210:. An indiscreet letter from Dion to the Carthaginians led to his banishment. Settling in Athens, he lived a prosperous life until Dionysius II dispossessed him of his estates and income. Landing in Sicily in 357 BC, he was successful in conquering Syracuse (other than the citadel). However, Dion soon quarrelled with the radical leader Heraclides and was forced into exile. Recalled in 355 BC, he became master of the whole city but alienated the population with his imperious behaviour and financial demands. His supporters abandoned him, and he was assassinated. Dion's attempts to liberate Sicily only brought the island political and social chaos which lasted for nearly 20 years.
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the destroyed palisade of the acropolis and the liberating soldiers were unable to reach them. The
Syracusans spontaneously decided to charge the enemy, which ended when Nypsius and his men retreated back into the citadel where many of Nypsius' soldiers were then captured. Nypsius somehow managed to escape from the city. Not long after, Dionysius' son Apollocrates, weary of the long siege, surrendered the island citadel to Dion and Dion's sister Aristomache, his wife Arete and the young Hipparinus were freed.
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257:. Dionysius I was so satisfied with Dion's role as advisor that eventually Dion was authorized to withdraw money from the Syracusan treasury. The tyrant demanded, however, to be informed daily when he did so. Despite this requirement, Dion became extremely rich and his residence was magnificently furnished. Nonetheless, Dion occasionally criticized Dionysius I.
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Fearing a plot between
Carthage and Dion and his supporters, Dionysius feigned a renewed friendship with Dion. They walked to the seashore where the despot showed the incriminating letter to Dion and, without giving Dion the opportunity to defend himself, immediately forced Dion into exile. Dion eventually made his way to Athens.
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with a king and a senate made up of aristocrats. Also, the people of
Syracuse wished to see the citadel of the tyrant demolished, but Dion allowed it to remain. Dion seemed to have no intention of allowing the Syracusans to manage their own affairs. His authority was now only limited by his joint command with Heracleides.
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With the news of the arrival of Dion, the people of
Syracuse slew the tyrant's supporters and Timocrates had to flee. Dion led his army into Syracuse. He wore brilliant armour and a garland crowned his head. Dion was accompanied by Megacles and Callipus. The local community leaders greeted them. Dion
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Eventually, Dionysius decided to seize all of Dion's properties in
Syracuse and stopped him receiving revenue from his estates. Dionysius tried to mend his image by forcing Plato to visit him in Syracuse through public threats against Dion. The celebrated philosopher returned to Syracuse, but soon he
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and
Theodotes, to overthrow Dionysius. They agreed that they would wait in the hope of political reform, although they would oust Dionysius if this did not happen. Eventually Dion agreed with Heracleides to install a full democracy, by his wealthy patrician birth, he disliked this form of government.
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Dionysius I was on his deathbed when Dion attempted to discuss the succession with him. Dion hoped that
Dionysius I would hand over the rule of Syracuse to him or to his family. However, his attempt to influence Dionysius I was stopped by Dionysius I's doctors who supported the younger Dionysius II.
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The situation reached a crisis point when
Dionysius and Philistus intercepted a letter which had been sent by Dion to the Carthaginians. In that letter, Dion recommended that the Carthaginians should consult him regarding a peace agreement, because he would provide all of Syracuse's demands to them.
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When he succeeded as tyrant of
Syracuse, his entire court was composed of by licentious youngsters, who were completely disengaged from their political duties. The Syracusan institutions thus began to collapse. With his extensive political experience, Dion effectively ruled the city state. Soon, the
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On that date, Dion was celebrating at home with his friends. The assassins were
Zacynthians, who wore light garments and who were unarmed. They walked into the house while other accomplices began shutting all doors and windows. The mercenaries attacked Dion choking him and then with a short Spartan
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The Syracusans began insisting, once again, about redistributing land and restoring democracy. However, according to Bury, Dion thought democracy was as bad a form of government as tyranny. Instead he hoped to create a Platonic state and establish an aristocracy with some democratic limitations and
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When he learnt about Dion's imminent arrival, Nypsius ordered to his men to burn the city. During that night, the city of Syracuse burned while many of its citizens were slain. The next day, Dion led his troops through the city cheered by the local people. However, Nypsius' troops had hidden behind
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A week later, Dionysius returned to Syracuse and, protected by his loyal fleet, managed to gain entry into the Syracusan island acropolis which had not been captured as it was guarded by a large garrison loyal to the tyrant. Dionysus attempted negotiating with Dion but Dion responded by saying that
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At first the Syracusans seem to be winning after Heracleides put out to sea and won a sea fight against the fleet supporting Nypsius. On the news of this victory, the people of Syracusan went wild with joy and spent the night drinking. The next day, while all in Syracuse were asleep, Nypsius and
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Dion opposed such plans but the Syracusans reacted decisively against what they saw as his oppressive government (which relied to a great extent on unpopular foreign mercenaries). The Syracusans deposed him from the post of general and appointed 25 new generals, among them Heracleides. They also
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With his long connection with the former tyranny, it soon became clear to the people of Syracuse that Dion's political views were conservative and he did not favour the introduction of the democratic reforms sought by many of Syracuse's citizens. Dion was not a man who could hold the affections of
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Dionysius' proposals were spurned by the people and Dion suggested his surrender. Dionysus accepted this suggestion and he invited a local embassy to come to his palace to discuss the details. However, it was a deception on Dionysius' part and Dion's representatives were immediately confined after
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In response, Dion sought to start a revolt in Syracuse against Dionysius and his supporters. Dion's closest friends advised him that in Syracuse, the population could be expected to enthusiastically join Dion's revolt, if only he could get to the city. They told him that Dion did not need to bring
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Plato was confined inside the acropolis and received excellent treatment as an important guest, so he would not follow Dion. Later, when war with Carthage restarted, Dionysius allowed the philosopher to depart Syracuse, promising Plato that he would allow Dion to return to Syracuse during the next
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to Syracuse. Dion joined Plato's philosophical school, where he excelled as a disciple, and sought to inculcate Platonic maxims into the thoughts of Dionysius I. He arranged a meeting between the philosopher and the despot, which ended in a quarrel after Plato spoke out against tyrannical leaders.
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From his exile, Dionysius had offered a bribe to Calippus to kill Dion and Calippus had accepted the offer. Calippus used the money from Dionysius to bribe some of Dion’s troops to defect to him. He then won Dion’s trust by betraying some of these soldiers to Dion, who then enlisted Calippus as a
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During the next days, most of the opponents of Dion fled. Amongst the few who remained was Heracleides who sought Dion's pardon. Dion's foreign mercenaries suggested that he should be executed. However, Dion pardoned him and agreed to the arrangement where Dion would be general with full power on
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The next day, Dionysius' army surprised and overwhelmed the many besieging Syracusans who retreated in utter disorder. Because of the confusion, Dion was unable to issue orders more generally, so he and his men charged against Dionysius' troops. Dion was injured and ended on the ground but he was
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Thanks to these events, there was growing speculation in Syracuse that Aristomache, who was popular with her fellow citizens, would attempt to seize the power. Dionysius became aware of these sentiments and he attempted to address the situation. Publicly, he explained that Dion was temporarily in
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Heracleides kept arguing in favour of democratic reform. Later, when Philistus returned from Italy with his squadron, Heracleides led a Syracusan fleet in a battle in which Philistus' fleet was defeated and Philistus was executed. The rivalry peaked after Heracleides failed to prevent Dionysius'
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Nonetheless, Plato arrived and was welcomed with much enthusiasm. Plato's conversations with Dionysius were said to have led to significant changes in Dionysius' views and behaviour, who, became sober and attentive, whereas his court continued its libertine practices. Then, during a traditional
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Heracleides refused joining the aristocratic senate even after an invitation of Dion and, again, the populist leader began conspiring. He protested because Dion had not destroyed the acropolis and because he had brought in foreign politicians. At last, Dion was persuaded to consent to having
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When Dionysius expressed the view that he no longer wished to rule as a tyrant, this alarmed Philistus and his supporters and they campaigned intensively against Dion. They insisted to Dionysius that Dion was the greatest of deceivers, who was intending to seize the realm for his own nephews.
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who formed his own political party. Heracleides was appointed admiral by the Syracuse assembly which increased his influence in the city. However, Dion undid this act on the grounds that his own consent was needed and then came forward himself to propose Heracleides for the role of admiral.
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so, as he grew up, he lacked the knowledge, capabilities, political skills or personal strength expected of a future leader of men. When Dionysius I died in 367 BC, he was succeeded by Dionysius II. (References to Dionysius in this article hereafter refer to Dionysius II unless otherwise
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Arete and Aristomache continued their enquiries into Calippus' plot against Dion, and when Calippus discovered their inquisitiveness, he approached them and told them that he was loyal and that he would prove his loyalty. They told him to take the Great Oath, involving a ceremony in
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so that he wouldn't provoke some violent backlash against Dionysius. Dion was allowed to hold onto his Syracusan estate so he was still receiving his usual revenues. Furthermore, Dionysius handed two ships to Dion's relatives so they could send his possessions after him to Athens.
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At Leontini, Dion was well received and his foreign mercenaries were made local citizens. There, the Sicilian congress held a meeting, denouncing Syracuse, but the Syracusans responded that they preferred their actual liberties instead of a continuation of tyranny.
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With the departure of Dion and his mercenaries, the Syracusans decided to lay siege to the island fortress where Dionysius' son, Apollocrates, and his garrison of mercenaries resided. However, just as they were about to attack, reinforcements arrived led by a
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with his own money to fight the Carthaginians. Although Dionysius was delighted by these suggestions, his courtiers resented Dion's interventions. They suggested to Dionysus that Dion was trying to oust him in favour of the line of his sister Aristomache.
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Dion concluded that educating Dionysius would be the key to resolving Syracuse's problems. With his philosophical training, Dion began teaching him about philosophical principles and the importance of good governance with the aim of making him a
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In 357 BC, Dion's fleet sailed for Sicily. As his coming was expected, the Admiral Philistus had a fleet in Italian coastal waters ready to waylay him. So Dion sailed straight across the open sea. After 13 days, Dion's fleet reached Sicily at
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specified.) As an adult Dionysius was given to libertine practices. Cornelius Nepos was of the view that Dionysius lacked his father’s strength of character and he paid too much attention to unscrupulous advisers who wished to discredit Dion.
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Shortly afterwards, Dion’s only son fell from a window and died. Dion’s wife, Arete, and sister, Aristomache, discovered Calippus’ plot against Dion, but Dion was still paralysed with remorse from his son’s death, and refused to take action.
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and Dionysius began arguing bitterly about Dion's fate. The philosopher was jailed until an Athenian embassy arranged for his release. In his anger, Dionysus sold Dion's estate (keeping the proceeds) and compelled Dion's wife (and niece)
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refused to pay the Greek mercenaries who had come with Dion to Syracuse. While Dion and his mercenaries could have turned against the Syracusans, Dion decided to abandon Syracuse and with his 3000 foreign mercenaries moved to
310:. Such lessons sparked Dionysius' interest, so Plato was invited again to Syracuse. The experiment, in spite of a promising beginning, failed, with Dion's opponents gaining influence over Dionysius, leading to the philosopher
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The Syracusans were unable to offer effective resistance, so they sent an embassy to Leontini to meet with Dion. In response, Dion announced that his soldiers should prepare to march towards Syracuse on that same night.
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the people, for he repelled men with his haughtiness. He was also seen as too keen to direct the Syracusans on how they were to use their freedom. As a result, the Syracusans started to distrust Dion's intentions.
456:. Dionysius' soldiers from these areas deserted Timocrates' forces to defend their respective towns. Then, during the night, Dion ordered the expedition to advance, and at daybreak, Dion launched his attack.
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Following Dion's assassination, Calippus seized power himself and ruled as tyrant of Syracuse for about a year before Syracuse successfully revolted against his rule and he was exiled from the city.
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Dionysius delayed Dion's return until the end of the war with Carthage. Dionysius recommended to Plato that Dion should not publicly criticise the Syracusan regime. Dion obeyed, staying within the
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In Dionysius' court, Dion proposed a response to the continuing Carthaginian threat. Dion offered either to travel to Carthage (to seek a diplomatic solution) or to furnish Syracuse with 50 new
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rescued by his men. Dion mounted a horse and was reunited with supporters. Dion's foreign mercenaries had superior fighting skills and forced Dionysius' men to retreat back into the acropolis.
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secret agent to discover further plotters. So whenever Dion was told that Calippus was undermining him, Dion simply thought that Calippus was acting in his role as a spy.
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Later Dion did begin travelling throughout Greece meeting many local statesmen. Dion was regarded as a celebrity and many Greek cities welcomed him. For instance, the
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Following Dion's defeat of Dionysius' forces, Dion was elected to lead Syracuse (with his brother). Dionysius and his supporters were confined to the citadel.
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As a trusted advisor to Dionysius I, Dion was given the most important diplomatic assignments. Dion excelled in managing the embassies that dealt with
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609:’s temple, which he took. Following the ceremony, Calippus broke his vow and planned to kill Dion on the day celebrating the goddess Persephone.
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Dionysius I had dreaded that anyone might depose him treacherously. He had, therefore, cloistered his son Dionysius II inside the Syracusan
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on the Italian peninsula with 80 ships, Dion's soldiers insisted on action. So Dion led his troops towards Syracuse. On the road through
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On hearing of Dion's plans, Dionysius II then deliberately poisoned his father, who was unable to utter another word before passing away.
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Since his youth, Dion had excelled in intellectual activities, particularly philosophy. In 387 BC he induced Dionysius I to invite
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at the same time. Although Dion's sister was popular with her fellow Syracusans, it was Doris who gave birth to Dionysius I's heir
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his troops issued from the gates of the island citadel and took control of key parts of the city and pillaged the city at will.
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Although Dion led the funeral for the popular leader, the assassination was quite resented by the people of Syracuse.
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Nevertheless, Dion managed to gather from his Greek supporters 800 soldiers who gathered on the Greek island of
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and the region surrounding Syracuse, they were joined by 5,000 Sicilians who wished to join the revolt. Near
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being recalled (after he had been banished by the elder Dionysius) and then leading the opposition to Dion.
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Among those who had come with Dion from Greece to help liberate Syracuse was a pupil of Plato named
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The Syracusan assembly 'supplicated Dion as a god with prayers' when he returned to Syracuse (
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Thus, Dion lived amongst the Athenian high society, dwelling with the patrician Athenian
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Plato escaped assassination by the agents of Dionysius I, but ended up being sold as an
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Facing increasing opposition to his plans, Dion began developing a plot, with generals
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people of Syracuse formed the view that Dion was the only one who might save the city.
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Aristomache had four children. Of these children, Sophrosyne married Dionysius II and
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Dionysius believed their arguments so he adopted a hostile attitude towards Dion.
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and his ambition aroused the suspicions of Dionysius I's son and successor,
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from Naples, Nypsius, who sailed his fleet into Syracuse's Great Harbour.
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Duncan Fishwick, The Imperial Cult in the Latin West, Brill, 1987, p. 4,
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endowed him with citizenship, although the city state was at war with
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in the Syracusan army. Hipparinus' other children were Megacles and
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Syracusan land should be equally redistributed amongst the citizens
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with whom he had become acquainted during the celebrations of the
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Cornelius Nepos – Three Lives – Alcibiades, Dion and Attacus
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The History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great
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Heracleides then proposed to the popular assembly that:
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A history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great
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married Dion (with their son being called Hipparinus).
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subsequent escape from Syracuse, with Dionysius' son
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land while Heracleides would remain admiral by sea.
230:. Aristomache married Dionysius I, who also married
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402:to marry the tyrant's close adviser, Timocrates.
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827:(3 ed.). London: Macmillan. p. 666.
628:'s historical novel about classical Syracuse
510:the foreign officers should lose their salary
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218:Dion was the son of the Syracusan statesman
62:introducing citations to additional sources
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428:Having learnt that Dionysius had sailed to
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948:Intermittently from 357 –354 BC
802:. Bell and Hyman. pp. 8, 27, 30.
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27:4th-century BC Tyrant of Syracuse
558:, Life of Dion 29.2). However,
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45:relies largely or entirely on a
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613:sword he was stabbed to death.
389:and was allied with Dionysius.
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871:Pindar and the Cult of Heroes
406:either weapons or soldiers.
873:, Oxford UP, 2005, p. 180,
855:Bury, John Bagnell (1900).
530:Regaining power in Syracuse
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361:Calippus of Syracuse
58:improve this article
1066:Alexander the Great
798:Roebuck, R (1987).
1303:Arthur Hugh Clough
944:Tyrant of Syracuse
772:. "Life of Dion".
631:The Mask of Apollo
620:In popular culture
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75: –
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69:Find sources:
63:
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47:single source
43:This article
41:
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1318:Thomas North
1278:Themistocles
1229:Gaius Marius
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932:Preceded by:
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208:Dionysius II
176:ὁ Συρακόσιος
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114:January 2022
111:
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1308:John Dryden
1189:Philopoemen
1126:Demosthenes
489:Heracleides
319:Heracleides
228:Aristomache
224:Dionysius I
1350:Categories
1193:Flamininus
1086:Artaxerxes
1061:Coriolanus
1057:Alcibiades
924:xvi. 6-20)
922:Diod. Sic.
904:References
679:Speusippus
607:Persephone
369:Speusippus
334:Banishment
220:Hipparinus
192:Hipparinus
84:newspapers
1256:Cleomenes
1243:Sertorius
1216:Poplicola
1211:Agesilaus
1184:Marcellus
1180:Pelopidas
1117:Demetrius
1099:Aristides
995:Works of
659:Philistus
537:Campanian
434:Agrigento
411:Zacynthus
393:Rebellion
328:sacrifice
312:Philistus
287:acropolis
269:slave in
204:Platonism
54:talk page
1282:Camillus
1269:Timoleon
1175:Lycurgus
1162:Lysander
1153:Lucullus
1148:Pericles
997:Plutarch
957:Calippus
914:Plutarch
770:Plutarch
664:Syracuse
638:See also
634:(1966).
591:Calippus
560:Diodorus
556:Plutarch
520:Leontini
454:Campania
442:Camarina
430:Caulonia
419:Pachynus
383:Spartans
347:summer.
299:triremes
267:Athenian
255:Carthage
184:Syracuse
1247:Eumenes
1238:Theseus
1234:Romulus
1225:Pyrrhus
1198:Phocion
1108:Crassus
1019:Moralia
450:Lentini
98:scholar
1207:Pompey
1144:Fabius
1139:Brutus
1130:Cicero
1121:Antony
1112:Nicias
893:
877:
806:
564:heroic
387:Thebes
353:Athens
271:Aegina
214:Family
180:tyrant
100:
93:
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1335:Lives
1220:Solon
1166:Sulla
1157:Cimon
1090:Galba
1050:Lives
1004:Works
920:(cf.
910:Lives
685:Notes
674:Plato
446:Akrai
400:Arete
262:Plato
243:Arete
200:Plato
169:Greek
105:JSTOR
91:books
1280:and
1271:and
1258:and
1252:Agis
1245:and
1236:and
1227:and
1218:and
1209:and
1200:and
1191:and
1182:and
1173:and
1171:Numa
1164:and
1155:and
1146:and
1137:and
1135:Dion
1128:and
1119:and
1110:and
1101:and
1094:Otho
1088:and
1075:life
1068:and
1059:and
916:and
891:ISBN
875:ISBN
804:ISBN
452:and
438:Gela
174:Δίων
133:Dion
77:news
912:by
186:in
182:of
60:by
1352::
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