31:
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254:. However, these could only be retracted at a specific traverse angle (90° off the emplacement's axis), thus could not be used in action. Due to the mount's undesired flexibility when fired interfering with aiming, both types were disabled beginning in 1913 in the "up" position, with installations circa 1903 and later having received pedestal mounts. Both carriage types and their associated guns were removed from service in the 1920s; in the 3-inch gun's case a tendency for the piston rod to break was a factor in their removal.
617:
682:. These mounts were intended for use in prepared trench-type positions that would shelter them from view when retracted; in the Swiss forts they were stored in covered bunkers until repositioned to fire. While a few units used in fixed fortifications were sometimes mounted on sinking platforms or on short rail stubs intended for tactical concealment, the overwhelming majority were not, and acted in action as completely fixed guns, and are outside the subject of this article.
46:
637:. "Masking parapet" was a proprietary term coined by Driggs-Seabury to distinguish their carriage from balanced pillar designs. Beginning in 1913 these carriages were disabled in the "up" position due to undesired flexibility interfering with aiming. The M1898 3-inch gun also developed a tendency for the piston rod to break when fired, and both types and their associated guns were removed from service in the 1920s.
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608:). Known as the "flatiron" gunboats, these vessels had a single large gun kept behind hinged shields, rather than a complex disappearing mount. The simplified mounts were intended as much to lower the center of mass as to afford protection, and resembled a "lift battery." The gun was not normally lowered between shots.
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only permitted retraction with the gun barrel at a specific traverse angle, usually 90° off the emplacement's axis. Since the barrels substantially overlapped the parapet of their installation, it was impossible to point the piece while concealed. The balanced pillar mount was used primarily with the
204:
The usefulness of such a system had been noted earlier, and experimental designs with raisable platforms or eccentric wheels, with built-in counterweights, were built or proposed. Some used paired guns, in which one cannon acted as the other's counterweight, or counterpoise. An unsuccessful attempt
124:
mounts on a retractable platform. Either way, retraction lowered the gun from view and direct fire by the enemy while it was being reloaded. It also made reloading easier, since it lowered the breech to a level just above the loading platform, and shells could be rolled right up to the open breech
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U.S. Endicott-era balanced pillar and masking parapet mounts were, in a sense, a hybrid of simple pedestal mounts and disappearing mounts: the guns were hidden from observation while out of action, but, once engaged, remained vulnerable to direct observation and direct fire. The emplacement designs
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Their relative size and complexity also made them expensive compared with non-disappearing mounts, In 1918, the 12" DC gun cost $ 102,000, the barbette mounted gun $ 92,000. This was more than made up, for some designs, by the reduced cost of protection. From the above reference, the cost of a 16"
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were also conceptually similar, but almost never depended on recoil actuation, and, like the balanced pillar systems, often remained visible when actually in operation. Unlike balanced pillar designs, the pieces could generally be pointed and trained from cover, allowing complete surprise for the
537:
Battery Potter required much machinery to operate the gun lifts, including boilers, steam-powered hydraulic pumps, and two accumulators. Due to the inability to generate steam quickly, Battery Potter's boilers were run nonstop during its 14-year life, at significant cost. After the proving of the
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The improvement in the speed of warships demanded an increased rate of firing. The disappearing gun was at a disadvantage compared with a gun that stayed in position as one could not aim or reposition a disappearing gun while it was in the lowered position. The gunner still had to climb atop the
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Some
British carriage designs restricted maximum elevation to under 20 degrees and thus lacked the necessary range to match newer naval guns entering service during the early part of the 20th century. (Buffington-Crozier carriages, at their final development, could manage 30 degrees on a 16-inch
670:" (mobile armor) that had both road- and rail-mobile versions. These were sold to several other countries prior to World War I, notably Switzerland, Romania, and Greece, were widely deployed in that war, and were present in most major Swiss fortifications at least through World War II, including
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The time taken for the gun to swing up and down and be reloaded slowed the rate of fire of some designs. Surviving records indicate a rate of fire of one round per one to two minutes for a
British eight-inch (20 cm) gun, significantly slower than less complicated guns. (By contrast, the
128:
Some disappearing carriages were complicated mechanisms, protection from aircraft observation and attack was difficult, and almost all restricted the elevation of the gun. With a few exceptions, construction of new disappearing gun installations ceased by 1918. The last new disappearing gun
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wall. After firing, the gun was lowered for reloading using hydraulic ramrods and a shell hoist. While the operation of the battery was slow, taking 3 minutes per shot, its design allowed a 360° field of fire. Since its design was not further pursued, Battery Potter was disarmed in 1907.
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for concealment. By 1912, disappearing guns were declared obsolete in the
British Army, with only a few other countries, particularly the United States, still producing them up to World War I and retaining them in service until replaced by casemated batteries in
119:
which enabled a gun to hide from direct fire and observation. The overwhelming majority of carriage designs enabled the gun to rotate backwards and down behind a parapet, or into a pit protected by a wall, after it was fired; a small number were simply
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further refined the concept in the late 1880s by allowing the counterweight fulcrum to slide, giving the gun a more elliptical recoil path. The
Buffington–Crozier Disappearing Carriage (1893) represented the zenith of disappearing gun carriages, and
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With its guns in a retracted position (down behind the parapet), the battery was much harder to spot from the sea, making it a much harder target for attacking ships. Flat trajectory fire tended simply to fly over the battery, without damaging
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to be moved up and down a swiveling ramp, so the weapon could be reloaded, elevated, and traversed behind cover. The carriage was subjected to six trials in 1869–1873. It was not adopted; an 1881 letter to the Chief of
Engineers by Lt. Col.
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was the first widely adopted, used in many forts of the
British Empire. The first experimental carriages of this type were wheeled. His key innovation was a practical counterweight system that raised the gun as well as controlled the
437:
It afforded the gun crew protection from direct fire by raising the gun over the parapet (or wall in front of the gun) only when it was to be fired, otherwise leaving it at a lower level, where it was also able to be loaded
529:. Instead of using recoil from the gun to lower the weapon, two 12-inch barbette carriages were placed on individual hydraulic elevators that would raise the 110-ton carriage and gun 14 feet to enable it fire over a
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were eventually mounted on such carriages. Disappearing guns were highly popular for a while in the
British Empire, the United States and other countries. In the United States, they were the primary armament of the
205:
at a disappearing carriage was King's
Depression Carriage, designed by William Rice King of the United States Army Corps of Engineers in the late 1860s. This used a counterweight to allow a 15-inch (381 mm)
167:
The disappearing gun was usually moved down behind the parapet or into its protective housing by the force of its own recoil, but some also used compressed air while a few were built to be raised by steam.
30:
145:, completed in 1923. In the U.S., due to lack of funding for sufficient replacements, the disappearing gun remained the most numerous type of coast defense weapon until replaced by improved weapons in
1002:
907:"Moncrieff's method of mounting guns with counterweights, of using them in gun-pits, and of laying them with reflecting sights : a paper read at the Royal United Service Institution (1866)"
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weapon via an elevated platform to sight and lay the weapon after it was returned to firing position, or receive fire control information (range and bearing) transmitted from a remote location.
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and in most cases could not engage
Japanese forces due to limited traverse. Despite attempts at camouflage, their emplacements were vulnerable to air and high-angle artillery attack.
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218:, Maryland remains. King's design was better suited for breech-loaders; had the US not had a plethora of new muzzle-loaders just after the Civil War it may have seen wider use.
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Simple, well protected earthen and masonry gun pits were much more economical to construct than the previous practice of constructing the standing heavy walls and fortified
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Interposing of a moving fulcrum between the gun and its platform lessened the strain on the latter and allowed it to be of lighter construction while limiting recoil travel.
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on a lowering platform with next to no armor. It was a resounding commercial success; there were 21 direct copies, and another six near-sisters, plus six near-copies (see
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fortifications, constructed 1898–1917. Simpler carriages with a limited disappearing function were initially provided for smaller weapons, the balanced pillar for the
521:. This and a number of 12-inch barbette emplacements were constructed due to the inability of the early versions of the Buffington-Crozier carriage to accommodate a
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582:. It has been suggested that both the harsh saltwater environment and the constant swaying and rolling of a ship at sea caused problems for the complex mechanism.
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822:
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Buffington-Crozier 16-inch mount could manage one round per minute; the barbette mount was only 20 percent faster, and was slower at some elevations.)
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on 6 May 1942. The disappearing guns were the least useful of the coast defense assets, as they were positioned to defend against warships entering
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Although some early designs were intended as field siege guns, over time the design became associated with fixed fortifications, most of which were
257:
Several mobile disappearing mounts appeared in France and
Germany circa 1893. These included both road-mobile and rail-mobile designs. In France,
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for loading and ramming. Other benefits over non-disappearing types were a higher rate of repetitive fire and less fatigue for the gun crew.
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structures (basically circular metal protective walls over which the gun fired when elevated). This was to combine the ability of the early
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stated that it "still leaves a great deal of heavy work to the slow and uncertain process of manual labor". Part of a test installation at
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to swivel with the protection of more classical fixed naval guns. A similar design was later used in Russia for the first ship of the
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system was used tactically for 120mm and 155mm guns in WWI. Six 120 mm Modèle 1882 guns on St. Chamond mounts were deployed at
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produced road-mobile design and rail-mobile designs, in 120 mm (4.7 inch) and 155 mm weapons. The 0.6 meter rail
201:. Moncrieff promoted his system as an inexpensive and quickly constructed alternative to a more traditional gun emplacement.
50:
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Captain (later Colonel Sir) Alexander Moncrieff improved on existing designs for a gun carriage capable of rising over a
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gun.) The additional elevation gained by mounting the same gun on a later non-disappearing carriage increased its range.
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156:. A late exception was the use in mountain fortifications in Switzerland, where six 120 mm guns on rail-mounted
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first shot. They were extensively developed for Continental European land defenses, but little used elsewhere.
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The entire battery could be hidden from view in place when not in use, unlike a traditional fort, enabling
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If the mechanism seemed too temperamental for the open sea, it was not true for rivers and harbors.
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972:
Smith, Bolling W. (Fall 2019). "The Driggs-Seabury 15-pounder (3-inch) Masking-Parapet Carriage".
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Annotated photograph of an M1901 Buffington–Crozier disappearing carriage for an M1900 12-inch gun
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Though effective against ships, the guns were vulnerable to aerial observation and attack. After
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Hogg, Ian V., "Illustrated Encyclopedia of Artillery," Chartwell House, Secaucus, NJ, 1978 p74
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DC emplacement was $ 605,000, while a turreted gun's proportional cost was $ 2,050,000.
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before being reloaded from behind cover. His design, based on his observations in the
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Hogg, Ian V., "Illustrated Encyclopedia of Artillery," Chartrwell, Secaucus, NJ, 1978
959:(from the 'navyandmarine.org' website, with further references. Accessed 2008-02-22.)
906:
17:
922:
Smith, Bolling W. (Winter 2020). "William Rice King and His Counterpoise Carriage".
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1003:"Fort de Dailly at ASMEM (Association St-Maurice d'Etudes Militaires) (in French)"
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Splinter-damaged 6-inch (15-cm) United States Model 1905 disappearing gun at
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320:
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The only major campaign in which US disappearing guns played a part was the
230:
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96:
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A US Army coast artillery 5-inch gun M1897 on a balanced pillar mount M1896
80:
1165:
Legacy of the Lash: Race and Corporal Punishment in the Brazilian Navy and
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1985:
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1322:
Sales brochure from 1895 for the Buffington-Crozier disappearing carriage
976:. Vol. 33, no. 4. Mclean, Virginia: CDSG Press. pp. 12–18.
770:
562:
449:
285:
121:
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1684:
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530:
361: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
189:
39:
68:
A U.S. Coast Artillery battery with two guns on disappearing carriages
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2516:
2082:
2020:
1964:
1942:
1919:
1912:
1788:
1771:
1603:
1435:
1417:
1387:
1210:. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Publishing. pp. 156–160.
505:
One very uncommon and even more complex type of disappearing gun was
198:
27:
Artillery piece mounted so as to descend behind a parapet for loading
3203:
3147:
2891:
2416:
2247:
2087:
1408:
650:
639:
615:
600:, a gunboat described as a "floating gun carriage", used a single
274:
175:
90:
79:
71:
63:
44:
29:
1342:
2185:
2027:
1994:
1969:
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1720:
1699:
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abandoned plans to build several additional gun lift batteries.
1346:
810:(from the Royal New Zealand Artillery Old Comrades Association)
1334:
Drawing and description of the balanced pillar carriage, from
1247:
Hogg, I.V., "The Rise and Fall of the Disappearing Carriage",
550:
The concept was also attempted for conversion to a naval use.
330:
108:
433:
The disappearing carriage had several principal advantages:
277:
produced a rail-mobile 120 mm disappearing gun in 1900.
937:
King's Depression Carriage at the Historical Marker Database
666:
developed an armored turret for a 53 mm gun called a "
462:
Higher rate of repetitive fire over non-disappearing types.
926:. Vol. 34, no. 1. Mclean, Virginia: CDSG Press.
733:"Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers"
1207:
Fortress Europe: European Fortifications of World War II
1108:
Fortifications Bill Congressional Hearings, 1916, p. 154
771:
Complete list of US forts and batteries at CDSG website
606:
List of gunboat and gunvessel classes of the Royal Navy
525:. Built in 1892, the battery covered the approaches to
38:
on a Moncrieff disappearing mount, at Scaur Hill Fort,
644:
A Fahrpanzer road-mobile turret with 53 mm gun at the
780:
778:
474:
The disappearing gun had several drawbacks as well:
3176:
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2490:
2206:
2199:
1631:
1380:
1309:
BL 10-inch gun Mk III disappearing mounting diagram
602:
9-inch (229 mm) Armstrong rifled muzzle loader
674:. Surviving examples of the Fahrpanzer are at the
557:was completed in 1877 with two disappearing guns (
538:Buffington-Crozier carriage for 12-inch guns, the
1292:The Moncrieff Disappearing Counterweight Carriage
1152:(1 ed.). McNidder & Grace. p. 137.
1057:"Fort Winfield Scott: Battery Lowell Chamberlin"
1614:
561:on Moncrieff-type carriages) sinking down into
2176:
2122:
1940:
1786:
1098:(from a private website. Accessed 2009-02-28.)
633:patent used primarily with the manufacturer's
2831:
2561:
2390:
2366:
1983:
1974:
1931:
1655:
1451:
1442:
1358:
1231:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide
1041:Dillard, Col. James B., "Railway Artillery",
985:
983:
967:
965:
8:
3288:Military equipment of the late modern period
2950:
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2018:
1999:
1917:
1866:
1857:
1813:
1804:
1795:
1732:
1718:
1709:
1592:
1569:
1268:Seacoast Fortifications of the United States
3323:World War II artillery of the United States
3313:Victorian-era weapons of the United Kingdom
1601:
1583:
1529:
1515:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
841:information pamphlet. Accessed 2008-02-22.)
559:11-inch (279 mm) muzzle-loading rifles
3318:World War I artillery of the United States
2203:
1365:
1351:
1343:
1204:Kaufmann, J. E.; Jurga, Robert M. (1999).
917:
915:
870:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
727:
725:
723:
53:disappearing gun of the South Battery, at
36:64 pounder rifled muzzle-loading (RML) gun
1131:, p. 89, New York: Crescent Books, 1983,
421:Learn how and when to remove this message
84:Inside a disappearing gun emplacement at
1318:at Victorian Forts and Artillery website
1297:The Hydropneumatic Disappearing Mounting
1167:. Indiana University Press. p. 172.
1150:William Armstrong: Magician of the North
1129:The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships
997:
995:
909:(from archive.org. Accessed 2009-06-25.)
629:, while the masking parapet mount was a
1045:, Vol. 41, Issue 1, January 1919, p. 44
719:
250:masking parapet for the manufacturer's
3293:Military history of the United Kingdom
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
863:
753:
742:
699:List of disappearing gun installations
452:of a more traditional gun emplacement.
311:on 7 December 1941 and ended with the
796:
794:
792:
790:
709:Seacoast defense in the United States
7:
1028:La Mechanique a l'Exposition de 1900
359:adding citations to reliable sources
2757:Weapons Storage and Security System
1270:. Annapolis: Leeward Publications.
1030:, Vol. 3, No. 15, p. 87 (in French)
737:American Society of Civil Engineers
160:disappearing carriages remained at
273:in Switzerland from 1894 to 1939.
25:
3256:
3255:
1061:California State Military Museum
889:at Victorian Forts and Artillery
835:Gateway National Recreation Area
335:
307:, which began shortly after the
3298:Military history of New Zealand
1266:Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979).
1233:(Second ed.). CDSG Press.
1148:Heald, Henrietta (2013-12-03).
346:needs additional citations for
288:for protection or covered with
1163:Morgan, Zachary (2014-11-12).
860:. Edinburgh. pp. 136–138.
465:Less fatigue for the gun crew.
1:
2652:British "hedgehog" road block
1229:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2004).
576:and also used in the monitor
1193:Fahrpanzer at Landships.info
612:Related and parallel systems
515:Coast Defenses of Sandy Hook
3062:Cities with defensive walls
2647:Defensive fighting position
2562:
2367:
2177:
2123:
1984:
1975:
1941:
1932:
1787:
305:invasion of the Philippines
3339:
1182:at Royal Museums Greenwich
839:U.S. National Park Service
820:The Defenses of Sandy Hook
655:Retractable turret of the
284:coastal guns were usually
3246:
2692:Hardened aircraft shelter
2667:Entry control point (ECP)
182:Sandy Hook Proving Ground
115:, is an obsolete type of
3189:Continuity of government
989:Berhow, pp. 70-71, 88-89
180:Aiming a 14" gun at the
164:until replaced in 1940.
129:installation was a solo
3011:Motte-and-bailey castle
2717:Missile launch facility
2712:Main line of resistance
1407:
1089:The Six Inch Shield Gun
3087:Military installations
2951:
2932:
2923:
2914:
2832:
2503:
2478:
2454:
2444:Scarp and Counterscarp
2415:
2406:
2391:
2358:
2344:
2315:
2286:
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2214:
2019:
2000:
1918:
1867:
1858:
1814:
1805:
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1593:
1584:
1570:
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1516:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1398:
1043:Mechanical Engineering
854:The House Of Moncrieff
851:Seton, George (1890).
752:Cite journal requires
659:
648:
621:
313:surrender of US forces
309:attack on Pearl Harbor
240:Endicott- and Taft-era
185:
100:
88:
77:
69:
61:
59:Devonport, New Zealand
42:
2856:Floating water castle
2587:Admiralty scaffolding
1880:Fortified buildings (
974:Coast Defense Journal
924:Coast Defense Journal
654:
643:
619:
179:
113:disappearing carriage
94:
83:
75:
67:
48:
33:
18:Disappearing carriage
3199:Subterranean warfare
2152:Viking ring fortress
1336:Ordnance and Gunnery
1253:Fortress Study Group
957:The Disappearing Gun
680:Brussels Army Museum
355:improve this article
3016:Quadrangular castle
2752:Weapon storage area
2108:Quadrangular castle
1118:Berhow, pp. 130-133
784:Berhow, pp. 200-228
686:Retractable turrets
579:Vitse-admiral Popov
2747:Underground hangar
2532:Fire control tower
2329:Gunpowder magazine
1757:Butter-churn tower
1327:2016-03-10 at the
1314:2016-03-03 at the
1302:2015-11-23 at the
1094:2008-05-11 at the
894:2015-11-23 at the
825:2009-06-17 at the
806:2016-08-07 at the
662:In 1893 Germany's
660:
649:
622:
574:-class battleships
540:United States Army
496:Other applications
370:"Disappearing gun"
212:Quincy A. Gillmore
186:
101:
89:
86:Henry Head Battery
78:
70:
62:
43:
3308:Disappearing guns
3303:Coastal artillery
3283:Artillery by type
3270:
3269:
3194:Military urbanism
3128:Fortified gateway
3001:Concentric castle
2765:
2764:
2682:Fire support base
2522:Coastal artillery
2397:(Spanish America)
1991:
1833:Concentric castle
1277:978-0-929521-11-4
801:Disappearing Guns
704:Coastal artillery
676:Athens War Museum
646:Athens War Museum
431:
430:
423:
405:
154:coastal artillery
139:Great Gull Island
131:16-inch gun M1919
16:(Redirected from
3330:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3143:National redoubt
3072:Fortified estate
2996:Circular rampart
2956:
2937:
2928:
2919:
2837:
2597:Anti-tank trench
2592:Air raid shelter
2567:
2527:Disappearing gun
2508:
2483:
2459:
2420:
2411:
2396:
2372:
2363:
2349:
2320:
2291:
2282:
2258:
2219:
2204:
2182:
2162:Bailey (or ward)
2128:
2033:Motte-and-bailey
2024:
2005:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1946:
1937:
1923:
1872:
1863:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1738:
1724:
1715:
1661:
1618:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1575:
1535:
1521:
1461:Circular rampart
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1344:
1281:
1244:
1222:
1221:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1005:. Archived from
999:
990:
987:
978:
977:
969:
960:
954:
939:
934:
928:
927:
919:
910:
904:
898:
882:
876:
875:
869:
861:
859:
848:
842:
817:
811:
798:
785:
782:
773:
768:
762:
761:
755:
750:
748:
740:
729:
635:3-inch gun M1898
627:5-inch gun M1897
501:Gun lift battery
426:
419:
415:
412:
406:
404:
363:
339:
331:
252:3-inch gun M1898
244:5-inch gun M1897
184:, New Jersey, US
105:disappearing gun
21:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3250:
3242:
3172:
3096:
3040:
2974:
2909:Imperial castle
2882:Coercion castle
2877:Coastal defence
2860:
2822:Promontory fort
2792:Hillside castle
2761:
2677:Fallout shelter
2642:Concertina wire
2622:Border security
2575:
2486:
2195:
1828:Coercion castle
1816:Cheval de frise
1798:Chemin de ronde
1646:Albarrana tower
1627:
1572:Schwedenschanze
1549:Promontory fort
1376:
1371:
1329:Wayback Machine
1316:Wayback Machine
1304:Wayback Machine
1288:
1278:
1265:
1241:
1228:
1225:
1218:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1127:Gibbons, Tony,
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1096:Wayback Machine
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1001:
1000:
993:
988:
981:
971:
970:
963:
955:
942:
935:
931:
921:
920:
913:
905:
901:
896:Wayback Machine
885:Hydro-pneumatic
883:
879:
862:
857:
850:
849:
845:
827:Wayback Machine
818:
814:
808:Wayback Machine
799:
788:
783:
776:
769:
765:
751:
741:
731:
730:
721:
717:
695:
614:
548:
546:Naval artillery
527:New York Harbor
503:
498:
472:
427:
416:
410:
407:
364:
362:
352:
340:
329:
174:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3336:
3334:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3275:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3226:Trench warfare
3223:
3221:Tunnel warfare
3218:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3077:Fortifications
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2887:Counter-castle
2884:
2879:
2874:
2872:Border barrier
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Lowland castle
2804:
2799:
2797:Hilltop castle
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2672:Electric fence
2669:
2664:
2662:Dragon's teeth
2659:
2657:Czech hedgehog
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2571:Wire obstacles
2568:
2559:
2557:Polygonal fort
2554:
2549:
2547:Martello tower
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2512:Border outpost
2509:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2398:
2388:
2386:Polygonal fort
2383:
2378:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2350:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2011:
2006:
1997:
1992:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1924:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1878:
1876:Flanking tower
1873:
1864:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1843:Counter-castle
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1730:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1633:Post-classical
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1623:Vitrified fort
1620:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1576:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1527:
1522:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1481:Defensive wall
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1431:
1422:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1374:Fortifications
1372:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1331:
1319:
1306:
1294:
1287:
1286:External links
1284:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1263:
1260:
1245:
1239:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1196:
1185:
1170:
1155:
1140:
1120:
1111:
1100:
1081:
1072:
1048:
1033:
1019:
991:
979:
961:
940:
929:
911:
899:
877:
843:
812:
786:
774:
763:
754:|journal=
718:
716:
713:
712:
711:
706:
701:
694:
691:
664:Hermann Gruson
631:Driggs-Seabury
613:
610:
547:
544:
507:Battery Potter
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
492:
488:
484:
480:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
460:
453:
446:
443:
439:
429:
428:
343:
341:
334:
328:
325:
271:Fort de Dailly
248:Driggs-Seabury
173:
170:
162:Fort de Dailly
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3335:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3263:
3262:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:Urban warfare
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Civil defense
3182:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:Bastion forts
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3036:Z-plan castle
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:L-plan castle
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:Bridge castle
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2960:Refuge castle
2958:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Military base
2939:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Hunting lodge
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Moated castle
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Island castle
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:By topography
2768:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Submarine pen
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2697:Hesco bastion
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2612:Blast shelter
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:Place-of-arms
2379:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2284:
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2280:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
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2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2014:Machicolation
2012:
2010:
2009:L-plan castle
2007:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1742:Bridge castle
1740:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1706:
1705:Bent entrance
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:Battery tower
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:Advanced work
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
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470:Disadvantages
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372: –
371:
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366:Find sources:
360:
356:
350:
349:
344:This section
342:
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322:
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158:Saint Chamond
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111:mounted on a
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99:, Philippines
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47:
41:
37:
32:
19:
3254:
3209:Siege engine
3177:Other topics
3101:Related word
3067:Defense line
3031:Tower castle
2986:Bastion fort
2970:Urban castle
2898:Ganerbenburg
2896:
2851:Water castle
2827:Ridge castle
2812:Marsh castle
2627:Bomb shelter
2607:Belgian gate
2580:20th century
2526:
2491:19th century
2429:Retrenchment
2401:Punji sticks
2310:Entrenchment
2305:Device Forts
2272:Counterguard
2207:Early modern
2137:Tower castle
2073:Powder tower
2048:Outer bailey
1960:Inner bailey
1934:Gulyay-gorod
1902:Ganerbenburg
1900:
1896:Fujian tulou
1838:Corner tower
1777:Chamber gate
1747:Bridge tower
1595:Trou de loup
1335:
1267:
1256:
1248:
1230:
1206:
1199:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1164:
1158:
1149:
1143:
1137:0-517-378108
1128:
1123:
1114:
1103:
1084:
1075:
1064:. Retrieved
1051:
1042:
1036:
1027:
1022:
1011:. Retrieved
1007:the original
973:
932:
923:
902:
880:
853:
846:
815:
766:
745:cite journal
684:
661:
657:Maginot Line
623:
596:
584:
578:
572:Ekaterina II
571:
553:
549:
536:
511:Fort Hancock
504:
473:
432:
417:
411:October 2017
408:
398:
391:
384:
377:
365:
353:Please help
348:verification
345:
299:
295:World War II
279:
266:
256:
235:16-inch size
220:
203:
187:
166:
151:
147:World War II
127:
112:
104:
102:
3108:Castle town
2965:Toll castle
2934:Lustschloss
2916:Kaiserpfalz
2846:Spur castle
2841:Rock castle
2782:Hill castle
2777:Cave castle
2737:Spider hole
2637:Bremer wall
2602:Barbed tape
2498:Barbed wire
2172:Witch tower
2142:Tower house
2132:Toll castle
2118:Shield wall
2038:Murder hole
1927:Guard tower
1544:Pincer gate
1491:Faussebraye
739:. 1905: 66.
672:Fort Airolo
523:12-inch gun
282:World War I
267:affût-truck
263:St. Chamond
194:Crimean War
135:Fort Michie
3277:Categories
3133:Gatekeeper
2953:Ordensburg
2925:Landesburg
2732:Sentry gun
2687:Flak tower
2617:Blast wall
2537:Gun turret
2434:Sally port
2339:Kotta mara
2279:Couvreface
2243:Breastwork
2238:Blockhouse
2216:Abwurfdach
2167:Watchtower
2157:Wall tower
2113:Shell keep
2063:Portcullis
2058:Peel tower
2043:Neck ditch
2002:Landesburg
1950:Half tower
1908:Gate tower
1853:Drawbridge
1695:Battlement
1611:Wagon fort
1454:Chengqiang
1066:2007-03-30
1013:2015-10-09
887:carriages
831:Sandy Hook
715:References
668:Fahrpanzer
567:pivot guns
519:New Jersey
381:newspapers
327:Advantages
317:Manila Bay
290:camouflage
222:Buffington
216:Fort Foote
207:Rodman gun
55:North Head
3236:Guerrilla
2979:By design
2727:Revetment
2542:Land mine
2473:Star fort
2300:Crownwork
2295:Covertway
2228:Barricade
1869:Embrasure
1782:Chartaque
1712:Bergfried
1670:Arrowslit
1496:Gatehouse
1466:City gate
1427:Castellum
1393:Acropolis
866:cite book
587:Armstrong
554:Temeraire
457:ambuscade
450:casemates
321:Subic Bay
286:casemated
259:Schneider
233:of up to
117:artillery
97:Fort Wint
51:BL 8 inch
3261:Category
3251:See also
3138:Loophole
3026:Ringwork
3021:Ringfort
2946:Obstacle
2787:Hillfort
2707:Loophole
2505:Barbette
2480:Tenaille
2463:Sea fort
2393:Presidio
2353:Magazine
2334:Hornwork
2267:Cavalier
2262:Casemate
2255:Caponier
2098:Ringwork
1986:Detinets
1955:Hoarding
1860:Enceinte
1735:Bretèche
1680:Bartizan
1675:Barbican
1651:Alcazaba
1579:Stockade
1559:Ringfort
1539:Palisade
1511:Landwehr
1506:Hillfort
1325:Archived
1312:Archived
1300:Archived
1092:Archived
892:Archived
829:(from a
823:Archived
804:Archived
693:See also
678:and the
593:'s 1867
591:Mitchell
563:barbette
302:Japanese
246:and the
143:New York
122:barbette
34:British
3168:Vedette
3158:Schloss
3123:Festung
3118:Dungeon
3113:Château
3057:Castles
2865:By role
2722:Pillbox
2552:Outpost
2468:Station
2456:Schanze
2439:Sandbag
2424:Redoubt
2408:Ravelin
2376:Palanka
2360:Orillon
2346:Lunette
2288:Coupure
2233:Bastion
2223:Arsenal
2191:Zwinger
2103:Roundel
2093:Ricetto
2068:Postern
2053:Outwork
1977:Kremlin
1848:Curtain
1823:Citadel
1807:Chemise
1767:Caltrop
1685:Bastion
1658:Alcázar
1554:Rampart
1532:Oppidum
1525:Nuraghe
1471:Crannog
1445:Castros
1381:Ancient
1259:), 1978
1180:Staunch
597:Staunch
531:parapet
513:in the
438:easily.
395:scholar
226:Crozier
190:parapet
172:History
40:Bermuda
3163:Trench
3153:Picket
2564:Sangar
2517:Bunker
2449:Sconce
2369:Ostrog
2317:Flèche
2200:Modern
2179:Yagura
2147:Turret
2083:Reduit
2021:Merlon
1965:Kasbah
1943:Gusuku
1920:Glacis
1913:Gabion
1882:church
1789:Chashi
1772:Castle
1616:Laager
1604:Vallum
1561:(Rath)
1436:Castra
1418:Burgus
1388:Abatis
1338:, 1915
1274:
1237:
1214:
1135:
397:
390:
383:
376:
368:
199:recoil
3204:Siege
3148:Palas
3092:Walls
3082:Forts
3045:Lists
2892:Fence
2834:Rocca
2702:Kabal
2417:Redan
2324:Gorge
2248:Canal
2125:Shiro
2088:Ribat
2078:Qalat
1890:Dzong
1886:house
1586:Sudis
1518:Limes
1476:Ditch
1409:Broch
1400:Agger
858:(PDF)
459:fire.
402:JSTOR
388:books
275:Krupp
3214:list
2632:Buoy
2186:Yett
2028:Moat
1995:Ksar
1970:Keep
1762:Caer
1752:Burh
1728:Boom
1721:Berm
1700:Bawn
1665:Amba
1501:Gord
1272:ISBN
1255:), (
1249:Fort
1235:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1178:HMS
1133:ISBN
872:link
758:help
595:HMS
589:and
552:HMS
374:news
319:and
261:and
231:guns
224:and
107:, a
49:The
1486:Dun
509:at
442:it.
357:by
137:on
133:at
109:gun
57:in
3279::
3253::
1888:,
1884:,
1059:.
994:^
982:^
964:^
943:^
914:^
868:}}
864:{{
837:,
833:,
789:^
777:^
749::
747:}}
743:{{
722:^
517:,
297:.
149:.
141:,
103:A
1990:)
1982:(
1892:)
1619:)
1613:(
1366:e
1359:t
1352:v
1280:.
1257:6
1251:(
1243:.
1220:.
1069:.
1016:.
874:)
760:)
756:(
424:)
418:(
413:)
409:(
399:·
392:·
385:·
378:·
351:.
20:)
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