301:
325:
313:
340:
289:
215:
48:
1299:
223:
405:. Non-specific symptoms include: coughing, weight loss, or organ dysfunction. These symptoms may be implicated in numerous disorders, thus delaying diagnosis. Misdiagnosis with tuberculosis meningitis is also a common occurrence when patients are tested for tuberculosis, since the two forms of tuberculosis have high rates of co-occurrence.
388:, then treatment is extended to twelve months. The U.S. guidelines recommend nine months' treatment. "Common medication side effects a patient may have such as inflammation of the liver if a patient is taking pyrazinamide, rifampin, and isoniazid. A patient may also have drug resistance to medication, relapse, respiratory failure, and
300:
400:
If left untreated, miliary tuberculosis is almost always fatal. Although most cases of miliary tuberculosis are treatable, the mortality rate among children with miliary tuberculosis remains 15–20% and for adults 25–30%. One of the main causes for these high mortality rates includes late detection of
205:
Alternatively, the bacteria may attack the cells lining the alveoli and enter the lymph node(s). The bacteria then drain into a systemic vein and eventually reach the right side of the heart. From the right side of the heart, the bacteria may seed—or re-seed as the case may be—the lungs, causing the
170:
Thirdly, chorodial tubercules, pale lesions on the optic nerve, typically indicate miliary tuberculosis in children. These lesions may occur in one eye or both; the number of lesions varies between patients. Chorodial tubercules may serve as important symptoms of miliary tuberculosis, since their
278:
The tuberculin skin test, commonly used for detection of other forms of tuberculosis, is not useful in the detection of miliary tuberculosis. The tuberculin skin test fails due to the high numbers of false negatives. These false negatives may occur because of higher rates of tuberculin anergy
201:
One proposed mechanism is that tuberculous infection in the lungs results in erosion of the epithelial layer of alveolar cells and the spread of infection into a pulmonary vein. Once the bacteria reach the left side of the heart and enter the systemic circulation, they may multiply and infect
166:
activity in the body. Such that, 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (also referred to as calcitriol) improves the ability of macrophages to kill bacteria; however, higher levels of calcitriol lead to higher calcium levels, and thus hypercalcemia in some cases. Thus, hypercalcemia proves to be an
197:
travelling to extrapulmonary organs, such as the liver, spleen and kidneys. Although it is well understood that the bacteria spread from the pulmonary system to the lymphatic system and eventually the blood stream, the mechanism by which this occurs is not well understood.
174:
Lastly, 10–30% of adults and 20–40% of children with miliary tuberculosis have tuberculosis meningitis. This relationship results from mycobacteria from miliary tuberculosis spreading to the brain and the subarachnoid space; as a result, leading to tuberculosis meningitis.
1342:
1327:
178:
The risk factors for contracting miliary tuberculosis are being in direct contact with a person who has it, living in unsanitary conditions, and poor nutrition. In the U.S., risk factors for contracting the disease include homelessness and
274:
and cerebral tuberculomas being the most frequent. However, a majority of patients improve following antituberculous treatment. Rarely lymphangitic spread of lung cancer could mimic miliary pattern of tuberculosis on regular chest X-ray.
324:
339:
202:
extrapulmonary organs. Once infected, the cell-mediated immune response is activated. The infected sites become surrounded by macrophages, which form granuloma, giving the typical appearance of miliary tuberculosis.
270:. The tuberculosis (TB) blood test, also called an Interferon Gamma Release Assay or IGRA, is a way to diagnose latent TB. A variety of neurological complications have been noted in miliary tuberculosis patients—
312:
306:
CT, 16 days after onset, showing extensive pulmonary parenchymal involvement consisting of irregular septal thickenings with ground-glass areas and centrilobular nodules with a peri-lymphatic distribution
1431:
288:
413:
John Jacob Manget described a form of disseminated tuberculosis in 1700 and expressed its resemblance to numerous millet seeds in size and appearance and coined the term from Latin word
2099:
1424:
668:"Hypercalcaemia and haemophagocytic syndrome: rare concurrent presentations of disseminated tuberculosis in a dialysis patient: Hypercalcaemia and Haemophagocytic Syndrome"
1114:
1417:
575:
1882:
437:
159:, choroidal tubercles, and cutaneous lesions. Firstly, many patients can experience a fever lasting several weeks with daily spikes in morning temperatures.
1877:
1725:
65:
1198:
Reichman, Lee B., M.D., M.P.H. & Tanne, Janice H. (2002). "Timebomb: The Global
Epidemic of Multi-Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Mcgraw-Hill.
1511:
987:
954:
476:
389:
137:
1627:
162:
Secondly, hypercalcemia prevails in 16–51% of tuberculosis cases. It is thought that hypercalcemia occurs as a response to increased
1720:
1440:
1203:
1695:
709:
Soofi, A., Malik, A., Khan, J., & Muzzafer, S. (2004). Severe
Hypercalcemia in Tuberculosis. J Pak Med Assoc, 54(4), 213–215.
2047:
1052:
Lee, Y.-M.; Park, K.-H.; Kim, S.-M.; Park, S. J.; Lee, S.-O.; Choi, S.-H.; Kim, Y. S.; Woo, J. H.; Kim, S.-H. (December 2013).
1764:
1754:
1661:
1303:
970:. In Elzouki, Abdelaziz Y.; Harfi, Harb A.; Nazer, Hisham M.; Stapleton, F. Bruder; Oh, William; Whitley, Richard J. (eds.).
148:
do not produce enough steroid hormones to regulate organ function). Stool may also be diarrheal in nature and appearance.
2027:
1872:
1505:
447:
2013:
1919:
1858:
1784:
1148:
109:
108:. Miliary tuberculosis is present in about 2% of all reported cases of tuberculosis and accounts for up to 20% of all
1573:
193:
1904:
1688:
1622:
365:
2041:
1705:
1519:
1357:
1054:"Risk factors for false-negative results of T-SPOT.TB and tuberculin skin test in extrapulmonary tuberculosis"
1943:
1929:
1710:
1539:
1481:
1936:
1890:
1838:
1803:
1715:
1666:
1635:
1610:
359:
271:
2094:
2072:
1975:
1915:
1849:
1828:
1810:
1793:
402:
141:
667:
96:
seeds—thus the term "miliary" tuberculosis. Miliary TB may infect any number of organs, including the
1736:
1678:
1530:
1497:
1470:
333:
of the lung, spleen and kidney, showing micronodules (1–4 mm in diameter) which resemble millet seeds
1409:
914:"The mechanisms and consequences of the extra-pulmonary dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis"
1971:
1866:
1769:
1749:
1656:
1578:
1490:
1346:
267:
251:
2063:
1979:
1816:
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803:
592:
584:
515:
Ray, Sayantan; Talukdar, Arunansu; Kundu, Supratip; Khanra, Dibbendhu; Sonthalia, Nikhil (2013).
772:
234:, although a number of tests must be conducted on a patient to confirm diagnosis. Tests include
41:
Disseminated tuberculosis, tuberculosis cutis acuta generalisata, tuberculosis cutis disseminata
666:
Ko, Y-C.; Lee, C-T.; Cheng, Y-F.; Hung, K-H.; Kuo, C-Y.; Huang, C-C.; Chen, J-B. (2004-07-21).
1671:
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1199:
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823:
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689:
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630:
567:
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472:
80:
that is characterized by a wide dissemination into the human body and by the tiny size of the
60:
120:
Patients with miliary tuberculosis often experience non-specific signs, such as coughing and
1993:
1461:
1263:
1222:
1163:
1099:
American
Thoracic Society, CDC, and Infectious Diseases Society of America (June 20, 2003).
1065:
1024:
1016:
975:
925:
881:
815:
784:
740:
679:
638:
559:
538:
528:
2004:
1774:
1554:
330:
129:
121:
1100:
517:"Diagnosis and management of miliary tuberculosis: current state and future perspectives"
495:
17:
967:
868:
Sharma, Surendra Kumar; Mohan, Alladi; Sharma, Anju; Mitra, Dipendra Kumar (July 2005).
230:
Testing for miliary tuberculosis is conducted in a similar manner as for other forms of
1651:
1452:
1444:
1168:
1029:
1004:
745:
720:
643:
618:
543:
516:
432:
345:
259:
239:
156:
885:
348:, showing epithelioid granulomas with multinucleated giant cells and acid-fast bacilli
2088:
1641:
1563:
1476:
1053:
788:
684:
145:
1351:
1283:
318:
X-ray, 22 days after onset, showing extensive bilateral reticulo-nodular infiltrates
1962:
1896:
1600:
1587:
1397:
1242:
442:
381:
243:
231:
133:
125:
77:
851:
1362:
979:
945:
Kumar, Vinay; Abbas, Abul K.; Fausto, Nelson; & Mitchell, Richard N. (2007).
1985:
1381:
1251:
1210:
846:
235:
85:
929:
819:
2033:
2019:
1683:
1615:
1591:
1069:
385:
377:
373:
263:
163:
1077:
736:
634:
1392:
1336:
500:
369:
214:
47:
1181:
1177:
1085:
1038:
893:
827:
804:"Tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis: the Rich focus revisited"
754:
693:
652:
571:
552:
1298:
1275:
1234:
1020:
581:. If this is an intentional citation to a retracted paper, please replace
84:(1–5 mm). Its name comes from a distinctive pattern seen on a chest
563:
533:
222:
1745:
1267:
1226:
974:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 1053–1059.
294:
X-ray, 13 days after onset, showing bilateral interstitial infiltrates
1331:
1149:"Challenges in the diagnosis & treatment of miliary tuberculosis"
912:
Krishnan, Nitya; Robertson, Brian D.; Thwaites, Guy (November 2010).
619:"Challenges in the diagnosis & treatment of miliary tuberculosis"
247:
191:
Miliary tuberculosis is a form of tuberculosis that is the result of
105:
93:
81:
1319:
1132:(Observatio XLVII (3 vols) ed.). London: Cramer and Perrachon.
221:
213:
152:
101:
617:
Sharma, Surendra K.; Mohan, Alladi; Sharma, Abhishek (May 2012).
467:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
841:
839:
837:
180:
97:
89:
1413:
721:"Tubercle of the Choroid in Miliary Tuberculosis: Case Report"
255:
870:"Miliary tuberculosis: new insights into an old disease"
282:
A case of miliary tuberculosis in an 82-year-old woman:
1005:"Miliary pattern on chest radiography: TB or not TB?"
863:
861:
859:
1309:
1209:
Albino, Juan A.; Reichman, Lee B. (1 January 1998).
907:
905:
903:
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2003:
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384:for the first two months. If there is evidence of
59:
37:
32:
612:
610:
608:
606:
802:Donald, P; Schaaf, H; Schoeman, J (April 2005).
705:
703:
171:presence can often confirm suspected diagnosis.
771:Sahn, Steven A.; Neff, Thomas A. (April 1974).
719:Rodin, Frank H.; Dickey, Lloyd B. (June 1928).
1252:"How to Combat Tuberculosis in the Year 2000?"
510:
508:
88:of many tiny spots distributed throughout the
1425:
124:. Miliary tuberculosis can also present with
8:
1113:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
438:Metastatic tuberculous abscess or ulceration
414:
167:important symptom of miliary tuberculosis.
2100:Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditions
1789:
1568:
1559:
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1432:
1418:
1410:
1310:
1130:Sepulcretum size anatomia practica. Vol. 1
949:(8th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. pp. 516–522
941:
939:
672:International Journal of Clinical Practice
595:|...|intentional=yes}}
364:The standard treatment recommended by the
46:
29:
1250:Rieder, Hans L (November–December 1998).
1167:
1028:
744:
683:
642:
542:
532:
521:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
490:
488:
471:. St. Louis: Mosby. pp. Chapter 74.
279:compared to other forms of tuberculosis.
1147:Sharma, SK; Mohan, A; Sharma, A (2012).
55:Chest X ray showing miliary tuberculosis
1726:Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
459:
284:
1512:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infection
1156:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
1106:
766:
764:
623:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
92:fields with the appearance similar to
7:
390:acute respiratory distress syndrome
1628:Tuberculous cervical lymphadenitis
25:
1721:Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis
1441:Gram-positive bacterial infection
1696:Primary inoculation tuberculosis
1297:
777:The American Journal of Medicine
685:10.1111/j.1368-5031.2004.00054.x
338:
323:
311:
299:
287:
206:eponymous "miliary" appearance.
2048:Group JK corynebacterium sepsis
1211:"The Treatment of Tuberculosis"
972:Textbook of Clinical Pediatrics
725:California and Western Medicine
1765:Borderline lepromatous leprosy
1755:Borderline tuberculoid leprosy
1662:Tuberculosis cutis orificialis
874:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
1:
1003:Furqan, M; Butler, J (2010).
886:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70163-8
2028:Corynebacterium minutissimum
1873:Mycobacterium intracellulare
1506:Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
980:10.1007/978-3-642-02202-9_95
789:10.1016/0002-9343(74)90482-3
448:List of cutaneous conditions
134:inflammation of the pancreas
110:extra-pulmonary tuberculosis
2014:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
1101:"Treatment of Tuberculosis"
966:Al Jumaah, Suliman (2012).
376:for six months, as well as
2116:
930:10.1016/j.tube.2010.08.005
820:10.1016/j.jinf.2004.02.010
357:
194:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
138:multiple organ dysfunction
1689:Papulonecrotic tuberculid
1623:Tuberculous lymphadenitis
1070:10.1007/s15010-013-0478-z
852:Disseminated tuberculosis
469:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
226:Tuberculosis of the lungs
218:Tuberculosis of the lungs
54:
45:
18:Disseminated tuberculosis
2042:Corynebacterium jeikeium
1706:Tuberculous pericarditis
1520:Actinomyces gerencseriae
847:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
1711:Urogenital tuberculosis
1540:Propionibacterium acnes
1482:Cutaneous actinomycosis
1009:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
947:Robbins Basic Pathology
151:Other symptoms include
1716:Tuberculous dactylitis
1667:Tuberculous cellulitis
773:"Miliary tuberculosis"
421:related to millet seed
415:
360:Tuberculosis treatment
272:tuberculous meningitis
227:
219:
2073:Gardnerella vaginalis
1976:Nocardia brasiliensis
1021:10.4065/mcp.2009.0523
587:|...}}
558:(Retracted, see
403:non-specific symptoms
225:
217:
142:adrenal insufficiency
1679:Lichen scrofulosorum
1531:Propionibacteriaceae
1471:Actinomyces israelii
1306:at Wikimedia Commons
1304:Miliary tuberculosis
808:Journal of Infection
496:Miliary Tuberculosis
122:enlarged lymph nodes
74:Miliary tuberculosis
33:Miliary tuberculosis
1972:Nocardia asteroides
1867:Mycobacterium avium
1770:Lepromatous leprosy
1750:Tuberculoid leprosy
1491:Tropheryma whipplei
1128:Manget, JJ (1700).
564:10.2147/TCRM.S96338
534:10.2147/TCRM.S29179
268:electrocardiography
2064:Bifidobacteriaceae
2005:Corynebacteriaceae
1980:Nocardia farcinica
1817:Aquarium granuloma
1760:Borderline leprosy
1647:Erythema induratum
1373:External resources
401:disease caused by
228:
220:
116:Signs and symptoms
66:Infectious disease
2082:
2081:
2058:
2057:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1672:Tuberculous gumma
1555:Corynebacterineae
1549:
1548:
1498:Whipple's disease
1407:
1406:
1302:Media related to
1268:10.1159/000029309
1227:10.1159/000029271
989:978-3-642-02201-2
955:978-1-4160-2973-1
478:978-1-4160-2999-1
71:
70:
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2107:
1994:Rhodococcus equi
1790:
1657:Prosector's wart
1569:
1564:Mycobacteriaceae
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1462:Actinomycetaceae
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1434:
1427:
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1180:. Archived from
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1125:
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1096:
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1089:
1064:(6): 1089–1095.
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128:(40% of cases),
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1999:
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1775:Histoid leprosy
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1574:M. tuberculosis
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331:Gross pathology
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189:
130:enlarged spleen
118:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2087:
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2068:
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1785:Nontuberculous
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1652:Lupus vulgaris
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1453:Actinomycineae
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1445:Actinomycetota
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1314:Classification
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1292:External links
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1262:(6): 423–431.
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968:"Tuberculosis"
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880:(7): 415–430.
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833:
814:(3): 193–195.
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760:
731:(6): 807–809.
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433:Lupus vulgaris
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358:Main article:
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346:Histopathology
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260:blood cultures
240:sputum culture
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146:adrenal glands
136:(<5%), and
126:enlarged liver
117:
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1187:on 2016-03-03
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2095:Tuberculosis
2071:
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2012:
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1963:Nocardiaceae
1944:M. abscessus
1942:
1935:
1930:M. fortuitum
1928:
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1897:Buruli ulcer
1889:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1837:
1809:
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1735:
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1601:Pott disease
1588:Tuberculosis
1572:
1538:
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1189:. Retrieved
1182:the original
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443:Thomas Wolfe
420:
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382:pyrazinamide
363:
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246:, open lung
244:bronchoscopy
232:tuberculosis
229:
204:
200:
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190:
177:
173:
169:
161:
150:
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78:tuberculosis
73:
72:
1986:Nocardiosis
1937:M. chelonae
1891:M. ulcerans
1839:M. gordonae
1804:M. kansasii
1382:MedlinePlus
1256:Respiration
1215:Respiration
236:chest x-ray
38:Other names
2089:Categories
2034:Erythrasma
2020:Diphtheria
1811:M. marinum
1684:Tuberculid
1616:Rich focus
1611:Meningitis
1592:Ghon focus
1191:2013-09-28
1015:(2): 108.
454:References
419:, meaning
386:meningitis
378:ethambutol
374:rifampicin
264:fundoscopy
164:macrophage
86:radiograph
1737:M. leprae
1636:cutaneous
1393:eMedicine
1078:0300-8126
1058:Infection
737:0093-4038
635:0971-5916
593:retracted
585:retracted
501:eMedicine
416:miliarius
396:Prognosis
370:isoniazid
354:Treatment
210:Diagnosis
61:Specialty
1860:M. avium
1579:M. bovis
1398:med/1476
1284:46865618
1178:22771605
1109:cite web
1086:23943073
1039:20118384
894:15978528
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694:15311732
653:22771605
572:26445545
553:23326198
527:: 9–26.
427:See also
368:is with
181:HIV/AIDS
1862:complex
1746:Leprosy
1701:Miliary
1363:D014391
1276:9817956
1243:7216163
1235:9730789
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644:3401706
544:3544391
409:History
250:, head
132:(15%),
112:cases.
82:lesions
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266:, and
248:biopsy
106:spleen
104:, and
94:millet
1606:brain
1280:S2CID
1239:S2CID
1185:(PDF)
1152:(PDF)
589:with
187:Cause
153:fever
140:with
102:liver
98:lungs
1358:MeSH
1347:9-CM
1272:PMID
1231:PMID
1200:ISBN
1174:PMID
1115:link
1082:PMID
1074:ISSN
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568:PMID
549:PMID
473:ISBN
380:and
372:and
90:lung
1878:MAP
1352:018
1343:ICD
1337:A19
1328:ICD
1264:doi
1223:doi
1164:PMC
1160:135
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816:doi
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680:doi
639:PMC
627:135
560:doi
539:PMC
529:doi
499:at
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366:WHO
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