1778:"silesaurs" or "silesaurians", and used the name Prionodontia for the clade that only includes traditional ornithischians to the exclusion of "silesaurs". The authors found that the new analysis gave insights into how anatomical characters had evolved step-wise within Ornithischia from the "silesaur" condition, including in features of the mandible, dentition (with implications for diet), and the construction of the limbs and limb-girdles (with implications for posture and gait). It also made new interpretations of the origin in time and geographic distribution of early dinosaurs possible. For example, the earliest ornithischian "silesaurs" had sharp, recurved, and finely serrated teeth typical of theropod as well as early sauropodomorph dinosaurs, while the teeth of intermediate "silesaurs" closer to Prionodonta, like
1317:
748:
1794:
1185:
4964:
4953:
979:
838:
555:
156:
2757:
1056:
4000:
4999:
131:
4947:
951:) that are separated by a prominent furrow at the lower side. The shaft of the humerus is very straight, and the long sides of the upper and lower ends are in the same plane when viewed from above and below. The head of the humerus is weakly developed and asymmetrical, with the inward portion expanding. The upper and lower ends of the humerus are weakly expanded in relation to the shaft, similar to
4971:
4958:
1214:
suggested earlier by other researchers but without an in-depth analysis, and though Langer and
Ferigolo filled that gap, they did not find it a robust hypothesis. Most studies agree that dinosaurs emerged through rapid diversification and anatomical changes during the Late Triassic; if the Middle Triassic silesaurids were nested within Ornithiscia this would mean that the
3988:
1084:
from Poland, and features similar to this animal were later identified in new and previously discovered taxa from the
Americas and Africa. Features suggested to unite this group include long necks, long limbs, quadrupedality, dentary "beaks" on the lower jaw, and leaf-shaped front teeth that indicate
783:
The holotype dentary bone of the lower jaw has a distinct lateral ridge slightly above mid-height on its outer surface. It is well-developed at the hind end of the bone fragment, at the level of the sixth tooth position, and weakens frontwards until it disappears under the second tooth position. This
3944:
Lagnaoui, Abdelouahed; Klein, Hendrik; Saber, Hafid; Fekkak, Abdelilah; Belahmira, Abouchouaïb; Schneider, Joerg W. (1 July 2016). "New discoveries of archosaur and other tetrapod footprints from the
Timezgadiouine Formation (Irohalene Member, Upper Triassic) of the Argana Basin, western High Atlas,
2792:
could exploit plant resources, it was not strictly a plant-eater. They pointed out that the teeth were not numerous or regularly spaced, and lacked the coarse serrations typical in herbivores. They hypothesized that the beak-like jaws were adapted for pecking small insects off the ground like modern
1026:
The lower end of the femur is only slightly more expanded than the rest of the shaft, and the lower surface has a rounded depression. The crista tibiofibularis (a crest on the femur) and the medial and lateral condyles (rounded parts of the lower end of the femur) are rounded on their backsides, and
1180:
in the Middle−to−Late
Triassic. They suggested that basal dinosauromorphs were widespread, temporally long-ranging, and common rather than rare and restricted in time and space in Triassic fossil assemblages. They speculated that this pattern had only been recently recognized due to specimens being
2807:
which would have acted as a counterweight to the body, as well as the very gracile forelimbs, indicates it retained the ability for fast bipedal running. Piechowski and the paleontologist
Mateusz Tałanda concluded in 2020 that the short hindlimbs combined with the elongated forelimbs supported the
1777:
and colleagues expanded on the dataset of Müller and Garcia's 2020 analysis (by for example including early
Jurassic ornithischians) and also found silesaurids to be a paraphyletic group on the branch leading to traditional Ornithischia. They therefore referred to silesaurids by the informal terms
1222:
dinosaurs (the two major groups within
Dinosauria) happening already during the Middle Triassic. In 2017, the paleontologist Matthew G. Baron and colleagues suggested a new scheme of dinosaur interrelationships, which grouped theropods with ornithischians instead of with sauropodomorphs as has
1213:
itself, to be the only unambiguous members of
Silesauridae. Most earlier studies had found them to be dinosauromorphs outside Dinosauria itself, but these researchers did not find it unlikely that silesaurids belonged within Dinosauria, as a basal branch of Ornithischia. This scenario had been
1765:
leading to ornithischians in the
Triassic (the fossil record of ornithischians is lacking for this period). Following this hypothesis, the ornithischians that emerged during the Jurassic evolved from "silesaurids" during the Middle to early Late Triassic, and typical "silesaurids" themselves
834:(where the two halves of the lower jaw connect). The Meckelian groove differs from that of other silesaurids in that it expands in height towards the back, and reaches 40% of the dentary's height by the fourth tooth position. The dentary is distinct in being bowed at the underside.
1770:(with its recurved teeth) having been carnivorous. Their scenario suggests that ornithischian and sauropodomorph dinosaurs evolved herbivory independently during the Triassic; earlier hypotheses would mean both groups as well as silesaurids had evolved herbivory independently.
477:
groove is distinct in that it expands in height towards the back, and the dentary is distinguished by being bowed at the underside. The femur measures 92 mm (3.6 in) in length and the femoral head has a rather straight front edge instead of rounded like in most other
738:
features of the bones. The latter was based on the assumption that there would only be one silesaurid present in this member of the
Timezgadiouine Formation, as is probably the case for other localities where silesaurids are known, according to the describers.
3802:
Olsen, Paul E.; Kent, Dennis V.; Whiteside, Jessica H. (2010). "Implications of the Newark Supergroup-based astrochronology and geomagnetic polarity time scale (Newark-APTS) for the tempo and mode of the early diversification of the Dinosauria".
1079:
that includes dinosaurs) from Argentina were recognized until the 21st century, when their larger taxonomic diversity, and geographic and stratigraphic range was realized. A previously unknown group was first recognized upon the discovery of
998:, instead of rounded like in most other archosaurs. As in other silesaurids, but unlike all other archosaurs, there is a distinct notch below the femur's head. A straight groove runs across the upper surface of the femur's head. The anterior
1301:
and conical teeth) to herbivory throughout the Triassic, when sulcimentisaurians developed mainly leaf-shaped teeth, similar to the convergent development in sauropodomorphs which also became specialized for herbivory in the Late Triassic.
909:. The assigned isolated teeth are very similar to the fourth tooth of the holotype, but more bulbous at their bases and larger overall, which indicates they were either from further back in the jaw or from a larger individual. The teeth of
1002:
is small and projects upwards, and there is a distinct, blade-shaped dorsolateral trochanter next to it. A "finger-shaped" anterior trochanter, the lack of a trochanteric shelf, and a blade-like dorsolateral trochanter are also seen in
1753:(unnatural) group, consisting of basal ornithischians instead of a sister group to all of Dinosauria. They found Sulcimentisauria to include all "core" ornithischians and most silesaurids, and Silesauridae itself would only include
3307:
Barrett, Paul M.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Peecook, Brandon R. (2015). "A large-bodied silesaurid from the Lifua Member of the Manda beds (Middle Triassic) of Tanzania and its implications for body-size evolution in Dinosauromorpha".
758:
is estimated to have been up to 2.3 m (7.5 ft) long, and has been described as being a "small" silesaurid. Features thought to be shared by most silesaurs include a beak-like front of the lower jaw, leaf-shaped (or
904:
has a similar angle. The three crowns decrease in size towards the front of the dentary (the crown height of the first tooth is about 66% of the second tooth, which is about 60% of the fourth tooth), as is also the case for
3076:
Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Sidor, Christian A.; Irmis, Randall B.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Smith, Roger M. H.; Tsuji, Linda A. (2010). "Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira".
1027:
the side of the lateral condyle is rounded like in other dinosauriforms. The ridges that extend upwards from the crista tibiofibularis and the medial condyle extend for more than one quarter of the femur's shaft, like in
472:
differs from other silesaurids in having forward-tilted teeth that decrease in size towards the front of the jaw, and in having a distinct ridge on the side of the jaw running parallel to the tooth socket margin. The
534:, which shows they were not strictly plant-eaters. Their long forelimbs and short hindlimbs indicate they were quadrupedal, but they could probably also run bipedally. The Timezgadiouine Formation is probably late
2831:, but detailed age data is lacking for the Triassic of North Africa. As the faunal assemblage of the Timezgadiouine Formation is complex and conflicting, Kammerer and colleagues considered it of either Carnian or
730:(thigh bone) MHNM−ARG 37, which is crushed from front to back. Although these elements were not found associated with each other, and probably represent different individuals, the describers assigned them all to
1766:
disappeared during the Late Triassic. Ornithischians would thereby be the first group of dinosaurs to have developed an omnivorous/herbivorous diet during their "silesaurid" stage, the earliest known member
3873:
Hofmann, Axel; Tourani, Abdelilah; Gaupp, Reinhard (2000). "Cyclicity of Triassic to Lower Jurassic continental red beds of the Argana Valley, Morocco: implications for palaeoclimate and basin evolution".
464:
is estimated to have been up to 2.3 m (7.5 ft) long, and features thought to be shared by most silesaurs include a beak-like front of the lower jaw, leaf-shaped teeth, long limbs, and a
3258:
Langer, Max C.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Bittencourt, Jonathas S.; Irmis, Randall B. (2013). "Non-dinosaurian Dinosauromorpha". In Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Desojo, Julia B.; Irmis, Randall B. (eds.).
1274:
with ornithischians and sauropodomorphs, but when those problematic taxa were removed, Silesauridae became the sister group of Dinosauria, as in most previous analyses. They named the new clade
3838:
Müller, Rodrigo T.; Langer, Max C.; Aires, Alex Sa. S.; Dias-da-Silva, Sérgio (2014). "New dinosauriform (Ornithodira, Dinosauromorpha) record from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil".
1223:
traditionally been accepted, and still found Silesauridae to be a sister group of Dinosauria. They speculated that dinosaurs could have been ancestrally omnivorous, as silesaurids like
1047:. It is unclear which digit it belonged to, but it was possibly the third, based on its rectangular profile when viewed from the lower end, and its symmetry from side to side.
3135:"Non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs from the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) of the Eagle Basin, northern Colorado: Dromomeron romeri (Lagerpetidae) and a new taxon,
5105:
2776:
on its teeth found it consistent with herbivory, though omnivory could not be ruled out. A 2019 study by paleontologist Martin Qvarnström and colleagues examining
1093:
of Dinosauria. They did not find silesaurids to be basal dinosaurs, due to their lacking some important features of that group, and suggested that silesaurids and
896:, narrow, and tilted (or canted) forwards. The forwards tilt of all the frontmost teeth (at an angle of about 20 degrees from the root) is a distinct feature of
5181:
2819:
is known from the base of the Irohalene Mudstone Member (a unit designated as t5) of the Timezgadiouine Formation in Morocco, a diverse assemblage of Triassic
800:(which allowed blood to supply the bone with nutrients) between the tooth socket margin of the dentary and the ridge on the side. As in all silesaurids except
5166:
1105:
ancestors. They inferred that the various lineages within Ornithodira (such as dinosaurs and silesaurids) must have diverged from each other by the late
3009:
1071:, and the line leading to birds, Ornithodira, which includes the group Dinosauromorpha. Only fragmentary specimens of non−dinosaurian dinosauromorphs (
5151:
4032:
3909:
Jalil, Nour-Eddine (1999). "Continental Permian and Triassic vertebrate localities from Algeria and Morocco and their stratigraphical correlations".
3376:
Klein, Hendrik; Voigt, Sebastian; Saber, Hafid; Schneider, Jörg W.; Hminna, Abdelkbir; Fischer, Jan; Lagnaoui, Abdelouahed; Brosig, Andreas (2011).
2799:
and silesaurids in general have been considered quadrupedal due to their long, gracile forelimbs. In 2010, the paleontologists Rafał Piechowski and
5171:
2835:
age in 2012. In 2013 Langer and colleagues pointed out that the Timezgadiouine Formation had since been correlated in time with the late Carnian
3427:(Caturrita Formation; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil): anatomy and affinities". In Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Desojo, Julia B.; Irmis, Randall B. (eds.).
1282:. Based on their analysis and age estimates they concluded that Silesauridae originated in the Early or Middle Triassic in the southern part of
5161:
1297:
during the Late Triassic. They noted that the overall pattern of silesaurid evolution appears to have been a shift from carnivory (typified by
990:
measures 92 mm (3.6 in) in length. The head of the femur is triangular when seen from above, with a rather straight front edge as in
3049:
598:
509:(early diverging) ornithischians instead of being a sister group to all of Dinosauria. Although most silesaurids are inferred to have been
3468:
Baron, Matthew G.; Norman, David B.; Barrett, Paul M. (2017). "A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution".
5176:
3444:
3360:
3283:
810:
is placed on the lower edge of the dentary's inner surface, and this groove is relatively tall compared to the very narrow grooves of
1156:. They stated that the discovery of a silesaurid in Morocco demonstrates that the group continued to be present in Africa during the
3573:"Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)"
3198:"A tiny ornithodiran archosaur from the Triassic of Madagascar and the role of miniaturization in dinosaur and pterosaur ancestry"
947:
was elongated and rather featureless apart from the distinct ectepicondyle and entepicondyle (the projections on each side of the
715:
921:, are proportionally broader and lack longitudinal striations. The tooth crowns are generally similar in proportions to those of
692:
3645:
Qvarnström, Martin; Wernström, Joel V.; Piechowski, Rafał; Tałanda, Mateusz; Ahlberg, Per E.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (2019).
4963:
1144:
share the frontwards decrease in dentary tooth size and the frontmost tooth being tilted forwards. The Meckelian groove of
4025:
3978:
497:
of the dinosaurs within the wider group Dinosauromorpha; some subsequent studies have suggested it was either a group of
4952:
961:
794:
5156:
1181:
misidentified as true dinosaurs and the rather low potential of these small-bodied, delicate animals being preserved.
594:
1234:
The 2019 phylogenetic analysis of Silesauridae by the paleontologists Jeffrey W. Martz and Bryan J. Small recovered
5002:
4138:
3521:"A paraphyletic 'Silesauridae' as an alternative hypothesis for the initial radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs"
1227:
appear to have been herbivorous, but noted that this idea was made uncertain because more basal silesaurids like
1177:
155:
4970:
3196:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Flynn, John J.; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa; Wyss, André R. (2020).
4881:
4018:
3378:"First occurrence of a Middle Triassic tetrapod ichnofauna from the Argana Basin (Western High Atlas, Morocco)"
1089:. Based on these shared features, Nesbitt and colleagues named the new clade Silesauridae in 2010, as an early
885:
628:
602:
356:
482:. As in other silesaurids, but unlike all other archosaurs, there is a distinct notch below the femur's head.
967:
extends one third of the humerus' length, but its top is located at the upper tip of the humerus similar to
684:
672:
399:
378:
3020:
2772:
in particular based on tooth shape, and a 2014 study by the paleontologists Tai Kubo and Mugino O. Kubo of
5019:
2803:
considered such proportions typical of fast-running, quadrupedal animals, but noted that the long tail of
1786:
itself, had more diamond-shaped tooth crowns, and lastly those "silesaurs" closest to Prionodonta such as
1215:
1067:
The reptile group Archosauria had diverged into two lineages by the Middle Triassic, the crocodilian line
948:
931:, but can be distinguished from the former in lacking an accessory cusp, and from the latter in lacking a
4946:
5118:
5051:
4665:
1169:
1153:
1117:
1072:
506:
297:
718:. Assigned specimens include the much better preserved isolated teeth MHNM−ARG 31, 32, and 33, the two
1128:
to be well-supported as a member of Silesauridae, and deeply nested within this group in a clade with
5146:
5092:
4957:
4403:
3954:
3918:
3883:
3715:
3658:
3477:
3389:
3317:
3263:
3209:
3086:
1745:
In 2020 the paleontologists Rodrigo Temp Müller and Maurício Silva Garcia found silesaurids to be a
1270:
in their analysis, Silesauridae ceased being a natural group, with all silesaurids collapsing into a
1152:
does not even reach the front of the toothed part of the dentary, which the describers considered an
864:
648:
370:
1254:
from western North America were also each other's sister taxa. When including the little known taxa
4111:
3005:
2836:
2543:
734:
based on comparison with the holotype (in the case of the isolated teeth), or on the silesaurid or
621:
586:
360:
4904:
3855:
3820:
3731:
3627:
3501:
3450:
3405:
3289:
3110:
3010:"Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages, Appendix"
2926:
582:
150:
5123:
5056:
3431:. Special Publications. Vol. 379. London: Geological Society of London. pp. 353–392.
3262:. Special Publications. Vol. 379. London: Geological Society of London. pp. 157–186.
1298:
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the remains, and identified them as representing the first skeletal fossil record of the group
5110:
3784:
3684:
3550:
3493:
3440:
3356:
3279:
3237:
3178:
3160:
3102:
3055:
3045:
831:
760:
699:
403:
1197:
In 2014, the paleontologists Max C. Langer and Jorge Ferigolo fully described the anatomy of
913:
have 4–5 denticles per 5 mm (0.2 in), which is coarser than the 6–7 denticles per 5
4559:
4319:
4123:
3992:
3962:
3926:
3891:
3847:
3812:
3774:
3766:
3723:
3674:
3666:
3617:
3584:
3540:
3532:
3485:
3432:
3397:
3348:
3325:
3271:
3227:
3217:
3168:
3150:
3094:
2985:
2914:
2820:
2113:
1529:
1275:
1044:
932:
877:
841:
807:
664:
590:
490:
374:
269:
248:
1793:
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4992:
4870:
4813:
4424:
4202:
4180:
4150:
4041:
2828:
1966:
1839:
1774:
1428:
1347:
1165:
747:
610:
1176:
is the first definitive silesaurid record, which supports the idea that this group had a
706:(the tooth-bearing front part of the lower jaw) missing the front tip and preserving six
3958:
3922:
3887:
3719:
3662:
3481:
3393:
3321:
3267:
3213:
3090:
1316:
962:
822:. The Meckelian groove does not extend in front of the second tooth position, unlike in
4987:
4843:
4344:
4257:
4223:
4004:
3779:
3750:
3679:
3646:
3545:
3352:
3232:
3197:
3173:
3134:
2482:
2410:
2164:
1762:
1329:
1287:
1172:
had earlier indicated the presence of dinosauromorphs in the Timezgadiouine Formation,
1098:
978:
874:
625:
336:
3930:
3895:
795:
5140:
4836:
4829:
4785:
4764:
4719:
4582:
4373:
3859:
3647:"Beetle-bearing coprolites possibly reveal the diet of a Late Triassic dinosauriform"
3571:
Norman, David B.; Baron, Matthew G.; Garcia, Mauricio S.; Müller, Rodrigo T. (2022).
3520:
3505:
3454:
3409:
3377:
3041:
Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages
2887:
2881:
2583:
2520:
2451:
2373:
2325:
1862:
1749:
leading to "core" ornithischian dinosaurs, which would make silesaurids themselves a
1641:
1278:
to include silesaurids with Meckelian grooves placed low on the dentaries, including
1218:
of dinosaurs occurred over a longer period, with the split between ornithischian and
1157:
1094:
768:
735:
707:
676:
652:
614:
498:
382:
348:
88:
41:
3824:
3735:
3631:
3293:
2854:
The t5 unit of the Irohalene Mudstone Member is characterized by cyclically stacked
837:
775:) may have had filamentous (fuzzy) integument covering their bodies to retain heat.
4858:
4777:
4709:
4654:
4589:
4547:
4540:
4532:
4490:
4381:
4328:
4272:
4248:
3999:
3114:
2877:
2872:
2824:
2823:(ancestrally four-limbed animals). This assemblage was previously thought to be of
2386:
2349:
2185:
2151:
2076:
2038:
1893:
1750:
1478:
1358:
1266:
1256:
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1068:
923:
789:
711:
703:
688:
636:
632:
502:
494:
407:
396:
333:
232:
216:
145:
of the lower jaw in outer and inner view (A) and close-up of an assigned tooth (B)
142:
2756:
1805:
The cladogram below is based on the 2022 study by Norman and colleagues and shows
5083:
3966:
3727:
3589:
3572:
3401:
1023:, though less developed than in either, is crescent-shaped, and has a sharp rim.
4822:
4801:
4793:
4750:
4603:
4596:
4568:
4511:
4504:
4465:
4359:
4352:
4302:
4279:
4265:
4234:
2910:
2905:
2840:
2566:
2396:
2283:
2266:
2100:
1910:
1658:
1591:
1516:
1321:
1250:
1240:
1219:
1190:
1102:
881:
849:
802:
764:
554:
510:
465:
273:
63:
17:
5042:
2870:
streams. Other fossil animals known from this assemblage include the phytosaur
558:
Diagram showing known remains; blue is the holotype dentary, green an assigned
4729:
4699:
4682:
4617:
4610:
4525:
4455:
4445:
4366:
4337:
4286:
4096:
4071:
3816:
3805:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
2901:
2896:
2892:
2800:
2777:
2434:
2242:
2202:
2052:
1943:
1826:
1746:
1567:
1543:
1492:
1465:
1442:
1396:
1372:
999:
869:
860:
853:
818:
812:
772:
723:
680:
606:
559:
514:
479:
433:
108:
73:
4010:
3329:
3164:
1293:), with the sulcimentisaurians spreading from there to the northern landmass
601:. The remains were found in a quarry at the Irohalene Mudstone Member of the
4893:
4518:
4392:
4080:
3222:
3059:
2867:
2855:
2773:
2727:
1981:
1306:
1055:
972:
474:
167:
113:
52:
3788:
3688:
3554:
3536:
3497:
3241:
3182:
3106:
2788:
based on size and other factors. These researchers suggested that although
1761:. The authors found this scenario interesting as it would fill most of the
1148:
extends to the front of the dentary through its beak-like tip, but that of
3622:
3605:
3423:
Langer, Max C.; Ferigolo, Jorge (2013). "The Late Triassic dinosauromorph
2990:
2973:
792:(a distinguishing or diagnostic feature) of this genus. There is a row of
605:, as part of a layer of disarticulated specimens that included fossils of
5077:
5036:
4739:
4637:
4476:
4065:
3039:
2920:
2863:
2859:
2496:
1816:
1325:
1294:
1283:
1271:
1086:
935:, and in that the crown base is more abruptly expanded and spade-shaped.
344:
200:
187:
138:
103:
98:
83:
78:
68:
3670:
3489:
3098:
2909:. Fossilized tetrapod footprints are also known from there, such as the
3155:
2781:
1201:
and reanalyzed earlier phylogenetic studies of silesaurids. They found
1106:
1060:
888:(serrations) on the front and back edges, as in all silesaurids except
784:
ridge, running parallel to the tooth socket margin, is only known from
660:
574:
563:
535:
531:
352:
118:
93:
48:
3851:
3770:
3429:
Anatomy, Phylogeny and Palaeobiology of Early Archosaurs and their Kin
3260:
Anatomy, Phylogeny and Palaeobiology of Early Archosaurs and their Kin
2974:"The first silesaurid dinosauriform from the Late Triassic of Morocco"
2972:
Kammerer, Christian F.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Shubin, Neil H. (2012).
4059:
3436:
2847:
one of the few non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs of this age. By 2014,
2832:
1332:
1290:
719:
668:
420:
177:
56:
5013:
3275:
1120:, Kammerer and colleagues obtained identical results when all known
130:
863:
of the four preserved teeth are firmly fused to their sockets (the
3751:"The locomotor musculature and posture of the early dinosauriform
2755:
1792:
1315:
1244:, which they found interesting since both were from Africa, while
1183:
1101:
dinosaurs independently evolved their similar teeth and diet from
1076:
1054:
977:
956:
836:
746:
727:
656:
640:
578:
567:
553:
446:
340:
329:
5097:
2851:
was one of two or three silesaurids known from the Late Carnian.
4910:
5017:
4052:
4014:
3702:
Piechowski, Rafał; Dzik, Jerzy (2010). "The axial skeleton of
3345:
Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences
2768:
Herbivory has been suggested for silesaurids in general and
3343:
Lucas, Spencer G.; Orchard, Michael J. (2013). "Triassic".
3755:
provides a new look into the evolution of Dinosauromorpha"
2843:, dating to about 230 million years ago, which would make
975:, where the top of the crest is about 30% down the shaft.
1160:(the earliest known African silesaurid at that point was
1790:
had teeth most similar to those of early prionodontans.
751:
Estimated size, scaled from individual bone measurements
1313:
among Silesauridae according to Martz and Small, 2019:
1124:
material or just the holotype was included. They found
884:. The three preserved tooth crowns are triangular with
3976:
419:, and assigned specimens include isolated teeth, two
4867:
4761:
4746:
4735:
4725:
4715:
4705:
4695:
4651:
4487:
4472:
4461:
4451:
4441:
4316:
4245:
4230:
4219:
3606:"Dental microwear of a Late Triassic dinosauriform,
867:
condition), like in all silesaurids except possibly
620:
In 2012, the paleontologists Christian F. Kammerer,
5067:
5026:
4892:
4866:
4857:
4812:
4760:
4680:
4650:
4635:
4558:
4486:
4422:
4391:
4327:
4315:
4300:
4244:
4200:
4149:
4122:
4095:
714:), and is cataloged as specimen MHNM−ARG 30 at the
788:among silesaurids, and is therefore considered an
363:, and were used to name the new genus and species
3947:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3876:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3382:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3253:
3251:
683:(external tissue) of the animal, and also honors
679:for 'leathery arm', in reference to the possible
546:one of the few silesaurids known from this time.
3519:Müller, Rodrigo T.; Garcia, Maurício S. (2020).
830:where the groove extends frontwards through the
3566:
3564:
3202:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1039:. The only known metatarsal is elongated as in
3071:
3069:
369:. The genus name honors the mythological king
4026:
3017:Department of Geology, University of Maryland
1109:stage of the early Middle Triassic, about 242
771:(the group that includes dinosauromorphs and
639:. Based on these fossils, they named the new
8:
3749:Piechowski, Rafał; Tałanda, Mateusz (2020).
671:historian who wrote about North Africa. The
3133:Martz, Jeffrey W.; Small, Bryan J. (2019).
2967:
2965:
2963:
5014:
4863:
4769:
4688:
4647:
4643:
4496:
4434:
4430:
4324:
4312:
4308:
4212:
4208:
4197:
4128:
4101:
4092:
4049:
4033:
4019:
4011:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
722:(upper arm bones) MHNM−ARG 34 and 35, the
129:
31:
3778:
3678:
3621:
3588:
3577:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
3544:
3231:
3221:
3172:
3154:
3128:
3126:
3124:
2989:
493:. Silesauridae is generally considered a
3945:Morocco – Ichnotaxonomic implications".
955:among archosaurs on the line leading to
716:Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Marrakech
3983:
2939:
2808:idea that it was strictly quadrupedal.
1043:and has a robust rim for attachment of
2760:Reconstructed skeleton of the related
1797:Silesaurid dentaries compared; M-N is
2862:, which was deposited in a semi-arid
1136:, with the former as a sister taxon.
599:Moroccan Ministry of Energy and Mines
316:Kammerer, Nesbitt, & Shubin, 2012
7:
5182:Monotypic prehistoric reptile genera
589:, 2.9 km (1.8 mi) east of
542:million years ago, which would make
5167:Taxa named by Christian F. Kammerer
3604:Kubo, Tai; Kubo, Mugino O. (2013).
2558:
2536:
2512:
2488:
2426:
2402:
2392:
2365:
2341:
2317:
2258:
2234:
2227:
2177:
2170:
2143:
2119:
2092:
2068:
2044:
1959:
1935:
1885:
1878:
1854:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1773:A 2022 study by the paleontologist
1633:
1583:
1559:
1535:
1508:
1484:
1458:
1434:
1388:
1364:
1353:
1343:
986:The single known femur assigned to
726:(a foot bone) MHNM−ARG 36, and the
513:based on the shape of their teeth,
3708:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3353:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.02872-4
1209:to be sister taxa but, along with
1075:or early diverging members of the
25:
3911:Journal of African Earth Sciences
1231:appear to have been carnivorous.
1019:and further up the femur than in
852:pose and with hypothetical fuzzy
767:posture. Small-bodied, ancestral
593:, Morocco, with support from the
505:(unnatural) group, consisting of
5152:Late Triassic reptiles of Africa
4998:
4997:
4969:
4962:
4956:
4951:
4945:
3998:
3986:
693:mythical history of North Africa
154:
581:were discovered by a team from
485:Within the clade Silesauridae,
5172:Taxa named by Sterling Nesbitt
1809:as an ornithischian dinosaur:
971:, and unlike the condition in
880:, but unlike other members of
1:
5162:Fossil taxa described in 2012
3931:10.1016/S0899-5362(99)00091-3
3896:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00125-5
3614:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2978:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
2780:(fossil dung) that contained
1188:Skull diagram of the related
900:, but the frontmost tooth of
702:is the front part of a right
651:, a mythological king of the
647:; the generic name refers to
3967:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.03.022
3728:10.1080/02724634.2010.483547
3402:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.05.021
2866:floodplain with meandering,
1015:is in a position similar to
982:Left femur in multiple views
710:with four teeth (three with
1011:. The fourth trochanter of
763:) teeth, long limbs, and a
595:National Geographic Society
538:in age, dating to about 230
5198:
4042:Avemetatarsalia / Pan-Aves
3651:Royal Society Open Science
3590:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac062
3137:Kwanasaurus williamparkeri
3044:. New York: Random House.
373:and the ancient historian
27:Extinct species of reptile
5177:Taxa named by Neil Shubin
4982:
4943:
4772:
4691:
4646:
4499:
4437:
4433:
4311:
4215:
4211:
4196:
4177:
4131:
4104:
4091:
4048:
3817:10.1017/S1755691011020032
3038:Holtz, Thomas R. (2007).
2724:
2580:
2563:
2556:
2541:
2534:
2517:
2510:
2493:
2486:
2448:
2431:
2424:
2407:
2400:
2390:
2370:
2363:
2346:
2339:
2322:
2315:
2280:
2263:
2256:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2199:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2148:
2141:
2124:
2117:
2097:
2090:
2073:
2066:
2049:
2042:
1979:
1964:
1957:
1940:
1933:
1907:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1859:
1852:
1837:
1830:
1820:
1801:(reversed for comparison)
1655:
1638:
1631:
1605:
1588:
1581:
1564:
1557:
1540:
1533:
1513:
1506:
1489:
1482:
1463:
1456:
1439:
1432:
1393:
1386:
1369:
1362:
1351:
1178:cosmopolitan distribution
303:
296:
151:Scientific classification
149:
137:
128:
34:
3840:Paleontological Research
3330:10.1016/j.gr.2013.12.015
629:scientifically described
603:Timezgadiouine Formation
597:and permission from the
357:Timezgadiouine Formation
355:were discovered in the
351:in what is now Morocco.
347:) that lived during the
3347:. Elsevier. p. 3.
3223:10.1073/pnas.1916631117
1324:shown on a Middle-Late
1309:shows the placement of
1168:of Tanzania). Although
685:Dionysius Scytobrachion
400:Dionysius Scytobrachion
5028:Diodorus scytobrachion
3537:10.1098/rsbl.2020.0417
2885:, the archosauromorph
2765:
1802:
1340:
1216:evolutionary radiation
1194:
1064:
1063:(A) and metatarsal (B)
983:
949:condyle of the humerus
856:
752:
645:Diodorus scytobrachion
570:
566:, and red an assigned
414:front of the lower jaw
366:Diodorus scytobrachion
310:Diodorus scytobrachion
5119:Paleobiology Database
5052:Paleobiology Database
3623:10.4202/app.2013.0027
3425:Sacisaurus agudoensis
2991:10.4202/app.2011.0015
2759:
1796:
1319:
1187:
1170:fossilized footprints
1154:evolutionary reversal
1118:phylogenetic analysis
1058:
981:
840:
750:
562:, orange an assigned
557:
289:D. scytobrachion
3753:Silesaurus opolensis
3704:Silesaurus opolensis
3608:Silesaurus opolensis
3026:on November 27, 2022
3006:Holtz Jr., Thomas R.
585:in the northeastern
489:has been grouped in
395:and also honors the
3959:2016PPP...453....1L
3923:1999JAfES..29..219J
3888:2000PPP...161..229H
3720:2010JVPal..30.1127P
3671:10.1098/rsos.181042
3663:2019RSOS....681042Q
3490:10.1038/nature21700
3482:2017Natur.543..501B
3394:2011PPP...307..218K
3322:2015GondR..27..925B
3268:2013GSLSP.379..157L
3214:2020PNAS..11717932K
3208:(30): 17932–17936.
3099:10.1038/nature08718
3091:2010Natur.464...95N
3036:Online appendix to
2837:Wolfville Formation
2784:attributed them to
2544:Heterodontosauridae
1339:at the upper middle
1238:as sister taxon of
1113:million years ago.
963:deltopectoral crest
691:who chronicled the
622:Sterling J. Nesbitt
5157:Fossils of Morocco
3759:Journal of Anatomy
3156:10.7717/peerj.7551
2927:Brachychirotherium
2766:
1803:
1341:
1195:
1065:
984:
857:
753:
698:The very delicate
663:, and also honors
583:Harvard University
571:
343:that includes the
5134:
5133:
5020:Taxon identifiers
5011:
5010:
4978:
4977:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4853:
4852:
4676:
4675:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4296:
4295:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4168:
3852:10.2517/2014PR012
3771:10.1111/joa.13155
3476:(7646): 501–506.
3310:Gondwana Research
3051:978-0-375-82419-7
2858:interbedded with
2748:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2721:
2720:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2675:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2640:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2462:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2294:
2214:
2213:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1922:
1921:
1742:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1620:
1619:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1407:
832:dentary symphysis
796:nutrient foramina
700:holotype specimen
659:, the founder of
404:holotype specimen
321:
320:
277:
16:(Redirected from
5189:
5127:
5126:
5114:
5113:
5101:
5100:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5060:
5059:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5015:
5001:
5000:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4869:
4864:
4770:
4763:
4748:
4737:
4727:
4717:
4707:
4697:
4689:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4560:Sulcimentisauria
4497:
4489:
4474:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4435:
4431:
4325:
4320:Pterosauromorpha
4318:
4313:
4309:
4247:
4232:
4221:
4213:
4209:
4198:
4139:Archosauromorpha
4129:
4124:Archosauromorpha
4102:
4093:
4086:
4085:
4050:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4012:
4003:
4002:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3982:
3971:
3970:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3882:(1–2): 229–266.
3870:
3864:
3863:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3811:(3–4): 201–229.
3799:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3765:(6): 1044–1100.
3746:
3740:
3739:
3714:(4): 1127–1141.
3699:
3693:
3692:
3682:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3625:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3583:(4): 1273–1309.
3568:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3437:10.1144/SP379.16
3420:
3414:
3413:
3388:(1–4): 218–231.
3373:
3367:
3366:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3235:
3225:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3158:
3130:
3119:
3118:
3073:
3064:
3063:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3019:. Archived from
3014:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2969:
2915:Parachirotherium
2821:tetrapod animals
2812:Paleoenvironment
2559:
2537:
2513:
2489:
2427:
2403:
2393:
2366:
2342:
2318:
2259:
2235:
2228:
2178:
2171:
2144:
2120:
2114:Sulcimentisauria
2093:
2069:
2045:
1960:
1936:
1886:
1879:
1855:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1634:
1584:
1560:
1536:
1530:Sulcimentisauria
1509:
1485:
1459:
1435:
1389:
1365:
1354:
1344:
1320:Distribution of
1276:Sulcimentisauria
1112:
1045:extensor muscles
964:
916:
878:archosauromorphs
842:Life restoration
808:Meckelian groove
797:
667:, a 1st-century
665:Diodorus Siculus
541:
525:
522:
519:
491:Sulcimentisauria
457:
454:
451:
444:
441:
438:
431:
428:
425:
418:
415:
412:
394:
391:
388:
375:Diodorus Siculus
312:
308:
267:
260:
249:Sulcimentisauria
247:
231:
220:
215:
159:
158:
133:
123:
60:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
18:Diodorus (genus)
5197:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5122:
5117:
5109:
5104:
5096:
5091:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5063:
5055:
5050:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5022:
5012:
5007:
4993:Phytodinosauria
4974:
4961:
4917:
4888:
4882:Sauropodomorpha
4871:Sauropodomorpha
4849:
4814:Herrerasauridae
4808:
4756:
4685:
4672:
4640:
4623:
4554:
4482:
4427:
4425:Dinosauromorpha
4410:
4387:
4305:
4292:
4240:
4205:
4203:Avemetatarsalia
4184:
4181:Avemetatarsalia
4165:
4151:Avemetatarsalia
4145:
4118:
4087:
4055:
4054:
4044:
4039:
4009:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3570:
3569:
3562:
3531:(8): 20200417.
3525:Biology Letters
3518:
3517:
3513:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3447:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3286:
3276:10.1144/SP379.9
3257:
3256:
3249:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3139:(Silesauridae)"
3132:
3131:
3122:
3085:(7285): 95–98.
3075:
3074:
3067:
3052:
3037:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3012:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2971:
2970:
2941:
2936:
2829:biostratigraphy
2814:
2764:in bipedal pose
2754:
2749:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2713:
2704:
2695:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2650:
2641:
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2473:
2464:
2305:
2296:
2215:
2029:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1967:Sauropodomorpha
1923:
1840:Herrerasauridae
1775:David B. Norman
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1621:
1429:Dinosauriformes
1418:
1409:
1348:Dinosauromorpha
1166:Middle Triassic
1164:from the early
1110:
1059:Assigned right
1053:
966:
943:The humerus of
941:
914:
865:ankylothecodont
799:
781:
745:
611:prolacertiforms
552:
539:
523:
520:
517:
501:dinosaurs or a
455:
452:
449:
442:
439:
436:
429:
427:upper arm bones
426:
423:
416:
413:
410:
392:
389:
386:
317:
314:
306:
305:
292:
266:
258:
245:
229:
218:
213:
153:
124:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
46:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5195:
5193:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5139:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5115:
5102:
5089:
5073:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5048:
5032:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4995:
4990:
4988:Ornithoscelida
4983:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4907:
4898:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4875:
4873:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4844:Staurikosaurus
4840:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4773:
4767:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4744:
4733:
4723:
4713:
4703:
4692:
4686:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4659:
4657:
4641:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4544:
4537:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4500:
4494:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4470:
4459:
4449:
4438:
4428:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4397:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4345:Faxinalipterus
4341:
4333:
4331:
4322:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4258:Incertovenator
4253:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4228:
4224:Incertovenator
4216:
4206:
4201:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4105:
4099:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4053:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4015:
4008:
4007:
3995:
3973:
3972:
3936:
3917:(1): 219–226.
3901:
3865:
3846:(2): 118–121.
3830:
3794:
3741:
3694:
3637:
3596:
3560:
3511:
3460:
3446:978-1862393615
3445:
3415:
3368:
3362:978-0124095489
3361:
3335:
3316:(3): 925–931.
3299:
3285:978-1862393615
3284:
3247:
3188:
3120:
3065:
3050:
2997:
2984:(2): 277–284.
2938:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2813:
2810:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2483:Neornithischia
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2430:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:Scutellosaurus
2406:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2165:Parapredentata
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2072:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1889:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1819:
1811:
1763:ghost lineages
1740:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1342:
1330:supercontinent
1305:The following
1288:supercontinent
1116:In their 2012
1099:sauropodomorph
1052:
1051:Classification
1049:
960:
940:
937:
875:archosauriform
793:
780:
777:
744:
741:
687:, a classical
626:Neil H. Shubin
551:
548:
337:dinosauromorph
319:
318:
315:
301:
300:
294:
293:
285:
283:
279:
278:
256:
252:
251:
243:
236:
235:
227:
223:
222:
211:
204:
203:
198:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
147:
146:
135:
134:
126:
125:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
61:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5194:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5079:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5004:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4837:Sanjuansaurus
4834:
4832:
4831:
4830:Herrerasaurus
4827:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:Daemonosaurus
4783:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4765:Herrerasauria
4759:
4753:
4752:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4720:Daemonosaurus
4714:
4712:
4711:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4684:
4679:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4634:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4583:Eucoelophysis
4580:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4421:
4405:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:Scleromochlus
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4299:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4183:
4182:
4176:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3984:
3980:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3869:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3657:(3): 181042.
3656:
3652:
3648:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3609:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:
2888:Azendohsaurus
2884:
2883:
2882:Dutuitosaurus
2879:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2827:age based on
2826:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2717:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2672:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2584:Hexinlusaurus
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2521:Lesothosaurus
2515:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2452:Scelidosaurus
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:Laquintasaura
2368:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:Eucoelophysis
2320:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2237:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2006:
2005:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:Daemonosaurus
1857:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
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1769:
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1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1693:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1642:Eucoelophysis
1636:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1562:
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1555:
1554:
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1547:
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1538:
1537:
1531:
1528:
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1524:
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1518:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
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1495:
1494:
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1486:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:(part of the
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:Eucoelophysis
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:late Triassic
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:ornithischian
1092:
1088:
1085:herbivory or
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
980:
976:
974:
970:
965:
958:
954:
950:
946:
938:
936:
934:
930:
926:
925:
920:
912:
908:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
876:
872:
871:
866:
862:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:
815:
814:
809:
805:
804:
798:
791:
787:
778:
776:
774:
770:
769:ornithodirans
766:
762:
757:
749:
742:
740:
737:
736:dinosauriform
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:tooth sockets
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
677:ancient Greek
674:
673:specific name
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:Berber people
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
627:
623:
618:
616:
615:temnospondyls
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
569:
565:
561:
556:
549:
547:
545:
537:
533:
529:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
499:ornithischian
496:
492:
488:
483:
481:
476:
471:
467:
463:
459:
448:
435:
422:
409:
406:is a partial
405:
401:
398:
384:
383:ancient Greek
380:
379:specific name
376:
372:
368:
367:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:Late Triassic
346:
342:
339:(member of a
338:
335:
331:
327:
326:
313:
311:
302:
299:
298:Binomial name
295:
291:
290:
284:
281:
280:
275:
271:
265:
264:
257:
254:
253:
250:
244:
241:
238:
237:
234:
228:
225:
224:
221:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
157:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
58:
54:
50:
43:
42:Late Triassic
37:
33:
30:
19:
5068:
5027:
4950:
4859:Eusaurischia
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4800:
4792:
4784:
4778:Chindesaurus
4776:
4749:
4738:
4728:
4718:
4710:Chindesaurus
4708:
4698:
4666:Ornithischia
4655:Ornithischia
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4590:Ignotosaurus
4588:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4567:
4548:Technosaurus
4546:
4541:Soumyasaurus
4539:
4533:Pisanosaurus
4531:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4503:
4491:Silesauridae
4475:
4464:
4454:
4444:
4382:Venetoraptor
4380:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4343:
4336:
4329:Lagerpetidae
4285:
4278:
4273:Spondylosoma
4271:
4264:
4256:
4249:Aphanosauria
4233:
4222:
4179:
4076:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3879:
3875:
3868:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3744:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3613:
3607:
3599:
3580:
3576:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3385:
3381:
3371:
3344:
3338:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3259:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3082:
3078:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3021:the original
3016:
3000:
2981:
2977:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2904:
2895:
2886:
2880:
2878:metoposaurid
2873:Arganarhinus
2871:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2825:late Carnian
2816:
2815:
2804:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2752:Paleobiology
2582:
2581:
2565:
2564:
2542:
2519:
2518:
2495:
2494:
2450:
2449:
2433:
2432:
2409:
2408:
2387:Prionodontia
2372:
2371:
2350:Pisanosaurus
2348:
2347:
2324:
2323:
2282:
2281:
2265:
2264:
2241:
2240:
2201:
2200:
2186:Ignotosaurus
2184:
2183:
2152:Technosaurus
2150:
2149:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2099:
2098:
2077:Soumyasaurus
2075:
2074:
2051:
2050:
2039:Ornithischia
1980:
1965:
1942:
1941:
1909:
1908:
1894:Chindesaurus
1892:
1891:
1861:
1860:
1838:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1759:Ignotosaurus
1758:
1754:
1751:paraphyletic
1744:
1657:
1656:
1640:
1639:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1590:
1589:
1566:
1565:
1542:
1541:
1515:
1514:
1491:
1490:
1479:Silesauridae
1464:
1441:
1440:
1395:
1394:
1371:
1370:
1359:Lagerpetidae
1336:
1310:
1304:
1279:
1267:Soumyasaurus
1265:
1262:Technosaurus
1261:
1257:Ignotosaurus
1255:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1189:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1091:sister group
1081:
1069:Pseudosuchia
1066:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
995:
991:
987:
985:
968:
952:
944:
942:
928:
924:Technosaurus
922:
918:
910:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
868:
858:
845:
827:
823:
817:
811:
801:
790:autapomorphy
785:
782:
755:
754:
731:
712:tooth crowns
704:dentary bone
697:
689:mythographer
644:
643:and species
637:North Africa
633:Silesauridae
619:
613:, fish, and
587:Argana Basin
572:
543:
527:
526:assigned to
503:paraphyletic
495:sister group
486:
484:
469:
461:
460:
408:dentary bone
397:mythographer
390:leathery arm
365:
364:
361:Argana Basin
324:
323:
322:
309:
304:
288:
287:
262:
261:
239:
233:Silesauridae
217:Ornithischia
207:
194:
143:dentary bone
35:
29:
5147:Silesaurids
4823:Gnathovorax
4802:Caseosaurus
4604:Lutungutali
4597:Kwanasaurus
4569:Amanasaurus
4512:Asilisaurus
4505:Agnosphitys
4466:Nyasasaurus
4404:Pterosauria
4393:Pterosauria
4360:Kongonaphon
4353:Ixalerpeton
4303:Ornithodira
4280:Teleocrater
4266:Dongusuchus
4235:Mambachiton
4081:Archosauria
2911:ichnogenera
2906:Moghreberia
2841:Nova Scotia
2762:Asilisaurus
2567:Agilisaurus
2397:Thyreophora
2284:Kwanasaurus
2267:Lutungutali
2101:Asilisaurus
1788:Kwanasaurus
1659:Kwanasaurus
1592:Lutungutali
1517:Asilisaurus
1328:map of the
1322:silesaurids
1251:Kwanasaurus
1241:Lutungutali
1220:saurischian
1191:Asilisaurus
1162:Asilisaurus
1103:carnivorous
1037:Asilisaurus
894:Asilisaurus
882:Archosauria
873:and in non-
850:quadrupedal
803:Asilisaurus
765:quadrupedal
743:Description
655:and son of
521:fossil dung
511:herbivorous
466:quadrupedal
5141:Categories
4986:See also:
4730:Eodromaeus
4700:Alwalkeria
4683:Saurischia
4638:Dinosauria
4618:Silesaurus
4611:Sacisaurus
4526:Lewisuchus
4456:Marasuchus
4446:Lagosuchus
4367:Lagerpeton
4338:Dromomeron
4287:Yarasuchus
4160:see below↓
4112:Sauropsida
4097:Sauropsida
4072:Sauropsida
2934:References
2902:dicynodont
2900:, and the
2897:Almasaurus
2893:latiscopid
2805:Silesaurus
2801:Jerzy Dzik
2797:Silesaurus
2790:Silesaurus
2786:Silesaurus
2778:coprolites
2770:Silesaurus
2435:Emausaurus
2243:Sacisaurus
2203:Silesaurus
2053:Lewisuchus
1944:Eodromaeus
1827:Saurischia
1817:Dinosauria
1784:Silesaurus
1768:Lewisuchus
1755:Silesaurus
1747:stem-group
1568:Sacisaurus
1544:Silesaurus
1493:Lewisuchus
1466:Dinosauria
1443:Marasuchus
1397:Dromomeron
1373:Lagerpeton
1229:Lewisuchus
1211:Silesaurus
1207:Sacisaurus
1199:Sacisaurus
1146:Sacisaurus
1142:Sacisaurus
1134:Silesaurus
1130:Sacisaurus
1082:Silesaurus
1041:Silesaurus
1033:Silesaurus
1029:Sacisaurus
1021:Sacisaurus
1017:Silesaurus
1009:Silesaurus
1005:Sacisaurus
1000:trochanter
996:Silesaurus
992:Sacisaurus
969:Silesaurus
953:Silesaurus
939:Limb bones
929:Sacisaurus
919:Silesaurus
907:Sacisaurus
902:Sacisaurus
890:Lewisuchus
870:Lewisuchus
854:integument
828:Silesaurus
824:Sacisaurus
819:Silesaurus
813:Sacisaurus
773:pterosaurs
724:metatarsal
681:integument
607:phytosaurs
573:The first
560:metatarsal
528:Silesaurus
515:coprolites
480:archosaurs
453:thigh bone
434:metatarsal
334:silesaurid
268:Kammerer,
201:Dinosauria
55:) – early
5084:Q20672173
4909:includes
4905:Theropoda
4894:Theropoda
4519:Gamatavus
4058:Kingdom:
3993:Dinosaurs
3860:129876453
3506:187506290
3455:131414332
3410:128396482
3165:2167-8359
3149:: e7551.
3030:April 10,
2868:ephemeral
2856:sandstone
2774:microwear
2728:Silesaurs
1982:Theropoda
1307:cladogram
1299:ziphodont
973:dinosaurs
886:denticles
779:Lower jaw
550:Discovery
475:Meckelian
468:posture.
440:foot bone
345:dinosaurs
282:Species:
219: (?)
174:Kingdom:
168:Eukaryota
5098:47446730
5078:Wikidata
5069:Diodorus
5043:Q1864078
5037:Wikidata
5003:Category
4740:Saltopus
4576:Diodorus
4477:Saltopus
4066:Chordata
4064:Phylum:
4060:Animalia
3825:16123732
3789:32003023
3736:86296113
3689:31031991
3632:55024625
3555:32842895
3498:28332513
3294:84303547
3242:32631980
3183:31534843
3107:20203608
3060:77486015
3008:(2012).
2921:Atreipus
2864:alluvial
2860:mudstone
2849:Diodorus
2845:Diodorus
2817:Diodorus
2497:Eocursor
2128:Diodorus
1807:Diodorus
1799:Diodorus
1780:Diodorus
1609:Diodorus
1337:Diodorus
1326:Triassic
1311:Diodorus
1295:Laurasia
1284:Gondwana
1280:Diodorus
1272:polytomy
1236:Diodorus
1225:Diodorus
1203:Diodorus
1174:Diodorus
1150:Diodorus
1138:Diodorus
1126:Diodorus
1122:Diodorus
1087:omnivory
1013:Diodorus
988:Diodorus
945:Diodorus
933:cingulum
911:Diodorus
898:Diodorus
846:Diodorus
844:showing
786:Diodorus
761:folidont
756:Diodorus
732:Diodorus
649:Diodorus
577:of this
544:Diodorus
530:contain
487:Diodorus
470:Diodorus
462:Diodorus
371:Diodorus
325:Diodorus
272:, &
263:Diodorus
226:Family:
188:Chordata
184:Phylum:
178:Animalia
164:Domain:
139:Holotype
36:Diodorus
5111:1480970
4070:Class:
4005:Science
3979:Portals
3955:Bibcode
3953:: 1–9.
3919:Bibcode
3884:Bibcode
3780:7219628
3716:Bibcode
3680:6458417
3659:Bibcode
3546:7480155
3478:Bibcode
3390:Bibcode
3318:Bibcode
3264:Bibcode
3233:7395432
3210:Bibcode
3174:6730537
3115:4344048
3087:Bibcode
2793:birds.
2782:beetles
1335:, with
1107:Anisian
1061:humerus
661:Tangier
575:fossils
564:humerus
536:Carnian
532:beetles
359:of the
353:Fossils
307:†
286:†
270:Nesbitt
255:Genus:
49:Carnian
5124:202339
5057:202341
3858:
3823:
3787:
3777:
3734:
3687:
3677:
3630:
3553:
3543:
3504:
3496:
3470:Nature
3453:
3443:
3408:
3359:
3292:
3282:
3240:
3230:
3181:
3171:
3163:
3113:
3105:
3079:Nature
3058:
3048:
2924:, and
2891:, the
2876:, the
2833:Norian
1477:
1427:
1357:
1333:Pangea
1291:Pangea
1264:, and
1111:
1035:, and
959:. The
917:mm of
915:
806:, the
720:humeri
624:, and
591:Imziln
540:
445:, and
421:humeri
402:. The
377:; the
276:, 2012
274:Shubin
141:right
57:Norian
51:(~230
5106:IRMNG
4911:birds
4077:Clade
3856:S2CID
3821:S2CID
3732:S2CID
3628:S2CID
3502:S2CID
3451:S2CID
3406:S2CID
3290:S2CID
3143:PeerJ
3111:S2CID
3024:(PDF)
3013:(PDF)
1077:clade
1073:basal
957:birds
861:roots
728:femur
669:Greek
657:Sufax
641:genus
635:from
579:taxon
568:femur
507:basal
447:femur
341:clade
330:genus
328:is a
240:Clade
208:Clade
195:Clade
47:late
4903:see
4880:see
4794:Tawa
4751:Tawa
4664:see
4402:see
4137:see
4110:see
3785:PMID
3685:PMID
3551:PMID
3494:PMID
3441:ISBN
3357:ISBN
3280:ISBN
3238:PMID
3179:PMID
3161:ISSN
3103:PMID
3056:OCLC
3046:ISBN
3032:2023
1911:Tawa
1782:and
1757:and
1248:and
1205:and
1140:and
1132:and
1097:and
1007:and
994:and
927:and
892:and
859:The
826:and
816:and
432:, a
385:for
64:PreꞒ
5093:EoL
3963:doi
3951:453
3927:doi
3892:doi
3880:161
3848:doi
3813:doi
3809:101
3775:PMC
3767:doi
3763:236
3724:doi
3706:".
3675:PMC
3667:doi
3618:doi
3585:doi
3581:196
3541:PMC
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