43:
1484:
up to 46 ‰ and fractionation larger than 46 ‰ recorded in sediments must be due to disproportionation of sulfur intermediates in the sediment. This view has changed since the 2010s. As substrates for disproportionation are limited by the product of
159:
converts to two compounds, one of higher and one of lower oxidation state. The reverse of disproportionation, such as when a compound in an intermediate oxidation state is formed from precursors of lower and higher oxidation states, is called
536:
1980:
Hendrix, Katrien; Bleyen, Nele; Mennecart, Thierry; Bruggeman, Christophe; Valcke, Elie (2019). "Sodium azide used as microbial inhibitor caused unwanted by-products in anaerobic geochemical studies".
2052:
J. Meyer and W. Schramm, Z. Anorg. Chem., 132 (1923) 226. Cited in: A Comprehensive
Treatise on Theoretical and Inorganic Chemistry, by J.W. Meller, John Wiley and Sons, New York, Vol. XII, p. 225.
197:
to refer to reactions of this type (in either direction) when only ligand exchange but no redox is involved and distinguish such processes from disproportionation and comproportionation.
1427:, in fermentation part of the substrate molecule itself accepts the electrons. Fermentation is therefore a type of disproportionation, and does not involve an overall change in
1261:
can occur by a disproportionation step in which a hydrogen atom is transferred from one growing chain molecule to another one, which produces two dead (non-growing) chains.
2020:
1717:
1431:
of the substrate. Most of the fermentative substrates are organic molecules. However, a rare type of fermentation may also involve the disproportionation of inorganic
671:
0. In the products, the chlorine in the Cl ion has an oxidation number of −1, having been reduced, whereas the oxidation number of the chlorine in the
394:
173:
More generally, the term can be applied to any desymmetrizing reaction where two molecules of one type react to give one each of two different types:
1683:
Shriver, D. F.; Atkins, P. W.; Overton, T. L.; Rourke, J. P.; Weller, M. T.; Armstrong, F. A. "Inorganic
Chemistry" W. H. Freeman, New York, 2006.
1454:). Disproportionation of sulfur intermediates, being one of the processes affecting sulfur isotopes of sediments, has drawn attention from
827:
60:
2147:
Bak, Friedhelm; Cypionka, Heribert (1987). "A novel type of energy metabolism involving fermentation of inorganic sulphur compounds".
2037:
2071:
1954:
1705:
1688:
126:
337:
Desymmetrizing reactions are sometimes referred to as disproportionation, as illustrated by the thermal degradation of bicarbonate:
107:
31:
79:
2200:"Mechanisms of sulfur incorporation and isotope fractionation during early diagenesis in sediments of the gulf of California"
1493:
1492:
Disproportionation can be carried out by microorganisms obligated to disproportionation or microorganisms that can carry out
1486:
1481:
1469:
1465:
1447:
64:
86:
2287:
2282:
1664:
1362:
1254:
93:
2292:
382:
192:
1436:
1416:
188:
184:
75:
1909:"Estimating the effect of elemental sulfur disproportionation on the sulfur-isotope signatures in sediments"
975:, each of the 3 nitrogen atoms of these very energetic linear polyatomic species has an oxidation state of −
53:
1865:"Oxygen and sulfur isotope fractionation during anaerobic bacterial disproportionation of elemental sulfur"
1826:"Sulfur isotope fractionation during bacterial reduction and disproportionation of thiosulfate and sulfite"
819:
2297:
1489:, the isotopic effect of disproportionation should be less than 16 ‰ in most sedimentary settings.
1908:
2156:
2018:
José Jiménez Barberá; Adolf
Metzger; Manfred Wolf (2000). "Sulfites, Thiosulfates, and Dithionites".
1777:"Bacterial Disproportionation of Elemental Sulfur Coupled to Chemical Reduction of Iron or Manganese"
1589:
1412:
1366:
746:
1290:
815:
807:
799:
697:
260:
200:
1361:, or lactate and acetate, depending on the environmental conditions) is also an important step in
2180:
1562:
883:
162:
100:
2258:
2219:
2172:
2118:
2067:
2033:
1997:
1950:
1928:
1884:
1845:
1796:
1701:
1684:
1424:
1374:
1365:
reactions. Fermentation reactions can also be considered as disproportionation or dismutation
1306:
1258:
1211:
840:
735:
1385:
in these complex biochemical systems are the same organic molecules simultaneously acting as
544:
Disproportionation of sulfur intermediates by microorganisms is widely observed in sediments.
2250:
2211:
2164:
2108:
2100:
2025:
1989:
1920:
1876:
1837:
1804:
1788:
1731:
1566:
1302:
990:
925:
844:
693:
621:
291:
891:
1623:
1428:
1382:
899:
895:
811:
668:
629:
625:
295:
156:
2160:
1289:
in which, Chain— represents the already formed polymer chain, and indicates a reactive
2136:
Biochemical basis of mitochondrial acetaldehyde dismutation in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
2113:
2088:
1967:
Book: Non-Aqueous Media, exact reference of this book is lacking: need to be completed!
1659:
1578:
1558:
1420:
1378:
1370:
1322:
1207:
968:
887:
152:
1880:
1841:
1809:
27:
Redox reaction whose products have higher and lower oxidation states than the reactant
2276:
2215:
1619:
1552:
1013:
242:
2184:
1993:
1727:
1864:
1825:
1776:
1700:
Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic
Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001.
1631:
1451:
1397:
1310:
1001:
972:
933:
731:
689:
183:
This expanded definition is not limited to redox reactions, but also includes some
2199:
1924:
1792:
17:
1775:
Thamdrup, Bo; Finster, Kai; Hansen, Jens Würgler; Bak, Friedhelm (January 1993).
1396:
Another example of biochemical dismutation reaction is the disproportionation of
531:{\displaystyle {\ce {2CH3-{\underset {^{\bullet }}{C}}H2->{H2C=CH2}+H3C-CH3}}}
2135:
1722:
1508:
1405:
1318:
1314:
1090:
929:
793:
in the superoxide free radical anion, −1 in hydrogen peroxide and 0 in dioxygen.
42:
1450:
of sediments are often measured for studying environments in the Earth's past (
1907:
Tsang, Man-Yin; Böttcher, Michael Ernst; Wortmann, Ulrich Georg (2023-08-20).
1357:
The dismutation of pyruvic acid in other small organic molecules (ethanol + CO
1203:
1086:
728:
2262:
2238:
2223:
2029:
2001:
1932:
1888:
1849:
1800:
1726:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
1645:), which is easier to store, transport, reuse when possible, and dispose of.
2254:
1735:
1654:
1455:
1386:
1094:
299:
140:
2176:
2122:
1480:. Prior to 2010s, it was thought that sulfate reduction could fractionate
986:
921:
848:
803:
617:
238:
2239:"Large Sulfur Isotope Fractionation Does Not Require Disproportionation"
1824:
Habicht, Kirsten S; Canfield, Donald E; Rethmeier, J̈org (August 1998).
1206:
is prepared on a larger scale by oxidizing a cooled aqueous solution of
2089:"LXXXVIII - Dismutation of pyruvic acid in gonoccus and staphylococcus"
1528:
1477:
1473:
1401:
1390:
1156:
1152:
1005:
701:
2104:
2168:
1497:
1432:
831:
743:
739:
1618:
The Claus reaction is one of the chemical reactions involved in the
1496:
as well. Common substrates for disproportionation include elemental
902:
disproportionates when catalysed on the surface of an iron particle:
227:
The first disproportionation reaction to be studied in detail was:
1635:
1593:
1459:
1050:
823:
633:
376:
The oxidation numbers remain constant in this acid-base reaction.
1012:
conditions, as it can be conveniently verified by means of the
1627:
1021:
Under acidic conditions, hydrazoic acid disproportionates as:
36:
936:, where nitrogen has oxidation states +5 and +3 respectively:
1009:
1945:
Charlie
Harding, David Arthur Johnson, Rob Janes, (2002),
1863:
Böttcher, M.E.; Thamdrup, B.; Vennemann, T.W. (May 2001).
928:, but when this compound reacts with water, it forms both
245:
in 1788. In the
Swedish version of his paper he called it
1309:
bearing his name, confirmed the anaerobic dismutation of
524:
503:
486:
465:
448:
413:
1565:
reaction (the inverse of disproportionation) involving
1328:
by certain bacteria according to the global reaction:
2237:
Sim, Min Sub; Bosak, Tanja; Ono, Shuhei (July 2011).
2064:
Polymers: Chemistry & Physics of Modern
Materials
636:. The ionic equation for this reaction is as follows:
397:
385:, in which two radicals form an alkene and an alkane.
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
886:, carbon monoxide disproportionates to carbon and
530:
1151:Dithionite also undergoes alkaline hydrolysis to
696:undergoes a disproportionation reaction to form
683:ion is +5, indicating that it has been oxidized.
294:disproportionates upon heating to 200°C to give
1049:Under neutral, or basic, conditions, the azide
2021:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1547:Claus reaction: a comproportionation reaction
246:
8:
2198:Goldhaber, M.B.; Kaplan, I.R. (April 1980).
219:is an example of a redistribution reaction.
1949:, Published by Royal Society of Chemistry,
2013:
2011:
1443:Disproportionation of sulfur intermediates
890:. The reaction is for example used in the
843:into water and oxygen catalysed by either
2112:
1808:
523:
518:
509:
502:
497:
485:
480:
471:
464:
459:
454:
447:
442:
421:
416:
412:
407:
402:
398:
396:
381:Another variant on disproportionation is
191:. In contrast, some authors use the term
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1641:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1584:
1572:
1514:
1503:
1350:
1346:
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1338:
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1235:
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1227:
1223:
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1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1123:
1119:
1106:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1030:
1026:
996:
957:
953:
949:
945:
911:
872:
868:
864:
860:
775:
771:
767:
717:
713:
658:
645:
598:
557:
553:
368:
364:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
280:
276:
272:
212:
208:
1676:
1634:plants and leading to the formation of
1781:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1462:conditions in the oceans in the past.
263:disproportionates upon UV-irradiation:
155:in which one compound of intermediate
2066:(2nd ed.). Blackie. p. 58.
742:, catalysed in living systems by the
7:
1902:
1900:
1898:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
989:compounds will disproportionate in
1723:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
1275:–CHX → Chain—CH=CHX + Chain—CH
783:The oxidation state of oxygen is −
25:
41:
1994:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2019.05.014
1869:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1830:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1415:electrons are transferred from
830:, a peroxide is converted to a
828:Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement
52:needs additional citations for
451:
1:
1925:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121533
1881:10.1016/s0016-7037(00)00628-1
1842:10.1016/s0016-7037(98)00167-7
1793:10.1128/aem.59.1.101-108.1993
1089:undergoes acid hydrolysis to
822:product is the corresponding
620:gas reacts with concentrated
2216:10.1016/0304-4203(80)90063-8
985:. These unstable and highly
692:involve disproportionation.
667:The chlorine reactant is in
1665:Fermentation (biochemistry)
1255:chain-growth polymerization
2314:
1550:
993:to form gaseous nitrogen (
924:has oxidation state +4 in
839:The disproportionation of
688:Decomposition of numerous
383:radical disproportionation
29:
1466:Sulfate-reducing bacteria
1437:sulfate-reducing bacteria
435:
2062:Cowie, J. M. G. (1991).
2030:10.1002/14356007.a25_477
1748:K. Sv. Vet. Acad. Handl.
430:
426:
237:This was examined using
189:self-ionization of water
185:molecular autoionization
2255:10.1126/science.1205103
2024:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
1947:Elements of the P Block
1736:10.1351/goldbook.D01799
187:reactions, such as the
1053:disproportionates as:
820:organic redox reaction
690:interhalogen compounds
532:
247:
1759:Gadolin Johan (1790)
1746:Gadolin Johan (1788)
1435:compounds in certain
1367:biochemical reactions
1305:, who discovered the
894:method for producing
806:is converted into an
704:in non-aqueous media:
648:+ 6 OH → 5 Cl + ClO
533:
2087:Krebs, H.A. (1937).
1982:Applied Geochemistry
1761:Crells Chem. Annalen
1377:of electrons in the
747:superoxide dismutase
574:3 S + 2 FeOOH → SO
395:
76:"Disproportionation"
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2161:1987Natur.326..891B
816:Tishchenko reaction
800:Cannizzaro reaction
727:The dismutation of
698:bromine trifluoride
526:
505:
488:
467:
450:
415:
261:Mercury(I) chloride
201:Schlenk equilibrium
147:, sometimes called
2288:Chemical processes
2283:Chemical reactions
1728:disproportionation
1638:elemental sulfur (
1563:comproportionation
884:Boudouard reaction
528:
514:
493:
476:
455:
438:
436:
403:
168:symproportionation
163:comproportionation
145:disproportionation
18:Disproportionating
2293:Organic reactions
2155:(6116): 891–892.
2105:10.1042/bj0310661
1875:(10): 1601–1609.
1836:(15): 2585–2595.
1763:1790, I, 260-273.
1561:is an example of
1494:sulfate reduction
1487:sulfate reduction
1458:for studying the
1425:electron acceptor
1307:citric acid cycle
1271:–CHX + Chain—CH
1259:chain termination
1249:Polymer chemistry
1212:manganese dioxide
1179:+ 6 NaOH → 5 Na
841:hydrogen peroxide
814:. In the related
736:hydrogen peroxide
517:
508:
496:
479:
470:
458:
441:
431:
429:
428:
427:
425:
422:
406:
199:For example, the
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
2305:
2267:
2266:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2204:Marine Chemistry
2195:
2189:
2188:
2169:10.1038/326891a0
2144:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2116:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2015:
2006:
2005:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1957:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1913:Chemical Geology
1904:
1893:
1892:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1715:
1709:
1698:
1692:
1681:
1644:
1614:
1590:elemental sulfur
1587:
1576:
1567:hydrogen sulfide
1542:
1541:
1540:
1537:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1506:
1472:as they take in
1452:paleoenvironment
1353:
1303:Hans Adolf Krebs
1253:In free-radical
1242:
1196:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1079:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1037:
999:
991:aqueous solution
984:
983:
979:
960:
926:nitrogen dioxide
914:
898:; high-pressure
896:carbon nanotubes
875:
845:potassium iodide
792:
791:
787:
778:
765:
764:
761:
720:
694:Bromine fluoride
682:
681:
680:
677:
662:
656:
655:
652:
622:sodium hydroxide
610:
609:
608:
605:
596:
595:
592:
584:
582:
581:
578:
570:
568:
567:
564:
537:
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529:
527:
525:
522:
515:
513:
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504:
501:
494:
489:
487:
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477:
475:
468:
466:
463:
456:
449:
446:
439:
437:
423:
420:
414:
411:
404:
371:
362:
361:
358:
353:
352:
349:
330:
292:Phosphorous acid
284:
250:
233:
232:2 Sn → Sn + Sn
215:
179:
166:, also known as
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2249:(6038): 74–77.
2236:
2235:
2231:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2130:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2017:
2016:
2009:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1944:
1940:
1906:
1905:
1896:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1758:
1754:
1745:
1741:
1716:
1712:
1699:
1695:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1624:desulfurization
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1586:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1555:
1549:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1482:sulfur isotopes
1470:sulfur isotopes
1448:Sulfur isotopes
1445:
1429:oxidation state
1383:chemical energy
1379:redox reactions
1360:
1352:
1348:
1345:CH(OH)COOH + CH
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1299:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1251:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1008:, depending on
998:
994:
981:
977:
976:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
913:
910:2 CO → C + CO
909:
900:carbon monoxide
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
834:and an alcohol.
812:carboxylic acid
789:
785:
784:
777:
773:
769:
762:
759:
758:
756:
719:
715:
711:
678:
675:
674:
672:
669:oxidation state
660:
653:
650:
649:
647:
643:
630:sodium chlorate
626:sodium chloride
606:
603:
602:
600:
593:
590:
589:
587:
579:
576:
575:
573:
565:
562:
561:
559:
555:
551:
393:
392:
370:
366:
359:
356:
355:
350:
347:
346:
344:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
296:phosphoric acid
282:
278:
274:
270:
257:
231:
225:
214:
210:
206:
198:
178:2 A → A' + A"
177:
157:oxidation state
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
32:Proportionality
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2229:
2190:
2139:
2128:
2099:(4): 661–671.
2079:
2072:
2054:
2045:
2039:978-3527306732
2038:
2007:
1972:
1958:
1938:
1894:
1855:
1816:
1787:(1): 101–108.
1767:
1752:
1750:1788, 186-197.
1739:
1710:
1693:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1660:Oxidoreductase
1657:
1650:
1647:
1616:
1615:
1579:sulfur dioxide
1559:Claus reaction
1551:Main article:
1548:
1545:
1444:
1441:
1421:electron donor
1381:supplying the
1369:. Indeed, the
1358:
1355:
1354:
1324:
1298:
1295:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1216:
1215:
1208:sulfur dioxide
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1161:
1160:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1099:
1098:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1029:+ 3 H → 12 N
1018:
1017:
969:hydrazoic acid
964:
963:
962:
961:
938:
937:
918:
917:
916:
915:
904:
903:
888:carbon dioxide
879:
878:
877:
876:
853:
852:
847:or the enzyme
836:
835:
795:
794:
781:
780:
779:
751:
750:
724:
723:
722:
721:
706:
705:
685:
684:
665:
664:
663:
638:
637:
614:
613:
612:
611:
585:
571:
546:
545:
541:
540:
539:
538:
521:
512:
500:
492:
483:
474:
462:
453:
445:
434:
419:
410:
401:
387:
386:
378:
377:
374:
373:
372:
339:
338:
334:
333:
332:
331:
304:
303:
288:
287:
286:
285:
265:
264:
256:
253:
235:
234:
224:
221:
217:
216:
194:redistribution
181:
180:
153:redox reaction
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2310:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:(2): 95–143.
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2073:0-216-92980-6
2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1955:0-85404-690-9
1952:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1706:0-12-352651-5
1703:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1689:0-7167-4878-9
1686:
1680:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:used for the
1621:
1620:Claus process
1599:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1588:) to produce
1580:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1553:Claus process
1546:
1544:
1530:
1510:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:geoscientists
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1023:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1016:for nitrogen:
1015:
1014:Frost diagram
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:ammonium ions
992:
988:
974:
970:
966:
965:
942:
941:
940:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
920:
919:
908:
907:
906:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:
857:
856:
855:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:
782:
755:
754:
753:
752:
748:
745:
741:
737:
733:
730:
726:
725:
712:3 BrF → BrF
710:
709:
708:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:
670:
666:
642:
641:
640:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
616:
615:
586:
583:+ 2 FeS + 2 H
572:
550:
549:
548:
547:
543:
542:
519:
510:
498:
490:
481:
472:
460:
443:
432:
417:
408:
399:
391:
390:
389:
388:
384:
380:
379:
375:
343:
342:
341:
340:
336:
335:
308:
307:
306:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
289:
269:
268:
267:
266:
262:
259:
258:
254:
252:
249:
244:
243:Johan Gadolin
240:
230:
229:
228:
222:
220:
205:
204:
203:
202:
196:
195:
190:
186:
176:
175:
174:
171:
169:
165:
164:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2298:Biochemistry
2246:
2242:
2232:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2131:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2063:
2057:
2048:
2019:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1961:
1946:
1941:
1916:
1912:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1833:
1829:
1819:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1747:
1742:
1721:
1713:
1696:
1679:
1632:oil refinery
1617:
1609:→ 3 S + 2 H
1596:as follows:
1556:
1491:
1476:and produce
1468:fractionate
1464:
1446:
1410:
1398:acetaldehyde
1395:
1363:fermentation
1356:
1311:pyruvic acid
1300:
1297:Biochemistry
1291:free radical
1288:
1252:
973:sodium azide
934:nitrous acid
732:free radical
236:
226:
218:
207:2 RMgX → R
193:
182:
172:
167:
161:
148:
144:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1988:: 120–130.
1509:thiosulfate
1413:respiration
1406:acetic acid
1319:acetic acid
1315:lactic acid
1091:thiosulfate
930:nitric acid
766:+ 2 H → H
597:+ 2 H → H
149:dismutation
2277:Categories
2093:Biochem. J
1919:: 121533.
1671:References
1337:COCOOH + H
1204:Dithionate
1087:Dithionite
1070:O → 12 N
729:superoxide
87:newspapers
2263:0036-8075
2224:0304-4203
2002:0883-2927
1933:0009-2541
1889:0016-7037
1850:0016-7037
1801:0099-2240
1655:Dismutase
1417:substrate
1411:While in
1387:reductant
1349:COOH + CO
1301:In 1937,
1095:bisulfite
952:O → HNO
826:. In the
556:O → 3 H
552:4 S + 4 H
511:−
452:⟶
433:∙
418:−
300:phosphine
239:tartrates
141:chemistry
117:June 2022
2185:27142031
2177:22468292
2123:16746383
1649:See also
1423:) to an
1375:acceptor
1341:O → CH
1267:Chain—CH
922:Nitrogen
849:catalase
804:aldehyde
624:to form
618:Chlorine
255:Examples
248:söndring
211:Mg + MgX
2243:Science
2157:Bibcode
2114:1266985
1630:in the
1529:sulfite
1478:sulfide
1474:sulfate
1402:ethanol
1391:oxidant
1191:S + 3 H
1157:sulfide
1153:sulfite
1135:+ 2 HSO
1122:O → S
1006:ammonia
980:⁄
882:In the
808:alcohol
798:In the
788:⁄
702:bromine
279:→ HgCl
223:History
151:, is a
101:scholar
2261:
2222:
2183:
2175:
2149:Nature
2121:
2111:
2070:
2036:
2000:
1953:
1931:
1887:
1848:
1810:202062
1807:
1799:
1704:
1687:
1605:S + SO
1577:) and
1527:) and
1498:sulfur
1433:sulfur
1238:+ MnSO
1230:→ MnS
1226:+ 3 SO
1078:+ 9 OH
1074:+ 3 NH
1033:+ 3 NH
1000:) and
867:→ 2 H
832:ketone
818:, the
810:and a
744:enzyme
740:oxygen
601:S + SO
560:S + SO
318:→ 3 H
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2181:S2CID
1718:IUPAC
1636:solid
1628:gases
1594:water
1460:redox
1400:into
1371:donor
1313:into
1222:2 MnO
1210:with
1066:+ 9 H
1051:anion
1004:, or
987:toxic
956:+ HNO
892:HiPco
871:O + O
824:ester
802:, an
657:+ 3 H
634:water
569:+ 2 H
354:→ CO
345:2 HCO
108:JSTOR
94:books
2259:ISSN
2220:ISSN
2173:PMID
2119:PMID
2068:ISBN
2034:ISBN
1998:ISSN
1951:ISBN
1929:ISSN
1885:ISSN
1846:ISSN
1797:ISSN
1702:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1592:and
1557:The
1404:and
1373:and
1333:2 CH
1321:and
1187:+ Na
1167:3 Na
1155:and
1093:and
1025:9 HN
971:and
944:2 NO
932:and
738:and
716:+ Br
700:and
644:3 Cl
632:and
588:4 SO
326:+ PH
298:and
283:+ Hg
80:news
2251:doi
2247:333
2212:doi
2165:doi
2153:326
2109:PMC
2101:doi
2026:doi
1990:doi
1986:107
1921:doi
1917:632
1877:doi
1838:doi
1805:PMC
1789:doi
1732:doi
1730:".
1626:of
1601:2 H
1543:).
1507:),
1389:or
1279:–CH
1118:+ H
1105:2 S
1057:9 N
967:In
948:+ H
859:2 H
774:+ O
757:2 O
734:to
673:ClO
363:+ H
310:4 H
241:by
139:In
63:by
2279::
2257:.
2245:.
2241:.
2218:.
2206:.
2202:.
2179:.
2171:.
2163:.
2151:.
2117:.
2107:.
2097:31
2095:.
2091:.
2032:.
2010:^
1996:.
1984:.
1927:.
1915:.
1911:.
1897:^
1883:.
1873:65
1871:.
1867:.
1844:.
1834:62
1832:.
1828:.
1803:.
1795:.
1785:59
1783:.
1779:.
1720:,
1583:SO
1536:2−
1533:SO
1520:2−
1439:.
1408:.
1393:.
1323:CO
1317:,
1293:.
1257:,
1214::
1183:SO
1129:2−
1112:2−
1010:pH
628:,
604:2−
591:2−
577:2−
563:2−
516:CH
478:CH
405:CH
367:CO
357:2−
322:PO
314:PO
275:Cl
271:Hg
251:.
170:.
143:,
2265:.
2253::
2226:.
2214::
2208:9
2187:.
2167::
2159::
2125:.
2103::
2076:.
2042:.
2028::
2004:.
1992::
1969:.
1935:.
1923::
1891:.
1879::
1852:.
1840::
1813:.
1791::
1734::
1708:.
1691:.
1642:8
1640:S
1613:O
1611:2
1607:2
1603:2
1585:2
1581:(
1575:S
1573:2
1571:H
1569:(
1539:3
1531:(
1523:3
1517:O
1515:2
1513:S
1511:(
1504:8
1502:S
1500:(
1419:(
1359:2
1351:2
1347:3
1343:3
1339:2
1335:3
1325:2
1283:X
1281:2
1277:2
1273:2
1269:2
1240:4
1236:6
1234:O
1232:2
1228:2
1224:2
1195:O
1193:2
1189:2
1185:3
1181:2
1177:4
1175:O
1173:2
1171:S
1169:2
1159::
1141:3
1138:−
1132:3
1126:O
1124:2
1120:2
1115:4
1109:O
1107:2
1097::
1076:3
1072:2
1068:2
1063:3
1060:−
1039:4
1036:+
1031:2
1027:3
997:2
995:N
982:3
978:1
958:2
954:3
950:2
946:2
912:2
873:2
869:2
865:2
863:O
861:2
851::
790:2
786:1
776:2
772:2
770:O
768:2
763:2
760:−
749::
718:2
714:3
679:3
676:−
661:O
659:2
654:3
651:−
646:2
607:4
599:2
594:3
580:4
566:4
558:2
554:2
520:3
507:C
499:3
495:H
491:+
482:2
473:=
469:C
461:2
457:H
444:2
440:H
424:C
409:3
400:2
369:3
365:2
360:3
351:3
348:−
328:3
324:4
320:3
316:3
312:3
302::
281:2
277:2
273:2
213:2
209:2
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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