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indicators such as an elevated temperature) and symptoms (subjective feelings of distress expressed by the patient) as indicative of an underlying physical abnormality (pathology) within the individual. According to the medical model, medical treatment, wherever possible, should be directed at the underlying pathology in an attempt to correct the abnormality and cure the disease. In regard to many mental illnesses, for example, the assumption is that the cause of the disorder lies in abnormalities within the affected individual's brain (especially their brain neurochemistry). That carries the implicit conclusion that disordered behaviors are not learned but are spontaneously generated by the disordered brain. According to the medical model, for treatment (such as drugs), to be effective, it should be directed as closely as possible at correcting the theorized chemical imbalance in the brain of the person with mental illness.
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The concepts of "disease" and "injury" are central to the medical model. In general, "disease" or "injury" refer to some deviation from normal body functioning that has undesirable consequences for the affected individual. An important aspect of the medical model is that it regards signs (objective
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In the medical model, the physician was traditionally seen as the expert, and patients were expected to comply with the advice. The physician assumes an authoritarian position in relation to the patient. Because of the specific expertise of the physician, according to the medical model, it is
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However, in the absence of clear biological markers or clinically useful measurements of severity for many mental disorders, it has not been possible to completely separate normal and pathological symptom expressions contained in diagnostic criteria. This gap in information is particularly
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focuses on environmental rather than medical causes. These models are not mutually exclusive. A model is not a statement of absolute reality or a belief system but a tool for helping patients. Thus, utility is the main criterion, and the utility of a model depends on context.
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problematic in clinical situations in which the patient's symptom presentation by itself (particularly in mild forms) is not inherently pathological and may be encountered in individuals for whom a diagnosis of "mental disorder" would be inappropriate.
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The rise of modern scientific medicine during the 19th century has a great impact on the development of the medical model. Especially important was the development of the "germ theory" of disease by
European medical researchers such as
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Proper diagnosis (that is, the categorization of illness signs and symptoms into meaning disease groupings) is essential to the medical model. Placing the patient's signs and symptoms into the correct diagnostic category can:
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Under the medical model, the disease condition of the patient is of major importance. Social, psychological, and other "external" factors, which may influence patient behavior, may be given less attention.
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The medical model embodies basic assumptions about medicine that drive research and theorizing about physical or psychological difficulties on a basis of causation and remediation.
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is the result of one's biology, that is to say, a physical/organic problem in brain structures, neurotransmitters, genetics, the endocrine system, etc., as with traumatic
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In the medical model, the physician may be viewed as the dominant health care professional, who is the professional trained in diagnosis and treatment.
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Finally, adherence to the medical model has a number of other consequences for the patient and society as a whole, both positive and negative:
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An ill patient should not be held responsible for the condition. The patient should not be blamed or stigmatized for the illness.
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provider with symptoms of a given illness, by taking a thorough history, performing assessments (such as
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It can be contrasted with other models that make different basic assumptions. Examples include
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Point to (or at least suggest) a specific underlying cause or causes for the disorder; and
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Direct the physician to specific treatment or treatments for the condition.
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We've Had a
Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – and the World's Getting Worse
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necessary and to be expected. However, in recent years, the move towards
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has resulted in greater patient involvement in many cases.
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The
Politics of Experience and The Bird of Paradise
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27:Set of procedures in which all doctors are trained
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564:Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
362:(DSM-5), addresses this point in part, stating,
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604:(2). Royal College of Psychiatrists: 61–62.
36:Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
518:The Politics of the Family and Other Essays
278:The Politics of the Family and Other Essays
79:Learn how and when to remove these messages
30:For mathematical modeling in medicine, see
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641:Farre, Albert; Rapley, Tim (2017-11-18).
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252:Learn how and when to remove this message
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424:For example, if a patient presents to a
108:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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172:adding citations to reliable sources
32:Mathematical and theoretical biology
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310:of mental disorders. For example,
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704:'Medical model' vs 'social model'
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60:This article has multiple issues.
592:Double, Duncan B. (2019-01-25).
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533:"Models, Truth, and Utility"
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444:Other important aspects
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647:Healthcare
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318:theory of
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