Disgust - Knowledge (XXG)

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early humans, which is why disgust manifests differently in humans and non-human primates. Differences in disgust responses between humans and non-human primates likely reflects their unique ecological standpoints. Rather than disgust being a unique human emotion, disgust is a continuation of the parasite and infection avoidance behavior found in all animals. One theory explaining the difference is that since primates are largely foragers and never shifted to the hunter-scavenger lifestyle with a diet high in meat, they were never exposed to the new wave of pathogens that humans were exposed to, as well as the selection pressures that would come with this diet. Therefore, the disgust mechanisms in primates remained muted, only strong enough to address the distinct problems primates faced in their evolutionary history. Additionally, disgust-like behavior in great apes should be lower than in humans because they live in less hygienic conditions. Humans' clean habits over generations has reduced how frequently we are exposed to disgust elicitors and has likely expanded the stimuli that would elicit disgust reactions in us. Great apes on the other hand are constantly exposed to disgust elicitors, leading to habituation and a muted form of disgust compared to modern humans.

1017:, but universal across human cultures and thus likely to be biological in origin. The facial expression of disgust was found to be one of these facial expressions. This characteristic facial expression includes slightly narrowed brows, waving the hand back and forth although different elicitors may produce different forms of this expression. It was found that the facial expression of disgust is readily recognizable across cultures. This facial expression is also produced in blind individuals and is correctly interpreted by deaf individuals. This evidence indicates an innate biological basis for the expression and recognition of disgust. The recognition of disgust is also important among species as it has been found that when an individual sees a conspecific looking disgusted after tasting a particular food, he or she automatically infers that the food is bad and should not be eaten. This evidence suggests that disgust is experienced and recognized almost universally and strongly implicates its evolutionary significance. 1850:, and others have shown—they may be represented with more or less skill in any set of circumstances imaginable. There may even be "disgust worlds" in which disgust motifs so dominate that it may seem that entire represented world is, in itself, disgusting. Second, since people know what disgust is as a primary, or visceral, emotion (with characteristic gestures and expressions), they may imitate it. Thus, Wilson argues that, for example, contempt is acted out on the basis of the visceral emotion, disgust, but is not identical with disgust. It is a "compound affect" that entails intellectual preparation, or formatting, and theatrical techniques. Wilson argues that there are many such "intellectual" compound affects—such as nostalgia and outrage—but that disgust is a fundamental and unmistakable example. Moral disgust, then, is different from visceral disgust; it is more conscious and more layered in performance. 1226:(OCD), particularly in those with contamination preoccupations. In a study by Shapira & colleagues (2003), eight OCD subjects with contamination preoccupations and eight healthy volunteers viewed pictures from the International Affective Picture System during f-MRI scans. OCD subjects showed significantly greater neural responses to disgust-invoking images, specifically in the right insula. Furthermore, Sprengelmeyer (1997) found that the brain activation associated with disgust included the insula and part of the gustatory cortex that processes unpleasant tastes and smells. OCD subjects and healthy volunteers showed activation patterns in response to disgust pictures that differed significantly at the right insula. In contrast, the two groups were similar in their response to threat-inducing pictures, with no significant group differences at any site. 1369:

studies have suggested that the average effect of disgust on moral judgments is small or absent. Potentially reconciling these effects, one study indicated that the direction and size of the effect of disgust stimuli on moral judgment depends upon an individual's sensitivity to disgust. One effort to reconcile the inconsistent findings suggests that studying the effects of induced disgust on moral judgments alone is insufficient. Instead, the magnitude of experienced disgust appears to be a critical factor. Research by Białek et al. found that self-reported levels of disgust were more predictive of changes in moral judgments than the mere presence of disgust elicitors. This approach may provide a more nuanced understanding of how disgust influences moral decision-making.

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disgust is negatively correlated to aggression because feelings of disgust typically bring about a need to withdraw while aggression results in a need to approach. This can be explained in terms of each of the types of disgust. For those especially sensitive to moral disgust, they would want to be less aggressive because they want to avoid hurting others. Those especially sensitive to pathogen disgust might be motivated by a desire to avoid the possibility of an open wound on the victim of the aggression. Those sensitive to sexual disgust must have some sexual object present to be especially avoidant of aggression. Based on these findings, disgust may be used as an emotional tool to decrease aggression in individuals. Disgust may produce specific

895: 1349:" to describe the phenomenon that individuals who are prone to physical disgust are also prone to moral disgust. The link between physical disgust and moral disgust can be seen in the United States where criminals are often referred to as "slime" or "scum" and criminal activity as "stinking" or being "fishy". Furthermore, people often try to block out the stimuli of morally repulsive images in much the same way that they would block out the stimuli of a physically repulsive image. When people see an image of abuse, rape, or murder, they often avert their gazes to inhibit the incoming visual stimuli from the photograph just like they would if they saw a decomposing body. 1171:

expressions of disgust in others. The patients also reported having reduced sensations of disgust themselves. Furthermore, electrical stimulation of the anterior insula conducted during neurosurgery triggered nausea, the feeling of wanting to throw up and uneasiness in the stomach. Finally, electrically stimulating the anterior insula through implanted electrodes produced sensations in the throat and mouth that were "difficult to stand". These findings demonstrate the role of the insula in transforming unpleasant sensory input into physiological reactions, and the associated feeling of disgust.

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trade-off between the nutritional value of the food items and the risk of infection from the biological contaminants, with the chimps weighing the benefit of the food more heavily than the risk of contamination. In contrast to chimpanzees, Japanese macaques are more sensitive to visual cues of contaminants when there is no accompanying odor. Bonobos are most sensitive to fecal odors and rotten food odors. Overall, primates incorporate various senses in their feeding decisions, with disgust being an adaptive trait that helps them avoid potential parasites and other threats from contaminants.

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distinct neural pathways: amygdala and insula, both areas of the brain that deal with emotion processing. It was found that racial prejudice elicited disgusted facial expressions. Disgust can also predict prejudice and discrimination towards individuals with obesity. Vertanian, Trewartha and Vanman (2016) showed participants photos of obese targets and non-obese targets performing everyday activities. They found that, compared to non-obese people, obese targets elicited more disgust, more negative attitudes and stereotypes, and a greater desire for a social distance from participants.

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contaminants, but only show a weak tendency to move away from these odors, possibly because olfactory stimuli are not enough to give chimps a high enough threat level to move away. Chimpanzees physically recoil when presented with food items on soft, moist substrates, possibly because in nature, moisture, softness, and warmth are characteristics needed to grow pathogens. These responses are functionally similar to what humans' responses would be to the same kinds of stimuli, indicating that the underlying mechanism for this behavior is similar to ours.

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towards the self functions very differently from disgust directed towards other people or objects. Self-disgust "may reflect a pervasive condition of self-loathing that makes it difficult to assign deserving punishment to others". In other words, those who feel self-disgust cannot easily condemn others to punishment because they feel that they may also be deserving of punishment. The concept of self-disgust has been implicated in several mental health conditions, including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and eating disorders.

1602:. These forms of dehumanization have clear connections to disgust. Researchers have proposed that many disgust elicitors are disgusting because they are reminders that humans are not diverse from other creatures. With the aid of disgust, animalistic dehumanization directly reduces one's moral concerns towards excluding members from the outer group. Disgust can be a cause and consequence of dehumanization. Animalistic dehumanization may generate feelings of disgust and revulsion. Feelings of disgust, through rousing 1373:

pure has been violated. For example, a vegetarian might feel disgust after seeing another person eating meat because he/she has a view of vegetarianism as the pure state-of-being. When this state-of-being is violated, the vegetarian feels disgust. Furthermore, disgust appears to be uniquely associated with purity judgments, not with what is just/unjust or what is harmful/caregiving, while other emotions such as fear, anger, and sadness are "unrelated to moral judgments of purity".

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Additionally, chimps often use leaves and twigs to wipe themselves when they stepped in others' feces instead of removing it with their bare hands. Great apes almost always remove feces from their bodies after accidentally stepping in it, even in instances where it would be beneficial to wait. For example, when grapes are being passed out to chimps and they accidentally step in feces, they almost always take the time to stop and wipe it off even if it means missing out on food.

1201:, a genetically transmitted progressive neurodegenerative disease, are unable to recognize expressions of disgust in others and also don't show reactions of disgust to foul odors or tastes. The inability to recognize expressions of disgust appears in carriers of the Huntington gene before other symptoms appear. People with Huntington's disease are impaired at recognition of anger and fear, and experience a notably severe problem with disgust recognition. 1299:

observation rate of this behavior. Primates, notably gorillas and chimpanzees, occasionally make facial expressions such as grimacing and tongue protrusions after having bad-tasting food. Individual primate preferences vary widely, some tolerating extremely bitter food, while others are more particular. Taste preferences are more often noticed in high ranking individuals, likely because lower ranked individuals may have to tolerate less-desired foods.

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can also relate to various aspects of moral values, which can have a negative or positive impact. For example, Disgust sensitivity is associated with moral hypervigilance, which means people who have higher disgust sensitivity are more likely to think that other people who are suspects of a crime are more guilty. They also associate them as being morally evil and criminal, thus endorsing them to harsher punishment in the setting of a court.

1624: 1760:, explicitly rejects disgust as an appropriate guide for legislating, arguing the "politics of disgust" is an unreliable emotional reaction with no inherent wisdom. Furthermore, she argues this "politics of disgust" has in the past and present had the effects of supporting bigotry in the forms of sexism, racism and antisemitism and links the emotion of disgust to support for laws against 1436: 1338:

dignity of others (e.g., racism, hypocrisy, disloyalty). Socio-moral disgust is different from core disgust. In the 2006 study done by Simpson and colleagues, there was a divergence found in disgust responses between the core elicitors of disgust and the socio-moral elicitors of disgust, suggesting that the makeup of core and socio-moral disgust may be different emotional constructs.

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someone stumbles upon a pool of vomit, they will do whatever possible to place as much distance between themselves and the vomit as possible, which can include pinching the nose, closing the eyes, or running away. Likewise, when a group experiences someone who cheats, rapes, or murders another member of the group, its reaction is to shun or expel that person from the group.

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studies have provided evidence for the activation of the insula in disgust recognition, as well as visceral changes in disgust reactions such as the feeling of nausea. The importance of disgust recognition and the visceral reaction of "feeling disgusted" is evident when considering the survival of organisms, and the evolutionary benefit of avoiding contamination.

1095: 1392:. Research has established that when the idea or concept of cleanliness is made salient then people make less severe moral judgments of others. From this particular finding, it can be suggested that this reduces the experience of disgust and the ensuing threat of psychological impurity diminishes the apparent severity of moral transgressions. 7995: 1842:; physical disgust as more universally grounded. The book also discusses moral disgust as an aspect of the representation of disgust. Wilson does this in two ways. First, he discusses representations of disgust in literature, film and fine art. Since there are characteristic facial expressions (the clenched nostrils, the pursed lips)—as 1566:

the study found was that people were not inclined in making inferences about the mental conditions of these particular disgust inducing groups. Therefore, examining images of homeless people and drug addicts caused disgust in the response of the people who participated with this study. This study coincides with disgust following the

1804:(2004) has argued that "reactions of disgust are often built upon prejudices that should be challenged and rebutted." On the other hand, writers, such as Kass, find wisdom in adhering to one's initial feelings of disgust. A number of writers on the theory of disgust find it to be the proto-legal foundation of human law. 1057:"are more likely to link feelings of disgust to actions that frustrate their integration into the social world." Furthermore, practices viewed as acceptable in some cultures may be viewed as disgusting in other cultures. In English the concept disgust can apply to both physical and abstract things, but in 1124:), is the main neural structure involved in the emotion of disgust. The insula has been shown by several studies to be the main neural correlate of the feeling of disgust both in humans and in macaque monkeys. The insula is activated by unpleasant tastes, smells, and the visual recognition of disgust in 1565:

or the maltreatment of persons as less than human. Research was performed which conducted several functional magnetic resonance images (fMRI) in which participants viewed images of individuals from stigmatized groups that were associated with disgust, which were drug addicts and homeless people. What

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Although limited research has been done on self-disgust, one study found that self-disgust and severity of moral judgments were negatively correlated. This is in contrast to findings related to disgust, which typically results in harsher judgments of transgressions. This implies that disgust directed

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Some other research suggests that an individual's level of disgust sensitivity is due to their particular experience of disgust. One's disgust sensitivity can be either high or low. The higher one's disgust sensitivity is, the greater the tendency to make stricter moral judgments. Disgust sensitivity

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Although disgust was first thought to be a motivation for humans to only physical contaminants, it has since been applied to moral and social moral contaminants as well. The similarities between these types of disgust can especially be seen in the way people react to the contaminants. For example, if

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Disgust is one of the basic emotions recognizable across multiple cultures and is a response to something revolting typically involving taste or sight. Though different cultures find different things disgusting, the reaction to the grotesque things remains the same throughout each culture; people and

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The mirror-neuron matching system found in monkeys and humans is a proposed explanation for such recognition, and shows that our internal representation of actions is triggered during the observation of another's actions. It has been demonstrated that a similar mechanism may apply to emotions. Seeing

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other regions of the brain increased in activity. Both groups reported similar conscious reactions to the images. The difference in activity patterns was large: the reaction to a single image could predict a person's political leanings with 95% accuracy. Later, however, such results have been proven

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The effect also seems to be limited to a certain aspect of morality. Horberg et al. found that disgust plays a role in the development and intensification of moral judgments of purity in particular. In other words, the feeling of disgust is often associated with a feeling that some image of what is

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The fact that the insula is necessary for our ability to feel and recognize the emotion of disgust is further supported by neuropsychological studies. Both Calder (2000) and Adolphs (2003) showed that lesions on the anterior insula lead to deficits in the experience of disgust and recognizing facial

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At a very young age, children are able to identify different, basic facial emotions. If a parent makes a negative face and a positive emotional face toward two different toys, a child as young as five months would avoid the toy associated with a negative face. Young children tend to associate a face

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Ghelfi, Eric; Christopherson, Cody D.; Urry, Heather L.; Lenne, Richie L.; Legate, Nicole; Ann Fischer, Mary; Wagemans, Fieke M. A.; Wiggins, Brady; Barrett, Tamara; Bornstein, Michelle; de Haan, Bianca; Guberman, Joshua; Issa, Nada; Kim, Joan; Na, Elim; O’Brien, Justin; Paulk, Aidan; Peck, Tayler;

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by Robert Rawdon Wilson, disgust may be further subdivided into physical disgust, associated with physical or metaphorical uncleanliness, and moral disgust, a similar feeling related to courses of action. For example; "I am disgusted by the hurtful things that you are saying." Moral disgust should

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Taken together, studies on the disgust reaction in primates show that disgust is adaptive in primates and that the avoidance of potential sources of pathogens is triggered by the same contaminants as for humans. The adaptive problems that primates faced did not align to the degree that they did for

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can interfere with the expression of a conditioned disgust reaction in rats. These researchers showed that as nausea produced conditioned disgust reactions, by administering the rats with an antinausea treatment they could prevent toxin-induced conditioned disgust reactions. Furthermore, in looking

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Research has also found that people who are more sensitive to disgust tend to find their own in-group more attractive and tend to have more negative attitudes toward other groups. This may be explained by assuming that people begin to associate outsiders and foreigners with disease and danger while

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Wilson examines the claims of several jurists and legal scholars—such as William Ian Miller—that disgust must underlie positive law. "In the absence of disgust", he observes, stating their claim, ". . . there would be either total barbarism or a society ruled solely by force, violence and terror."

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Unlike in humans, the avoidance of social contamination (ex: staying away from sick conspecifics) is rare in great apes. Instead, great apes often groom sick conspecifics or just treat them with indifference. Additionally, great apes treat products of a sick conspecific such as mucus or blood with

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Coprophagy is commonly observed in chimpanzees, possibly suggesting that chimps do not really have a disgust mechanism the way humans do. Coprophagy is usually only done to re-ingest seeds from one's own feces, which is less risky than ingesting others' feces in terms of exposure to new parasites.

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Non-human primates display signs of disgust and aversion to biological contaminants. Exposure to bodily excrements that usually elicit disgust reactions in humans, such as feces, semen, or blood, have an impact on primates' feeding preferences. Chimpanzees generally avoid the smells of biological

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Studies have found that disgust has been known to predict prejudice and discrimination. Through passive viewing tasks and functional magnetic resonance researchers were able to provide direct evidence that the insula is largely involved in racially biased perception of facial disgust through two

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Arguably, there is a completely different construct of the emotion of disgust from the core disgust that can be seen in Ekman's basic emotions. Socio-moral disgust occurs when social or moral boundaries appear to be violated, the socio-moral aspect centers on human violations of the autonomy and

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While in humans there is a strong difference in disgust reactions between the two sexes, this difference has not been documented in non-human primates. In humans, women generally report greater disgust than men. In bonobos and chimps, females are not any more avoidant than males of contamination

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The most frequently reported disgust-like behavior in non-human primates is expelling bad-tasting food items, but even this behavior is not very common. This might be because primates effectively avoid potentially bad-tasting food items, and food that is avoided cannot be expelled, hence the low

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and it was found that NK's overall response to disgust-inducing stimuli was significantly lower than that of controls. The patient showed a reduction in disgust-response on eight categories including food, animals, body products, envelope violation and death. Moreover, NK incorrectly categorized

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to a society's laws. Nussbaum identifies disgust as a marker that bigoted, and often merely majoritarian, discourse employs to "place", by diminishment and denigration, a despised minority. Removing "disgust" from public discourse constitutes an important step in achieving humane and tolerant

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by leading to the view that they are merely less than human. An example of this is if groups were to avoid people from outside of their own particular group. Some researchers have distinguished between two different forms of dehumanization. The first form is the denial of uniquely human traits,

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Research suggests that the experience of disgust can alter moral judgments. Many studies have focused on the average change in behavior across participants, with some studies indicating disgust stimuli intensifies the severity of moral judgments. Later studies found the reverse effect, and some

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Sexual disgust arises from a desire to avoid "biologically costly mates" and a consideration of the consequences of certain reproductive choices. The two primary considerations are intrinsic quality (e.g., body symmetry, facial attractiveness, etc.) and genetic compatibility (e.g., avoidance of

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in preference to fighting them after they have entered the body. This behavioral immune system has been found to make sweeping generalizations because "it is more costly to perceive a sick person as healthy than to perceive a healthy person as sickly". Researchers have found that sensitivity to

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in the brain is particularly active when experiencing disgust, when being exposed to offensive tastes, and when viewing facial expressions of disgust. The research has supported that there are independent neural systems in the brain, each handling a specific basic emotion. Specifically, f-MRI

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As mentioned earlier, women experience disgust more prominently than men. This is reflected in a study about dental phobia. A dental phobia comes from experiencing disgust when thinking about the dentist and all that entails. 4.6 percent of women compared to 2.7 percent of men find the dentist

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Chimpanzees generally avoid food contaminated with dirt or feces, but most individuals still consume these kinds of contaminated foods. While chimps do show a preference for food items with lower contamination risk, they do not avoid risk altogether, as most humans would. This may be due to a

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Studies have demonstrated that the insula is activated by disgusting stimuli, and that observing someone else's facial expression of disgust seems to automatically retrieve a neural representation of disgust. Furthermore, these findings emphasize the role of the insula in feelings of disgust.

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Moral disgust "pertains to social transgressions" and may include behaviors such as lying, theft, murder, and rape. Unlike the other two domains, moral disgust "motivates avoidance of social relationships with norm-violating individuals" because those relationships threaten group cohesion.

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The emotion of disgust can be described to serve as an effective mechanism following occurrences of negative social value, provoking repulsion, and desire for social distance. The origin of disgust can be defined by motivating the avoidance of offensive things, and in the context of a

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The above-mentioned main disgust stimuli are similar to one another in the sense that they can all potentially transmit infections, and are the most common referenced elicitors of disgust cross-culturally. Because of this, disgust is believed to have evolved as a component of a

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The moral-legal argument, he remarks, "leaves much out of account." His own argument turns largely upon the human capacity to learn how to control, even to suppress, strong and problematic affects and, over time, for entire populations to abandon specific disgust responses.

1246:-inducing substance, rats will show conditioned disgust reactions. "Gaping" in rats is the most dominant conditioned disgust reaction and the muscles used in this response mimic those used in species capable of vomiting. Studies have shown that treatments that reduced 1023:

has also been implicated in the expression of disgust. That is, the making of the facial expression of disgust leads to an increased feeling of disgust. This can occur if the person just wrinkles one's nose without awareness that they are making a disgust expression.

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Phillips, M. L.; Young, A. W.; Senior, C.; Brammer, M.; Andrew, C.; Calder, A. J.; Bullmore, E. T.; Perrett, D. I.; Rowland, D.; Williams, S. C. R.; Gray, J. A.; David, A. S. (October 1997). "A specific neural substrate for perceiving facial expressions of disgust".

898:"When I turned the corner down there and started coming toward the house, I could smell it down there," said Citrus County Sheriff Mike Pendergast about a house overrun with rats. The owner searched for her house after being released from jail, but it had been razed. 993:. Scientists have conjectured that pregnancy requires the mother to "dial down" her immune system so that the developing embryo won't be attacked. To protect the mother, this lowered immune system is then compensated by a heightened sense of disgust. 3534:

Shapira, Nathan A.; Liu, Yijun; He, Alex G.; Bradley, Margaret M.; Lessig, Mary C.; James, George A.; Stein, Dan J.; Lang, Peter J.; Goodman, Wayne K. (October 2003). "Brain activation by disgust-inducing pictures in obsessive-compulsive disorder".

1606:, may lead to dehumanization. Therefore, a person or group that is generally connected with disgusting effects and seen as physically unclean may induce moral avoidance. Being deemed disgusting produces a variety of cognitive effects that result in 7794: 1213:

have been found to display greater brain activation to facial expressions of disgust. Self-disgust, which is disgust directed towards one's own actions, may also contribute to the relationship between dysfunctional thoughts and depression.

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Moral judgments can be traditionally defined or thought of as directed by standards such as impartiality and respect towards others for their well-being. From more recent theoretical and empirical information, it can be suggested that

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Olatunji, Bunmi O.; Haidt, Jonathan; McKay, Dean; David, Bieke (October 2008). "Core, animal reminder, and contamination disgust: Three kinds of disgust with distinct personality, behavioral, physiological, and clinical correlates".

1570:, which explains that contact with disgusting material renders one disgusting. Disgust can be applied towards people and can function as maltreatment towards another human being. Disgust can exclude people from being a part of a 960:

arises from a desire to survive and, ultimately, a fear of death. He compares it to a "behavioral immune system" that is the 'first line of defense' against potentially deadly agents such as dead bodies, rotting food, and vomit.

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at the different disgust and vomiting reactions between rats and shrews the authors showed that these reactions (particularly vomiting) play a crucial role in the associative processes that govern food selection across species.

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One particular neuropsychological study focused on patient NK who was diagnosed with a left hemisphere infarction involving the insula, internal capsule, putamen and globus pallidus. NK's neural damage included the insula and

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Women generally report greater disgust than men, especially regarding sexual disgust or general repulsiveness which have been argued to be consistent with women being more selective regarding sex for evolutionary reasons.

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and protects citizens. She contrasts this with the "politics of disgust" which she argues denies citizens humanity and equality before the law on no rational grounds and cause palpable social harm. (See Martha Nussbaum,

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someone else's facial emotional expressions triggers the neural activity that would relate to our own experience of the same emotion. This points to the universality, as well as survival value of the emotion of disgust.

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Kohler, Evelyne; Keysers, Christian; Umiltà, M. Alessandra; Fogassi, Leonardo; Gallese, Vittorio; Rizzolatti, Giacomo (2 August 2002). "Hearing Sounds, Understanding Actions: Action Representation in Mirror Neurons".

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disgust facial expressions as anger. The results of this study support the idea that NK had damage to a system involved in recognizing social signals of disgust, due to a damaged insula caused by neurodegeneration.

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sensations and the related autonomic responses. It also receives visual information from the anterior portion of the ventral superior temporal cortex, where cells have been found to respond to the sight of faces.

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It is believed that the emotion of disgust has evolved as a response to offensive foods that may cause harm to the organism. A common example of this is found in human beings who show disgust reactions to mouldy

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In discussing specific neural locations of disgust, research has shown that forebrain mechanisms are necessary for rats to acquire conditioned disgust for a specific emetic (vomit-inducing) substance (such as

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Taking a further look into hygiene, disgust was the strongest predictor of negative attitudes toward obese individuals. A disgust reaction to obese individuals was also connected with views of moral values.

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Hayes, Catherine J.; Stevenson, Richard J.; Coltheart, Max (January 2009). "Production of spontaneous and posed facial expressions in patients with Huntington's disease: Impaired communication of disgust".

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Because disgust is an emotion with physical responses to undesirable or dirty situations, studies have proven there are cardiovascular and respiratory changes while experiencing the emotion of disgust.

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Schaller, Mark; Duncan, Lesley A. (2011). "The behavioral immune system: Its evolution and social psychological implications". In Forgas, Joseph P.; Haselton, Martie G.; von Hippel, William (eds.).

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Ahn, Woo-Young; Kishida, Kenneth T.; Gu, Xiaosi; Lohrenz, Terry; Harvey, Ann; Alford, John R.; Smith, Kevin B.; Yaffe, Gideon; Hibbing, John R.; Dayan, Peter; Montague, P. Read (November 2014).

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Simpson, J.; Hillman, R.; Crawford, T.; Overton, P. G. (23 October 2010). "Self-esteem and self-disgust both mediate the relationship between dysfunctional cognitions and depressive symptoms".

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Overton, P. G.; Markland, F. E.; Taggart, H. S.; Bagshaw, G. L.; Simpson, J. (2008). "Self-disgust mediates the relationship between dysfunctional cognitions and depressive symptomatology".

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risk. There is some evidence suggesting that juveniles are less contamination-risk avoidant than adults, which is in line with research on the development of the disgust response in humans.

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Parker, Linda A.; Rana, Shadna A.; Limebeer, Cheryl L. (September 2008). "Conditioned nausea in rats: Assessment by conditioned disgust reactions, rather than conditioned taste avoidance".

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Fleischman, Diana S.; Fessler, Daniel M.T. (February 2011). "Progesterone's effects on the psychology of disease avoidance: Support for the compensatory behavioral prophylaxis hypothesis".

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Pond, R. S.; DeWall, C. N.; Lambert, N. M.; Deckman, T.; Bonser, I. M.; Fincham, F. D. (2012). "Repulsed by violence: Disgust sensitivity buffers trait, behavioral, and daily aggression".

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Navarrete, Carlos David; Fessler, Daniel M.T. (July 2006). "Disease avoidance and ethnocentrism: the effects of disease vulnerability and disgust sensitivity on intergroup attitudes".

1742:, has advocated that "in crucial cases...repugnance is the emotional expression of deep wisdom, beyond reason's power fully to articulate it." in relation to bio-ethical issues (See: 1361:

proposed that one's instant judgments about morality are experienced as a "flash of intuition" and that these affective perceptions operate rapidly, associatively, and outside of

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Olatunji, Bunmi O.; Cox, Rebecca; Kim, Eun Ha (March 2015). "Self-Disgust Mediates the Associations Between Shame and Symptoms of Bulimia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder".

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Case, Trevor I.; Stevenson, Richard J.; Byrne, Richard W.; Hobaiter, Catherine (July 2020). "The animal origins of disgust: Reports of basic disgust in nonhuman great apes".

1242:. The Taste Reactivity (TR) test has thus become a standard tool in measuring disgust response. When given a stimulus intraorally which had been previously paired with a 3824:

Flynn, F. W; Grill, H. J.; Shulkin, J.; Norgren, R. (1991). "Central gustatory lesions: II. Effects on sodium appetite, taste aversion learning, and feeding behaviors".

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showing disgust with anger instead of being able to identify the difference. Adults can make the distinction. The age of understanding seems to be around ten years old.

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Sprengelmeyer, Reiner; Young, Andrew W.; Calder, Andrew J.; Karnat, Anke; Lange, Herwig; Hömberg, Volker; Perrett, David I.; Rowland, Duncan (1996). "Loss of disgust".

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Meissner, Karin; Muth, Eric R.; Herbert, Beate M. (January 2011). "Bradygastric activity of the stomach predicts disgust sensitivity and perceived disgust intensity".

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Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W. C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C. E. G.; Wrangham, R. W.; Boesch, C. (June 1999). "Cultures in chimpanzees".

1365:. From this, moral intuitions are believed to be stimulated prior to conscious moral cognitions which correlates with having a greater influence on moral judgments. 3570:

Sprengelmeyer, R.; Young, A. W.; Pundt, I.; Sprengelmeyer, A.; Calder, A. J.; Berrios, G.; Winkel, R.; Vollmoeller, W.; Kuhn, W.; Sartory, G.; Przuntek, H. (1997).

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Ritz, Thomas; Thöns, Miriam; Fahrenkrug, Saskia; Dahme, Bernhard (26 August 2005). "Airways, respiration, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia during picture viewing".

1238:, prior research of signs of a conditioned disgust response have been experimentally verified by Grill and Norgren (1978) who developed a systematic test to assess 4163:

Haidt, Jonathan; McCauley, Clark; Rozin, Paul (May 1994). "Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors".

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Eckel, Lisa A.; Ossenkopp, Klaus-Peter (February 1996). "Area postrema mediates the formation of rapid, conditioned palatability shifts in lithium-treated rats".

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Tybur, Joshua M.; Lieberman, Debra; Griskevicius, Vladas (2009). "Microbes, mating, and morality: Individual differences in three functional domains of disgust".

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Wicker, Bruno; Keysers, Christian; Plailly, Jane; Royet, Jean-Pierre; Gallese, Vittorio; Rizzolatti, Giacomo (October 2003). "Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula".

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Białek, Michał; Muda, Rafał; Fugelsang, Jonathan; Friedman, Ori (2021). "Disgust and Moral Judgment: Distinguishing Between Elicitors and Feelings Matters".

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to be mixed, with failed replications and questions about what is actually being measured also raising questions about the generalizability of the findings.

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Vartanian, Lenny R.; Trewartha, Tara; Vanman, Eric J. (16 December 2015). "Disgust predicts prejudice and discrimination toward individuals with obesity".

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Landy, Justin F.; Goodwin, Geoffrey P. (July 2015). "Does Incidental Disgust Amplify Moral Judgment? A Meta-Analytic Review of Experimental Evidence".

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Olatunji, Bunmi O.; David, Bieke; Ciesielski, Bethany G. (2012). "Who am I to judge? Self-disgust predicts less punishment of severe transgressions".

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Haidt, Jonathan; Rozin, Paul; Mccauley, Clark; Imada, Sumio (March 1997). "Body, Psyche, and Culture: The Relationship between Disgust and Morality".

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Sprengelmeyer, R.; Schroeder, U.; Young, A.W.; Epplen, J.T. (January 2006). "Disgust in pre-clinical Huntington's disease: A longitudinal study".

1388:. When one experiences disgust, this emotion might signal that certain behaviors, objects, or people are to be avoided in order to preserve their 4877:

David, Bieke; Olatunji, Bunmi O. (May 2011). "The effect of disgust conditioning and disgust sensitivity on appraisals of moral transgressions".

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David, Bieke; Olatunji, Bunmi O. (May 2011). "The effect of disgust conditioning and disgust sensitivity on appraisals of moral transgressions".

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Krief, Sabrina; Jamart, Aliette; Hladik, Claude-Marcel (April 2004). "On the possible adaptive value of coprophagy in free-ranging chimpanzees".

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Mitchell, I. J. (February 2005). "Huntington's Disease Patients Show Impaired Perception of Disgust in the Gustatory and Olfactory Modalities".

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Rozin, Paul; Haidt, Jonathan; McCauley, Clark (2018). "Disgust". In Barrett, Lisa Feldman; Lewis, Michael; Haviland-Jones, Jeannette M. (eds.).

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Smith, Kevin B; Warren, Clarisse (2020). "Physiology predicts ideology. Or does it? The current state of political psychophysiology research".

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Schienle, Anne; Köchel, Angelika; Leutgeb, Verena (December 2011). "Frontal late positivity in dental phobia: A study on gender differences".

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The emotion disgust has been noted to feature strongly in the public sphere in relation to issues and debates, among other things, regarding

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Stein, D.J.; Liu, Y.; Shapira, N.A.; Goodman, W.K. (2001). "The psychobiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: How important is disgust?".

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responses, such as reduced blood pressure, lowered heart-rate and decreased skin conductance along with changes in respiratory behaviour.

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Bertolani, Paco; Pruetz, Jill D. (12 July 2011). "Seed Reingestion in Savannah Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Fongoli, Senegal".

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Grill, H.C.; Norgren, R. (1978a). "The taste Reactivity Test. I: Miimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in neurologically normal rats".

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response of rejection or revulsion to something potentially contagious or something considered offensive, distasteful or unpleasant. In

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Article written about a February 2009 study in "Science" linking moral judgments with facial expressions that indicate sensory disgust.

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The scientific attempts to map specific emotions onto underlying neural substrates dates back to the first half of the 20th century.

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Stark, R.; Zimmermann, M.; Kagerer, S.; Schienle, A.; Walter, B. (2007). "Hemodynamic brain correlates of disgust and fear ratings".

724: 6911: 5516: 1707: 1405: 5654: 4730:"Reexamining the Effect of Gustatory Disgust on Moral Judgment: A Multilab Direct Replication of Eskine, Kacinik, and Prinz (2011)" 1311:

interest or indifference. This is in contrast with human disease avoidance, where avoiding those who appear sick is a key feature.

5664: 2073:"Attentional bias differences between fear and disgust: Implications for the role of disgust in disgust-related anxiety disorders" 6713: 5659: 144: 8025: 7675: 7368: 6785: 5203:

Sherman, Gary D.; Haidt, Jonathan (28 June 2011). "Cuteness and Disgust: The Humanizing and Dehumanizing Effects of Emotion".

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Travers, J. B.; Norgren, R. (1986). "Electromyographic analysis of the ingestion and rejection of sapid stimuli in the rat".

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Surguladze, Simon A.; El-Hage, Wissam; Dalgleish, Tim; Radua, Joaquim; Gohier, Benedicte; Phillips, Mary L. (October 2010).

1873:, Wilson writes that "the dance between disgust and shame takes place. A slow choreography unfolds before the mind's-eye." 7353: 7278: 7001: 6646: 5670: 5479: 3417:"Depression is associated with increased sensitivity to signals of disgust: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study" 1223: 1053:"are more likely to link feelings of disgust to actions that limit a person's rights or degrade a person's dignity" while 687:

wrote that disgust is a sensation that refers to something revolting. Disgust is experienced primarily in relation to the

623: 767:

or contaminated meat. Disgust appears to be triggered by objects or people who possess attributes that signify disease.

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Jones, Andrew; Fitness, Julie (2008). "Moral hypervigilance: The influence of disgust sensitivity in the moral domain".

1931: 1272: 1094: 5117:

Bektas, Sevgi; Keeler, Johanna Louise; Anderson, Lisa M.; Mutwalli, Hiba; Himmerich, Hubertus; Treasure, Janet (2022).

3022:

Kollareth, D; Russell, JA (September 2017). "The English word disgust has no exact translation in Hindi or Malayalam".

1732:. There is a range of views by different commentators on the role, purpose and effects of disgust on public discourse. 6901: 4842:

Horberg, E. J.; Oveis, Christopher; Keltner, Dacher; Cohen, Adam B. (2009). "Disgust and the moralization of purity".

2028:

Husted, D.S.; Shapira, N.A.; Goodman, W.K. (2006). "The neurocircuitry of obsessive–compulsive disorder and disgust".

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Simpson, Jane; Carter, Sarah; Anthony, Susan H.; Overton, Paul G. (March 2006). "Is Disgust a Homogeneous Emotion?".

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Calder, Andrew J.; et al. (2000). "Impaired recognition and experience of disgust following brain injury".

61: 7864: 7648: 7049: 6864: 6829: 5870: 5554: 1667: 1641: 1483: 913: 904: 616: 7403: 2592:

Druschel, B. A.; Sherman, M. F. (March 1999). "Disgust sensitivity as a function of the Big Five and gender".

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Grill, H.C.; Norgren, R. (1978b). "Chronically decerebrate rats demonstrate satiation but not bait shyness".

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Rozin, Paul; Lowery, Laura; Ebert, Rhonda (1994). "Varieties of disgust faces and the structure of disgust".

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and the oppressive caste system in India. In place of this "politics of disgust", Nussbaum argues for the

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to disgust (now transformed, wholly or partially, into self-disgust) primarily as a consequence rooted in

1251: 647: 591: 128: 118: 5342: 1674: 1530:, it can become an instrument of social avoidance. An example of disgust in action can be found from the 1490: 7982: 7556: 7509: 7418: 7243: 7216: 7190: 7124: 6936: 6581: 6386: 5815: 5265: 3899: 2836:

Lewis, Michael B. (August 2012). "Exploring the positive and negative implications of facial feedback".

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to avoid disgust causing individuals, which included people who were sexually immoral and those who had

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simultaneously associating health, freedom from disease, and safety with people similar to themselves.

695:(either perceived or imagined), and secondarily to anything which causes a similar feeling by sense of 2264:

Curtis, Valerie; Biran, Adam (December 2001). "Dirt, Disgust, and Disease: Is Hygiene in Our Genes?".

7944: 7824: 7814: 7722: 7695: 7598: 7378: 7119: 6948: 6891: 6881: 6869: 6780: 6775: 6760: 6745: 6661: 6611: 6606: 6551: 6411: 6162: 4917: 4121: 3752: 3583: 3103: 2881: 2489: 1743: 1014: 700: 331: 156: 20: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 1772:

as the proper basis for legislating. Nussbaum argues the harm principle supports the legal ideas of

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Sashihara, Marissa; Sheelar, Karen; Song, Justin; Steinberg, Hannah; Sullivan, Dasan (March 2020).

2129: 1966: 1547: 1328: 1103: 1046: 586: 321: 113: 7398: 4254:"How mammals stay healthy in nature: the evolution of behaviours to avoid parasites and pathogens" 1267:

but not the nucleus of the solitary tract prevented conditioned disgust. Moreover, lesions of the

1263:). Other studies have shown that lesions to the area postrema and the parabrachial nucleus of the 862: 7949: 7939: 7909: 7884: 7670: 7608: 7468: 7268: 7175: 7094: 7079: 6854: 6834: 6819: 6809: 6750: 6730: 6691: 6686: 6651: 6636: 6596: 6556: 6428: 6167: 6157: 5805: 5600: 4997: 4145: 3652: 3516: 3300: 3257: 3214: 3171: 3047: 2644: 2515:

Vartanian, L R (2 March 2010). "Disgust and perceived control in attitudes toward obese people".

2053: 1862: 1558: 1527: 957: 581: 426: 123: 52: 1408:, the basal ganglia and amygdala and several other regions showed increased activity, while in 8030: 8020: 7999: 7959: 7834: 7727: 7701: 7343: 7303: 7258: 7238: 7195: 7170: 7089: 7084: 6839: 6666: 6641: 6618: 6591: 6406: 6396: 6253: 6243: 6110: 6037: 5970: 5940: 5698: 5634: 5512: 5502: 5426: 5420: 5376: 5275: 5150: 5072: 5037: 4943: 4859: 4794: 4763:"Moral judgment modulation by disgust is bi-directionally moderated by individual sensitivity" 4709: 4647: 4596: 4479: 4398: 4358: 4332: 4283: 4207: 4137: 4094: 4042: 3951: 3841: 3803: 3768: 3725: 3687: 3644: 3609: 3552: 3508: 3446: 3397: 3362: 3292: 3249: 3206: 3163: 3119: 3039: 2949: 2897: 2853: 2816: 2793: 2756: 2733: 2698: 2636: 2574: 2532: 2462: 2427: 2387: 2356: 2281: 2246: 2208: 2148: 2102: 2045: 1941: 1535: 1108: 704: 566: 481: 471: 411: 316: 281: 133: 81: 5370: 2229:

Oaten, M.; Stevenson, R. J.; Case, T. I. (2009). "Disgust as a Disease-Avoidance Mechanism".

7463: 7413: 7358: 7273: 7205: 6996: 6802: 6770: 6443: 6401: 6317: 6312: 5690: 5455: 5398:"A Fuzzy Inference System for Synergy Estimation of Simultaneous Emotion Dynamics in Agents" 5246: 5212: 5140: 5130: 5099: 5064: 5029: 4989: 4933: 4925: 4886: 4851: 4821: 4784: 4774: 4741: 4701: 4674: 4637: 4627: 4586: 4578: 4547: 4509: 4469: 4461: 4430: 4390: 4322: 4314: 4273: 4265: 4234: 4199: 4172: 4129: 4084: 4076: 4032: 4024: 3993: 3985: 3941: 3933: 3891: 3883: 3833: 3795: 3760: 3717: 3679: 3636: 3599: 3591: 3544: 3500: 3473: 3436: 3428: 3389: 3354: 3327: 3284: 3241: 3198: 3155: 3111: 3075: 3031: 3004: 2977: 2939: 2931: 2889: 2845: 2785: 2725: 2690: 2628: 2601: 2566: 2524: 2497: 2454: 2419: 2379: 2346: 2338: 2273: 2238: 2200: 2092: 2084: 2037: 2008: 1946: 1916: 1820: 1816: 1769: 1567: 1268: 1260: 712: 596: 571: 516: 511: 5372:

On the Origins of Human Emotions: A Sociological Inquiry Into the Evolution of Human Affect

3710:

Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale

3358: 3232:

Adolphs, Ralph; et al. (2003). "Dissociable neural systems for recognizing emotions".

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of inharmonious sounds. Research has continually proven a relationship between disgust and

7348: 7288: 7165: 6958: 6926: 6824: 6631: 6623: 6561: 6448: 6067: 1858: 1777: 1749: 1603: 1400:

In one study, people of differing political persuasions were shown disgusting images in a

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examples include: products of culture and modification. The second form is the denial of

1049:, there are differences among different cultures in the objects of disgust. For example, 4921: 4125: 4037: 4012: 3756: 3587: 3107: 2885: 2493: 2071:

Cisler, Josh M.; Olatunji, Bunmi O.; Lohr, Jeffrey M.; Williams, Nathan L. (June 2009).

7934: 7914: 7784: 7541: 7493: 7453: 7388: 7338: 7318: 7253: 6983: 6916: 6735: 6416: 6376: 6302: 5950: 5681:

Turner, Leigh (March 2004). "Is repugnance wise? Visceral responses to biotechnology".

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Schnall, Simone; Haidt, Jonathan; Clore, Gerald L.; Jordan, Alexander H. (9 May 2008).

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Liu, Yunzhe; Lin, Wanjun; Xu, Pengfei; Zhang, Dandan; Luo, Yuejia (29 September 2015).

4327: 4302: 4278: 4253: 4089: 4064: 3982:

Exploring the origins of disgust: Evolution of parasite avoidance behaviors in primates

3946: 3921: 3604: 3571: 3441: 3416: 2944: 2920:"Neural structures associated with recognition of facial expressions of basic emotions" 2919: 2501: 2351: 2326: 2097: 2072: 1843: 1812: 1765: 1562: 1358: 1346: 1324: 1222:

The emotion of disgust may have an important role in understanding the neurobiology of

1121: 1082: 684: 501: 296: 3548: 3245: 2605: 2204: 8014: 7964: 7754: 7613: 7536: 7478: 7393: 7373: 7233: 7185: 6991: 6676: 6360: 6226: 6078: 6047: 5975: 5880: 5119:"Disgust and Self-Disgust in Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" 5001: 4176: 3640: 3432: 3331: 3288: 2458: 1956: 1866: 1761: 1681: 1497: 1362: 1160: 876: 798: 716: 541: 371: 326: 291: 241: 3922:"Avoidance of biological contaminants through sight, smell and touch in chimpanzees" 3920:

Sarabian, Cecile; Ngoubangoye, Barthelemy; MacIntosh, Andrew J. J. (November 2017).

3520: 3261: 3189:

Keysers, C.; Xiao, D. K.; Foldiak, P.; Perrett, D. I. (2001). "The speed of sight".

3175: 2729: 2694: 2648: 2057: 7568: 7433: 7313: 7293: 7145: 6963: 6876: 6720: 6172: 6100: 5987: 5850: 5618:

Canadian Review of Comparative Literature/ Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée

5301:

Canadian Review of Comparative Literature/ Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée

5271: 4149: 3656: 3304: 3218: 3051: 1801: 1580: 1576: 1538:(See especially Leviticus chapter 11). Leviticus includes direct commandments from 1275: 1239: 990: 970: 951: 216: 3703: 3701: 3035: 2813:

Emotion in the Human Face: Guide-lines for Research and an Integration of Findings

7795:

A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful

5667:, publications by Jonathan Haidt on disgust and its relationship with moral ideas 5396:

Atifa Athar; M. Saleem Khan; Khalil Ahmed; Aiesha Ahmed; Nida Anwar (June 2011).

4993: 4678: 3903: 1807:

Disgust has also figured prominently in the work of several other philosophers.

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Sensitivity to disgust rises during pregnancy, along with levels of the hormone

825: 421: 366: 266: 5103: 5015: 5013: 5011: 4890: 4551: 4028: 3393: 3008: 2789: 1282:) prevented the establishment of lithium chloride-induced conditioned disgust. 7707: 7685: 7578: 7363: 7323: 7283: 7150: 7065: 6968: 6327: 6197: 6007: 5900: 5895: 5795: 5790: 5544: 5068: 4929: 4434: 4238: 4203: 3504: 3477: 3079: 2981: 2088: 1847: 1607: 1099: 1010: 966: 866: 739: 735: 526: 451: 341: 251: 181: 176: 5250: 5216: 4825: 4779: 4746: 4729: 4705: 4632: 4582: 2918:

Sprengelmeyer, R.; Rausch, M.; Eysel, U. T.; Przuntek, H. (22 October 1998).

2342: 7618: 7588: 7383: 7328: 7248: 7180: 6518: 6493: 6480: 6471: 6465: 6423: 6369: 6263: 6238: 6207: 6115: 6072: 6052: 6002: 5997: 5935: 5930: 5905: 5845: 5825: 5810: 5800: 5496: 3202: 2893: 1808: 1735: 1729: 1279: 1247: 1140: 1136: 1062: 1050: 908: 708: 696: 576: 546: 466: 446: 416: 396: 376: 276: 256: 211: 191: 186: 102: 97: 5702: 5154: 5076: 5041: 4947: 4863: 4798: 4713: 4651: 4600: 4483: 4402: 4336: 4318: 4287: 4269: 4211: 4141: 4098: 4080: 4046: 3989: 3955: 3764: 3729: 3595: 3556: 3512: 3450: 3366: 3296: 3253: 3210: 3167: 3043: 2935: 2901: 2857: 2737: 2702: 2640: 2578: 2536: 2466: 2431: 2360: 2285: 2250: 2212: 2106: 2049: 1013:

in the 1970s, it was discovered that facial expressions of emotion are not

4063:

Sarabian, Cecile; Belais, Raphael; MacIntosh, Andrew J. J. (4 June 2018).

3845: 3807: 3691: 3613: 3401: 3123: 2953: 2797: 2383: 2277: 770:

Self-report and behavioural studies found that disgust elicitors include:

19:

This article is about the emotion. For the character from Inside Out, see

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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences

1976: 1926: 1911: 1757: 1385: 1354: 1164: 1144: 946:, "which motivates the avoidance of sexual partners and behaviors"; and 884: 783: 491: 441: 431: 351: 306: 261: 5694: 5604: 5459: 3937: 2528: 7732: 7680: 7638: 7623: 7155: 6943: 6523: 6391: 6351: 6337: 6332: 6322: 6233: 6093: 5992: 5925: 5920: 5885: 5865: 5855: 5840: 5782: 5769: 5135: 4513: 4301:

Curtis, Valerie; de Barra, Mícheál; Aunger, Robert (12 February 2011).

3997: 3895: 3887: 1890: 1781: 1773: 1721: 1648: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1599: 1551: 1543: 1381: 1180: 880: 851: 841: 837: 751: 742:'s six universal facial expressions of emotion. Unlike the emotions of 674: 561: 536: 531: 521: 336: 271: 246: 231: 221: 206: 89: 4465: 4307:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4258:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

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From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law.

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May, Joshua (3 May 2013). "Does Disgust Influence Moral Judgment?".

1590:

Failure to attribute distinctively human traits to a group leads to

1389: 1167:

areas, and is not related to the olfactory or gustatory modalities.

1098:

The insula of the left side, exposed by removing the opercula. From

4906:"Nonpolitical Images Evoke Neural Predictors of Political Ideology" 4837: 4835: 2300:"'Horror house' demolished but neighborhood left overrun with rats" 1787:

From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law

1069:

their emotional reactions in the realm of disgust remain the same.

954:. Disgust may have an important role in certain forms of morality. 7438: 6455: 6381: 6275: 6248: 6127: 6062: 6057: 6027: 5965: 5835: 5830: 5738: 5487:

Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo.

4133: 3159: 3115: 1971: 1854: 1794: 1531: 1093: 1058: 893: 872: 858: 833: 821: 813: 809: 791: 779: 775: 747: 692: 688: 655: 601: 551: 496: 476: 386: 381: 356: 311: 201: 196: 60: 5614:"On Disgust: A Menippean Interview. Interview with Robert Wilson" 5524:

Ritualizing the Disposal of the Deceased: From Corpse to Concept.

5297:"On Disgust: A Menippean Interview. Interview with Robert Wilson" 1815:, as well as other aspects of 19th century culture and morality. 7659: 7633: 6258: 6219: 6202: 6105: 6032: 6012: 5820: 1936: 1264: 942:, which "motivates the avoidance of infectious microorganisms"; 845: 829: 817: 764: 743: 486: 461: 456: 406: 361: 346: 7038: 5742: 5591:

Rindisbacher, Hans J. (2005). "A Cultural History of Disgust".

5343:"Robert Plutchik's Psychoevolutionary Theory of Basic Emotions" 4303:"Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour" 7628: 6954:

Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research

2030:

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

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Ekman, Paul; Friesen, Wallace V.; Ellsworth, Phoebe (1972).

2664:"Disgust's Evolutionary Role Is Irresistible to Researchers" 1793:

in 2004; the book examines the relationship of disgust and

734:'s theory of emotions, and has been studied extensively by 4734:

Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science

2327:"Dirt, disease, and disgust: A natural history of hygiene" 1594:, which defines the object group or individual as savage, 707:. Musically sensitive people may even be disgusted by the 5230:

Kupfer, Tom R.; Giner-Sorolla, Roger (15 December 2016).

4963:"Left or right-wing? Brain's disgust response tells all" 4450:"Neural basis of disgust perception in racial prejudice" 1557:

As an effective instrument for reducing motivations for

1453: 738:. It invokes a characteristic facial expression, one of 4065:"Feeding decisions under contamination risk in bonobos" 1457: 754:, disgust is associated with a decrease in heart rate. 4616:"Emotion and Deliberative Reasoning in Moral Judgment" 4614:

Cummins, Denise Dellarosa; Cummins, Robert C. (2012).

4013:"Evolution, Development, and the Emergence of Disgust" 1995:

Badour, Christal L.; Feldner, Matthew T. (July 2018).

7845:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

5508:

Savoring Disgust: The Foul and the Fair in Aesthetics

3572:"Disgust implicated in obsessive-compulsive disorder" 907:

in which the body attempts to avoid disease-carrying

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Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions.

5446:Plutchik, Robert (2001). "The Nature of Emotions". 4355:

Yuck!: The Nature and Moral Significance of Disgust

4252:Hart, Benjamin L.; Hart, Lynette A. (4 June 2018). 3819: 3817: 1811:became disgusted with the music and orientation of 1031: 68:portraying disgust in plates from Charles Darwin's 5572:Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law. 5541:Disgust: Theory and History of a Strong Sensation. 1345:Jones & Fitness (2008) coined the term "moral 938:Tybur, et al., outlines three domains of disgust: 5671:Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law 5655:Nancy Sherman, a researcher investigating disgust 1819:wrote widely about experiences involving various 1791:Hiding From Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law 680:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals 71:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals 6349: 5665:Moral Judgment and the Social Intuitionist Model 2913: 2911: 51:"Disgusting" redirects here. For the album, see 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5184: 1561:, disgust can be anticipated to interfere with 1546:. Disgust is known to promote the avoidance of 1065:languages, the concept does not apply to both. 33:"Revulsion" redirects here. For the episode of 6224: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5164: 1032:Children's reactions to a face showing disgust 7050: 5754: 5494:The Nature and Moral Significance of Disgust. 2753:The Student's Guide to Cognitive Neuroscience 1997:"The Role of Disgust in Posttraumatic Stress" 624: 8: 7775:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons 6528: 6367: 6358: 6125: 5425:. University Press of America. p. 110. 5239:Social Psychological and Personality Science 4844:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4814:Social Psychological and Personality Science 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 2778:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2559:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2412:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2331:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1462:introducing citations to additional sources 1357:may be guided by basic affective processes. 7027:indicate emotion names in foreign languages 6091: 5718:Paper on the economic effects of Repugnance 2405: 2403: 2147:. Guilford Publications. pp. 815–834. 1380:Disgust is also theorized as an evaluative 950:, which motivates people to avoid breaking 658: 7057: 7043: 7035: 5761: 5747: 5739: 5475:Cohen, William A. and Ryan Johnson, eds. 4571:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 631: 617: 76: 5375:. Stanford University Press. p. 76. 5144: 5134: 5092:Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 4937: 4788: 4778: 4745: 4641: 4631: 4590: 4473: 4326: 4277: 4088: 4036: 3945: 3603: 3440: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 2943: 2350: 2186: 2184: 2096: 2012: 1708:Learn how and when to remove this message 1045:Because disgust is partially a result of 854:(visible dirt and "inappropriate" acts ); 5660:Jon Haidt's page about the Disgust Scale 5274:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 604–607. 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 1885:Disgust is the opposite of trust on the 1452:Relevant discussion may be found on the 730:Disgust is one of the basic emotions of 2224: 2222: 2001:Journal of Experimental Psychopathology 1987: 1826: 88: 5477:Filth: Dirt, Disgust, and Modern Life. 5329: 5317: 4982:Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 4879:Personality and Individual Differences 4540:Personality and Individual Differences 4165:Personality and Individual Differences 3359:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.07.003 2594:Personality and Individual Differences 2378:. Psychology Press. pp. 293–307. 1614:Political and legal aspects of disgust 1009:In a series of significant studies by 4694:Perspectives on Psychological Science 4495: 4493: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4348: 4346: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3915: 3913: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 1155:is characterized by connections with 7: 4567:"Disgust as Embodied Moral Judgment" 4502:Journal of Applied Social Psychology 4227:International Journal of Primatology 2266:Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1646:adding citations to reliable sources 5631:The Hydra's Tale: Imagining Disgust 2997:Psychology and Developing Societies 1835:The Hydra's Tale: Imagining Disgust 1828:The Hydra's Tale: Imagining Disgust 1081:experiments have revealed that the 721:blood-injection-injury type phobias 5543:Tr. Howard Eiland and Joel Golb. 4667:Australasian Journal of Philosophy 3068:Journal of Research in Personality 2502:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2005.12.001 1893:, while a more intense version is 1250:availability or that activate the 14: 2662:Gorman, James (23 January 2012). 2122:"How Disgust Explains Everything" 2120:Young, Molly (27 December 2021). 1880: 723:, and contamination fear related 7993: 6470: 6464: 3876:Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences 3433:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.02.010 3332:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.17.1.119 3289:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.005 2517:International Journal of Obesity 2459:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00312.x 2304:ABC Action News Tampa Bay (WFTS) 1622: 1610:from the perceived inner group. 1445:relies largely or entirely on a 1434: 101: 96: 5369:Jonathan Turner (1 June 2000). 3421:Journal of Psychiatric Research 2730:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.08.010 2695:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.09.014 1633:needs additional citations for 4961:Jones, Dan (30 October 2014). 4011:Rottman, Joshua (April 2014). 3980:Cecile, Anna Sarabian (2019). 1234:With respect to studies using 1: 5714:by Jonathan Kirkpatrick (RTF) 5676:Shame and Group Psychotherapy 5480:University of Minnesota Press 5232:"Communicating Moral Motives" 3549:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00003-9 3246:10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00009-5 3036:10.1080/02699931.2016.1202200 2606:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00196-2 2376:Evolution and the Social Mind 2205:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00679-2 1224:obsessive-compulsive disorder 1218:Obsessive-compulsive disorder 725:obsessive–compulsive disorder 7905:Aestheticization of politics 6979:Social emotional development 4994:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.01.001 4679:10.1080/00048402.2013.797476 4177:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90212-7 3984:(Thesis). Kyoto University. 3641:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90568-1 2482:Evolution and Human Behavior 1932:Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells 1889:. A mild form of disgust is 1881:Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions 1865:. Referring to a passage in 6225: 3838:10.1037/0735-7044.105.6.944 3800:10.1037/0735-7044.110.1.202 3684:10.1037/0735-7044.100.4.544 2633:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.11.014 2325:Curtis, Valerie A. (2007). 2042:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.11.024 8047: 5629:Wilson, R. Rawdon (2002). 5575:Princeton University Press 5565:Cambridge University Press 5264:Sartre, Jean-Paul (1992). 5104:10.1521/jscp.2015.34.3.239 4891:10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.004 4552:10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.004 4029:10.1177/147470491401200209 3926:Royal Society Open Science 3493:Current Psychiatry Reports 3320:Journal of Neuropsychiatry 3009:10.1177/097133369700900105 2790:10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.870 1592:animalistic dehumanization 1322: 931: 890:visible signs of infection 857:body envelope violations ( 50: 32: 18: 7973: 7022: 6462: 5633:. University of Alberta. 5522:McCorkle Jr., William W. 5511:Oxford University Press. 5419:Plutchik, Robert (1991). 5069:10.1037/1528-3542.8.3.379 4930:10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.050 4435:10.1007/s11031-006-9005-1 4239:10.1007/s10764-011-9528-5 4204:10.1007/s10329-003-0074-4 3505:10.1007/s11920-001-0020-3 3478:10.1007/s11031-010-9189-2 3080:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.03.009 2982:10.1080/02699930801949090 2089:10.1080/02699930802051599 1205:Major depressive disorder 1109:Anatomy of the Human Body 875:(dead bodies and organic 758:Evolutionary significance 6912:in virtual communication 5555:Harvard University Press 5539:Menninghaus, Winfried. 5251:10.1177/1948550616679236 5217:10.1177/1754073911402396 4984:. Political Ideologies. 4826:10.1177/1948550620919569 4780:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00194 4747:10.1177/2515245919881152 4706:10.1177/1745691615583128 4633:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00328 4583:10.1177/0146167208317771 3394:10.1093/brain/119.5.1647 2343:10.1136/jech.2007.062380 1005:Non-verbal communication 905:behavioral immune system 7925:Evolutionary aesthetics 7875:The Aesthetic Dimension 5612:Wilson, Robert (2007). 5585:Oxford University Press 5552:The Anatomy of Disgust. 5534:Oxford University Press 5531:The Meaning of Disgust. 5295:Wilson, Robert (2007). 4767:Frontiers in Psychology 4620:Frontiers in Psychology 4017:Evolutionary Psychology 3826:Behavioral Neuroscience 3788:Behavioral Neuroscience 3672:Behavioral Neuroscience 3203:10.1162/089892901564199 3024:Cognition & Emotion 2970:Cognition & Emotion 2894:10.1126/science.1070311 2077:Cognition & Emotion 1384:that can control moral 1192: 651: 66:Oscar Gustave Rejlander 8026:Concepts in aesthetics 7855:Avant-Garde and Kitsch 7805:Lectures on Aesthetics 6529: 6368: 6359: 6350: 6126: 6092: 5550:Miller, William Ian. 4423:Motivation and Emotion 4353:Kelly, Daniel (2011). 4319:10.1098/rstb.2010.0117 4270:10.1098/rstb.2017.0205 4081:10.1098/rstb.2017.0195 3990:10.14989/doctor.k21615 3765:10.1126/science.663655 3596:10.1098/rspb.1997.0245 3466:Motivation and Emotion 3191:Cognitive Neuroscience 2936:10.1098/rspb.1998.0522 2231:Psychological Bulletin 1922:Cognitive neuroscience 1907:Affective neuroscience 1833:According to the book 1789:). Nussbaum published 1252:endocannabinoid system 1113: 899: 659: 129:Emotional intelligence 74: 8000:Philosophy portal 5560:Nussbaum, Martha C. 5492:Kelly, Daniel. Yuck! 5272:Barnes, Hazel Estella 5267:Being and Nothingness 3537:Biological Psychiatry 2718:Biological Psychology 2683:Biological Psychology 2621:Hormones and Behavior 2384:10.4324/9780203837788 2278:10.1353/pbm.2001.0001 1840:culturally determined 1396:Political orientation 1278:(depleting forebrain 1143:center that controls 1097: 1015:culturally determined 934:Evolution of morality 897: 727:(also known as OCD). 64: 7945:Philosophy of design 7825:In Praise of Shadows 7815:The Critic as Artist 6949:Group affective tone 5711:Purity and Pollution 5683:Nature Biotechnology 5580:Nussbaum, Martha C. 5570:Nussbaum, Martha C. 2755:. Psychology Press. 2751:Ward, Jamie (2006). 2145:Handbook of Emotions 2132:on 31 December 2021. 1823:related to disgust. 1744:Wisdom of repugnance 1642:improve this article 1579:, examples include: 1458:improve this article 1199:Huntington's disease 1193:Huntington's disease 1041:Cultural differences 332:Emotional Detachment 7955:Philosophy of music 7930:Mathematical beauty 7002:constructed emotion 6672:functional accounts 5695:10.1038/nbt0304-269 5460:10.1511/2001.28.344 4922:2014CBio...24.2693A 4454:Human Brain Mapping 4126:1999Natur.399..682W 3938:10.1098/rsos.170968 3757:1978Sci...201..267G 3588:1997RSPSB.264.1767S 3582:(1389): 1767–1773. 3576:Biological Sciences 3234:Brain and Cognition 3148:Nature Neuroscience 3108:1997Natur.389..495P 2930:(1409): 1927–1931. 2886:2002Sci...297..846K 2529:10.1038/ijo.2010.45 2494:2006EHumB..27..270N 1967:Social neuroscience 1871:The Golden Notebook 1329:Social intuitionism 1197:Many patients with 1104:Warren Harmon Lewis 1047:social conditioning 7950:Philosophy of film 7940:Patterns in nature 7910:Applied aesthetics 7885:Why Beauty Matters 7671:Life imitating art 7532:Art for art's sake 6902:in decision-making 6143:(sense of purpose) 5723:Anatomy of Disgust 5503:Korsmeyer, Carolyn 5448:American Scientist 5136:10.3390/nu14091728 4514:10.1111/jasp.12370 4264:(1751): 20170205. 4075:(1751): 20170195. 3888:10.1037/ebs0000175 2815:. Pergamon Press. 2668:The New York Times 2306:. 20 December 2022 2126:The New York Times 1863:self-consciousness 1559:social interaction 1528:social environment 1286:Non-human primates 1114: 981:Gender differences 928:Domains of disgust 900: 75: 44:Star Trek: Voyager 35:Star Trek: Voyager 8008: 8007: 7960:Psychology of art 7835:Art as Experience 7032: 7031: 6619:Appeal to emotion 6397:Social connection 5640:978-0-88864-368-1 5526:Peter Lang, 2010. 5432:978-0-8191-8286-9 5382:978-0-8047-6436-0 5332:, pp. 51–52. 5281:978-0-671-86780-5 4916:(22): 2693–2699. 4466:10.1002/hbm.23010 4460:(12): 5275–5286. 4364:978-0-262-29484-3 4313:(1563): 389–401. 4120:(6737): 682–685. 3751:(4352): 267–269. 3154:(11): 1077–1088. 3102:(6650): 495–498. 2880:(5582): 846–848. 2822:978-0-08-016643-8 2762:978-1-84169-534-1 2393:978-1-136-87298-3 2154:978-1-4625-3636-8 2014:10.5127/pr.032813 1942:Foodborne illness 1838:be understood as 1821:negative emotions 1718: 1717: 1710: 1692: 1598:, and similar to 1523: 1522: 1508: 786:, sexual fluids, 713:anxiety disorders 641: 640: 567:Social connection 8038: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7890: 7880: 7870: 7860: 7850: 7840: 7830: 7820: 7810: 7800: 7790: 7780: 7770: 7760: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7036: 7007:discrete emotion 6907:in the workplace 6803:Empathy quotient 6534: 6474: 6468: 6373: 6364: 6355: 6230: 6131: 6097: 5763: 5756: 5749: 5740: 5706: 5644: 5625: 5608: 5485:Douglas, Mary. 5464: 5463: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5347: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5292: 5286: 5285: 5270:. 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Archived from 2117: 2111: 2110: 2100: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2007:(3): pr.032813. 1992: 1947:Menippean satire 1917:Aversion therapy 1817:Jean-Paul Sartre 1770:John Stuart Mill 1713: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1693: 1691: 1650: 1626: 1618: 1568:law of contagion 1518: 1515: 1509: 1507: 1466: 1438: 1430: 1261:lithium chloride 1211:major depression 1153:posterior insula 958:Pathogen disgust 940:pathogen disgust 672: 669: 666: 662: 633: 626: 619: 105: 100: 77: 42: 24: 8046: 8045: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8036: 8035: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7969: 7893: 7888: 7878: 7868: 7865:Critical Essays 7858: 7848: 7838: 7828: 7818: 7808: 7798: 7788: 7778: 7768: 7758: 7742: 7515: 7429:Ortega y Gasset 7222: 7134: 7068: 7063: 7033: 7028: 7018: 6959:Jealousy in art 6702:in conversation 6624:Amygdala hijack 6537: 6475: 6469: 6460: 6449:sense of wonder 5777: 5767: 5680: 5651: 5641: 5628: 5611: 5590: 5529:McGinn, Colin. 5472: 5467: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5418: 5417: 5413: 5395: 5394: 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1230:Animal research 1220: 1207: 1195: 1190: 1133:anterior insula 1092: 1083:anterior insula 1075: 1055:Japanese people 1043: 1034: 1021:Facial feedback 1007: 983: 936: 930: 774:body products ( 760: 732:Robert Plutchik 670: 667: 664: 637: 608: 607: 606: 171: 170: 161: 140:Self-regulation 138: 59: 49: 40: 31: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8044: 8042: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8013: 8012: 8006: 8005: 8003: 8002: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7968: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7935:Neuroesthetics 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7915:Arts criticism 7912: 7907: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7881: 7871: 7861: 7851: 7841: 7831: 7821: 7811: 7801: 7791: 7785:On the Sublime 7781: 7771: 7761: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7656: 7651: 7649:Interpretation 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7549: 7544: 7542:Artistic merit 7539: 7534: 7529: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7230: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7191:Psychoanalysis 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7076: 7074: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7039: 7030: 7029: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7012:somatic marker 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6986: 6984:Stoic passions 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6932:social sharing 6929: 6924: 6922:self-conscious 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6886: 6885: 6884: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6865:thought method 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6830:lateralization 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6790: 6789: 6788: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6657:classification 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6485: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6377:Sentimentality 6374: 6365: 6356: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6273: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6222: 6217: 6216: 6215: 6213:at first sight 6210: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6137: 6132: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5951:Disappointment 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5758: 5751: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5730: 5720: 5715: 5707: 5689:(3): 269–270. 5678: 5673: 5668: 5662: 5657: 5650: 5649:External links 5647: 5646: 5645: 5639: 5626: 5609: 5599:(1): 119–127. 5588: 5578: 5568: 5558: 5548: 5537: 5527: 5520: 5500: 5490: 5489:Praeger, 1966. 5483: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5465: 5454:(4): 344–350. 5438: 5431: 5411: 5388: 5381: 5361: 5350:Adliterate.com 5334: 5322: 5320:, p. 281. 5310: 5287: 5280: 5256: 5245:(6): 632–640. 5222: 5211:(3): 245–251. 5205:Emotion Review 5160: 5109: 5098:(3): 239–258. 5082: 5063:(3): 379–385. 5047: 5028:(1): 169–173. 5007: 4972: 4953: 4896: 4869: 4850:(6): 963–976. 4831: 4820:(3): 304–313. 4804: 4753: 4719: 4700:(4): 518–536. 4684: 4673:(1): 125–141. 4657: 4606: 4557: 4519: 4508:(6): 369–375. 4489: 4440: 4408: 4389:(5): 613–627. 4370: 4363: 4342: 4293: 4244: 4217: 4198:(2): 141–145. 4182: 4171:(5): 701–713. 4155: 4104: 4052: 4023:(2): 417–433. 4003: 3961: 3932:(11): 170968. 3909: 3882:(3): 231–260. 3851: 3832:(6): 944–954. 3813: 3794:(1): 202–212. 3778: 3735: 3716:(3): 198–209. 3697: 3678:(4): 544–555. 3662: 3635:(2): 263–279. 3629:Brain Research 3619: 3562: 3543:(7): 751–756. 3526: 3499:(4): 281–287. 3483: 3472:(4): 399–406. 3456: 3407: 3372: 3353:(4): 518–533. 3337: 3326:(1): 119–121. 3310: 3283:(2): 663–673. 3267: 3224: 3181: 3129: 3085: 3057: 3014: 3003:(1): 107–131. 2987: 2976:(1): 118–134. 2959: 2907: 2863: 2844:(4): 852–859. 2828: 2821: 2803: 2784:(5): 870–881. 2768: 2761: 2743: 2708: 2673: 2654: 2627:(2): 271–275. 2611: 2600:(4): 739–748. 2584: 2565:(1): 103–122. 2542: 2507: 2488:(4): 270–282. 2472: 2453:(5): 568–578. 2437: 2418:(1): 175–188. 2399: 2392: 2366: 2337:(8): 660–664. 2317: 2291: 2256: 2237:(2): 303–321. 2218: 2199:(3): 655–664. 2160: 2153: 2135: 2112: 2083:(4): 675–687. 2063: 2036:(3): 389–399. 2020: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1899: 1882: 1879: 1844:Charles Darwin 1830: 1825: 1813:Richard Wagner 1766:Harm principle 1716: 1715: 1698:September 2024 1630: 1628: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1563:dehumanization 1521: 1520: 1456:. Please help 1442: 1440: 1433: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1397: 1394: 1359:Jonathan Haidt 1347:hypervigilance 1325:Moral emotions 1320: 1317: 1287: 1284: 1231: 1228: 1219: 1216: 1209:Patients with 1206: 1203: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1122:insular cortex 1091: 1088: 1079:Functional MRI 1074: 1071: 1042: 1039: 1033: 1030: 1006: 1003: 982: 979: 944:sexual disgust 929: 926: 892: 891: 888: 870: 855: 849: 802: 795: 759: 756: 685:Charles Darwin 639: 638: 636: 635: 628: 621: 613: 610: 609: 605: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 297:Disappointment 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 173: 172: 168: 167: 166: 163: 162: 160: 159: 154: 153: 152: 147: 136: 131: 126: 121: 119:Classification 116: 110: 107: 106: 93: 92: 86: 85: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8043: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8001: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7972: 7966: 7965:Theory of art 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7887: 7886: 7882: 7877: 7876: 7872: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7856: 7852: 7846: 7842: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7812: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7797: 7796: 7792: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7777: 7776: 7772: 7767: 7766: 7762: 7757: 7756: 7755:Hippias Major 7752: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7703: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7661: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7614:Entertainment 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7537:Art manifesto 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7527:Appropriation 7525: 7524: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7419:Merleau-Ponty 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7234:Abhinavagupta 7232: 7231: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7186:Postmodernism 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7055: 7053: 7048: 7046: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7026: 7021: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6766:dysregulation 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6714:interpersonal 6712: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6567:in psychology 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6552:consciousness 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6533: 6532: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6467: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6361:Schadenfreude 6357: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6227:Mono no aware 6223: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6081: 6080: 6079:Joie de vivre 6076: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6048:Gratification 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5976:Embarrassment 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5881:Belongingness 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5759: 5757: 5752: 5750: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5517:9780199842346 5514: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5439: 5434: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5415: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5392: 5389: 5384: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5365: 5362: 5351: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5291: 5288: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5113: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5086: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4973: 4968: 4967:New Scientist 4964: 4957: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4900: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4873: 4870: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4754: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4561: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4360: 4357:. MIT Press. 4356: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4134:10.1038/21415 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3685: 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Fig. 731 1100:Henry Gray 1011:Paul Ekman 967:inbreeding 932:See also: 867:mutilation 740:Paul Ekman 736:Paul Rozin 652:desgouster 527:Resentment 452:Loneliness 342:Enthusiasm 282:Depression 252:Confidence 182:Admiration 177:Acceptance 124:In animals 54:Disgusting 39:Revulsion 26:Inside Out 7713:Reverence 7619:Eroticism 7589:Depiction 7562:Masculine 7464:Santayana 7424:Nietzsche 7369:Hutcheson 7359:Heidegger 7344:Greenberg 7299:Coleridge 7264:Balthasar 7249:Aristotle 7211:Theosophy 7206:Symbolism 7181:Modernism 7166:Formalism 6997:appraisal 6937:sociology 6888:Emotions 6860:symbiosis 6845:reasoning 6815:isolation 6756:contagion 6741:blackmail 6667:expressed 6662:evolution 6652:and sleep 6642:and music 6577:computing 6524:Reclusion 6519:Pessimism 6494:Defeatism 6424:Suffering 6370:Sehnsucht 6313:Rejection 6264:self-pity 6239:Nostalgia 6208:limerence 6178:Isolation 6116:Hostility 6073:Happiness 6053:Gratitude 5998:Emptiness 5981:vicarious 5931:Curiosity 5906:Confusion 5846:Annoyance 5826:Amusement 5816:Agitation 5811:Affection 5806:Aesthetic 5801:Adoration 5727:Channel 4 5497:MIT Press 5123:Nutrients 5002:211040475 4988:: 88–93. 1809:Nietzsche 1736:Leon Kass 1730:bioethics 1657:"Disgust" 1608:exclusion 1548:pathogens 1536:Leviticus 1473:"Disgust" 1454:talk page 1426:Functions 1280:serotonin 1248:serotonin 1188:Disorders 1141:gustatory 1137:olfactory 1063:Malayalam 1051:Americans 914:autonomic 909:pathogens 885:disasters 804:animals ( 709:cacophony 675:emotional 587:Suspicion 577:Suffering 547:Self-pity 512:Rejection 467:Nostalgia 447:Limerence 417:Hostility 397:Happiness 377:Gratitude 322:Elevation 277:Curiosity 257:Confusion 212:Annoyance 192:Amusement 187:Affection 8031:Morality 8021:Emotions 7988:Category 7920:Axiology 7789:(c. 500) 7779:(c. 100) 7654:Judgment 7609:Emotions 7604:Elegance 7584:Cuteness 7557:Feminine 7520:Concepts 7489:Tanizaki 7469:Schiller 7454:Richards 7444:Rancière 7414:Maritain 7349:Hanslick 7289:Benjamin 7161:Feminism 7130:Theology 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sex 6632:and art 6592:science 6548:Affect 6542:Related 6417:chronic 6392:Shyness 6352:Saudade 6338:Sadness 6333:Revenge 6323:Remorse 6254:Passion 6244:Outrage 6234:Neglect 6094:Hiraeth 5993:Empathy 5971:Ecstasy 5956:Disgust 5926:Cruelty 5921:Courage 5886:Boredom 5866:Arousal 5856:Anxiety 5841:Anguish 5729:program 5587:, 2010. 5577:, 2004. 5567:, 2001. 5557:, 1997. 5536:, 2011. 5505:(2011) 5499:, 2011. 5482:, 2005. 5146:9102838 5057:Emotion 5022:Emotion 4939:4245707 4918:Bibcode 4790:3944793 4773:: 194. 4643:3433709 4626:: 328. 4592:2562923 4475:6868979 4383:Emotion 4328:3013466 4279:6000140 4150:4385871 4122:Bibcode 4090:6000142 3947:5717664 3846:1777107 3808:8652067 3753:Bibcode 3745:Science 3692:3741605 3657:4637907 3614:9447734 3605:1688750 3584:Bibcode 3442:4282743 3402:8931587 3305:3355457 3219:9433619 3124:9333238 3104:Bibcode 3052:4475125 2954:9821359 2945:1689486 2882:Bibcode 2874:Science 2838:Emotion 2798:8014832 2490:Bibcode 2352:2652987 2310:9 April 2098:2892866 1891:boredom 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