSB) of the input leads to an output difference in the LSB) occurs with probability of 4/256 (possible with the non-linear function in the
1858:
1832:
1700:
515:
42:, it refers to a set of techniques for tracing differences through the network of transformation, discovering where the cipher exhibits
914:
1673:
552:
1936:
652:
434:
154:
1842:
952:
1721:
2308:
2139:
1899:
494:
412:
132:
919:
475:. When this happens, the differential attack requires as much work to determine the key as simply brute forcing the key.
1929:
989:
366:
2255:
2210:
2023:
1785:
945:
397:
117:
328:. In the basic attack, one particular ciphertext difference is expected to be especially frequent. In this way, the
2134:
1802:
1712:
1003:
689:
468:
correct output difference it means the key is either 6 ⊕ K = 2, or 6 ⊕ K = 4, meaning the key K is either 2 or 4.
416:
401:
136:
121:
2250:
1807:
1663:
1616:
1091:
479:
multiple rounds. In fact, the AES cipher would be just as immune to differential and linear attacks with a much
2240:
2230:
2085:
1873:
1755:
1630:
999:
867:
211:
63:
669:
2235:
2225:
2028:
1988:
1981:
1971:
1966:
1812:
1601:
972:
168:
90:
1976:
1904:
1780:
1775:
1727:
542:
184:
180:
1576:
2283:
2129:
2075:
1894:
1717:
1154:
460:
2245:
2169:
1797:
1680:
1606:
1289:
1269:
770:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5665. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 246–259.
547:
89:
block cipher. The original proposed version with four rounds (FEAL-4) can be broken using only eight
840:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 740. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 487–496.
2008:
1760:
1737:
1056:
909:
2114:
2098:
2045:
1745:
1653:
1365:
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1209:
859:
820:
763:
370:
337:
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2035:
1465:
1164:
1124:
1119:
1086:
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994:
888:
849:
779:
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648:
576:
2109:
1837:
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1611:
1470:
1350:
1319:
1013:
880:
841:
812:
771:
734:
726:
617:
525:
452:). Observing the desired output difference (between two chosen or known plaintext inputs)
1684:
1668:
1657:
1591:
1550:
1515:
1445:
1425:
1299:
1179:
1174:
1129:
923:
803:
Biham E, Shamir A (January 1991). "Differential cryptanalysis of DES-like cryptosystems".
70:
2184:
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2065:
2013:
1998:
1822:
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1505:
1500:
1385:
1134:
739:
714:
713:
Nechvatal J, Barker E, Bassham L, Burr W, Dworkin M, Foti J, Roback E (May–June 2001).
498:
43:
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2018:
1993:
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34:
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2003:
1952:
1750:
1571:
1535:
1400:
1279:
1234:
1066:
1018:
968:
863:
641:
Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the
Government — Saving Privacy in the Digital Age
537:
196:
39:
17:
775:
2194:
1360:
1355:
1239:
636:
386:
192:
106:
74:
602:
46:, and exploiting such properties to recover the secret key (cryptography key).
2154:
2124:
2119:
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1274:
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1007:
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59:
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1219:
1199:
674:
176:
55:
748:
459:
For example, if a differential of 1 => 1 (implying a difference in the
336:. More sophisticated variations allow the key to be recovered faster than
2189:
2149:
1863:
1827:
1621:
1284:
1159:
1139:
1051:
730:
719:
Journal of
Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology
621:
1530:
1480:
1440:
1430:
1375:
1370:
1214:
1023:
816:
54:
The discovery of differential cryptanalysis is generally attributed to
875:
Knudsen LR, Robshaw M (2011). "Differential
Cryptanalysis: The Idea".
2070:
1868:
1490:
1485:
1420:
1405:
1395:
1340:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1184:
1169:
879:. Information Security and Cryptography. Springer. pp. 109–126.
715:"Report on the Development of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)"
603:"The Data Encryption Standard (DES) and its strength against attacks"
329:
179:
of their choosing. There are, however, extensions that would allow a
77:, IBM had discovered differential cryptanalysis on its own, and the
27:
General form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers
1586:
1545:
1495:
1475:
1460:
1249:
1229:
1149:
1114:
489:
205:
187:. The basic method uses pairs of plaintexts related by a constant
690:"Differential Cryptanalysis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1435:
1344:
1259:
1254:
1244:
1224:
1096:
1081:
86:
1925:
941:
1540:
1455:
1076:
1071:
380:
100:
78:
317:{\displaystyle \Delta _{y}=S(x\oplus \Delta _{x})\oplus S(x)}
204:. Their statistical properties depend upon the nature of the
208:
used for encryption, so the attacker analyses differentials
573:
Differential cryptanalysis of the data encryption standard
2091:
Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator
834:"Differential cryptanalysis of the full 16-round DES."
910:
A tutorial on differential (and linear) cryptanalysis
260:
214:
929:
2203:
1959:
1887:
1851:
1640:
1559:
1105:
1032:
980:
915:
Helger Lipmaa's links on differential cryptanalysis
171:, meaning that the attacker must be able to obtain
316:
246:
497:. This is in part why AES (for instance) has an
324:(and ⊕ denotes exclusive or) for each such S-box
69:In 1994, a member of the original IBM DES team,
762:Indesteege, Sebastiaan; Preneel, Bart (2009).
670:"Re: Reverse engineering and the Clipper chip"
1937:
953:
596:
594:
592:
8:
415:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
135:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1944:
1930:
1922:
960:
946:
938:
934:
930:
920:A description of the attack applied to DES
838:Annual International Cryptology Conference
738:
435:Learn how and when to remove this message
290:
265:
259:
247:{\displaystyle (\Delta _{x},\Delta _{y})}
235:
222:
213:
155:Learn how and when to remove this message
488:cryptanalysis. This is in part why the
195:can be defined in several ways, but the
167:Differential cryptanalysis is usually a
610:IBM Journal of Research and Development
563:
511:Higher-order differential cryptanalysis
521:Impossible differential cryptanalysis
7:
516:Truncated differential cryptanalysis
413:adding citations to reliable sources
133:adding citations to reliable sources
553:Differential equations of addition
287:
262:
232:
219:
25:
832:Biham E, Shamir A (August 1992).
764:"Practical Collisions for EnRUPT"
2279:
2278:
926: (archived October 19, 2007)
385:
105:
2140:Information-theoretic security
311:
305:
296:
277:
241:
215:
1:
575:. New York: Springer Verlag.
776:10.1007/978-3-642-03317-9_15
367:Advanced Encryption Standard
2256:Message authentication code
2211:Cryptographic hash function
2024:Cryptographic hash function
766:. In Dunkelman, Orr (ed.).
373:secure against the attack.
359:differential characteristic
2325:
2135:Harvest now, decrypt later
877:The Block Cipher Companion
668:Blaze M (15 August 1996).
601:Coppersmith D (May 1994).
571:Biham E, Shamir A (1993).
332:can be distinguished from
31:Differential cryptanalysis
2274:
2251:Post-quantum cryptography
1921:
1843:Time/memory/data tradeoff
937:
933:
885:10.1007/978-3-642-17342-4
2241:Quantum key distribution
2231:Authenticated encryption
2086:Random number generation
1631:Whitening transformation
846:10.1007/3-540-48071-4_34
768:Fast Software Encryption
64:Data Encryption Standard
2236:Public-key cryptography
2226:Symmetric-key algorithm
2029:Key derivation function
1989:Cryptographic primitive
1982:Authentication protocol
1972:Outline of cryptography
1967:History of cryptography
1602:Confusion and diffusion
626:(subscription required)
473:differential uniformity
169:chosen plaintext attack
1977:Cryptographic protocol
543:Integral cryptanalysis
318:
248:
185:ciphertext-only attack
2309:Cryptographic attacks
2130:End-to-end encryption
2076:Cryptojacking malware
1895:Initialization vector
805:Journal of Cryptology
694:www.sciencedirect.com
501:after the inversion.
461:least significant bit
456:possible key values.
319:
249:
33:is a general form of
2246:Quantum cryptography
2170:Trusted timestamping
1674:3-subset MITM attack
1290:Intel Cascade Cipher
1270:Hasty Pudding cipher
731:10.6028/jres.106.023
548:Linear cryptanalysis
409:improve this section
338:an exhaustive search
258:
212:
129:improve this section
2009:Cryptographic nonce
1713:Differential-linear
622:10.1147/rd.383.0243
44:non-random behavior
18:Differential attack
2115:Subliminal channel
2099:Pseudorandom noise
2046:Key (cryptography)
1786:Differential-fault
1004:internal mechanics
817:10.1007/BF00630563
647:. pp. 55–56.
348:− 1 rounds, where
314:
244:
197:eXclusive OR (XOR)
2296:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2175:Key-based routing
2165:Trapdoor function
2036:Digital signature
1917:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1900:Mode of operation
1577:Lai–Massey scheme
894:978-3-642-17341-7
855:978-3-540-57340-1
785:978-3-642-03317-9
582:978-0-387-97930-4
505:Specialized types
445:
444:
437:
165:
164:
157:
91:chosen plaintexts
16:(Redirected from
2316:
2282:
2281:
2110:Insecure channel
1946:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1771:Power-monitoring
1612:Avalanche effect
1320:Khufu and Khafre
973:security summary
962:
955:
948:
939:
935:
931:
898:
871:
866:. Archived from
828:
790:
789:
759:
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752:
742:
710:
704:
703:
701:
700:
686:
680:
679:
665:
659:
658:
633:
627:
625:
607:
598:
587:
586:
568:
526:Boomerang attack
440:
433:
429:
426:
420:
389:
381:
377:Attack in detail
323:
321:
320:
315:
295:
294:
270:
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227:
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175:for some set of
160:
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149:
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109:
101:
97:Attack mechanics
21:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2288:
2270:
2199:
1955:
1950:
1909:
1883:
1852:Standardization
1847:
1776:Electromagnetic
1728:Integral/Square
1685:Piling-up lemma
1669:Biclique attack
1658:EFF DES cracker
1642:
1636:
1567:Feistel network
1555:
1180:CIPHERUNICORN-E
1175:CIPHERUNICORN-A
1107:
1101:
1034:
1028:
982:
976:
966:
924:Wayback Machine
906:
901:
895:
874:
856:
831:
802:
798:
796:Further reading
793:
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286:
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256:
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181:known plaintext
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150:
144:
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126:
110:
99:
71:Don Coppersmith
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2261:Random numbers
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2185:Garlic routing
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2105:Secure channel
2102:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2066:Key stretching
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
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2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2016:
2014:Cryptovirology
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:Cryptocurrency
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1974:
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1718:Distinguishing
1715:
1710:
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1698:
1688:
1678:
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1661:
1650:
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1635:
1634:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
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1582:Product cipher
1579:
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1569:
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1561:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
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1227:
1222:
1217:
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1210:Cryptomeria/C2
1207:
1202:
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1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
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1111:
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1100:
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1054:
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1038:
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1021:
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905:
904:External links
902:
900:
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893:
872:
870:on 2005-04-05.
854:
829:
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797:
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784:
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725:(3): 511–577.
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681:
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616:(3): 243–250.
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499:affine mapping
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3:
2:
2321:
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2267:
2266:Steganography
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
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2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
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2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Stream cipher
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2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Onion routing
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Shared secret
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2056:Key generator
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2019:Hash function
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:Cryptanalysis
1992:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
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1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:Interpolation
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
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1754:
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1749:
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1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1734:
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1729:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
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1692:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:cryptanalysis
1639:
1632:
1628:
1627:Key whitening
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1416:New Data Seal
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1155:BEAR and LION
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
985:
979:
974:
970:
969:Block ciphers
963:
958:
956:
951:
949:
944:
943:
940:
936:
932:
925:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
903:
896:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
801:
800:
795:
787:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
758:
755:
750:
746:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
706:
695:
691:
685:
682:
677:
676:
671:
664:
661:
656:
654:0-14-024432-8
650:
646:
645:Penguin Books
642:
638:
632:
629:
623:
619:
615:
611:
604:
597:
595:
593:
589:
584:
578:
574:
567:
564:
558:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
531:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
504:
502:
500:
496:
491:
485:
482:
476:
474:
469:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
439:
436:
428:
418:
414:
410:
404:
403:
399:
394:This section
392:
388:
383:
382:
376:
374:
372:
368:
362:
360:
354:
351:
347:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
308:
302:
299:
291:
283:
280:
274:
271:
266:
236:
228:
223:
207:
203:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
159:
156:
148:
138:
134:
130:
124:
123:
119:
114:This section
112:
108:
103:
102:
96:
94:
92:
88:
83:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
57:
49:
47:
45:
41:
36:
35:cryptanalysis
32:
19:
2216:Block cipher
2061:Key schedule
2051:Key exchange
2041:Kleptography
2004:Cryptosystem
1953:Cryptography
1803:Partitioning
1761:Side-channel
1739:
1706:Higher-order
1691:Differential
1690:
1572:Key schedule
876:
868:the original
837:
808:
804:
767:
757:
722:
718:
708:
697:. Retrieved
693:
684:
673:
663:
640:
631:
613:
609:
572:
566:
538:Cryptography
486:
480:
477:
472:
470:
458:
453:
449:
446:
431:
422:
407:Please help
395:
369:, have been
363:
358:
355:
349:
345:
342:
325:
202:differential
201:
188:
166:
151:
142:
127:Please help
115:
84:
68:
53:
40:block cipher
30:
29:
2204:Mathematics
2195:Mix network
1888:Utilization
1874:NSA Suite B
1859:AES process
1808:Rubber-hose
1746:Related-key
1654:Brute-force
1033:Less common
811:(1): 3–72.
173:ciphertexts
75:Steven Levy
2155:Ciphertext
2125:Decryption
2120:Encryption
2081:Ransomware
1838:Chi-square
1756:Rotational
1696:Impossible
1617:Block size
1511:Spectr-H64
1335:Ladder-DES
1330:Kuznyechik
1275:Hierocrypt
1145:BassOmatic
1108:algorithms
1035:algorithms
1008:Triple DES
983:algorithms
751:. 3.2.1.3.
699:2023-04-13
559:References
495:SAT solver
465:AES cipher
193:Difference
189:difference
183:or even a
177:plaintexts
60:Adi Shamir
2145:Plaintext
1813:Black-bag
1733:Boomerang
1722:Known-key
1701:Truncated
1526:Threefish
1521:SXAL/MBAL
1411:MultiSwap
1366:MacGuffin
1325:KN-Cipher
1265:Grand Cru
1220:CS-Cipher
1200:COCONUT98
675:sci.crypt
425:July 2021
396:does not
300:⊕
288:Δ
284:⊕
263:Δ
233:Δ
220:Δ
145:July 2021
116:does not
56:Eli Biham
2303:Category
2284:Category
2190:Kademlia
2150:Codetext
2093:(CSPRNG)
1864:CRYPTREC
1828:Weak key
1781:Acoustic
1622:Key size
1466:Red Pike
1285:IDEA NXT
1165:Chiasmus
1160:CAST-256
1140:BaseKing
1125:Akelarre
1120:Adiantum
1087:Skipjack
1052:CAST-128
1047:Camellia
995:Blowfish
825:33202054
749:27500035
639:(2001).
532:See also
454:suggests
1960:General
1905:Padding
1823:Rebound
1531:Treyfer
1481:SAVILLE
1441:PRESENT
1431:NOEKEON
1376:MAGENTA
1371:Madryga
1351:Lucifer
1215:CRYPTON
1024:Twofish
1014:Serpent
922:at the
864:6188138
740:4863838
450:S-boxes
417:removed
402:sources
206:S-boxes
137:removed
122:sources
50:History
2071:Keygen
1869:NESSIE
1818:Davies
1766:Timing
1681:Linear
1641:Attack
1560:Design
1551:Zodiac
1516:Square
1491:SHACAL
1486:SC2000
1446:Prince
1426:Nimbus
1421:NewDES
1406:MULTI2
1396:MISTY1
1339:LOKI (
1315:KHAZAD
1310:KeeLoq
1305:KASUMI
1300:Kalyna
1185:CLEFIA
1170:CIKS-1
1130:Anubis
981:Common
891:
862:
852:
823:
782:
747:
737:
651:
637:Levy S
579:
481:weaker
371:proven
334:random
330:cipher
254:where
2101:(PRN)
1751:Slide
1607:Round
1592:P-box
1587:S-box
1546:XXTEA
1506:Speck
1501:Simon
1496:SHARK
1476:SAFER
1461:REDOC
1386:Mercy
1345:89/91
1295:Iraqi
1260:G-DES
1250:FEA-M
1230:DES-X
1195:Cobra
1150:BATON
1135:Ascon
1115:3-Way
1106:Other
860:S2CID
821:S2CID
606:(PDF)
490:MISTY
1879:CNSA
1738:Mod
1664:MITM
1436:NUSH
1391:MESH
1381:MARS
1255:FROG
1245:FEAL
1225:DEAL
1205:Crab
1190:CMEA
1097:XTEA
1082:SEED
1062:IDEA
1057:GOST
1042:ARIA
889:ISBN
850:ISBN
780:ISBN
745:PMID
649:ISBN
577:ISBN
400:any
398:cite
120:any
118:cite
87:FEAL
58:and
1833:Tau
1793:XSL
1597:SPN
1541:xmx
1536:UES
1471:S-1
1456:RC2
1401:MMB
1280:ICE
1235:DFC
1092:TEA
1077:RC6
1072:RC5
1067:LEA
1019:SM4
1000:DES
990:AES
881:doi
842:doi
813:doi
772:doi
735:PMC
727:doi
723:106
618:doi
411:by
131:by
79:NSA
2305::
1361:M8
1356:M6
1343:,
1341:97
1240:E2
1006:,
887:.
858:.
848:.
836:.
819:.
807:.
778:.
743:.
733:.
721:.
717:.
692:.
672:.
643:.
614:38
612:.
608:.
591:^
361:.
340:.
191:.
1945:e
1938:t
1931:v
1740:n
1724:)
1720:(
1687:)
1683:(
1660:)
1656:(
1647:)
1643:(
1633:)
1629:(
1451:Q
1347:)
1010:)
1002:(
975:)
971:(
961:e
954:t
947:v
897:.
883::
844::
827:.
815::
809:4
788:.
774::
729::
702:.
678:.
657:.
624:.
620::
585:.
438:)
432:(
427:)
423:(
419:.
405:.
350:r
346:r
326:S
312:)
309:x
306:(
303:S
297:)
292:x
281:x
278:(
275:S
272:=
267:y
242:)
237:y
229:,
224:x
216:(
158:)
152:(
147:)
143:(
139:.
125:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
