260:
user accessible setting to designate disk sector size within
Textpack, the operating system arbitrarily assumes that all 1D disks are rated as SS SD with 256B sectors and that all 2D disks are rated as DS DD with 256B sectors, which results in the aforementioned capacities. The format that Textpack diskettes utilized, though similar to the IBM 3740 Data Entry System, was uniquely proprietary and not interchangeable with any other IBM system, including the Displaywriter's predecessor, the Office System 6. Text created in Textpack is stored in a file structure unique to the Displaywriter and is encoded with 8-bit EBCDIC. The Displaywriter also supports ASCII, but 8-bit EBCDIC is used in this context in order to take advantage of the 256 characters available per EBCDIC font set, compared to the maximum of 128 characters available per ASCII font set. The Displaywriter uses two of these EBCDIC 256 character font sets, which are stored in ROM on the display adapter card in either two or four PROM chips depending on the card revision, in order to achieve a total of 512 possible available characters. When instructed, the Displaywriter draws from these font sets to generate a working character table in RAM for the operating system to use. Only 256 of the available 512 characters can be used concurrently by the user, but characters from either character set can be mixed and matched to total up to 256 and characters can be hot swapped to in software. Changing characters can be done in Textpack by using the "keyboard change" button on the keyboard. The ASCII code set is accessible within Textpack while using the Asynchronous or Bisynchronous communication features, where the Displaywriter converts the stored EBCDIC characters into ASCII before transmitting and after receiving text. Additionally, if the user wishes to type in ASCII directly during a communication session, they can change the keyboard to keyboard #103 which is the standard ASCII keyboard. While in ASCII mode the Displaywriter can generate all printable ASCII characters. ASCII control characters can be accessed at any time, even in EBCDIC mode, by depressing the control key (the blank key above
298:
IBM PC, but with the caveat that the limitations of the
Displaywriter disk subsystem and graphics card prevent HDD support or raster/vector graphics support from being possible. That said, most CP/M-86 software is compatible. Due to the wide variety of hardware architectures that ran CP/M, most CP/M-86 software has a keyboard and CRT control code configuration menu, where the appropriate information can be entered for the Displaywriter. CP/M-86 was originally meant to be released under contract, similar to UCSD p-System, but this ultimately fell through, and the operating system was instead offered independently by Digital Research. Reflective of the failed agreement, the independent product revisions were classified as "Maintenance Levels" which is an IBM internal term denoting software revisions, and is not a term used in other Digital Research products. While the internal data stream of the Displaywriter is EBCDIC, the Displaywriter was already fully capable of translating the data stream into displayable ASCII outputs as part of the features of the Textpack software. This functionality was used to run CP/M-86 in ASCII mode. The prerelease version of CP/M-86 had a manually mapped keyboard, but the production release utilized the keyboard IDs produced by the Displaywriter keyboard controller and was capable of switching between keyboard layouts within the setup menu. CCP/M-86 with BDOS 3.1 for Displaywriter also began development in Q4 1981 but was never offered as an official product. Only a prerelease build is available today.
834:
The system distribution board is passive and has no logic or components of its own. Instead, each of the cards that are inserted utilize the distribution board as an extension of the system bus. The "system card", which is inserted into slot B of the distribution board, contains most of the functions that would be expected on a PC mainboard, including: clock, central processor, ROS ("Read Only
Storage", aka ROM), keyboard adapter, interrupt controller and direct memory access controller. However, RAM is not part of the system card and is instead attached as a discrete card in slot E and in some cases also slot F. The disk controller is not located within the electronics unit at all and is instead located within the unit containing the floppy disk drives. Additionally, with some communications configurations, the communications adapter is also located inside the floppy drive unit. These two things necessitated the extension of the system bus outside of the electronics unit through a cable to the drive unit. There is a blue berg connector on the reverse side of the system card that facilitates this. Slot A on the distribution card will contain the communications card when it is not located in the disk unit. Slot C will contain a feature card and slot D always contains the display adapter card.
246:
Textpack found strong adoption with clients that had deep pockets, such as in government, higher education, and legal sectors, and poor adoption with smaller businesses and at-home users. Despite selling UCSD p-System for
Displaywriter directly and initially working with Digital Research to create a CP/M-86 port for Displaywriter, the Displaywriter was not ever strongly marketed as a true microcomputer, and was almost always sold with Textpack. Additionally, the Displaywriter never received any significant display updates to bring its graphical capabilities up to par with the IBM PC or compatibles. As a result, by 1983, the Displaywriter had lost any true market niche, and in 1984, IBM announced "DisplayWrite", an almost exact replica of the Displaywriter Textpack for the IBM Personal Computer line, making the Displaywriter truly obsolete. The established large contracts with government entities, including the Reagan administration and military buoyed the sales slightly until the Displaywriter was soft
228:
menu of text editing and pagination functions, with additional options to manage
Textpack data disks or load one of several IBM supplemental programs, called "Feature Programs". Textpack was offered in six versions, titled: "E", "1", "2", "3", "4", & "6". These versions of Textpack were tiered in functionality, with only basic text editing being offered with the lowest Textpack versions, E and 1. More advanced features, such as customizing keyboard macros and menu shortcuts, automatically generating custom headers and footers, automatically processing math equations, or emulating a 3101 or 3270 terminal, were reserved for Textpack 4 or Textpack 6. If the Displaywriter system possesses enough RAM, and is running Textpack 4 or 6, it can also load a Feature Program concurrently with a document, and tab between editing the document and the Feature Program in real time.
256:
Textpack version could be increased without having to repurchase feature programs, and new feature programs could usually be integrated without having to increase the
Textpack version. That said, revisions of feature programs are keyed to Textpack maintenance levels. For example, a revision of Textpack 4 from 1984 could not use a revision of a feature program from 1982, it would require a newer revision of that feature program from 1984. IBM used the six character disk labels of the program disks to determine whether one disk was compatible with another. If a disk label of a noncompatible program diskette is changed to a label associated with a compatible diskette, the Displaywriter will attempt to execute the disk as if it contained the correct software, but certain features will either not function properly, or Textpack will abend.
888:, which floundered and had limited sales, the Displaywriter was initially a modest success. Tom Willmott, director of User Programs at International Data Corporation in the early 1980s, estimated that roughly 200,000 units had shipped within the first two years of the Displaywriter going on sale to the public. Initial reception of the Displaywriter was also favorable. The Textpack software, especially Textpack 4 and 6 with multitasking and macro support, had word processing features that were considered advanced at the time, and the user interface was reported as being simple to navigate. The 8" disks at the time were cheaper, less prone to data corruption, and could hold more data than the contemporaneous 320k
902:" floppies. However, the IBM Personal Computer line, which went on the market in 1981, had even better sales numbers in the same timeframe and as the PC and clone market exploded, Displaywriter sales quickly fell off to near zero in the United States by the end of 1983. According to Computerworld Magazine, one anonymous technician had installed more than 200 Displaywriter workstations between 1982 and 1983, but only a total of 11 in 1984. At that point, DisplayWrite software had been announced and introduced for the PC line, and critically, a PC cost around
237:
this was undercut by both the
Displaywriter hardware being significantly more expensive than competition in the word processing and general microcomputer spaces and the fact that limitations coded into Textpack prevented a fluid upgrade path for customers in many instances. For example, if a customer were using Textpack 1 and wanted to use their Displaywriter to create graphs and charts, they would need to pay approximately $ 1,500 ($ 4,500 in 2023) for Textpack 4, the Chartpack software disk, and the RAM upgrade to support the new software.
923:(with a capital w), had improved features over the Displaywriter's Textpacks, such as ASCII file integration, ASCII file editing, and increased printer support, but retained similar menus to the Textpack software. There were initially three tiers of DisplayWrite, which IBM stated were comparable to Textpack 4 and 6, but with the Displaywriter's withdrawal from marketing, DisplayWrite's features ultimately superseded Textpack as support for DisplayWrite continued until 2015.
2420:
2400:
38:
841:
sharing card, a single external EIA modem card, a dual external EIA modem card, an X.21 communications card, a local device communications card, an enhanced
Chartpack display card and a memory expansion card. Additional configuration options included a 25- or (vertically-oriented) 66-line display, one or two disk drives, 1 sided or 2 sided disk drives, a beamspring (Type A) or
2410:
1322:
927:"DisplayComm Binary Synchronous Communications". The DisplayComm software acted as a document unification platform between IBM PC, System/36, S/370, Displaywriter and 5520 systems and was capable of connecting a compatible system in those product lines to another compatible system in order to exchange documents either way between the two.
281:
structure used on the System/23 Datamaster, System/36 and System/38. p-System did not pick up much steam on the
Displaywriter, but was notably used by the USDA Rural Development as the operating system for the "Farmer Program Servicing Action System", which was a custom software suite written by the Rural Development agency.
821:, did not use off the shelf components, an open architecture, or third party peripherals. The electronic components bear a physical resemblance to IBM's enterprise level hardware of the era, and in fact many components have been recycled from other systems, such as certain IBM-branded chips, the monitor (which is a recolored
833:
The physical layout of the system electronics unit, which is the box that the CRT mounts to, consists of a power supply on one half, and cards containing different functions slotted into a backplane with six slots, labeled A-F, that IBM referred to as the system distribution board, on the other half.
272:
UCSD p-System was the official "data processing" operating system for the
Displaywriter, offered by IBM through contract with Softech Microsystems. Announced in September 1982 and made available in December 1982, as part of the contract, p-System was extensively supported by Softech Microsystems, and
926:
There were also additional parallels of Displaywriter software released as companion software to DisplayWrite, with the "Extended Spelling Dictionary" getting a parallel release as "DisplayWrite Legal Support" and the Displaywriter Bisynchcronous Communications software getting a parallel release as
284:
Additional programs offered by IBM for Displaywriter p-System included: "Financial Planning and Report Generating System", which was an advanced version of Reportpack that included financial modeling and easier report generation, "QUICKSTART Utility", which decreased load time of large programs, and
259:
Diskettes used within Textpack are always formatted as either 284 kB capacity if the disk is 1D, or 985 kB capacity if the disk is 2D, regardless of a disk's actual advertized capacity. This is a software limitation of Textpack, and not a hardware limitation of the Displaywriter. Because there is no
840:
While proprietary, the Displaywriter hardware was meant to be configurable to tailor suit the needs of the organization ordering the machine and offered multiple configuration options and additional feature cards. Feature cards included: a 3277 emulation card, a 3274/3276 attachment card, a printer
805:
Sold as part of the "IBM Displaywriter/Personal Computer Attach Convenience Kit" (6403-728) PRPQ for the 5150 PC. This feature program allowed document exchange between Displaywriter and personal computer and allowed the Displaywriter to create a privately accessible volume on the personal computer
426:
Intended for use with Textpack 4 and 6. Provides spell checking in 11 languages: US English, UK English, National French, French-Canadian, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, German, Swedish, Danish, & Norwegian; and allowed creation of supplemental dictionaries for each language. Includes support for the
306:
MS-DOS version 1.25 was offered independently by CompuSystems out of South Carolina. Due to the limitations of MS-DOS version 1.25 and the Displaywriter hardware, the scope of applications that can be run is limited. The release is otherwise similar to MS-DOS 1.25 OEMs done for other systems of the
297:
Digital Research announced CP/M-86 v1.1 with BDOS 2.2 for the Displaywriter in November 1981, with orders starting to ship in Q1 1982. The release contains custom I/O calls and printer configuration menus for the Displaywriter's proprietary hardware. It is functionally equivalent to CP/M-86 for the
280:
IBM also sold a software upgrade that would provide p-System with the appropriate I/O calls for the RS232 port(s) on the Displaywriter's communications card, as well as a conversion utility, titled "B&H Exchange Utility", to convert UCSD format files to "B&H" format files, which is the file
245:
During the production lifespan of the Displaywriter, Textpack was praised for its functionality and ease of use compared to other word processing options, though the high price tag was criticized, especially in comparison to the IBM 5150 PC and other compatibles. As a result of this, Displaywriter
236:
According to IBM, the approach of offering stripped down versions of the full Textpack product was an attempt to make the Displaywriter more economical for smaller businesses, who IBM envisioned would choose a cheaper software package and then upgrade as their needs required. However, in practice
227:
Textpack is a proprietary word processing suite developed specifically for the Displaywriter, that was aimed at automating document creation and finalization. Though capable of multi-tasking, Textpack is not a general purpose operating system like DOS or CP/M. Instead, it bootstraps directly to a
255:
According to IBM, this tiered approach of incorporating multiple levels of operating systems and associated feature programs, was an attempt to make the Displaywriter more economical for smaller businesses, who could choose a cheaper software package and then upgrade as their needs required. The
392:
Intended for use with Textpack 2 and 3. Provides spell checking in 11 languages: US English, UK English, National French, French-Canadian, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, German, Swedish, Danish, & Norwegian; and allowed creation of supplemental dictionaries for each language.
276:
When purchasing UCSD p-System for Displaywriter, the purchaser could choose between p-System Runtime, or p-System "Development System", which was the same as Runtime, but was bundled with a BASIC compiler or an additional Fortran-77, 8086 Assembly code, or PASCAL compiler.
918:
The Displaywriter's initial success, in conjunction with IBM's 1984 push to unify its office automation products, prompted IBM to develop a parallel to the Displaywriter's Textpack software for the PC line, System/36 line and S/370 line. This software, dubbed
1292:
1267:
307:
era. The "MS-DOS Loader" written by CompuSystems ignores the Displaywriter's ROM BAT results and does its own hardware assessment when loading the operating system. Limited printer support is included through
848:"A basic system — consisting of a display with a typewriter-like keyboard and a logic unit, a printer and a device to record and read diskettes capable of storing more than 100 pages of average text — cost
1006:
1139:
252:
Textpacks 4 and 6 also offered the ability to combine all program disks into a single DS DD floppy, which could then also be used for document storage if space remained on the disk.
868:, columns, and more sophisticated merging; and Textpack 6 added automatic footnoting and outlining. Other options included multilingual dictionaries, graphics, and reports.
1585:
201:, or Selectric typewriter printer. The primary operating system for the Displaywriter is IBM's internally developed word processing software titled "Textpack", but
2364:
1389:
1164:
264:
on the keyboard), and then pressing a corresponding key in the alphanumeric block. This is because they don't add to the 256 displayable character total.
1610:
1084:
1742:
1720:
1105:
1384:
404:
Creates and manages lists of data using user-designed database entry templates. Templates which were also sold by IBM are included on this list.
1856:
460:
Creates character-based charts that could be inserted into typed documents. Came with a unique print wheel to support the new characters.
1600:
381:
Converts documents written on IBM MagCards into Displaywriter EBCDIC format and saves them to a floppy disk. Uses the 6361 card reader.
2463:
2353:
175:
1326:
949:
2087:
1662:
2001:
1933:
837:
The Displaywriter contained, at the time, extensive self test features that were stored in ROS (ROM) chips on the "system card".
438:
Shares Displaywriter documents with a S/370 mainframe running the DISOSS/370 application: Distributed Office Support Version 3.
2443:
2433:
2423:
1960:
2438:
2133:
2123:
2021:
178:. Announced on June 17, 1980 and effectively withdrawn from marketing on July 2, 1986, the system was sold with a 5 MHz
1207:
2326:
2092:
1354:
2453:
2448:
2057:
1950:
1842:
713:
3277 terminal emulation which includes the capacity to transfer documents. Requires the 3277 emulation adapter PRPQ.
2321:
2305:
1847:
1802:
1730:
1224:
1435:
702:
3277 terminal emulation that requires the 3277 emulation adapter PRPQ. Superseded by 5799-BKG in November 1983.
2491:
2458:
2239:
2047:
1902:
877:
154:
1880:
2300:
2006:
120:
2486:
2331:
2102:
1918:
1620:
2347:
2312:
1938:
1897:
1528:
865:
1058:
2167:
2077:
2031:
2026:
1832:
1630:
1575:
1558:
1401:
286:
198:
2341:
2203:
2138:
1943:
1886:
1852:
359:
Asynchronous communications program application for Textpack. Able to send and receive ASCII data.
2316:
2291:
2191:
2173:
1837:
415:
3270 data stream enhancement. Emulates a 3274 control unit. Requires the 3270 adapter card PRPQ.
2428:
2375:
2269:
2264:
2128:
2052:
1647:
1615:
1523:
1455:
1440:
1347:
1246:
1189:
980:
471:
Provides spell checking for United States legal terminology. Premade supplemental dictionary.
190:
2358:
2161:
2153:
2082:
1984:
1912:
1513:
1470:
1465:
1032:
842:
186:
183:
110:
724:
Enhancement to 5799-BKG to allow overstrike and underscore functionality during emulation.
2336:
2249:
2072:
2011:
1657:
1580:
1450:
953:
449:
Allows the Displaywriter to emulate a 3278 terminal. Requires the 3270 adapter card PRPQ.
209:, and MS-DOS were also offered by IBM, Digital Research, and CompuSystems, respectively.
2385:
2259:
2254:
2215:
2143:
2097:
2016:
1725:
1605:
1379:
1371:
2480:
2234:
2209:
2179:
1965:
1686:
1625:
1533:
1508:
1423:
348:
Premade templates for Textpack that would aid in administrative personnel reporting.
202:
167:
71:
2403:
2197:
2185:
1790:
1785:
1764:
1340:
920:
194:
860:; Textpack 2 added support for double-sided disks, networking, spellchecking, and
2274:
2244:
2067:
1955:
1679:
1674:
1445:
37:
1996:
1989:
1923:
1669:
1490:
1480:
857:
179:
125:
17:
1754:
1747:
1563:
1485:
1475:
1122:
910:. For most businesses, an IBM PC or a PC compatible was the obvious choice.
1007:"IBM 6580 DISPLAYWRITER SYSTEM LICENSED PROGRAMS WITHDRAWAL FROM MARKETING"
326:
Premade templates for Textpack that would aid in administrative reporting.
1321:
906:
at the time, whereas a fully equipped Displaywriter could cost as much as
876:
Unlike some of IBM's other distributed solutions of this era, such as the
42:
IBM Displaywriter with keyboard, monitor and dual 8-inch floppy disk drive
2413:
2370:
2118:
2062:
1827:
1812:
1795:
1640:
1568:
1538:
1165:"IBM DISPLAYWRITER SYSTEM DATA PROCESSING LICENSED PROGRAMS ENHANCEMENTS"
885:
881:
861:
856:
a month." The basic word-processing software was Textpack E, with simple
822:
818:
2380:
1822:
1817:
1759:
1590:
1518:
337:
Premade templates for Textpack that would aid in applicant processing.
206:
1807:
1780:
1737:
1715:
1635:
370:
Binary synchronous communications program application for Textpack.
806:
C: or D: drive, effectively giving the Displaywriter a fixed disk.
1428:
845:(Type B) keyboard, and RAM configurations between 128 and 448 KB.
817:
The Displaywriter hardware, though in some ways comparable to the
273:
had multiple feature upgrades offered from IBM as time went on.
182:, 128 KB to 448 KB of RAM, a swivel-mounted monochrome
1652:
1595:
1085:"Displaywriter System Product Support Manual - Revised Feb 1983"
1336:
1106:"Displaywriter Communications Service Manual Feb 83 (Page 2-8)"
1363:
1253:. Vol. 3, no. 18. Ziff Davis, Inc. pp. 238–258.
171:
61:
51:
987:. Vol. 3, no. 18. Ziff Davis, Inc. pp. 242–243
1208:"Digital Research News: Fourth Quarter 1981, Vol 1, No. 1"
1231:. Vol. 5, no. 49A. 5 December 1984. p. 5.
772:
Displaywriter UCSD p-System: 8086 Native Code Generator
311:
but DOS assumes that the printer is a tractor-fed 5218.
1268:"IBM DISPLAYWRITE SERIES FOR THE IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER"
1332:
1196:(Ad). International Data Group. May 1984. p. 190.
1033:"SofTech's new products extend p-System's versatility"
710:
Displaywriter-3277 Device Emulation Document Transfer
679:
Displaywriter 3101 Device Emulation/Document Transfer
435:
Electronic Document Distribution - 6580 Displaywriter
2283:
2225:
2152:
2111:
2040:
1974:
1870:
1773:
1708:
1699:
1551:
1501:
1416:
1409:
1400:
1370:
974:
972:
970:
427:enhanced spell check features in Textpack 4 and 6.
150:
140:
132:
119:
109:
92:
77:
67:
57:
47:
1247:"IBM Displaywriter Begets a Family of PC Software"
752:Displaywriter UCSD p-System: UCSD Pascal Compiler
732:Displaywriter Textpack 6 Multipass Equation Print
762:Displaywriter UCSD p-System: Fortran-77 Compiler
197:enclosure with one or two drives, and a detached
1586:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
792:Displaywriter UCSD p-System: Development System
367:Displaywriter Binary Synchronous Communications
609:Displaywriter Information System for Attorneys
446:3270 Attached Workstation - 6580 Displaywriter
952:. IBM Archive. 23 January 2003. Archived from
649:Educational Fund Raising - 6580 Displaywriter
1348:
8:
1065:. Vol. 6, no. 12. pp. 314–318
782:Displaywriter UCSD p-System: Runtime System
669:6580 Data Processing Administrative Manager
468:Extended Spelling Dictionary - Legal - 6580
105: (equivalent to $ 1,020 in 2023) a month
30:
629:General Donor Fund Raising - Displaywriter
174:'s Office Products Division primarily as a
1705:
1413:
1406:
1355:
1341:
1333:
1262:
1260:
356:Displaywriter Asynchronous Communications
313:
36:
29:
742:Displaywriter Textpack 6 Multipass Print
1123:"FARMER PROGRAM SERVICING ACTION SYSTEM"
412:Displaywriter Data Stream Compatibility
315:Complete List Of IBM Software Offerings
308:
261:
936:
378:Displaywriter Magnetic Card Conversion
323:Displaywriter Administrative Support
1721:Center for The Business of Government
1245:Dickinson, John (18 September 1984).
1240:
1238:
1039:. Vol. 4, no. 37. p. 5
979:Dickinson, John (18 September 1984).
944:
942:
940:
659:Title Insurance - 6580 Displaywriter
639:Displaywriter Association Management
99: (equivalent to $ 29,200 in 2023)
7:
2409:
813:Hardware & ROS Embedded Programs
721:Displaywriter Overstrike/Underscore
699:Displaywriter-3277 Device Emulation
285:"Money-Track" financial tracking by
334:Displaywriter Applicant Processing
345:Displaywriter Personnel Reporting
25:
1390:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
1031:Mace, Scott (20 September 1982).
802:Personal Computer Attach Program
2419:
2418:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2088:Sabre airline reservation system
1934:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
1320:
589:LogiQuest III for Displaywriter
1601:Information Management Software
549:6580 Hotel/lodging Application
539:6580 Money-Track Demonstration
457:Chartpack - 6580 Displaywriter
2354:International chess tournament
2134:Globally integrated enterprise
2124:Commercial Processing Workload
981:"The Prototype: Displaywriter"
170:that was marketed and sold by
1:
2093:Scanning tunneling microscope
864:; Textpack 4 added automatic
569:Displaywriter Medical Record
423:Displaywriter Languagepack 2
164:IBM 6580 Displaywriter System
1057:Libes, Sol (December 1981).
689:Wholesale Drug (Reportpack)
619:Displaywriter Legal Billing
27:1980 office desktop computer
1961:Canada Head Office Building
1951:Cambridge Scientific Center
1843:Science Research Associates
1611:Mainframe operating systems
579:LogiCalc for Displaywriter
389:Displaywriter Languagepack
2508:
2022:Virtual Universe Community
1743:International subsidiaries
1663:Service Automation Manager
1225:"Demise of Displaywriter?"
825:CRT), or the disk drives.
559:6580 Medical Fund Raising
2394:
1293:"OFFICE SYSTEMS OVERVIEW"
529:Displaywriter Textpack E
519:Displaywriter Textpack 6
509:Displaywriter Textpack 4
499:Displaywriter Textpack 3
489:Displaywriter Textpack 2
479:Displaywriter Textpack 1
401:Displaywriter Reportpack
35:
2048:Automated teller machine
2002:The Great Mind Challenge
1385:Mergers and acquisitions
1327:IBM Displaywriter System
155:IBM System/23 Datamaster
31:IBM Displaywriter System
2007:Linux Technology Center
2332:Dynamic infrastructure
2297:Big Blue sports teams
2103:Universal Product Code
2464:Vacuum tube computers
2348:IBM and the Holocaust
2313:Common Public License
2198:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
1981:Academy of Technology
1436:Power microprocessors
2078:Magnetic stripe card
2027:World Community Grid
1903:Toronto Software Lab
1559:Carbon Design System
1514:Cell microprocessors
1329:at Wikimedia Commons
287:Pacific Data Systems
195:8" floppy disk drive
2342:GUIDE International
2204:Samuel J. Palmisano
2063:Electronic keypunch
1887:One Atlantic Center
1857:Weather Underground
1853:The Weather Company
1140:"PROGRAM OFFERINGS"
950:"IBM Displaywriter"
872:Reception and Sales
316:
199:daisy wheel printer
32:
2444:Personal computers
2434:Midrange computers
2424:Navigational boxes
2317:IBM Public License
2292:A Boy and His Atom
2250:Michelle J. Howard
2192:John Fellows Akers
2174:T. Vincent Learson
1881:1250 René-Lévesque
1621:Planning Analytics
314:
146:66-line (800x1056)
93:Introductory price
2474:
2473:
2439:Operating systems
2301:American football
2270:Joseph R. Swedish
2265:Martha E. Pollack
2168:Thomas Watson Jr.
2129:Customer engineer
2053:Cynefin framework
1939:Hakozaki Facility
1898:Rome Software Lab
1866:
1865:
1695:
1694:
1648:Rational Software
1547:
1546:
1529:Personal Computer
1524:Midrange computer
1325:Media related to
956:on March 11, 2005
810:
809:
599:6580 Money-Track
160:
159:
144:25-line (640x400)
16:(Redirected from
2499:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2162:Thomas J. Watson
2083:Relational model
2032:Think conference
1913:330 North Wabash
1833:Microelectronics
1706:
1631:Quantum Platform
1576:Cognos Analytics
1414:
1407:
1357:
1350:
1343:
1334:
1324:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1289:
1283:
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1280:
1279:
1264:
1255:
1254:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1127:
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829:Electronics Unit
317:
111:Operating system
104:
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40:
33:
21:
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2376:SHARE computing
2337:GlobalFoundries
2279:
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2107:
2098:Financial swaps
2073:Hard disk drive
2036:
1970:
1944:Yamato Facility
1862:
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1658:Tivoli Software
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1111:. pp. 2–8.
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852:and leased for
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136:128 KB – 448 KB
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1883:, Montreal, QC
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1315:External links
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1229:Computerworld
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1190:"Money-Track"
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268:UCSD p-System
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203:UCSD p-System
200:
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193:, a detached
192:
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168:microcomputer
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72:Microcomputer
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39:
34:
19:
18:Displaywriter
2363:
2346:
2327:Deep Thought
2290:
2218:(since 2020)
2186:John R. Opel
2144:Think slogan
1985:Deep Thunder
1791:Kaleida Labs
1786:AIM alliance
1471:Q System Two
1466:Q System One
1301:. Retrieved
1299:. 1984-10-25
1296:
1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1274:. 1984-04-03
1271:
1250:
1228:
1219:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1173:. Retrieved
1171:. 1983-06-07
1168:
1159:
1148:. Retrieved
1146:. 1984-03-06
1143:
1134:
1117:
1100:
1091:
1079:
1067:. Retrieved
1062:
1052:
1041:. Retrieved
1036:
1026:
1015:. Retrieved
1013:. 1986-04-02
1010:
1001:
989:. Retrieved
984:
958:. Retrieved
954:the original
925:
921:DisplayWrite
917:
914:DisplayWrite
875:
847:
839:
836:
832:
816:
305:
296:
283:
279:
275:
271:
258:
254:
251:
248:
244:
235:
232:Sales Theory
226:
166:is a 16-bit
163:
161:
78:Release date
58:Manufacturer
2459:Typewriters
2365:Mathematica
2306:Rugby union
2245:Alex Gorsky
2212:(2012–2020)
2206:(2002–2011)
2200:(1993–2002)
2194:(1985–1993)
2188:(1981–1985)
2182:(1973–1981)
2176:(1971–1973)
2170:(1956–1971)
2164:(1914–1956)
2112:Terminology
2068:Floppy disk
2012:SkillsBuild
1975:Initiatives
1956:IBM Hursley
1930:Facilities
1581:Connections
1451:FlashSystem
1297:www.ibm.com
1272:www.ibm.com
1251:PC Magazine
1169:www.ibm.com
1144:www.ibm.com
1059:"Bytelines"
1011:www.ibm.com
985:PC Magazine
866:hyphenation
101:Leased for
2481:Categories
2454:System/370
2449:System/360
2240:David Farr
2139:e-business
2041:Inventions
1990:Develothon
1871:Facilities
1731:Promontory
1726:Consulting
1303:2021-12-22
1278:2021-12-22
1175:2022-04-09
1150:2021-12-18
1069:29 January
1043:2010-02-25
1017:2021-12-17
960:2009-01-31
931:References
858:mail merge
180:Intel 8086
126:Intel 8086
2322:Deep Blue
2228:directors
1687:WebSphere
1626:PureQuery
1534:Selectric
1509:Blue Gene
1424:Mainframe
1037:InfoWorld
878:System/23
799:6403-731
789:5608-MS2
779:5608-MS1
769:5608-MA3
759:5608-MA2
749:5608-MA1
739:5799-WWK
729:5799-MP1
718:5799-BQW
707:5799-BKG
696:5799-BHT
686:5798-RRK
676:5798-RRE
666:5798-RPA
656:5798-RNZ
646:5798-RNY
636:5798-RNX
626:5798-RNW
616:5798-RNG
606:5796-ZHR
596:5796-ZFB
586:5796-ZDB
576:5796-ZDA
566:5796-PXE
556:5796-PXD
546:5796-PXC
536:5792-ZFB
526:5608-TRE
516:5608-TR6
506:5608-TR4
496:5608-TR3
486:5608-TR2
476:5608-TR1
465:5608-SRB
454:5608-SRA
443:5608-SR9
432:5608-SR8
420:5608-SR7
409:5608-SR6
398:5608-SR5
386:5608-SR4
375:5608-SR3
364:5608-SR2
353:5608-SR1
342:5608-AX3
331:5608-AX2
320:5608-AX1
241:Reception
97:US$ 7,895
48:Developer
2404:Category
2371:IBM Plex
2226:Board of
2119:Big Blue
1919:Honolulu
1828:Merative
1813:EduQuest
1796:Taligent
1765:Research
1702:entities
1700:Business
1641:OpenQASM
1569:Cloudant
1539:ThinkPad
1462:Quantum
1410:Hardware
1402:Products
1194:PC World
908:$ 14,000
819:IBM 5150
223:Overview
218:Textpack
213:Software
191:keyboard
115:Textpack
2414:Commons
2381:ScicomP
1924:Seattle
1877:Towers
1823:Lexmark
1818:Kyndryl
1760:Red Hat
1709:Current
1680:Granite
1675:Watsonx
1591:Fortran
1519:PowerPC
1446:Storage
1417:Current
1380:History
1372:History
1213:. 1981.
991:9 March
904:$ 5,000
897:⁄
850:$ 7,895
843:Model F
293:CP/M-86
207:CP/M-86
187:monitor
151:Related
141:Display
128:@ 5 MHz
103:US$ 275
85:1980-06
83: (
2386:Unions
1997:Fellow
1808:Cognos
1781:AdStar
1774:Former
1738:Kenexa
1716:Apptio
1670:Watson
1636:Qiskit
1502:Former
1491:Condor
1481:Osprey
1456:DS8000
309:Ctrl-P
302:MS-DOS
133:Memory
2284:Other
1755:Press
1748:India
1564:Cloud
1552:Other
1486:Heron
1476:Eagle
1429:IBM Z
1211:(PDF)
1126:(PDF)
1109:(PDF)
1088:(PDF)
854:$ 275
262:REQST
2429:FOSS
2154:CEOs
2058:DRAM
1653:SPSS
1596:ILOG
1071:2015
1063:BYTE
993:2016
886:5280
884:and
882:5520
162:The
68:Type
1364:IBM
184:CRT
172:IBM
121:CPU
62:IBM
52:IBM
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