379:(tax on non-Muslims) over a decade earlier in 1568. A religious experience while he was hunting in 1578 further increased his interest in the religious traditions of his empire. From the discussions held at the Ibādat Khāna, Akbar concluded that no single religion could claim the monopoly of truth. This revelation inspired him to leave Islam and create a new religion Dīn-i Ilāhī in 1582 and Akbar along with his loyal officials converted to this new religion Dīn-i Ilāhī in 1582.
293:
55:
370:, Akbar laments that so many people do not investigate their religious arguments, stating that most people will instead blindly "follow the religion in which were born and educated, thus excluding from the possibility of ascertaining the truth, which is the noblest aim of the human intellect."
654:
appointed officials based on their ability and merit, regardless of their religion or background. This helped to create a more efficient government and contributed to the prosperity and cultural achievements of the Mughal period. The emperor is further prohibited from discriminating between the
334:, rendering him totally unable to read or write, such dialogues in the House of Worship became his primary means of exploring questions of faith. Despite his aforementioned illiteracy, Akbar would eventually amass a library full of more than 24,000 volumes of texts in
659:
and if the ruler did discriminate, then they were not fit for the role as an agent of god. Abu'l-Fazl saw the religious views of Akbar as a rational decision toward maintaining harmony between the various faiths of the empire.
838:
The truth is that Akbar was singularly sensitive to religious impressions of every kind, and that his new religion, the Din-i-Ilahi, or 'divine faith' an eclectic pantheism, contained elements taken from very diverse
546:. The nonviolence extended from humans to animals, encouraging vegetarianism and prohibiting the slaughter of animals for any reason at all. The Dīn-i Ilāhī had no sacred scriptures and, similar to both Islam and
486:
through yearning of God. Virtues included generosity, forgiveness, abstinence, prudence, wisdom, kindness, and piety. The following details illustrate the personal religious observances of Akbar:
1226:
1175:
978:
522:
brought the virtue of celibacy into the House of
Worship, where it consequently became a virtue of Akbar's faith that was not mandatory (as it is for the priests of
1048:
India was at a crossroads in the mid-seventeenth century; it had the potential of moving forward with Dara Shikoh, or of turning back to medievalism with
Aurangzeb
327:
in 1575, which invited theologians, poets, scholars, and philosophers from all religious denominations, including
Christians, Hindus, Jains, and Zoroastrians.
778:
478:), Akbar endeavored to create a synthesis of other beliefs and so his personal religion borrowed concepts and tenets from many other faiths. Aligned with
1068:
Poor Dara Shikoh!....thy generous heart and enlightened mind had reigned over this vast empire, and made it, perchance, the garden it deserves to be made
899:
401:
Some modern scholars have argued that the Din-i Ilahi was a spiritual discipleship of Akbar of his own belief which he propounded in his new religion.
896:"THE DABISTÁN, OR SCHOOL OF MANNERS, Trans. DAVID SHEA and ANTHONY TROYER, 1843, Persian Literature in Translation, The Packard Humanities Institute"
927:
1000:
1361:
1222:
1401:
1396:
1376:
1336:
1206:
876:
1163:
626:
It has been argued that the theory of Dīn-i Ilāhī being a new religion was a misconception which arose because of erroneous translations of
1406:
1391:
809:
1089:
1041:
1012:
957:
970:
502:, he believed that life might be lengthened by lightning fire or by the repetition of a thousand names of Sun. Following the
1142:
1061:
490:
As an inquisitive inquirer endowed with the spirit of reason, he learnt the Hindu alchemy and medicine and cultivated their
1371:
254:
literally translates to "God's
Religion", "Religion of God", or "divine religion". According to the renowned historian
735:
317:
of other faiths and even encouraged debate on philosophical and religious issues. This led to the creation of the
1386:
687:
296:
267:
366:, stated that his father was "always associated with the learned of every creed and religion." In a letter to
367:
895:
1366:
419:. However, the movement was suppressed by penalty and force after his death and was totally eradicated by
923:
1381:
647:
851:
773:
455:
335:
314:
102:
68:
763:
656:
411:
276:
458:, spreading Islamic orthodoxy and extinguishing any chance of religious reform for generations.
1332:
1311:
1202:
1085:
1037:
1018:
1008:
953:
872:
523:
519:
443:
355:
292:
1319:
758:
531:
510:
thinking that the soul passed through the brain. He turned into a vegetarian later in life.
339:
173:
72:
801:
615:(non-violence); followers were prohibited from dining with fishers, butchers, hunters, etc.
351:
235:
498:, he believed in astronomy and astrology; and after his association with the Zoroastrian
1305:
1356:
592:
558:
391:
359:
347:
343:
324:
124:
831:
1350:
630:'s work by later British historians. However, it is also accepted that the policy of
627:
600:
423:, a task made easier by the fact that the religion never had more than 19 adherents.
227:
132:
753:
748:
695:
387:
318:
271:
242:), to consider all sects as one. The elements were drawn from different religions.
239:
1148:
382:
This conversion of Akbar to Dīn-i Ilāhī angered various
Muslims, among them the
270:, a court historian during the reign of Akbar. This name suggests a particularly
768:
643:
431:
416:
255:
471:
427:
223:
162:
21, although many more individuals were influenced by the religion's teachings
92:
668:
The initiated disciples of Dīn-i Ilāhī during emperor Akbar's time included:
638:, was adopted by Akbar as a part of general imperial administrative policy.
475:
466:
Although the spirit and central principles of Dīn-i Ilāhī were adapted from
435:
426:
In the 17th century, an attempt to re-establish the Dīn-i Ilāhī was made by
420:
395:
301:
1315:
553:
Light was a focus of divine worship, with a light-fire ritual based on the
373:
By the time Akbar established the Dīn-i Ilāhī, he had already repealed the
54:
17:
262:
is a name that was not used in Akbar's period. At the time, it was called
1247:
606:
539:
535:
503:
439:
363:
331:
1223:"Why putting less Mughal history in school textbooks may be a good idea"
836:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Grolier society. p. 44.
547:
543:
507:
483:
434:, but any prospects of an official revival were halted by his brother,
730:
650:, and so his sovereignty was not bound to any single faith. In this,
612:
584:
576:
527:
515:
467:
451:
139:
1082:
Mawlana
Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State
676:
651:
562:
561:) and an adoption of the hymn of the 1,000 Sanskrit names for the
554:
499:
495:
375:
306:
291:
231:
144:
112:
82:
572:
The major practices and beliefs of Dīn-i Ilāhī were as follows:
491:
479:
383:
128:
1248:"Sulh-i-Kul: Features of Akbar's Policy | UPSC » Newscoop"
234:
in 1582. According to
Iqtidar Alam Khan, it was based on the
27:
Syncretic religion propounded by Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582
409:
Dīn-i Ilāhī appears to have survived Akbar according to the
1199:
Mughal India: Studies in Polity, Ideas, Society and
Culture
1034:
The Mughal Throne : The Saga of India's Great
Emperors
950:
The Empire of the Great
Mughals: History, Art and Culture
856:. S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons. 1997. p. 74.
526:) but respected. The faith also adopted the principle of
890:
888:
918:
916:
158:
150:
138:
118:
108:
98:
88:
78:
64:
32:
924:"Finding Tolerance in Akbar, the Philosopher-King"
299:, one of the disciples of Din-i Ilahi, presenting
1063:Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official
488:
1005:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
646:". According to Abu'l-Fazl, the emperor was a
1201:. Oxford University Press. pp. 163–164.
40:
8:
1329:Indian Political Thought themes and thinkers
1291:
1128:
1116:
1104:
796:
794:
590:
582:
779:Religious policy of the Mughals after Akbar
266:("Divine Monotheism"), as it is written by
203:
183:
1307:The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar
1168:Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society
790:
597:(meaning: "may His glory be glorified")
482:practices, one's soul is encouraged to
274:focus for Akbar's faith. The anonymous
226:or spiritual program propounded by the
29:
1162:Ghaznavi, A Waheed (1 October 1988).
930:from the original on 23 December 2017
7:
238:concept of Yasa-e Changezi (Code of
1279:
1267:
1178:from the original on 2 October 2022
609:" party was a must for every member
550:, there was no priestly hierarchy.
177:
853:Frontline: Volume 14, Issues 20-26
581:Followers salute one-another with
530:, an ancient virtue of almost all
394:, responded by declaring it to be
25:
871:. Delhi: Low Price Publications.
438:, who executed him on grounds of
1304:Roychoudhury, Makhanlal (1941).
1036:. London: Phoenix. p. 336.
867:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak (2010) .
657:different religions of the realm
565:. Followers were referred to as
557:(the primary form of worship in
53:
1229:from the original on 2018-01-24
1007:. Routledge. pp. 195–196.
981:from the original on 2021-07-11
969:Lefèvre, Corinne (2015-04-01).
902:from the original on 2018-03-17
812:from the original on 2008-05-14
494:system; like his Central Asian
442:. Aurangzeb later compiled the
806:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
634:, which formed the essence of
1:
1362:1580s establishments in India
975:Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE
1402:Religions derived from Islam
1397:History of religion in India
1377:Religious syncretism in Asia
700:Mulla Shah Muhammad Shahadad
601:Absence of meat of all kinds
198:), known during its time as
1407:1582 establishments in Asia
1003:. In Meri, Josef W. (ed.).
948:Schimmel, Annemarie (2006)
869:The Akbarnama of Abu'l-Fazl
508:shave the crown of his head
1423:
1310:. University of Calcutta.
718:Shaikhzada Gosala Benarasi
470:(including ideas from the
450:, and established Islamic
1392:History of Islam in India
1164:"A Note on "Din-i Ilahi""
1144:Children's Knowledge Bank
1060:Sleeman, William (1844).
999:Rizvi, Sajjad H. (2005).
830:Jackson, A. V. Williams.
52:
41:
37:
727:Sadar Jahan's second son
323:("House of Worship") at
1032:Eraly, Abraham (2004).
724:Sadar Jahan's first son
607:on-birth-by-anniversary
569:(meaning "disciples").
368:King Philip II of Spain
330:Since Akbar had severe
284:to refer to the faith.
1327:Roy, Himanshu (2020).
1197:Ali, M. Athar (2006).
1141:Gupta, Sunita (2004).
688:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
648:universal agent of god
591:
583:
512:
310:
202:("Divine Monotheism",
1080:Jackson, Roy (2010).
518:missionaries such as
462:Beliefs and practices
295:
774:Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb
1372:Religious pluralism
1294:, pp. 292–293.
1292:Roychoudhury (1941)
1129:Roychoudhury (1941)
1117:Roychoudhury (1941)
1105:Roychoudhury (1941)
506:custom, he used to
456:Indian Subcontinent
103:Indian subcontinent
952:, Reaktion Books,
764:Dabestan-e Mazaheb
514:The visitation of
412:Dabestān-e Mazāheb
362:and son of Akbar,
311:
309:, Mughal miniature
277:Dabestan-e Mazaheb
224:syncretic religion
93:Syncretic religion
1338:978-93-325-8733-5
1208:978-0-19-569661-5
926:. 10 April 2013.
878:978-81-7536-481-3
712:Mirza Jani Thatta
524:Roman Catholicism
520:Rodolfo Acquaviva
444:Fatawa-e-Alamgiri
166:
165:
16:(Redirected from
1414:
1387:Culture of India
1342:
1323:
1320:Internet Archive
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1147:. Archived from
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1017:. Archived from
996:
990:
989:
987:
986:
966:
960:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
920:
911:
910:
908:
907:
892:
883:
882:
864:
858:
857:
848:
842:
841:
833:History of India
827:
821:
820:
818:
817:
798:
759:Majma-ul-Bahrain
596:
588:
577:The unity of God
532:Indian religions
446:, reimposed the
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
181:
180:
57:
48:
46:
45:
44:
30:
21:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1326:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1066:. p. 272.
1059:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1015:
998:
997:
993:
984:
982:
968:
967:
963:
947:
943:
933:
931:
922:
921:
914:
905:
903:
894:
893:
886:
879:
866:
865:
861:
850:
849:
845:
829:
828:
824:
815:
813:
800:
799:
792:
787:
745:
740:
706:Mir Sharif Amal
666:
644:universal peace
624:
464:
454:law across the
430:'s eldest son,
407:
313:Akbar promoted
290:
248:
215:
212:
209:
206:
195:
193:Religion of God
192:
189:
186:
178:
123:
60:
42:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1420:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1324:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1284:
1282:, p. 131.
1272:
1270:, p. 130.
1260:
1239:
1214:
1207:
1189:
1174:(4): 377–380.
1154:
1151:on 2017-02-16.
1133:
1131:, p. 303.
1121:
1119:, p. 279.
1109:
1107:, p. 306.
1097:
1090:
1072:
1052:
1042:
1024:
1021:on 2022-07-20.
1013:
991:
961:
941:
912:
884:
877:
859:
843:
822:
789:
788:
786:
783:
782:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
744:
741:
739:
738:
733:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
693:
690:
685:
682:
679:
674:
673:Shaikh Mubarak
670:
665:
662:
623:
618:
617:
616:
610:
603:
598:
593:Jalla Jalaluhu
579:
559:Zoroastrianism
463:
460:
406:
403:
392:Ahmad Sirhindi
360:Mughal Emperor
325:Fatehpur Sikri
289:
286:
280:uses the name
264:Tawhid-i-Ilāhī
247:
244:
213:Oneness of God
200:Tawḥīd-i-Ilāhī
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
152:
148:
147:
142:
140:Separated from
136:
135:
125:Fatehpur Sikri
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1419:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:Mughal Empire
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1091:9781136950360
1087:
1084:. Routledge.
1083:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1043:0-7538-1758-6
1039:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1014:0-415-96690-6
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:"Dara Shikoh"
995:
992:
980:
976:
972:
971:"Dīn-i ilāhī"
965:
962:
959:
958:1-86189-251-9
955:
951:
945:
942:
929:
925:
919:
917:
913:
901:
897:
891:
889:
885:
880:
874:
870:
863:
860:
855:
854:
847:
844:
840:
835:
834:
826:
823:
811:
807:
803:
802:"Din-i Ilahi"
797:
795:
791:
784:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
742:
737:
734:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
709:Sultan Khwaja
708:
705:
702:
699:
697:
694:
691:
689:
686:
683:
680:
678:
675:
672:
671:
669:
663:
661:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
619:
614:
611:
608:
604:
602:
599:
595:
594:
587:
586:
585:Allah-u-Akbar
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
487:
485:
484:purify itself
481:
477:
476:Ibn al-'Arabi
474:Sufi mystic,
473:
469:
461:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
413:
404:
402:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
377:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
321:
316:
308:
304:
303:
298:
294:
287:
285:
283:
279:
278:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
201:
175:
171:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
143:
141:
137:
134:
133:Mughal Empire
130:
126:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
56:
51:
47:
36:
31:
19:
1382:Universalism
1328:
1318:– via
1306:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1252:. Retrieved
1250:. 2023-01-22
1242:
1231:. Retrieved
1217:
1198:
1192:
1182:10 September
1180:. Retrieved
1171:
1167:
1157:
1149:the original
1143:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1081:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1047:
1033:
1027:
1019:the original
1004:
994:
983:. Retrieved
974:
964:
949:
944:
932:. Retrieved
904:. Retrieved
868:
862:
852:
846:
837:
832:
825:
814:. Retrieved
805:
754:Sirr-i-Akbar
749:Allopanishad
736:Prince Murad
715:Taki Shustar
677:Shaikh Faizi
667:
639:
635:
631:
625:
620:
571:
566:
552:
534:, including
513:
489:
465:
447:
425:
410:
408:
400:
388:Bengal Subah
381:
374:
372:
358:. The later
329:
320:Ibādat Khāna
319:
312:
300:
281:
275:
272:monotheistic
263:
259:
251:
249:
240:Genghis Khan
222:, was a new
220:Divine Faith
219:
199:
169:
167:
39:
1331:. Pearson.
769:Dara Shikoh
721:Sadar Jahan
696:Abdus Samad
636:Dīn-i Ilāhī
432:Dara Shikoh
417:Mohsin Fani
405:After Akbar
390:and Shaykh
260:Dīn-i Ilāhī
256:Mubarak Ali
252:Dīn-i Ilāhī
170:Dīn-i Ilāhī
154:Likely 1606
33:Din-i Ilahi
18:Din-e Ilahi
1351:Categories
1280:Roy (2020)
1268:Roy (2020)
1254:2023-01-22
1233:2016-10-12
985:2021-07-11
934:12 October
906:2017-01-31
816:2007-06-14
785:References
703:Sufi Ahmad
684:Qasim Khan
681:Jafar Beig
640:Sulh-i-Kul
632:sulh-i-kul
628:Abu'l-Fazl
621:Ṣulḥ-i-kul
428:Shah Jahan
398:to Islam.
336:Hindustani
297:Abu'l-Fazl
268:Abu'l-Fazl
43:دینِ الٰهی
692:Azam Khan
664:Disciples
436:Aurangzeb
421:Aurangzeb
396:blasphemy
315:tolerance
302:Akbarnama
250:The name
69:Abrahamic
1227:Archived
1176:Archived
979:Archived
928:Archived
900:Archived
810:Archived
743:See also
540:Buddhism
536:Hinduism
504:Buddhist
496:ancestor
472:Andalusi
440:apostasy
364:Jahangir
356:Kashmiri
332:dyslexia
282:Ilahiyya
230:emperor
179:دین الهی
1316:3312929
839:creeds.
642:means "
605:One's "
548:Sikhism
544:Jainism
340:Persian
288:History
236:Timurid
207:
187:
174:Persian
159:Members
151:Defunct
109:Founder
73:Dhārmic
1335:
1314:
1205:
1088:
1040:
1011:
956:
875:
731:Birbal
613:Ahimsa
567:chelah
528:ahimsa
516:Jesuit
468:Sufism
452:Sharia
352:Arabic
228:Mughal
119:Origin
99:Region
79:Leader
1357:Akbar
652:Akbar
555:yasna
500:Mobed
448:jizya
376:jizya
348:Latin
344:Greek
307:Akbar
232:Akbar
218:) or
145:Islam
122:1582
113:Akbar
83:Akbar
59:Akbar
1333:ISBN
1312:OCLC
1203:ISBN
1184:2022
1086:ISBN
1038:ISBN
1009:ISBN
954:ISBN
936:2016
873:ISBN
542:and
492:Yoga
480:Sufi
384:Qadi
354:and
246:Name
204:lit.
184:lit.
168:The
129:Agra
89:Type
71:and
65:Type
589:or
563:sun
415:of
386:of
305:to
1353::
1225:.
1172:36
1170:.
1166:.
1046:.
977:.
973:.
915:^
898:.
887:^
808:.
804:.
793:^
538:,
350:,
346:,
342:,
338:,
258:,
182:,
176::
131:,
127:,
1341:.
1322:.
1257:.
1236:.
1211:.
1186:.
1094:.
988:.
938:.
909:.
881:.
819:.
216:'
210:'
196:'
190:'
172:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
