214:(TEM) studies (e.g.) suggest that endophragm and periphragm are not morphologically separable. Therefore, the use of the terms pedium and luxuria are suggested instead. Within the cyst wall, a thick cellulose-like layer called the endospore is present which is birefringent under crossed nichols. Cysts may be identified using the overall body shape but more often based on the characteristic furrows housing the flagella (cingulum and sulcus) or details of the patterns of plates covering many motiles (thecal tabulation). The one distinctive feature common to all cysts is the excystment opening (archaeopyle) through which the emerging new motile stage exits. In many cases this reflects a recognizable part of the tabulation (one or more plates). However, one large group of dinoflagellates (athecate - or naked dinoflagellates) do not have thecal plates and therefore produce cysts lacking all forms of reflected tabulation.
132:, a heavy liquid. Another method, rarely used, uses a sucrose gradient. Recent times have brought about the possibility to get molecular sequences from single cysts or single cells. The proportion of cyst-forming species for marine dinoflagellates is between 15 and 20% and for freshwater dinoflagellates 24%. The tabulation of the Dinoflagellate is sometimes mirrored in the tabulation (previously called paratabulation) of the dinocyst, allowing species to be deduced from the cyst. It has previously been suggested that morphological characters from the cyst stage may be phylogenetically important in marine species and this may to an even greater extent be the case for freshwater dinoflagellates, confirmed by new observations and recently reviewed. Several books document general cyst taxonomy. There are few guides for determination of marine Quaternary dinocysts. Many new species are still being described for the
208:
less spherical central body with processes or crests, and such cysts are termed chorate or proximochorate. Cysts may have a single-layered wall (autophragm), a two-layered wall (comprising an outer periphragm and an inner endophragm) or a three-layered wall (ectophragm, periphragm and endophragm if the outer wall is structurally supported, or otherwise periphragm, mesophragm and endophragm). Cysts with two or more wall layers that define a cavity are termed cavate. Excystment usually results in loss of part of, or an opening in, the cyst wall, termed archeopyle, the shape and position of which may indicate the position and/or shape of one or more thecal plates.
266:
thecae of the planozygote. These rapidly sink to the sediment. Many species may spend longer periods resting in the sediment than active in the water column. Resting stages also constitute a reservoir of genetic diversity, which increases the survival potential of the populations. Thus, dinoflagellate cysts have great ecological importance and act as "seed banks", comparable to those found in terrestrial ecosystems. The encysted forms may remain viable for up to 100 years. Sediment can be stored with live
59:
70:, who reported his discovery in a paper presented to the Berlin Academy of Sciences in July 1836. He had observed clearly tabulate dinoflagellates in thin flakes of Cretaceous flint and considered those dinoflagellates to have been silicified. Along with them, and of comparable size, were spheroidal to ovoidal bodies bearing an array of spines or tubes of variable character. Ehrenberg interpreted these as being originally siliceous and thought them to be
2973:
Ladouceur, Stéphanie; Ledu, David; Liang, Chen; Limoges, Audrey; Londeix, Laurent; Lu, S.-H.; Mahmoud, Magdy S.; Marino, Gianluca; Matsouka, Kazumi; Matthiessen, Jens; Mildenhal, D.C.; Mudie, Peta; Neil, H.L.; Pospelova, Vera; Qi, Yuzao; Radi, Taoufik; Richerol, Thomas; Rochon, André; Sangiorgi, Francesca; Solignac, Sandrine; Turon, Jean-Louis; Verleye, Thomas; Wang, Yan; Wang, Zhaohui; Young, Marty (2013).
4149:
Henry, M.; Hillaire-Marcel, C.; Huang, C.; Jansen, E.; Juggins, S.; Kallel, N.; Kiefer, T.; Kienast, M.; Labeyrie, L.; Leclaire, H.; Londeix, L.; Mangin, S.; MatthieĂen, J.; Marret, F.; Meland, M.; Morey, A.; Mulitza, S.; Pflaumann, U.; Pisias, N.; Radi, T.; Rochon, A.; Rohling, E.; Sbaffi, L.; SchĂ€fer-Neth, C.; Solignac, S.; Spero, H.; Tachikawa, K.; Turon, J. (2009).
4626:
Popescu, S.-M.; Dalesme, F.; Jouannic, G.; Escarguel, G.; Head, M.J.; Melinte-Dobrinescu, M.C.; SĂŒtö-Szentai, M.; Bakrac, K.; Clauzon, G.; Suc, J.-P. "Galeacysta etrusca
Corradini & Biffi 1988, dinoflagellate cyst marker of Paratethyan influxes into the Mediterranean Sea before and after the peak
4148:
Waelbroeck, C.; Paul, A.; Kucera, M.; Rosell-Melé, A.; Weinelt, M.; Schneider, R.; Mix, A.; Abelmann-Gersonde, A.; Armand, L.; Barker, S.; Barrows, T.; Benway, H.; Cacho, I.; Chen, M.; Cortijo, E.; Crosta, X.; de Vernal, A.; Dokken, T.; Duprat, J.; Elderfield, H.; Eynaud, F.; Gersonde, R.; Hayes, A.;
3953:
DE, VERNAL; Eynaud, F.; Henry, M.; Hillaire-MARCEL, C.; Londeix, L.; Mangin, S.; Matthiessen, J.; Marret, F.; Radi, T.; Rochon, A.; Solignac, S.; Turon, J.-L. (2005). "Reconstruction of sea-surface conditions at middle to high latitudes of the
Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM)
127:
Dinoflagellate cysts described in the literature have been linked to a particular motile stage through morphological similarities and/or co-occurrence in the same population/culture or through the technique of establishing the so-called cyst-theca relation by incubation of the cysts. Geologists use a
286:
Such surface sediment studies show that dinoflagellate cyst distribution is controlled by ranges of temperature, salinity and nutrients. This often poses biogeographical boundaries, more particularly temperature. Some species can be clearly related to cold waters. Recent molecular work has shown the
5027:
Mertens, K. N.; Ribeiro, S. Bouimetarhan; Caner, H.; Combourieu-Nebout, N. Dale; de Vernal, M. Filipova; Ellegaard, A.; Godhe, U. Leroy; GrÞsfjeld, A.; Holzwarth, K.; Kotthoff, U.; Londeix, L.; Marret, F.; Matsuoka, K.; Mudie, P.; Naudts, L.; Peña-manjarrez, J.; Persson, A.; Popescu, S.; Sangiorgi,
541:(HF) and/or alternative acids at different temperatures. The use of KOH or acetolysis is not advised in dinocyst studies, because this causes swelling and/or destruction of dinocysts. The palynological method can cause difficulty in identification of certain species: it has been shown that cysts of
516:
The fossil record supports a major adaptive radiation of dinoflagellates during later
Triassic and earlier Jurassic times. The majority of living thecate dinoflagellates can be interpreted as having either a peridinalean or gonyaulacalean tabulation, and that these tabulations, and hence the orders
207:
In pure morphological terms, a dinocyst can be described as the body formed by the cyst wall, as well as the space it encloses and all the spaces within it. Cysts may develop their wall immediately within the theca, and such cysts are called proximate. Alternatively, the cyst may comprise a more or
5816:
Mertens, K.N.; Verhoeven, K.; Verleye, T.; Louwye, S.; Amorim, A.; Ribeiro, S.; Deaf, A.S.; Harding, I.C.; DE Schepper, S.; GonzĂLEZ, C.; Kodrans-NSIAH, M.; DE Vernal, A.; Henry, M.; Radi, T.; Dybkjaer, K.; Poulsen, N.E.; Feist-BURKHARDT, S.; Chitolie, J.; Heilmann-CLAUSEN, C.; Londeix, L.; Turon,
5106:
Mertens, K.N.; Bringué, M.; Van
Nieuwenhove, N.; Takano, Y.; Pospelova, V.; Rochon, A.; de Vernal, A.; Radi, T.; Dale, B.; Patterson, R.T.; Weckström, K.; Andrén, E.; Louwye, S.; Matsuoka, K. (2012). "Process length variation of the cyst of the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum in the North
4102:
DE, VERNAL A.; Eynaud, F.; Henry, M.; Hillaire-MARCEL, C.; Londeix, L.; Mangin, S.; Matthiessen, J.; Marret, F.; Radi, T.; Rochon, A.; Solignac, S.; Turon, J.-L. (2005). "Reconstruction of sea-surface conditions at middle to high latitudes of the
Northern Hemisphere during the Last Glacial Maximum
265:
Resting cysts are traditionally associated with the sexual cycle of dinoflagellates. Induced by particular triggers such as changes in temperature, nutrients, etc., dinoflagellates undergo gamete formation. The gametes fuse to form the planozygote and undergo encystment: they form cysts within the
282:
Dinocyst distribution is mainly studied through studies of surface sediments. Many studies are regional, such as the
Iberian Margin the North Sea, Kiel bight, Celtic Sea, Norwegian Sea, around Iceland, the Southeast Pacific, the Arctic, Equatorial Atlantic, South and Equatorial Atlantic, off West
4058:
De Vernal, A.; Henry, M.; Matthiessen, J.; Mudie, P.J.; Rochon, A.; Boessenkool, K.P.; Eynaud, F.; GrĂžsfjeld, K.; Guiot, J.; Hamel, D.; Harland, R.; Head, M.J.; Kunz-Pirrung, M.; Levac, E.; Loucheur, V.; Peyron, O.; Pospelova, V.; Radi, T.; Turon, J.-L.; Voronina, E. (2001). "Dinoflagellate cyst
5306:
Mertens, K.N., Bradley, L.R., Takano, Y., Mudie, P.J., Marret, F., Aksu, A.E., Hiscott, R.N., Verleye, T.J., Mousing, E.A., Smyrnova, L.L., Bagheri, S., Mansor, M., Pospelova, V. & Matsuoka, K. (in press). Quantitative estimation of
Holocene surface salinity variation in the Black Sea using
1650:
Mertens, K.N.; Yamaguchi, A.; Kawami, H.; Ribeiro, S.; Leander, B.S.; Price, A.M.; Pospelova, V.; Ellegaard, M.; Matsuoka, K. (2012). "Archaeperidinium saanichi sp. nov.: a new species based on morphological variation of cyst and theca within the
Archaeperidinium minutum Jörgensen 1912 species
910:
Mertens, K.N.; Yamaguchi, A.; Kawami, H.; Ribeiro, S.; Leander, B.S.; Price, A.M.; Pospelova, V.; Ellegaard, M.; Matsuoka, K. (2012). "Archaeperidinium saanichi sp. nov.: a new species based on morphological variation of cyst and theca within the
Archaeperidinium minutum Jörgensen 1912 species
2663:
Vink, A., Baumann, K-H., Böckel, B., Esper, O., Kinkel, H., Volbers, A., Willems, H., Zonneveld, K.A.F. Coccolithophorid and dinoflagellate synecology in the South and
Equatorial Atlantic: Improving the paleoecological significance of phytoplankton microfossils. In: Wefer, G., Mulitza, S. and
118:
Division cysts refer to non-motile division stages wherein asexual reproduction takes place through division. These are not pellicle or resting cysts since they are not dormant. Similarly, palmelloid or mucilage stages are not pellicle or resting cysts, but stages in which the monad loses its
2972:
Zonneveld, Karin A.F.; Marret, Fabienne; Versteegh, Gerard; Bogus, Kara; Bonnet, Sophie; Bouimetarhan, Ilham; Crouch, Erica; de Vernal, Anne; Elshanawany, Rehab; Edwards, Lucy; Esper, Oliver; Forke, Sven; GrÞsfjeld, Kari; Henry, Maryse; Holzwarth, Ulrike; Kielt, Jean-François; Kim, So-Young;
5070:
Mertens, K.N.; Dale, B.; Ellegaard, M.; Jansson, I.-M.; Godhe, A.; Kremp, A.; Louwye, S. (2010). "Process length variation in cysts of the dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum from surface sediments of the Baltic-Kattegat-Skaggerak estuarine system: a regional salinity proxy".
811:
BRAVO I., FIGUEROA R.I., GARCĂS E., FRAGA S. & MASSANET A. 2010. The intricacies of dinoflagellate pellicle cysts: the example of Alexandrium minutum cysts from a bloom-recurrent area (Bay of Baiona, NW Spain). Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 57:
1428:
Head, M.J., 1999. The Late Pliocene St. Erth Beds of Cornwall: a review of the palynology and reappraisal of the dinoflagellates. In: Scource, J. and Furze, M.F.A. (eds.), The Quaternary of West Cornwall. Field Guide, Quaternary Research Association, Durham, U.K., p.
606:
W.A.S. Sarjeant, 2002. 'As chimney-sweeps, come to dust': a history of palynology to 1970. pp. 273â327 In: Oldroyd, D. R. The earth inside and out: some major contributions to geology in the twentieth century. Geological Society (London) Special Publication no.
4371:
Zonneveld, K.A.F.; Chen, L.; El-Shanawany, R.; Fischer, H.W.; Hoins, M.; Pittaurova, D. (2012). "The use of dinoflagellate cysts to separate human and natural variability in the trophic state of the Po River discharge plume during the last two centuries".
87:
A first relation between dinoflagellate thecae and cysts was made through morphological comparison of both by Bill Evitt and Susan E. Davidson. Further evidence came from detailed culture studies of dinoflagellate cysts by David Wall and Barrie Dale at
4781:
Mccarthy, F.M.G.; Mertens, K.N.; Ellegaard, M.; Sherman, K.; Pospelova, V.; Ribeiro, S.; Blasco, S.; Vercauteren, D. (2011). "Resting cysts of freshwater dinoflagellates in southeastern Georgian Bay (Lake Huron) as proxies of cultural eutrophication".
1134:
HEAD M.J. 1996. Modern dinoflagellate cysts and their biological affinities. In: Palynology: principles and applications (Ed. by J. Jansonius & D. C. McGregor), pp. 1197â1248. American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, Dallas,
2674:
Bouimetarhan, I.; Marret, F.; Dupont, L.; Zonneveld, K.A.F. (2009). "Dinoflagellate cyst distribution in marine surface sediments off West Africa (17 â 6°N) in relation to sea-surface conditions, freshwater input and seasonal coastal upwelling".
3358:
Pospelova, V.; Esenkulova; Johannessen, S.C.; O'Brien, M.C.; Macdonald, R.W. (2010). "Organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst production, composition and flux from 1996 to 1998 in the central Strait of Georgia (BC, Canada): a sediment trap study".
2846:
Pospelova, V; de Vernal, A; Pedersen, TF (2008). "Distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments from the northeastern Pacific Ocean (43-25°N) in relation to sea-surface temperature, salinity, productivity and coastal upwelling".
1255:
Tardio, M.; Ellegaard, M.; Lundholm, N.; Sangiorgi, F.; DI Giuseppe, D. (2009). "A hypocystal archeopyle in a freshwater dinoflagellate from the Peridinium umbonatum group (Dinophyceae) from Lake Nero di Cornisello, South-East Alps, Italy".
5817:
J.-L.; Marret, F.; Matthiessen, J.; Mccarthy, F.M.G.; Prasad, V.; Pospelova, V.; Hughes, J.E.K.; Riding, J.B.; Rochon, A.; Sangiorgi, F.; Welters, N.; Sinclair, N.; Thun, C.; Soliman, A.; VAN Nieuwenhove, N.; Vink, A.; Young, M. (2009).
3281:
Susek, E.; Zonneveld, K.A.F.; Fischer, G.; Versteegh, G.J.M.; Willems, H. (2005). "Organic walled dinoflagellate cyst production in relation to upwelling intensity and lithogenic influx in the Cape Blanc region (off north-west Africa)".
5229:
Zonneveld, Karin A.F.; Susek, Ewa (2007). "Effect of temperature, light and salinity on cyst production and morphology of Tuberculodinium vancampoae (Rossignol 1962) Wall 1967 (Pyrophacus steinii (Schiller 1935) Wall et Dale 1971)".
1342:
Rochon, A., de Vernal, A., Turon, J.-L., Matthiessen, J., and Head, M.J., 1999. Distribution of recent dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments from the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent seas in relation to sea-surface parameters.
821:
POPOVSKĂ J. & PFIESTER L.A. 1990. Dinophyceae (Dinoflagellida). In: SĂŒĂwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. BegrĂŒndet von A. Pascher. Band 6 (Ed. by H. Ettl,J. Gerloff,H. Heynig. & D. Mollenhauer). Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 272
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Williams, G.L., Stover, L.E., & Kidson, E.J., 1993: Morphology and stratigraphic ranges of selected Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinoflagellate taxa in the northern hemisphere. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper. 92-10 , 137 pp., 2
2723:
Holzwarth, Ulrike; Esper, Oliver; Zonneveld, Karin A.F. (2007). "Distribution of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts in shelf surface sediments of the Benguela upwelling system in relationship to environmental conditions".
104:(resting cysts or hypnozygotes) or (3) a coccoid condition in which the cells are still photosynthetically active. For example, for this last special case, all cysts described from species of the order Phytodiniales (e.g.
1932:
Kokinos, J. P.; Eglinton, T.I.; Goñi, M.A.; Boon, J.J.; Martoglio, P.A.; Anderson, D.M. (1998). "Characterisation of a highly resistant biomacromolecular material in the cellwall of a marine dinoflagellate resting cyst".
563:
Dinocysts are suggested to have a number of adaptive functions including survival during adverse conditions, bloom initiation and termination, dispersal in time, a seed bank for genetic diversity and dispersal in space.
2107:
Alpermann, T.J.; Beszteri, B.; John, U.; Tillmann, U.; Cembella, A.D. (2009). "Implications of life history transitions on the population genetic structure of the toxigenic marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense".
2606:
Matthiessen, J., De Vernal, A., Head, M., Okolodkov, Y., Ăngel, P., Zonneveld, K. and Harland, R. Modern organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts in Arctic marine environments and their (paleo-) environmental significance.
1571:
Verleye, T.; Pospelova, V.; Mertens, K.N.; Louwye, S. (2011). "The geographical distribution and (palaeo)ecology of Selenopemphix undulata sp. nov., a new late Quaternary dinoflagellate cyst from the Pacific Ocean".
5150:
Ellegaard, M; Lewis, J; Harding, I (2002). "Cyst-theca relationship, life cycle, and effects of temperature and salinity on the cyst morphology of Gonyaulax baltica sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) from the Baltic Sea area".
4448:
Head, M.J.; Seidenkrantz, M.-S.; Janczyk-Kopikowa, Z.; Marks, L.; Gibbard, P.L. (2005). "Last Interglacial (Eemian) hydrographic conditions in the southeastern Baltic Sea, NE Europe, based on dinoflagellate cysts".
2297:
Wall, D.; Dale, B.; Lohman, G.P.; Smith, W.K. (1977). "The environmental and climatic distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in modern sediments from regions in the North and South Atlantic oceans and adjacent seas".
4137:
Guiot, J., de Vernal, A., 2007. Transfer functions: methods for quantitative paleoceanography based on microfossils, In Hillaire-Marcel and de Vernal (eds.) Proxies in Late Cenozoic Paleoceanography, Elsevier, pp.
128:
cyst-based taxonomy, whilst biologists use a motile-stage based taxonomy. Therefore, cysts can have different names than the corresponding motile stages. Living cysts can be easily isolated from the sediment using
3839:
Sorrel, P.; Popescu, S.-M.; Head, M.J.; Suc, J.P.; Klotz, S.; OberhÀnsli, H. (2006). "Hydrographic development of the Aral Sea during the last 2000 years based on a quantitative analysis of dinoflagellate cysts".
4201:
Eynaud, F.; Turon, J.; MatthieĂen, J.; Peypouquet, F.; Vernal, A.; Henry, M. (2002). "Norwegian sea-surface palaeoenvironments of marine oxygen-isotope stage 3: the paradoxical response of dinoflagellate cysts".
2758:
Elshanawany, R., Zonneveld, K.A.F., Ibrahim, M.I. and Kholeif, S.E.A. (2010). Distribution patterns of recent organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts in relation to environmental parameters in the Mediterranean Sea.
4059:
assemblages as tracers of sea-surface conditions in the northern North Atlantic, Arctic and sub-Arctic seas: the new 'n = 677' data base and its application for quantitative palaeoceanographic reconstruction".
3021:
Dale, B., 1996. Dinoflagellate cyst ecology: modelling and geological applications. In Jansonius, J. & McGregor, D.C. (eds.): Palynology: Principles and Applications, volume 3, 1249-1275, AASP Foundation,
2536:
Verleye, T.J.; Louwye, S. (2010). "Recent geographical distribution of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts in the southeast Pacific (25-53ÂșS) and their relation to the prevailing hydrographical conditions".
2882:
Cremer, H.; Sangiorgi, F.; Wagner, F.; McGee, V.; Lotter, A.F.; Visscher, H. (2007). "Marine Littoral Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) and Dinoflagellates cysts (Dinophyceae) from Rookery Bay, Florida, U.S.A.".
3463:
Bringué, Manuel; Pospelova, Vera; Pak, Dorothy (2013). "Seasonal production of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts in an upwelling system: A sediment trap study from the Santa Barbara Basin, California".
4611:
Louwye, S., Foubert, A., Mertens, K.N., Van Rooij, D. & IODP Expedition 307 scientific party (2007). Integrated stratigraphy and palaeoecology of the Lower and Middle Miocene of the Porcupine Basin.
3427:
Zonneveld, K. A. F. Susek E.; Fischer, G. (2010). "Interannual and seasonal variability of the organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst production in the coastal upwelling region off Cape Blanc (Mauritania)".
5398:
from the Silurian: the end of a myth. In: Wang, W., Quyang, S., Sun, X., Yu, G. (Eds.), Abstracts 10th International Palynological Congress, Nanjing. National Natural Science Foundation of China, p. 88.
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de Vernal, A., Rochon, A., 2011. Dinocysts as tracers of sea-surface conditions and sea-ice cover in polar and subpolar environments, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 14, 012007.
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Pfiester L.A. & Anderson D.M. 1987. Dinoflagellate reproduction. In: The biology of dinoflagellates. Botanical monographs 21 (Ed. by F.J.R. Taylor), pp. 611â648., Blackwell Scientific Publications.
3499:
Pospelova, V.; Pedersen, T F.; DE Vernal, A. (2006). "Dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of climatic and oceanographic changes during the past 40 kyr in the Santa Barbara Basin, southern California".
3634:
Verleye, T.J.; Louwye, S. (2010). "Late Quaternary environmental changes and latitudinal shifts of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current as recorded by dinoflagellate cysts from offshore Chile (41ÂșS)".
2918:
Limoges, A.; Kielt, J.-F.; Radi, T.; RuĂz-Fernandez, A.C.; de Vernal, A. (2010). "Dinoflagellate cyst distribution in surface sediments along the south-western Mexican coast (14.76° N to 24.75°N)".
2572:
Richerol, T; Rochon, A; Blasco, S; Scott, DB; Schell; Bennett, R (2008). "Distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in surface sediments of the Mackenzie Shelf and Amundsen Gulf, Beaufort Sea (Canada)".
1884:
Dale, B. & Dale, A.L. 2002. Environmental applications of dinoflagellate cysts and acritarchs . In Quaternary environmental micropalaeontology (Haslett, S.K., editor), 207-240. Arnold, London.
5762:
Head, M.J.; Lewis, J.; de Vernal, A. (2006). "The cyst of the calcareous dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trifida: resolving the fossil record of its organic wall with that of Alexandrium tamarense".
4817:
CHU, G.; SUN, Q.; Rioual, P.; Boltovskoy, A.; LIU, Q.; SUN, P.; HAN, J.; LIU, J. (2008). "Distinct microlaminations and freshwater "red tides" recorded in Lake Xiaolongwan, northeastern, China".
2097:
RENGEFORS K. 1998. Seasonal succession of dinoflagellates coupled to the benthic cyst dynamics in Lake Erken, Sweden. Archiv fĂŒr Hydrobiologie, Special Issues, Advances in Limnology 51: 123â141.
425:
Organic-walled dinocyst morphology is shown to be controlled by changes in salinity and temperature in some species, more particularly process length variation. This is known to be the case for
2333:
Sprangers, M.; Dammers, N.; Brinkhuis, H.; van Weering, T.C.E.; Lotter, A.F. (2004). "Modern organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst distribution offshore NW Iberia; tracing the upwelling system".
3591:
Mertens, K. N.; GonzĂĄlez, C.; Delusina, I.; Louwye, S. (2009b). "30 000 years of productivity and salinity variations in the late Quaternary Cariaco Basin revealed by dinoflagellate cysts".
1148:
Neil Mertens, Kenneth; Rengefors, Karin; Moestrup, Ăjvind; Ellegaard, Marianne (2012). "A review of recent freshwater dinoflagellate cysts: taxonomy, phylogeny, ecology and palaeocology".
549:
are difficult to discriminate in samples that have been treated with the palynological method. The concentration of Dinocysts can be quantified by adding an exotic spike or marker such as
5017:
Hallett, R.I., 1999. Consequences of environmental change on the growth and morphology of Lingulodinium polyedrum (Dinophyceae) in culture. PhD thesis. University of Westminster, 109 pp.
2621:
Vink, A.; Zonneveld, K.A.F.; Willems, H. (2000). "Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts in western equatorial Atlantic surface sediments: distribution and their relation to environment".
407:
has been investigated. Transfer functions have also been attempted during the Pliocene. Some species have been suggested to have different environmental preferences during the Neogene.
1607:
Pospelova, V.; Head, M.J. (2002). "Islandinium brevispinosum sp. nov. (Dinoflagellata), a new organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst from modern estuarine sediments of New England (USA)".
1761:
Fensome, R.A., Taylor, F.J.R., Norris, G., Sarjeant, W.A.S., Wharton, D.I., and Williams, G.L., 1993. A classification of modern and fossil dinoflagellates, Sheridan Press, Hanover. .
3989:
Bonnet, S.; de Vernal, A.; Hillaire-Marcel, C.; Radi, T.; Husum, K. (2010). "Variability of seasurface temperature and sea-ice cover in the Fram Strait over the last two millennia".
3796:
Kunz-Pirrung, M.; MatthieĂen, J.; Vernal, A. (2001). "Late Holocene dinoflagellate cysts as indicators for short-term climate variability in the eastern Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean)".
2501:
Marret, F.; Eiriksson, J.; Knudsen, K-L.; Scourse, J. (2004). "Distribution of dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in surface sediments from the northern and western shelf of Iceland".
4901:
Tardio, M.; Sangiorgi, F.; Brinkhuis, H.; Filippi, M.L.; Cantonati, M.; Lotter, A.F. (2006). "Peridinioid dinoflagellate cysts in a Holocene high-mountain lake deposits in Italy".
3918:
Mudie, P.J.; Aksu, A.E.; YaĆar, D. (2001). "Late Quaternary dinoflagellate cysts from the Black, Marmara and Aegean seas: variations in assemblages, morphology and paleosalinity".
726:
Sarjeant, W.A.S.; Lacalli, T.; Gaines, G. (1987). "The cysts and skeletal elements of dinoflagellates: speculations on the ecological causes for their morphology and development".
3309:
517:
Gonyaulacales and Peridiniales, have been separate since at least the Early Jurassic. The biostratigraphical application of dinoflagellate cysts has been thoroughly studied. The
312:
which were interpreted to have been transported along the Southern coast of the United States. Cyst are also often transported from the inner shelf to the outer shelf or slope.
2811:
Radi, T.; Pospelova, V.; de Vernal, A.; Barrie, J.V. (2007). "Dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of water quality and productivity in British Columbia estuarine environments".
3323:
Price, AM; Pospelova, V (2011). "High-resolution sediment trap study of organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst production and biogenic silica flux in Saanich Inlet (BC, Canada)".
1419:
Soliman, A., Head, M.J., and Louwye, S. In press. Morphology and distribution of the Miocene dinoflagellate cyst Operculodinium? borgerholtense Louwye 2001, emend. Palynology.
5481:
De Schepper, S.; Head, M.J. (2008). "Age calibration of dinoflagellate cyst and acritarch events in the PlioceneâPleistocene of the eastern North Atlantic (DSDP Hole 610A)".
4746:
De Schepper, S.; Fischer, E.; Groeneveld, J.; Head, M.; MatthieĂen, J. (2011). "Deciphering the palaeoecology of Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene dinoflagellate cysts".
422:
There is little known about how organic-walled dinocysts are formed except from culture experiments. Cyst formation is suggested to happen through self-assembly processes.
3205:
Krepakevich, A.; Pospelova, V. (2010). "Anthropogenic impact on coastal bays of Southern Vancouver Island (BC, Canada) as reflected in phytoplankton sedimentary records".
3096:
Mertens, K.N.; Takano, Y.; Head, M.J.; Matsuoka, K. (2014). "Living fossils in the Indo-Pacific warm pool: A refuge for thermophilic dinoflagellates during glaciations".
3031:
Head, M.J., Harland, R., and Matthiessen, J. 2001. Cold marine indicators of the late Quaternary: the new dinoflagellate cyst genus Islandinium and related morphotypes.
4655:
De Schepper, S.; Head, M.J.; Louwye, S. (2009). "Pliocene dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy, palaeoecology and sequence stratigraphy of the Tunnel-Canal Dock, Belgium".
1356:
MATSUOKA, K. & FUKUYO, Y. 2000. Technical guide for modern dinoflagellate cyst study. WESTPAC-HAB/WESTPAC/IOC, Japan Society of the Promotion Science, Tokyo, 29 pp.
1053:
Takano, Y.; Horiguchi, T. (2006). "Acquiring scanning electron microscopical, light microscopical and multiple gene sequence data from a single dinoflagellate cell".
4569:
MatthieĂen, J.; Knies, J. (2001). "Dinoflagellate cyst evidence for warm interglacial conditions at the northern Barents Sea margin, during marine isotope stage 5".
5516:
Louwye, S.; Head, M.J.; De Schepper, S. (2004). "Dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy and palaeoecology of the Pliocene in northern Belgium, southern North Sea Basin".
2088:
Pfiester, L. A. & Anderson, D. M. 1987. Dinoflagellate reproduction. In: The biology of dinoflagellates (ed. F. J. R. Taylor), pp. 611â648. - Blackwell, Oxford.
283:
Africa, the Southern Ocean, Benguela upwelling, in the Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea, British Columbia, The Northeastern Pacific, Florida, Mexico and Barends Sea.
38:
as a dormant, zygotic stage of their lifecycle, which can accumulate in the sediments as microfossils. Organic-walled dinocysts are often resistant and made out of
4484:
Head, M.J. (2007). "Last Interglacial (Eemian) hydrographic conditions in the southwestern Baltic Sea based on dinoflagellate cysts from Ristinge Klint, Denmark".
1452:
De Schepper, S.; Head, M.J.; Louwye, S. (2004). "New dinoflagellate cyst and incertae sedis taxa from the Pliocene of northern Belgium, southern North Sea Basin".
1495:
De Schepper, S.; Head, M.J. (2008). "New dinoflagellate cyst and acritarch taxa from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of the eastern North Atlantic (DSDP Site 610)".
1333:
Evitt, W.R., Lentin, J.K., Millioud, M.E., Stover, L.E. and Williams, G.L., 1977. Dinoflagellate cyst terminology. Geological survey of Canada, Paper 76-24, 1-11.
5851:
Mertens, K.N.; et al. (2012). "Determining the absolute abundance of dinoflagellate cysts in recent marine sediments II: Further tests of the LycopodiumâŠ".
3726:
Londeix, L.; Herreyre, Y.; Turon, J.L.; Fletcher, W. (2009). "Last Glacial to Holocene hydrology of the Marmara Sea inferred from a dinoflagellate cyst record".
3671:"Late Quaternary climatic and oceanographic changes in the Northeast Pacific as recorded by dinoflagellate cysts from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California (Mexico)"
1366:
Head, M.J.; Norris, G. (2003). "New species of dinoflagellate cysts and other palynomorphs from the late Neogene of the western North Atlantic, DSDP Hole 603C".
1913:
Jux, U (1976). "Ăber den feinbau der wandungen bei Operculodinium centrocarpum (Deflandre & Cookson) Wall 1967 und Bitectatodinium tepikiense Wilson 1973".
3875:
Ellegaard, M (2000). "Variations in dinoflagellate cyst morphology under conditions of changing salinity during the last 2000 years in the Limfjord, Denmark".
414:
of freshwater dinoflagellate cysts is relatively unexplored, though several recent studies have shown the relation to changes in nutrients, pH and temperature
1438:
Head, M.J. 2000. Geonettia waltonensis, a new goniodomacean dinoflagellate from the Pliocene of the North Atlantic region, and its evolutionary implications"
6069:
1894:
Jux, U (1971). "Ăber den feinbau der wandungen einiger TertiĂ€rer Dinophyceen-zysten und Acritarcha Hystrichosphaeridium, Impletosphaeridium, Lingulodinium".
1198:
Fensome, R.A.; Taylor, F.J.R.; Norris, G.; Sarjeant, W.A.S.; Wharton, D.I.; Williams, G.L. (1993). "A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates".
4983:
Hemsley, A.R.; Lewis, J.; Griffiths, P.C. (2004). "Soft and sticky development : some underlying reasons for microarchitectural pattern convergence".
5687:
3761:
Chen, L.; Zonneveld, K.A.F.; Versteegh, G.J.M. (2011). "Short term climate variability during the "Roman Classical Period" in the Eastern Mediterranean".
875:
Sonneman, J.A.; Hill, D.R.A. (1997). "A taxonomic survey of cyst-producing dinoflagellates from recent sediments of Victorian coastal waters, Australia".
5030:"Process length variation in cysts of a dinoflagellate, Lingulodinium machaerophorum, in surface sediments investigating its potential as salinity proxy"
363:
Such reconstructions can be done via semi-quantitative techniques, such as ordination techniques, which can indicate trends in environmental parameters.
2488:
MatthieĂen, J. (1995) Distribution patterns of dinoflagellate cysts and other organic-walled microfossils in recent Norwegian-Greenland Sea sediments ,
4697:
De Schepper S, Head MJ, Groeneveld J (2009) North Atlantic Current variability through marine isotope stage M2 (circa 3.3 Ma) during the mid-Pliocene.
3242:"Transport of toxic dinoflagellates via ships' ballast water: bioeconomic risk assessment and efficacy of possible ballast water management strategies"
2454:
Marret, F.; Scource, J. (2002). "Control of modern dinoflagellate cyst distribution in the Irish and Celtic seas by seasonal stratification dynamics".
2709:
Oliver Esper, Karin Zonneveld. The potential of organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts to reconstruct past sea-surface conditions in the Southern Ocean"
5411:
gen. et sp. N. from the Devonian of the Rudnyy Altay (a unique find of dinoflagellate fossils), Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 307, 442â445 (in Russian).
4559:
Van Nieuwenhove, N., Bauch, H.A., Matthiessen, J., 2008. Last Interglacial surface water conditions in the eastern Nordic Seas inferred from dinocyst
270:
cysts for at least 18 months. Cysts often need triggers to germinate ('excyst'), such as changes in temperature, nutrients, etc. Some cysts, such as
769:
Spero, H.J.; Moree, M.D. (1981). "Phagotrophic feeding and its importance to the life cycle of the holozoic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium fungiforme".
1393:
Louwye, S.; Mertens, K.N.; Vercauteren, D. (2008). "New dinoflagellate cysts species from the Miocene of Porcupine Basin, off Southwest Ireland".
616:
Evitt, W.R. and Davidson, S.E. 1964. Dinoflagellate studies. 1. Dinoflagellate cysts and thecae. Stanford university publications X (1), pp. 3â12.
2664:
Ratmeyer, V. (eds.) The South Atlantic in the Late Quaternary: reconstruction of material budgets and current systems. Springer, Berlin: 121-142.
5721:
5194:
Rochon, A; Lewis, J; Ellegaard; Harding, IC (2009). "The Gonyaulax spinifera (Dinophyceae) "complex" : perpetuating the paradox ?".
6005:
5818:
5320:
MacRae, R.A.; Fensome, R.A.; Williams, G.L. (1996). "Fossil dinoflagellate diversity, originations, and extinctions and their significance".
4711:
Edwards, L.E.; Mudie, P.J.; de Vernal, A. (1991). "Pliocene paleoclimatic reconstruction using dinoflagellate cysts: comparison of methods".
591:
4258:
Guiot, J.; DE Vernal, A. (2011). "Is spatial autocorrelation introducing biases in the apparent accuracy of paleoclimatic reconstructions".
2953:
Solignac, S.; GrĂžsfjeld, K.; Giraudeau, J.; de Vernal, A. (2009). "Distribution of recent dinocyst assemblages in the western Barents Sea".
942:
Bolch, C.J.S. (1997). "The use of polytungstate for the separation and concentration of living dinoflagellate cysts from marine sediments".
2011:
Chapman, D. V.; Dodge, J. D.; Heaney, S. I. (1982). "Cyst Formation in the Freshwater Dinoflagellaie Ceratium Hirundinella (Dinophyceae)".
89:
3045:
Comeau, A. M.; Philippe, B.; Thaler, M.; Gosselin, M.; Poulin, M.; Lovejoy, C. (2013). "Protists in Arctic Drift and Land-Fast Sea Ice".
1812:
Head, M.J. (1994). "Morphology and paleoenvironmental significance of the Cenozoic dinoflagellate genera Tectatodinium and Habibacysta".
1735:
Dale, B (1977). "New observations on Peridinium faeroense Paulsen (1905), and classification of small orthoperidinioid dinoflagellates".
3536:"Reconstructing marine productivity of the Cariaco Basin during marine isotope stage 3 and 4 using organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts"
3166:"Spatial distribution of modern dinoflagellate cysts in polluted estuarine sediments from Buzzards Bay (Massachusetts, USA) embayments"
304:
Cysts can be transported via ocean-currents, which can distort ecological signals. This has been documented for the warm water species
4042:
1699:
5958:
1983. Introduction. In: Survival strategies of the algae (Ed. by A. Fryxell), pp. 1â22, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
5560:
4946:"Morphological development of resting cysts in cultures of the marine dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum (= L. machaerophorum)"
2427:
Nehring, S (1994). "Spatial distribution of dinoflagellate resting cysts in Recent sediments of Kiel Bight, Germany (Baltic Sea)".
1010:
Bolch, C.J.S. (2001). "PCR protocols for genetic identification of dinoflagellates directly from single cysts and plankton cells".
4409:"Three-hundred-year hydrological changes in a subtropical estuary, Rookery Bay (Florida): Human impact versus natural variability"
1299:
Moestrup, Ă.; Lindberg, K.; Daugbjerg, N. (2009). "Studies on woloszynskioid dinoflagellates IV: The genus Biecheleria gen. nov".
6062:
211:
84:. Though summaries of Ehrenberg's work appeared earlier, it was not published in full until 1837 or 1838; the date is uncertain.
971:"Separation and concentration of living dinoflagellate resting cysts from marine sediments via density-gradient centrifugation;"
7251:
192:
43:
4641:
Head, M.J. and Westphal, H. 1999. Palynology and paleoenvironments of a Pliocene carbonate platform: the Clino Core, Bahamas"
196:
100:
Ontologically, the term cyst can apply to (1) a temporary resting state (pellicle, temporary or ecdysal cyst), (2) a dormant
47:
5107:
Pacific and Baltic-Skagerrak region: calibration as annual density proxy and first evidence of pseudo-cryptic speciation".
160:
Quaternary dinocysts are typically between 15 and 100 ÎŒm in diameter. One of the smallest recent cysts is the cyst of
4529:"Last Interglacial (MIS 5e) surface water conditions at the VĂžring Plateau (Norwegian Sea), based on dinoflagellate cysts"
67:
1217:
Harland, R (1982). "A review of Recent and Quaternary organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts of the genus Protoperidinium".
427:
6055:
501:
is now considered probably an arthropod remain. Another enigmatic form with possible early dinoflagellate affinity is
4862:"A 1600 year multiproxy record of paleoclimatic change from varved sediments in Lake Xiaolongwan, northeastern China"
1968:
Kennaway, Gay; Lewis, Jane (2004). "An ultrastructural study of hypnozygotes of Alexandrium species (Dinophyceae)".
2249:
Binder, B. J.; Anderson, D. M. (1986). "Green light-mediated photomorphogenesis in a dinoflagellate resting cyst".
5775:
1473:
1379:
6764:
6000:
5346:
Moldowan, J.M. and Talyzina, N.M., Biogeochemical evidence for dinoflagellate ancestors in the Early Cambrian.
5605:"A review of the laboratory preparation of palynomorphs with a description of an effective non-acid technique"
5360:
Sarjeant, W.A.S. (1978). "Arpylorus antiquus Calandra emend., a dinoflagellate cyst from the upper Silurian".
4336:
Dale, B (2009). "Eutrophication signals in the sedimentary record of dinoflagellate cysts in coastal waters".
1540:"Echinidinium zonneveldiae sp. nov., a new dinoflagellate cyst from the Late Pleistocene of the Baltic region"
5461:
Powell, A. J. (ed.), 1992: A Stratigraphic Index of Dinoflagellate Cysts. London: Chapman & Hall, 300 pp.
533:
methods, which can be highly variable between different palynological laboratories, and often involve use of
7004:
5975:
431:
from culture experiments, and study of surface sediments. Also variations in the morphology of the species
7201:
7140:
7079:
6793:
6032:
4293:
Dale, B (2001). "Marine dinoflagellate cysts as indicators of eutrophication and pollution:a discussion".
5259:"Holocene salinity changes in the southwestern black sea: a reconstruction based on dinoflagellate cysts"
1771:
DE, VERTEUIL L.; Norris, G. (1996). "Part 2. Homology and structure in dinoflagellate cyst terminology".
470:
Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts have a long geological record with lowest occurrences during the mid
7161:
7152:
3303:
291:
sp. in Canadian sea-ice for the first time. Other species are thermophilic, such as the "living fossil"
58:
6013:
5028:
F.; van der Meer, M.; Vink, A.; Zonneveld, K.; Vercauteren, D.; Vlassenbroeck, J.; Louwye, S. (2009a).
2161:"Phytoplankton growth after a century of dormancy illuminates past resilience to catastrophic darkness"
7145:
5922:
5736:
5652:
5575:
5561:"Early and Middle Miocene dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy of the central Paratethys, central Europe"
5525:
5434:
5369:
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5041:
4992:
4957:
4910:
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4826:
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4420:
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4302:
4267:
4211:
4165:
4112:
4068:
3998:
3963:
3927:
3884:
3849:
3805:
3770:
3735:
3682:
3643:
3600:
3547:
3508:
3473:
3368:
3332:
3253:
3214:
3177:
3105:
3054:
2986:
2927:
2856:
2820:
2785:
2733:
2684:
2630:
2581:
2546:
2510:
2463:
2399:
2342:
2307:
2258:
2172:
2117:
2020:
1977:
1942:
1821:
1656:
1616:
1581:
1504:
1461:
1265:
1157:
1062:
1019:
982:
916:
841:
778:
735:
683:
635:
338:
of marine organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts has been extensively studied, more particularly in the
129:
3396:"Seasonal change of dinoflagellates cyst flux collected in a sediment trap in Omura Bay, West Japan"
7256:
7089:
5637:
551:
494:
111:
Digestive cyst or digestion cysts denote pellicle cysts formed after feeding by phagocytosis as in
366:
A quantitative method is the use of transfer functions, although these have been heavily debated.
6170:
5938:
5779:
5668:
5541:
5498:
5289:
5176:
5132:
5088:
4926:
4842:
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4594:
4509:
4227:
4084:
3821:
3708:
3616:
3573:
3445:
3078:
2900:
2368:
2274:
2141:
2071:
2036:
1993:
1837:
1709:
1632:
1520:
1477:
1316:
1281:
1173:
1117:
1078:
1035:
892:
857:
794:
751:
699:
651:
5819:"The absolute abundance calibration project: the Lycopodium marker-grain method put to the test"
2218:"Long-term survival of marine planktonic diatoms and dinoflagellates in stored sediment samples"
1855:
Reid, P.C.; Boalch, G.T. (1987). "A new method for the identification of dinoflagellate cysts".
164:, which can be as small as 19 ÎŒm in length. One of the largest recent cysts is the cyst of
5423:"Dinoflagellate phylogeny revisited: Reconciling morphological and molecular based phylogenies"
4407:
Donders, T.H.; Gorissen, P.M.; Sangiorgi, F.; Cremer, H.; Wagner-Cremer, F.; McGee, V. (2008).
222:
There have been very few ultrastructural studies of marine cysts with TEM, except for early on
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2198:
2133:
1695:
587:
581:
538:
534:
343:
6738:
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sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new motile form of a round, brown, and spiny dinoflagellate cyst".
7109:
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6852:
6811:
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6583:
6509:
5930:
5887:
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4428:
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4353:
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4219:
4181:
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4006:
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3935:
3892:
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3813:
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3002:
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2892:
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2828:
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2638:
2589:
2554:
2518:
2471:
2436:
2407:
2358:
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2315:
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2229:
2188:
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2125:
2063:
2028:
1985:
1950:
1864:
1829:
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1664:
1624:
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1551:
1512:
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1402:
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1165:
1109:
1070:
1027:
990:
951:
924:
884:
849:
786:
743:
691:
674:
Wall, D.; Dale, B. (1968). "Modern dinoflagellate cysts and evolution of the Peridiniales".
643:
2974:
1793:
Jux, U (1968). "Ăber den feinbau der wandung bei Hystrichosphaera bentori Rossignol 1961".
6885:
6117:
6017:
2159:
Ribeiro, S.; Berge, T.; Lundholm, N.; Andersen, T.J.; Abrantes, F.; Ellegaard, M. (2011).
1721:
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35:
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4582:
4497:
4462:
4424:
4349:
4306:
4271:
4215:
4169:
4151:"Constraints on the magnitude and patterns of ocean cooling at the Last Glacial Maximum"
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3109:
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2634:
2585:
2550:
2514:
2467:
2403:
2346:
2311:
2262:
2176:
2121:
2024:
1981:
1946:
1825:
1660:
1620:
1585:
1508:
1465:
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1066:
1023:
986:
920:
845:
782:
739:
687:
639:
7069:
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6463:
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6268:
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6047:
5934:
4945:
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2160:
2032:
790:
374:
298:
5258:
4314:
3939:
3896:
2642:
2522:
2475:
2354:
1954:
1691:
176:
The walls of organic-walled dinocysts are composed of the resistant biopolymer called
119:
flagella and becomes enveloped in multilayered mucilage wherein division takes place.
7245:
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6848:
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6247:
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5955:
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4732:
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Price, A.M.; Mertens, K.N.M.; Pospelova, V.; Pedersen, T.F.; Ganeshram, R.S. (2013).
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2774:"New organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts from recent sediments of Central Asian seas"
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353:
335:
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2904:
2145:
2040:
1997:
1636:
1524:
1320:
1285:
1177:
1121:
1082:
1039:
896:
798:
17:
7186:
7156:
7016:
6667:
6519:
6514:
6416:
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6078:
5864:
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5706:
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CHU, G; SUN, Q.; Wang, X.; LI, D.; Rioual, P.; Qiang, L.; HAN, J.; LIU, J. (2009).
4803:
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2832:
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2745:
2696:
2440:
2388:"Dinoflagellate resting cysts as factors in phytoplankton ecology of the North Sea"
2278:
2075:
1668:
1593:
928:
861:
655:
349:
5891:
5381:
4969:
2593:
1989:
1031:
955:
4767:
4470:
4357:
3861:
2558:
888:
7216:
7191:
7179:
6994:
6948:
6749:
6716:
6696:
6617:
6530:
6401:
6369:
6307:
6297:
6232:
6207:
6155:
6138:
3133:"Modern dinoflagellate cysts in hypertrophic coastal waters of Tokyo Bay, Japan"
498:
149:
5878:
Wall, D (1971). "Biological problems concerning fossilizable dinoflagellates".
3670:
3535:
1406:
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7174:
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6574:
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6211:
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5537:
5447:
5422:
5285:
4922:
4838:
4676:
4505:
3226:
2234:
2217:
1748:
1516:
1277:
995:
970:
583:
MARGO: Multiproxy Approach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean Surface
513:(1999) consider its dinoflagellate affinity (and also supposed age) unlikely.
506:
381:
370:
357:
339:
177:
145:
80:
39:
5797:
Stockmarr, J (1971). "Tablets with spores used in absolute pollen analysis".
4545:
4528:
1868:
7211:
7084:
7074:
6938:
6920:
6895:
6864:
6825:
6677:
6657:
6643:
6622:
6550:
6447:
6430:
6333:
6312:
6258:
6221:
6150:
6129:
5029:
4244:
Telford, R.J., 2006. Limitations of dinoflagellate cyst transfer functions.
3412:
3395:
3149:
3132:
2773:
482:
479:
400:
5905:
Anderson, D.M.; Wall, D. (1978). "Potential importance of benthic cysts of
5494:
4393:
4322:
3904:
3703:
3074:
3007:
2975:"Atlas of modern dinoflagellate cyst distribution based on 2405 datapoints"
2896:
2650:
2202:
2137:
626:
Wall, D.; Dale, B. (1966). "Living" fossils in western Atlantic plankton".
106:
Cystodinium, Stylodinium, Hypnodinium, Tetradinium, Dinococcus, Gloeodinium
5638:"An effective palynological preparation procedure using hydrogen peroxide"
5621:
5604:
3568:
1200:
American Museum of Natural History, Micropaleontology, Special Publication
458:, in a semi-quantitative or quantitative way. Process length variation of
7104:
7099:
7011:
6976:
6905:
6890:
6880:
6759:
6682:
6633:
6597:
6564:
6390:
6287:
6242:
6122:
6102:
5421:
Fensome, Robert A.; Saldarriaga, Juan F.; Taylor, "Max" F. J. R. (1999).
4886:
4861:
4433:
4408:
3559:
3520:
2054:
Stosch, H.A. VON (1965). "SexualitÀt bei Ceratium cornutum (Dinophyta)".
518:
490:
475:
471:
455:
435:
can be related to salinity and/or temperature. Also cysts of the species
404:
346:
through variations in productivity, temperature, salinity and ice cover.
141:
5588:
5394:
LeHerissé, A., Masure, E., Al Ruwaili, M., Massa, D., 2000. Revision of
1556:
1539:
1143:
1141:
7040:
7021:
6540:
6494:
6133:
6086:
6042:
3694:
3266:
3241:
3190:
3165:
2412:
2387:
2184:
2067:
1841:
755:
703:
396:
392:
373:
application is for environmental goals, more particularly the study of
137:
133:
71:
5980:
4186:
3066:
2363:
1684:
Organic-Walled Dinoflagellate Cysts: Tracers of Sea-Surface Conditions
853:
647:
6943:
6801:
6504:
6380:
6160:
6112:
5128:
3117:
2270:
454:
The morphological variation can be applied for the reconstruction of
385:
101:
75:
5333:
4590:
4223:
4177:
4080:
3817:
1833:
1169:
747:
695:
352:, a fossil species of dinoflagellate cyst, is used to demarcate the
5995:
5722:"A direct comparison of three palynological preparation techniques"
832:
Wall, D.; Dale, B. (1966). "Living fossils" in Atlantic plankton".
74:(freshwater conjugating algae), placing them within his own Recent
6915:
6483:
6145:
315:
Another problem with cysts is that they also get transported with
57:
6037:
6022:
5990:
3164:
Pospelova, V.; Chmura, G.L.; Boothman, W.; Latimer, J.S. (2005).
5985:
6051:
4033:
Beaudoin, Alwynne Bowyer; Head, M. J.; Head, Martin J. (2004).
1096:
Kawami, H.; Van Wezel, R.; Koeman, R.P.; Matsuoka, K. (2009). "
253:
Some freshwater cysts have been investigated with TEM, such as
5996:
Dinoflaj2 Rob Fensome's and Graham Williams' Database on cysts
5970:
474:, whilst geochemical markers suggest a presence to the Early
6010:
5257:
Verleye, T.J.; Mertens, K.N.; Louwye, S.; Arz, H.W. (2009).
3534:
GonzĂĄlez, C.; Dupont, L.M.; Mertens, K.; Wefer, G. (2008b).
34:
are typically 15 to 100 ÎŒm in diameter and produced by
5776:
10.1666/0022-3360(2006)080[0001:tcotcd]2.0.co;2
1474:
10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0625:ndcais>2.0.co;2
1380:
10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0001:nsodca>2.0.co;2
462:
has been used to reconstruct Black Sea salinity variation.
451:) do not show a clear relation to variations in salinity.
2772:
Marret, F.; Leroy, S.A.G.; ChaliĂ, F.; Gasse, F. (2004).
466:
Biostratigraphy and evolution of organic-walled dinocysts
342:. Changes in Quaternary dinocyst assemblages reflect the
66:
The first person to recognize fossil dinoflagellates was
3131:
Matsuoka, K; Joyce, LB; Kotani, Y; Matsuyama, Y (2003).
2216:
Lewis, Jane; Harris, A.; Jones, K.; Edmonds, R. (1999).
580:
Kucera, M.; Schneider, R.; Weinelt, M. (10 April 2006).
529:
Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts are extracted using
5688:"The use of pre-treatments in palynological processing"
5559:
Jiménez-Moreno, G.; Head, M.J.; Harzhauser, M. (2006).
287:
presence of such cold-water indicator, a life-stage of
969:
Schwinghamer, P.; Anderson, D.M.; Kulis, D.M. (1991).
439:
shows morphological variations in culture, as well as
326:
studies, which help to understand ecological signals.
5636:
Riding, J.B.; Kyffin-Hughes, J.E.; Owens, B. (2007).
5065:
5063:
1236:
Schilling, A.J. (1891). "Die SĂŒsswasser-Peridineen".
521:
has been recently investigated and also the Miocene.
6001:
Yasuo Fukuyo's site on motile stages and their cysts
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
493:
of North Africa, was at one time considered to be a
319:, which can cause introduction of invasive species.
295:
currently found in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool only.
278:
Distribution and ecology of organic-walled dinocysts
191:
In addition to organic-walled cysts, there are also
7126:
7060:
6985:
6962:
6929:
6862:
6736:
6729:
6704:
6695:
6665:
6656:
6631:
6605:
6596:
6572:
6563:
6528:
6492:
6461:
6438:
6429:
6399:
6378:
6360:
6351:
6321:
6295:
6286:
6256:
6230:
6195:
6186:
6179:
6093:
5986:
The Micropalaeontological Society, Palynology group
4035:
The Palynology and Micropalaeontology of Boundaries
418:
Morphological variation of organic-walled dinocysts
380:An interval of particular interest during the late
5976:L'Association des Palynologues de Langue Française
168:, which can be as large as 100 ÎŒm in length.
4748:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4103:(LGM) based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages".
3842:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3308:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2539:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6033:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology (Journal)
301:can also be reflected in dinocyst assemblages.
669:
667:
665:
485:possibly are related to dinoflagellate cysts.
6063:
5407:Vozzhennikova, T.F., Shegeshova, L.I., 1989.
8:
5913:in initiating toxic dinoflagellate blooms".
180:. This organic compound has similarities to
3954:based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages".
1880:
1878:
395:, dinocysts have shown to be useful in the
322:Seasonality and fluxes are studied through
6733:
6701:
6662:
6602:
6569:
6435:
6357:
6292:
6192:
6183:
6070:
6056:
6048:
5991:Quaternary Dinoflagellate Cyst Association
5720:Riding, J.B.; Kyffin-Hughes, J.E. (2011).
5686:Riding, J.B.; Kyffin-Hughes, J.E. (2009).
5603:Riding, J.B.; Kyffin-Hughes, J.E. (2004).
5620:
5587:
5446:
4885:
4544:
4527:Van Nieuwenhove, N.; Bauch, H.A. (2008).
4432:
4185:
3702:
3567:
3411:
3265:
3189:
3148:
3006:
2411:
2362:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2233:
2192:
1555:
994:
330:Palaeoecology of organic-walled dinocysts
1238:Flora Oder Allgemeine Botanische Zeitung
228:Hystrichosphaeridium, Impletosphaeridium
6038:Journal of Micropalaeontology (Journal)
572:
443:. Cyst formed by other species such as
4944:Kokinos, J.P.; Anderson, D.M. (1995).
3301:
1788:
1786:
1717:
1707:
5981:Canadian Association of Palynologists
5853:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
5826:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
5729:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
5695:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
5232:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
5196:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
4985:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
4784:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
3877:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
3728:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
2979:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
2778:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
2623:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
2503:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
2335:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
505:, which was found in the Devonian of
360:and the extinction of the dinosaurs.
7:
5307:dinoflagellate cyst process length.
4413:Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
90:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
5609:Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia
4627:of the Messinian Salinity Crisis".
1497:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
62:Dinocyst drawn by Ehrenberg in 1837
6028:Marine Micropaleontology (Journal)
5935:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1978.tb02452.x
3296:10.1111/j.1440-1835.2005.tb00362.x
2033:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1982.tb03165.x
1682:De Vernal, A.; Marret, F. (2007).
791:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1981.tb00817.x
25:
5971:AASP â THE PALYNOLOGICAL SOCIETY
1686:. Vol. 1. pp. 371â408.
5173:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01062.x
5085:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2010.00193.x
3613:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00095.x
3442:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2009.00799.x
3394:Fujii, R.; Matsuoka, K. (2005).
2392:HelgolÀnder Meeresuntersuchungen
2130:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04165.x
1629:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01206.x
1313:10.1111/j.1440-1835.2009.00540.x
1114:10.1111/j.1440-1835.2009.00545.x
1075:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00177.x
212:Transmission electron microscopy
4866:Journal of Geophysical Research
4386:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.10.012
4280:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.04.022
4125:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.06.014
3976:10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.06.014
3783:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.09.024
3656:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.009
403:. Also the paleoclimate of the
193:calcareous dinoflagellate cysts
44:calcareous dinoflagellate cysts
6817:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
5865:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.06.012
5838:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2009.05.004
5749:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2011.07.008
5707:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2009.09.009
5244:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.09.001
5216:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2008.12.017
5054:10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.10.004
5005:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2003.12.004
4804:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2011.04.008
4011:10.1016/j.marmicro.2009.12.001
3748:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2009.07.004
3486:10.1016/j.marmicro.2013.03.007
3381:10.1016/j.marmicro.2010.02.003
3345:10.1016/j.marmicro.2011.03.003
3246:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3170:Marine Ecology Progress Series
2999:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2012.08.003
2940:10.1016/j.marmicro.2010.06.003
2869:10.1016/j.marmicro.2008.01.008
2833:10.1016/j.marmicro.2006.09.002
2798:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2003.10.002
2746:10.1016/j.marmicro.2007.04.001
2697:10.1016/j.marmicro.2009.02.001
2441:10.1080/00785326.1994.10429540
1669:10.1016/j.marmicro.2012.08.002
1594:10.1016/j.marmicro.2010.10.001
929:10.1016/j.marmicro.2012.08.002
274:, require light to germinate.
197:siliceous dinoflagellate cysts
48:siliceous dinoflagellate cysts
1:
6787:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
5892:10.1080/00721395.1971.9989704
5568:Journal of Micropalaeontology
5382:10.1080/01916122.1978.9989171
5109:Journal of Quaternary Science
4970:10.1080/01916122.1995.9989457
4571:Journal of Quaternary Science
4315:10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00719-1
4204:Journal of Quaternary Science
4061:Journal of Quaternary Science
3940:10.1016/s0377-8398(01)00006-8
3897:10.1016/s0034-6667(99)00045-7
3798:Journal of Quaternary Science
3033:Journal of Quaternary Science
2643:10.1016/s0034-6667(00)00046-4
2594:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2007.11.003
2523:10.1016/s0034-6667(03)00111-8
2476:10.1016/s0377-8398(02)00095-6
2355:10.1016/s0034-6667(03)00114-3
1990:10.2216/i0031-8884-43-4-355.1
1955:10.1016/s0146-6380(97)00134-4
1795:Palaeontographica Abteilung B
1692:10.1016/S1572-5480(07)01014-7
1544:Journal of Micropalaeontology
1258:European Journal of Phycology
1098:Protoperidinium tricingulatum
1032:10.2216/i0031-8884-40-2-162.1
956:10.2216/i0031-8884-36-6-472.1
68:Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
4768:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.04.020
4733:10.1016/0277-3791(91)90024-o
4471:10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.027
4358:10.1016/j.seares.2008.06.007
3862:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.10.012
3400:Journal of Plankton Research
3298:(inactive 3 September 2024).
3137:Journal of Plankton Research
2955:Norwegian Journal of Geology
2885:Caribbean Journal of Science
2609:PalÀontologische Zeitschrift
2559:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.006
2320:10.1016/0377-8398(77)90008-1
2222:Journal of Plankton Research
1857:Journal of Plankton Research
889:10.1515/botm.1997.40.1-6.149
460:Lingulodinium machaerophorum
433:Operculodinium centrocarpum
428:Lingulodinium machaerophorum
244:Lingulodinium machaerophorum
232:Lingulodinium machaerophorum
6043:Micropaleontology (Journal)
356:, which marks the terminal
236:Operculodinium centrocarpum
7273:
5309:Quaternary Science Reviews
4260:Quaternary Science Reviews
4246:Quaternary Science Reviews
4105:Quaternary Science Reviews
3956:Quaternary Science Reviews
3763:Quaternary Science Reviews
3636:Quaternary Science Reviews
3207:Continental Shelf Research
1407:10.2113/gspalynol.32.1.131
975:Limnology and Oceanography
449:Tuberculodinium vancampoae
306:Operculodinium israelianum
240:Bitectatodinium tepikiense
166:Protoperidinium latissimum
5665:10.2113/gspalynol.31.1.19
5538:10.1017/s0016756804009136
5448:10.1080/00173139908559216
5286:10.2113/gspalynol.33.1.77
4923:10.1007/s10933-006-9001-1
4903:Journal of Paleolimnology
4839:10.1007/s10933-007-9106-1
4819:Journal of Paleolimnology
4677:10.1017/s0016756808005438
4506:10.1017/s0016756807003780
4374:Marine Pollution Bulletin
3227:10.1016/j.csr.2010.09.002
2574:Journal of Marine Systems
1915:Palaeontographica, Abt. B
1896:Palaeontographica, Abt. B
1749:10.1080/00071617700650261
1517:10.1017/s1477201907002167
1278:10.1080/09670260802588442
996:10.4319/lo.1991.36.3.0588
6108:Mastigophora/Flagellates
6023:Dino9 meeting, Liverpool
5034:Marine Micropaleontology
4546:10.3402/polar.v27i2.6175
4451:Quaternary International
3920:Marine Micropaleontology
3466:Marine Micropaleontology
3361:Marine Micropaleontology
3325:Marine Micropaleontology
3240:Hallegraeff, GM (1998).
3035:, 16(7): 621â636, 3 pls.
2920:Marine Micropaleontology
2849:Marine Micropaleontology
2813:Marine Micropaleontology
2726:Marine Micropaleontology
2711:Marine Micropaleontology
2677:Marine Micropaleontology
2490:Marine Micropaleontology
2456:Marine Micropaleontology
2300:Marine Micropaleontology
1653:Marine Micropaleontology
1574:Marine Micropaleontology
1345:AASP Contribution Series
913:Marine Micropaleontology
503:Palaeodinophysis altaica
293:Dapsilidinium pastielsii
242:and more recent work on
224:Hystrichosphaea bentorii
7146:Baas-Becking hypothesis
6016:15 October 2008 at the
6011:Dino8 meeting, Montreal
5764:Journal of Paleontology
4643:Journal of Paleontology
4338:Journal of Sea Research
2235:10.1093/plankt/21.2.343
2056:Die Naturwissenschaften
1454:Journal of Paleontology
1440:Journal of Paleontology
1368:Journal of Paleontology
310:Polysphaeridium zoharyi
162:Pentapharsodinium dalei
108:), are coccoid stages.
7252:Dinoflagellate biology
7141:Microbial biogeography
5495:10.29041/strat.05.2.02
2897:10.18475/cjos.v43i1.a4
1869:10.1093/plankt/9.1.249
1442:74(5): 812â827, 6 pls.
272:Scrippsiella acuminata
261:Relation to life cycle
63:
6161:Fungus-like organisms
5622:10.4072/rbp.2004.1.02
3413:10.1093/plankt/fbi106
3284:Phycological Research
3150:10.1093/plankt/fbg111
2165:Nature Communications
1301:Phycological Research
1102:Phycological Research
543:Alexandrium tamarense
525:Palynological methods
399:and particularly the
255:Ceratium hirundinella
113:Katodinium fungiforme
61:
6876:Simple cell membrane
6812:Pseudoparenchymatous
6800:Filamentous/trichal/
6784:Colonial flagellated
6717:Collar of microvilli
5915:Journal of Phycology
5907:Gonyaulax tamarensis
5153:Journal of Phycology
4887:10.1029/2009JD012077
4434:10.1029/2008GC001980
4248:25 : 1375-1382.
3560:10.1029/2008PA001602
3521:10.1029/2005PA001251
3430:Journal of Phycology
3047:Journal of Phycology
2013:Journal of Phycology
1935:Organic Geochemistry
1609:Journal of Phycology
1055:Journal of Phycology
771:Journal of Phycology
559:Biological functions
547:Scrippsiella trifida
130:sodium polytungstate
32:dinoflagellate cysts
18:Dinoflagellate cysts
7090:Contractile vacuole
7041:Meiosis in protists
7022:Mitosis in protists
7000:Multinucleate cells
6222:Flagellar apparatus
6171:Ambiregnal protists
6113:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
5927:1978JPcgy..14..224A
5741:2011RPaPa.167..212R
5657:2007Paly...31...19R
5589:10.1144/jm.25.2.113
5580:2006JMicP..25..113J
5530:2004GeoM..141..353L
5518:Geological Magazine
5439:1999Grana..38...66F
5374:1978Paly....2..167S
5278:2009Paly...33...77V
5208:2009RPaPa.155...52R
5165:2002JPcgy..38..775E
5121:2012JQS....27..734M
5046:2009MarMP..70...54M
4997:2004RPaPa.130..105H
4962:1995Paly...19..143K
4915:2006JPall..36..315T
4878:2009JGRD..11422108C
4831:2008JPall..39..319C
4796:2011RPaPa.166...46M
4760:2011PPP...309...17D
4725:1991QSRv...10..259E
4669:2009GeoM..146...92D
4657:Geological Magazine
4645:73(1): 1â25, 8 pls.
4614:Geological Magazine
4583:2001JQS....16..727M
4498:2007GeoM..144..987H
4486:Geological Magazine
4463:2005QuInt.130....3H
4425:2008GGG.....9.7V06D
4350:2009JSR....61..103D
4307:2001ScTEn.264..235D
4272:2011QSRv...30.1965G
4216:2002JQS....17..349E
4170:2009NatGe...2..127M
4117:2005QSRv...24..897D
4073:2001JQS....16..681D
4003:2010MarMP..74...59B
3991:Mar. Micropaleontol
3968:2005QSRv...24..897D
3932:2001MarMP..43..155M
3889:2000RPaPa.109...65E
3854:2006PPP...234..304S
3810:2001JQS....16..711K
3775:2011QSRv...30.3880C
3740:2009RPaPa.158...52L
3687:2013PalOc..28..200P
3648:2010QSRv...29.1025V
3605:2009Borea..38..647M
3552:2008PalOc..23.3215G
3513:2006PalOc..21.2010P
3478:2013MarMP.100...34B
3373:2010MarMP..75...17P
3337:2011MarMP..80...18P
3258:1998MEPS..168..297H
3219:2010CSR....30.1924K
3182:2005MEPS..292...23P
3110:2014Geo....42..531M
3059:2013JPcgy..49..229C
2991:2013RPaPa.191....1Z
2932:2010MarMP..76..104L
2861:2008MarMP..68...21P
2825:2007MarMP..62..269R
2790:2004RPaPa.129....1M
2738:2007MarMP..64...91H
2689:2009MarMP..71..113B
2635:2000RPaPa.112..247V
2586:2008JMS....74..825R
2551:2010PPP...298..319V
2515:2004RPaPa.128...35M
2468:2003MarMP..47..101M
2404:1995HM.....49..375N
2386:Nehring, S (1995).
2347:2004RPaPa.128...97S
2312:1977MarMP...2..121W
2263:1986Natur.322..659B
2177:2011NatCo...2..311R
2122:2009MolEc..18.2122A
2025:1982JPcgy..18..121C
1982:2004Phyco..43..355K
1947:1998OrGeo..28..265K
1826:1994MiPal..40..289H
1661:2012MarMP..96...48M
1621:2002JPcgy..38..593P
1586:2011MarMP..78...65V
1557:10.1144/jm.21.2.169
1538:Head, M.J. (2002).
1509:2008JSPal...6..101D
1466:2004JPal...78..625D
1270:2009EJPhy..44..241T
1162:2012Phyco..51..612M
1067:2006JPcgy..42..251T
1024:2001Phyco..40..162B
987:1991LimOc..36..588S
921:2012MarMP..96...48M
846:1966Natur.211.1025W
840:(5053): 1025â1026.
783:1981JPcgy..17...43S
740:1987MiPal..33....1S
688:1968MiPal..14..265W
640:1966Natur.211.1025W
634:(5053): 1025â1026.
552:Lycopodium clavatum
495:dinoflagellate cyst
441:Gonyaulax spinifera
218:Cyst ultrastructure
203:Morphological terms
184:, but is unique to
148:, which covers the
136:, which covers the
6921:Periplast/pellicle
6644:Periplast/pellicle
6584:Cruciform division
5880:Geoscience and Man
5396:Arpylorus antiquus
4295:Sci. Total Environ
3695:10.1002/palo.20019
3267:10.3354/meps168297
3191:10.3354/meps292023
2713:63 (3/4): 185-212.
2413:10.1007/bf02368363
2185:10.1038/ncomms1314
2068:10.1007/bf00626331
509:, however Fensome
445:Pyrophacus steinii
437:Gonyaulax baltica
64:
7239:
7238:
7136:Microbial ecology
7122:
7121:
7118:
7117:
7095:Eyespot apparatus
6725:
6724:
6707:Choanoflagellates
6691:
6690:
6652:
6651:
6592:
6591:
6559:
6558:
6425:
6424:
6347:
6346:
6282:
6281:
5328:(11): 1687â1694.
4266:(15): 1965â1972.
4158:Nature Geoscience
3769:(27): 3880â3891.
3213:(18): 1924â1940.
3143:(12): 1461â1470.
3067:10.1111/jpy.12026
2257:(6080): 659â661.
2116:(10): 2122â2133.
2110:Molecular Ecology
1814:Micropaleontology
1773:Micropaleontology
854:10.1038/2111025a0
728:Micropaleontology
676:Micropaleontology
648:10.1038/2111025a0
593:978-0-08-044702-5
539:hydrofluoric acid
535:hydrochloric acid
344:palaeoceanography
42:. There are also
16:(Redirected from
7264:
7110:Mastigont system
7063:
6988:
6965:
6954:Gliding motility
6932:
6869:
6814:/plektenchymatic
6770:Amoeboflagellate
6743:
6734:
6710:
6702:
6671:
6663:
6637:
6611:
6603:
6577:
6570:
6534:
6498:
6467:
6441:
6436:
6405:
6384:
6363:
6358:
6327:
6301:
6293:
6262:
6236:
6200:
6193:
6184:
6072:
6065:
6058:
6049:
5959:
5953:
5947:
5946:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5832:(3â4): 238â252.
5823:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5799:Pollen et Spores
5794:
5788:
5787:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5735:(3â4): 212â221.
5726:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5701:(3â4): 281â290.
5692:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5642:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5565:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5478:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5418:
5412:
5409:Palaeodinophysis
5405:
5399:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5357:
5351:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5317:
5311:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5263:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5226:
5220:
5219:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5129:10.1002/jqs.2564
5103:
5097:
5096:
5067:
5058:
5057:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5009:
5008:
4991:(1â4): 105â119.
4980:
4974:
4973:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4898:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4708:
4702:
4699:Paleoceanography
4695:
4689:
4688:
4652:
4646:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4623:
4617:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4290:
4284:
4283:
4255:
4249:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4155:
4145:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4111:(7â9): 897â924.
4099:
4093:
4092:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4015:
4014:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3962:(7â9): 897â924.
3950:
3944:
3943:
3926:(1â2): 155â178.
3915:
3909:
3908:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3848:(2â4): 304â327.
3836:
3830:
3829:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3706:
3675:Paleoceanography
3666:
3660:
3659:
3642:(7): 1025â1039.
3631:
3625:
3624:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3540:Paleoceanography
3531:
3525:
3524:
3501:Paleoceanography
3496:
3490:
3489:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3299:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3118:10.1130/G35456.1
3093:
3087:
3086:
3042:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2926:(3â4): 104â123.
2915:
2909:
2908:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2769:
2763:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2720:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2683:(3â4): 113â130.
2671:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2618:
2612:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2545:(3â4): 319â340.
2533:
2527:
2526:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2462:(1â2): 101â116.
2451:
2445:
2444:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2398:(1â4): 375â392.
2383:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2294:
2283:
2282:
2271:10.1038/322659a0
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2196:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1790:
1781:
1780:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1705:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1655:. 96â97: 48â62.
1647:
1641:
1640:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1195:
1182:
1181:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
966:
960:
959:
939:
933:
932:
915:. 96â97: 48â62.
907:
901:
900:
883:(1â6): 149â177.
872:
866:
865:
829:
823:
819:
813:
809:
803:
802:
766:
760:
759:
723:
717:
714:
708:
707:
671:
660:
659:
623:
617:
614:
608:
604:
598:
597:
577:
447:(cyst is called
391:Also during the
92:in the sixties.
21:
7272:
7271:
7267:
7266:
7265:
7263:
7262:
7261:
7242:
7241:
7240:
7235:
7128:
7114:
7061:
7056:
6986:
6981:
6963:
6958:
6930:
6925:
6866:
6863:
6858:
6740:
6737:
6721:
6705:
6687:
6666:
6648:
6632:
6627:
6606:
6588:
6573:
6555:
6529:
6524:
6493:
6488:
6464:Dinoflagellates
6462:
6457:
6439:
6421:
6400:
6395:
6379:
6374:
6361:
6343:
6322:
6317:
6296:
6278:
6257:
6252:
6231:
6226:
6196:
6175:
6096:classifications
6095:
6089:
6076:
6018:Wayback Machine
5967:
5962:
5954:
5950:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5810:
5796:
5795:
5791:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5690:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5640:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5563:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5456:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5406:
5402:
5393:
5389:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5350:281, 1168-1170.
5345:
5341:
5334:10.1139/b96-205
5319:
5318:
5314:
5305:
5301:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5069:
5068:
5061:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5012:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4900:
4899:
4895:
4872:(D22): D22108.
4859:
4858:
4854:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4780:
4779:
4775:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4696:
4692:
4654:
4653:
4649:
4640:
4636:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4606:
4591:10.1002/jqs.656
4568:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4492:(6): 987â1013.
4483:
4482:
4478:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4292:
4291:
4287:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4243:
4239:
4224:10.1002/jqs.676
4200:
4199:
4195:
4178:10.1038/NGEO411
4153:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4132:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4081:10.1002/jqs.659
4057:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4037:. p. 261.
4032:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4018:
3988:
3987:
3983:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3818:10.1002/jqs.649
3795:
3794:
3790:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3704:1854/LU-3131952
3668:
3667:
3663:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3300:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3016:
3008:1854/LU-3226112
2971:
2970:
2966:
2961:(1â2): 109â119.
2952:
2951:
2947:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2757:
2753:
2732:(1â2): 91â119.
2722:
2721:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2601:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2341:(1â2): 97â106.
2332:
2331:
2327:
2296:
2295:
2286:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1921:(5â6): 149â156.
1912:
1911:
1907:
1902:(5â6): 165â174.
1893:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1834:10.2307/1485937
1811:
1810:
1806:
1801:(1â6): 147â152.
1792:
1791:
1784:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1716:
1706:
1702:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1414:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1197:
1196:
1185:
1170:10.2216/11-89.1
1147:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1009:
1008:
1004:
968:
967:
963:
941:
940:
936:
909:
908:
904:
877:Botanica Marina
874:
873:
869:
831:
830:
826:
820:
816:
810:
806:
768:
767:
763:
748:10.2307/1485525
725:
724:
720:
715:
711:
696:10.2307/1484690
673:
672:
663:
625:
624:
620:
615:
611:
605:
601:
594:
579:
578:
574:
570:
561:
527:
468:
420:
332:
280:
263:
220:
205:
186:dinoflagellates
174:
158:
125:
98:
56:
36:dinoflagellates
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7270:
7268:
7260:
7259:
7254:
7244:
7243:
7237:
7236:
7234:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7214:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7164:
7150:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7132:
7130:
7124:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7066:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7052:
7049:
7046:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7019:
7014:
7009:
7008:
7007:
6997:
6991:
6989:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6968:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6935:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6872:
6870:
6860:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6838:Siphonocladous
6836:
6828:
6821:Multinucleated
6818:
6815:
6809:
6807:Parenchymatous
6804:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6746:
6744:
6731:
6727:
6726:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6713:
6711:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6680:
6674:
6672:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6646:
6640:
6638:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6620:
6614:
6612:
6608:Kinetoplastids
6600:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6580:
6578:
6567:
6561:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6537:
6535:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6501:
6499:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6470:
6468:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6455:
6450:
6444:
6442:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6414:
6408:
6406:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6387:
6385:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6372:
6366:
6364:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6304:
6302:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6274:Phycobilisomes
6271:
6269:Pit connection
6265:
6263:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6248:Phycobilisomes
6245:
6239:
6237:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6203:
6201:
6198:Chloroplastida
6190:
6188:Archaeplastida
6181:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6110:
6099:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5966:
5965:External links
5963:
5961:
5960:
5948:
5921:(2): 224â234.
5897:
5870:
5843:
5808:
5789:
5754:
5712:
5678:
5628:
5595:
5574:(2): 113â139.
5551:
5524:(3): 353â378.
5508:
5489:(2): 137â161.
5473:
5463:
5454:
5433:(2â3): 66â80.
5413:
5400:
5387:
5368:(1): 167â179.
5352:
5339:
5312:
5299:
5249:
5238:(1â2): 77â88.
5221:
5202:(1â2): 52â60.
5186:
5159:(4): 775â789.
5142:
5115:(7): 734â744.
5098:
5079:(2): 242â255.
5059:
5040:(1â2): 54â69.
5019:
5010:
4975:
4956:(1): 143â166.
4936:
4909:(3): 315â318.
4893:
4852:
4825:(3): 319â333.
4809:
4790:(1â2): 46â62.
4773:
4754:(1â2): 17â32.
4738:
4719:(2): 259â274.
4713:Quat. Sci. Rev
4703:
4690:
4647:
4634:
4618:
4604:
4577:(7): 727â737.
4561:
4552:
4539:(2): 175â186.
4533:Polar Research
4519:
4476:
4440:
4399:
4380:(1): 114â132.
4363:
4344:(1): 103â113.
4328:
4301:(3): 235â240.
4285:
4250:
4237:
4210:(4): 349â359.
4193:
4164:(2): 127â132.
4140:
4130:
4094:
4067:(7): 681â698.
4050:
4043:
4025:
4016:
3997:(3â4): 59â74.
3981:
3945:
3910:
3867:
3831:
3804:(7): 711â716.
3788:
3753:
3734:(1â2): 52â71.
3718:
3681:(1): 200â212.
3661:
3626:
3599:(4): 647â662.
3583:
3569:1854/LU-592855
3526:
3491:
3455:
3436:(1): 202â215.
3419:
3406:(2): 131â147.
3386:
3367:(1â4): 17â37.
3350:
3331:(1â2): 18â43.
3315:
3273:
3232:
3197:
3156:
3123:
3104:(6): 531â534.
3088:
3053:(2): 229â240.
3037:
3024:
3014:
2964:
2945:
2910:
2874:
2855:(1â2): 21â48.
2838:
2819:(4): 296â297.
2803:
2764:
2751:
2715:
2702:
2666:
2656:
2629:(4): 247â286.
2613:
2599:
2580:(3): 825â839.
2564:
2528:
2509:(1â2): 35â54.
2493:
2481:
2446:
2435:(2): 137â158.
2419:
2378:
2325:
2284:
2241:
2228:(2): 343â354.
2208:
2151:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2062:(5): 112â113.
2046:
2019:(1): 121â129.
2003:
1976:(4): 355â363.
1960:
1941:(5): 265â288.
1924:
1905:
1886:
1874:
1847:
1820:(4): 289â321.
1804:
1782:
1763:
1754:
1743:(3): 241â253.
1727:
1718:|journal=
1700:
1674:
1642:
1615:(3): 593â601.
1599:
1580:(3â4): 65â83.
1563:
1550:(2): 169â173.
1530:
1503:(1): 101â117.
1487:
1460:(4): 625â644.
1444:
1431:
1421:
1412:
1385:
1358:
1349:
1335:
1326:
1307:(3): 203â220.
1291:
1247:
1228:
1209:
1183:
1156:(6): 612â619.
1137:
1127:
1108:(4): 259â267.
1088:
1061:(1): 251â256.
1045:
1018:(2): 162â167.
1002:
981:(3): 588â592.
961:
950:(6): 472â478.
934:
902:
867:
824:
814:
804:
761:
718:
709:
682:(3): 265â304.
661:
618:
609:
599:
592:
571:
569:
566:
560:
557:
526:
523:
478:. Some of the
467:
464:
419:
416:
375:eutrophication
331:
328:
299:Eutrophication
279:
276:
268:Lingulodinium
262:
259:
219:
216:
204:
201:
173:
170:
157:
154:
124:
121:
97:
96:Types of cysts
94:
55:
52:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7269:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7188:
7185:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7167:Fertilization
7165:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7158:
7154:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7125:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7059:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7039:
7035:Pleuromitosis
7034:
7031:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6984:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6972:Hydrogenosome
6970:
6969:
6967:
6961:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6928:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6846:Multicellular
6844:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6782:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6735:
6732:
6728:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6668:Dictyostelids
6664:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6635:
6630:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6531:Apicomplexans
6527:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6491:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6460:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6398:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6353:Stramenopiles
6350:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6320:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6264:
6260:
6255:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6229:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6115:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6073:
6068:
6066:
6061:
6059:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6006:Dino6 meeting
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5957:
5952:
5949:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5901:
5898:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5874:
5871:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5847:
5844:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5820:
5812:
5809:
5804:
5800:
5793:
5790:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5758:
5755:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5713:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5679:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5639:
5632:
5629:
5623:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5599:
5596:
5590:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5562:
5555:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5512:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5474:
5467:
5464:
5458:
5455:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5391:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5303:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5272:(1): 77â100.
5271:
5267:
5260:
5253:
5250:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5225:
5222:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5187:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5146:
5143:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5102:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5023:
5020:
5014:
5011:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4897:
4894:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4813:
4810:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4777:
4774:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4663:(1): 92â112.
4662:
4658:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4630:
4622:
4619:
4616:145, 321-344.
4615:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4444:
4441:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4419:(7): Q07V06.
4418:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4367:
4364:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4197:
4194:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4152:
4144:
4141:
4134:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4054:
4051:
4046:
4044:9781862391604
4040:
4036:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3420:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3387:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3290:(2): 97â112.
3289:
3285:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3018:
3015:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2784:(1â2): 1â20.
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
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1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:Br. Phycol. J
1731:
1728:
1723:
1711:
1703:
1701:9780444527554
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1347:, 35, 146 pp.
1346:
1339:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1219:Palaeontology
1213:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1003:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
935:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
906:
903:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
871:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
828:
825:
818:
815:
808:
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
719:
713:
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
668:
666:
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
622:
619:
613:
610:
603:
600:
595:
589:
585:
584:
576:
573:
567:
565:
558:
556:
554:
553:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:palynological
524:
522:
520:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:
477:
473:
465:
463:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:
423:
417:
415:
413:
412:palaeoecology
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
369:Another late
367:
364:
361:
359:
355:
354:K/Pg boundary
351:
347:
345:
341:
337:
336:palaeoecology
329:
327:
325:
324:sediment trap
320:
318:
317:ballast water
313:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
294:
290:
284:
277:
275:
273:
269:
260:
258:
256:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
215:
213:
209:
202:
200:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
182:sporopollenin
179:
171:
169:
167:
163:
155:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
122:
120:
116:
114:
109:
107:
103:
95:
93:
91:
85:
83:
82:
77:
73:
69:
60:
53:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
7187:Heterotrophy
7157:Reproduction
7032:Orthomitosis
7017:Heterokaryon
6964:Mitochondria
6865:Cell surface
6741:organization
6697:Opisthokonta
6520:Micronucleus
6515:Macronucleus
6478:
6417:Pneumatocyst
6233:Glaucophytes
6217:Phragmoplast
6156:Thallophytes
6083:Protistology
6079:Microbiology
5956:FRYXELL G.A.
5951:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5900:
5883:
5879:
5873:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5829:
5825:
5811:
5802:
5798:
5792:
5767:
5763:
5757:
5732:
5728:
5715:
5698:
5694:
5681:
5651:(1): 19â36.
5648:
5644:
5631:
5615:(1): 13â44.
5612:
5608:
5598:
5571:
5567:
5554:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5486:
5483:Stratigraphy
5482:
5476:
5466:
5457:
5430:
5426:
5416:
5408:
5403:
5395:
5390:
5365:
5361:
5355:
5347:
5342:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5308:
5302:
5269:
5265:
5252:
5235:
5231:
5224:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5112:
5108:
5101:
5076:
5072:
5037:
5033:
5022:
5013:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4906:
4902:
4896:
4869:
4865:
4855:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4698:
4693:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4642:
4637:
4628:
4621:
4613:
4607:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4555:
4536:
4532:
4522:
4489:
4485:
4479:
4454:
4450:
4443:
4416:
4412:
4402:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4245:
4240:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4161:
4157:
4143:
4133:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4034:
4028:
4019:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3959:
3955:
3948:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3883:(1): 65â81.
3880:
3876:
3870:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3678:
3674:
3664:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3304:cite journal
3287:
3283:
3276:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3017:
2982:
2978:
2967:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2891:(1): 23â58.
2888:
2884:
2877:
2852:
2848:
2841:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2781:
2777:
2767:
2760:
2754:
2729:
2725:
2718:
2710:
2705:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2659:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2611:79(1): 3-51.
2608:
2602:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2489:
2484:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2303:
2299:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2093:
2084:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2016:
2012:
2006:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1683:
1677:
1652:
1645:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1547:
1543:
1533:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1439:
1434:
1424:
1415:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1344:
1338:
1329:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1153:
1149:
1130:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1015:
1011:
1005:
978:
974:
964:
947:
943:
937:
912:
905:
880:
876:
870:
837:
833:
827:
817:
807:
777:(1): 43â51.
774:
770:
764:
731:
727:
721:
712:
679:
675:
631:
627:
621:
612:
602:
586:. Elsevier.
582:
575:
562:
550:
546:
542:
528:
515:
510:
502:
486:
469:
459:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
426:
424:
421:
409:
390:
379:
368:
365:
362:
350:Palynodinium
348:
333:
321:
314:
309:
305:
303:
297:
292:
288:
285:
281:
271:
267:
264:
254:
252:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
221:
210:
206:
190:
175:
165:
161:
159:
152:and recent.
126:
117:
112:
110:
105:
99:
86:
79:
65:
31:
27:
26:
7217:Necrotrophy
7202:Saprotrophy
7192:Phagotrophy
7180:Phototrophy
7173:Nutrition:
7162:Life cycles
7153:Development
7127:Ecology and
6995:Nucleomorph
6949:Pseudopodia
6750:Unicellular
6634:Euglenoidea
6618:Kinetoplast
6402:Brown algae
6370:Mastigoneme
6308:Mastigoneme
6298:Cryptophyta
6208:green algae
6166:Slime molds
5911:G. excavata
5770:(1): 1â18.
5322:Can. J. Bot
4457:(1): 3â30.
3546:(3): 3215.
3507:(2): 2010.
3252:: 297â309.
2306:: 121â200.
1863:: 249â253.
1401:: 131â142.
1264:(2): 1â10.
734:(1): 1â36.
499:palynomorph
497:, but this
489:, from the
289:Islandinium
248:Alexandrium
172:Composition
150:Pleistocene
7257:Palynology
7246:Categories
7231:Auxotrophy
7226:Mixotrophy
7207:Parasitism
7197:Osmotrophy
7175:Autotrophy
7129:physiology
7005:Plasmodium
6931:Locomotion
6867:structures
6831:Coenocytic
6575:Phytomyxea
6546:Apicoplast
6474:Dinokaryon
6453:Trichocyst
6324:Haptophyte
6212:Phycoplast
6180:Morphology
6151:Cryptogams
5805:: 615â621.
5645:Palynology
5362:Palynology
5266:Palynology
4950:Palynology
4629:Palynology
4187:1885/52333
2761:Palynology
2364:1874/19661
1970:Phycologia
1651:complex".
1395:Palynology
1244:: 220â299.
1225:: 369â397.
1150:Phycologia
1012:Phycologia
944:Phycologia
911:complex".
568:References
507:Kazakhstan
483:acritarchs
382:Quaternary
371:Quaternary
358:Cretaceous
340:Quaternary
178:dinosporin
146:Quaternary
81:Xanthidium
40:dinosporin
7212:Biotrophy
7085:Extrusome
7075:Cytostome
6939:Flagellum
6896:Cell wall
6855:/histonal
6835:Siphonous
6826:Syncytial
6794:Coenobial
6790:Sarcinoid
6739:Levels of
6678:Macrocyst
6658:Amoebozoa
6623:Glycosome
6551:Microneme
6431:Alveolata
6339:Haptonema
6334:Coccolith
6313:Periplast
6259:Red algae
6243:Cyanelles
6130:Infusoria
5859:: 74â81.
5673:128773929
5546:131306285
5294:129675846
5137:128999348
4931:128763506
4847:128843669
4701:24:PA4206
4685:128540933
4599:128434842
4514:128814429
4089:140191345
3826:129877701
3621:129655535
3472:: 34â51.
3176:: 23â40.
2985:: 1â197.
2373:128824886
1779:: 83â172.
1720:ignored (
1710:cite book
1482:131328767
487:Arpylorus
480:Paleozoic
401:Messinian
28:Dinocysts
7105:Axostyle
7100:Pyrenoid
7080:Fimbriae
7012:Dikaryon
6977:Mitosome
6906:Skeleton
6891:Frustule
6881:Mucilage
6853:tissular
6777:Colonial
6760:Amoeboid
6755:Monadoid
6683:Sorocarp
6598:Excavate
6565:Rhizaria
6495:Ciliates
6479:Dinocyst
6440:General:
6391:Frustule
6362:General:
6288:Hacrobia
6139:Sporozoa
6134:Ciliates
6123:Heliozoa
6103:Protozoa
6087:Protists
6014:Archived
5943:85372383
5886:: 1â15.
5784:86038878
5503:55267190
5181:84740337
5093:83160220
4394:22118910
4323:11213194
4232:54951606
4138:523â563.
3905:10708791
3713:52023457
3578:53454455
3450:83493908
3083:30085938
3075:27008512
2905:82533706
2651:11134709
2203:21587228
2146:28650477
2138:19389181
2041:84164446
1998:84400812
1637:83682507
1525:54847659
1374:: 1â15.
1321:86137363
1286:83927778
1206:: 1â351.
1178:86845462
1122:82954522
1083:84378350
1040:85691284
897:84402741
812:166â174.
799:86726034
555:spores.
519:Pliocene
491:Silurian
476:Cambrian
472:Triassic
456:salinity
405:Pliocene
144:and the
142:Pliocene
123:Taxonomy
7048:Zygotic
7045:Gametic
6987:Nucleus
6765:Coccoid
6730:General
6541:Rhoptry
6448:Alveoli
6381:Diatoms
6118:Testate
5923:Bibcode
5737:Bibcode
5653:Bibcode
5576:Bibcode
5526:Bibcode
5435:Bibcode
5370:Bibcode
5348:Science
5274:Bibcode
5204:Bibcode
5161:Bibcode
5117:Bibcode
5042:Bibcode
4993:Bibcode
4958:Bibcode
4911:Bibcode
4874:Bibcode
4827:Bibcode
4792:Bibcode
4756:Bibcode
4721:Bibcode
4665:Bibcode
4579:Bibcode
4494:Bibcode
4459:Bibcode
4421:Bibcode
4346:Bibcode
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