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down her husband and her children in the kitchen. Other accounts mentioned that 2nd company engaged extensively in rape, looting, and mutilation. A Greek schoolgirl known as Sofia D. reported that she was with her father and brother working the fields outside of the village when they saw smoke rising up to blacken the sky. Sofia D. reported that her father told the children to stay in the field while he headed back for their mother. While heading away from
Distomo, Sofia and her brother encountered Waffen-SS men on a truck headed towards the village and both were shot down as they attempted to run away.
367:, an investigation was opened. As a diplomat, Neubacher was concerned at maintaining the increasingly shaky Rallis government whose authority was collapsing by 1944. An inquiry was convened. As Lautenbach was operating under the command of the Army Group E at the time of the massacre, the inquiry was conducted by Wehrmacht officers, not SS officers. Lautenbach admitted that he had gone beyond standing orders, but the tribunal found in his favour, holding that he had been motivated, not by negligence or ignorance, but by a sense of responsibility towards his men.
1654:
1558:
1440:
1750:
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1170:
433:, the court ruled that Italy had violated Germany's state immunity, and directed that the judgment by the Italian courts be retracted. In 2014 the Italian Constitutional Court ruled that sovereign immunity for crimes such as Distomo violated the core rights guaranteed by the Italian constitution. Sovereign immunity would therefore no longer be applicable law in Italy for the war crimes cases in question. New claims for compensation for the Distomo massacre could therefore be brought before Italian courts.
1523:
1405:
1823:
262:, which forced his men to spread themselves out to hunt them down, were weakening his forces by leaving them exposed and spread out in the face of an expected Allied landing. However, the mountainous terrain of Greece ensured that there were only a limited number of roads and railroads bringing down supplies from Germany and even the destruction of a single bridge by the
218:
and was known to be a militant Nazi. However, Mazower wrote that, though the composition of the division and its cast of commanders made it more likely to commit atrocities, the massacre should be put into context, namely it operated as part of Army Group E and the standing orders of the
Wehrmacht in
354:
agent, Georg Koch, accompanying the German forces informed the authorities that, contrary to
Lautenbach's official report, the German troops had come under attack several miles from Distomo and had not been fired upon "with mortars, machine-guns and rifles from the direction of Distomo". Following a
323:
A Greek housewife living in
Distomo in a postwar affidavit known only as Nitsa N. stated on the afternoon of 10 June, she saw the Waffen-SS drive into the village and they immediately shot down everyone they saw on the streets. She reported that one of the SS kicked in the door to her house and shot
398:
In
November 2008, an Italian court ruled that the plaintiffs could take German property in Italy as compensation that was awarded by the Greek courts. The plaintiffs were awarded a villa in Menaggio, near Lake Como, which is owned by a German state nonprofit organization, as part of the
253:
The
British engaged in numerous intelligence deceptions designed to fool the Germans into thinking that the Allies would be landing in Greece in the near-future, and as such Army Group E was reinforced to stop the expected Allied landing in the Balkans. From the viewpoint of General
375:
Four relatives of victims brought legal proceedings against the German government to court in
Livadeia, Greece, demanding reparations. On October 30, 1997, the court ruled in favour of the plaintiffs and awarded damages of 28 million Euros. Eventually in May 2000, the
3198:
29:
380:, confirmed this ruling. The judgment, however, could not be enforced in Greece because, as necessary under Greek law, the execution of a judgment against a sovereign state is subject to the prior consent of the Minister of Justice, which was not given.
1840:
347:) refers to "the 1,000 citizens slaughtered by the Germans". An appalled Red Cross team from Athens which arrived at the ruins of Distomo a few days later reported seeing mutilated bodies hanging from the trees all along the road to Distomo.
242: – Communist Party of Greece). Throughout the war against the Soviet Union, German propaganda portrayed the war as a noble struggle to protect "European civilization" from "Bolshevism". Likewise, German officials portrayed the
208:, was an ultra-aggressive man prone to "extremely draconian" methods, as even a sympathetic SS evaluation had put it, whose zeal and aggression had not been curbed by a serious head wound he taken on the Eastern Front in 1942. SS-
165:
officers. The heavy losses taken on the
Eastern Front had caused the SS to lower its standards as the war went on and many of the teenagers in the company were underaged with some as young as 14 or 15. British historian
274:
on the night of 25 November 1942, had caused the
Germans serious logistical problems as it severed the main railroad linking Thessaloniki to Athens. To secure its supply lines, Army Group E had to eliminate the
1852:
250:, especially close of the ELAS, were portrayed in both the Wehrmacht and the SS as a "savages" and "criminals" who committed all sorts of crimes and who needed to be hunted down without mercy.
2447:
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182:
teenagers serving in the division did not have the requisite family histories proving that they were of pure German descent, and instead had only vague written statements from their local
283:
bands forced Army Group E to spread out its force thin, which would have been dangerous had the Allies landed in Greece. After the failure of numerous sweeps designed to hunt down the
991:
287:
over the course of 1942–1943, Lohr in the winter of 1943–1944 started to employ what
Mazower called the "indiscriminate slaughter of civilians" as the best way to fight the
383:
The plaintiffs brought the case to court in Germany, demanding the aforementioned damages be paid to them. The claim was rejected at all levels of German court, citing the
960:
201:
officer in the "vicious fighting" in Upper Silesia in 1921 and fought the Greeks in precisely the same manner that he had fought the Poles. The regimental commander, SS-
3536:
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1000:
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377:
186:
community associations attesting to their pure German descent. These statements were not considered satisfactory by the SS, which noted that though the
2759:
2457:
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2197:
2043:
2033:
2859:
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984:
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78:
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430:
391:. Both required that Greece have jurisdiction, which it does not as the actions in question were sovereign acts by a state. According to the
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846:
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serving in the SS were German in terms of language and culture, that they suspected that many of them had Hungarian and/or Romanian blood.
3397:
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2083:
2068:
977:
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2088:
1796:
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3115:
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1590:
744:
697:
2421:
500:
2736:
1988:
1585:
1152:
3516:
2095:
1710:
1013:
870:
2109:
2011:
957:
3108:
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2731:
2726:
2694:
2207:
1505:
1500:
1253:
1243:
532:
426:
407:
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3391:
2922:
2513:
1698:
2223:
902:
3439:
3101:
2838:
2687:
2518:
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2131:
2021:
1827:
1570:
1340:
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912:
1049:
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2820:
2721:
2523:
2078:
788:
468:
392:
130:
1835:
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3122:
3089:
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1978:
1325:
1192:
494:
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1064:
917:
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178:(Germanness) with fanatical SS officers. This was especially the case as almost all of the Hungarian and Romanian
3526:
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2699:
2564:
2432:
2406:
2401:
1621:
1301:
1983:
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1545:
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1335:
1084:
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3008:
3003:
2884:
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1808:
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1409:
1387:
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300:
2038:
444:
is a 2006 documentary film that details the life story of Argyris Sfountouris, a survivor of the massacre.
2538:
2290:
2176:
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1958:
1954:
1791:
2789:
3357:
3242:
3225:
3132:
2993:
2651:
2503:
2285:
2016:
1973:
1879:
1417:
1330:
489:
2804:
2533:
309:
74:
3405:
3268:
3193:
3127:
2879:
2864:
2774:
2126:
1889:
1847:
1666:
1392:
1138:
1079:
2874:
2478:
3419:
3263:
3205:
3039:
3034:
2998:
2621:
2579:
2569:
2385:
2228:
2192:
2166:
2141:
1993:
1968:
1934:
1929:
1899:
1510:
1377:
1248:
484:
351:
305:
210:
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as nobly occupying Greece to protect it from Communists and presented EAM as a demonic force. The
3210:
3064:
3044:
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2641:
2626:
2238:
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2156:
1919:
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1904:
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1128:
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the village priest." However, another source ("Life, The First Decade", Time Inc., 1979, p. 138.
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3018:
2915:
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2656:
2616:
2611:
2559:
2493:
2488:
2370:
2350:
2233:
1963:
1949:
1944:
1786:
1681:
1671:
1575:
1492:
1369:
1283:
1235:
1115:
1059:
1054:
1025:
693:
528:
422:
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271:
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43:
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1320:
1278:
1270:
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1182:
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1169:
1147:
1069:
1044:
317:
279:, but at the same time, the sweeps designed to eliminate the swift moving and lightly armed
205:
70:
958:
https://www.thenationalherald.com/opinions_columnists/arthro/distomo_still_we_mourn-444433/
3273:
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2646:
2636:
2631:
2606:
2508:
2151:
1939:
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1345:
1157:
1123:
964:
874:
510:
234: – Greek People's Liberation Army), which was the military arm of the EAM (
99:
1721:
414:. The German claim was that the Italian courts should have dismissed the case under the
299:
On 10 June 1944, for over two hours, Waffen-SS troops of the 2nd company, I/7 battalion,
868:"International Court of Justice Ruling." International Court of Justice 3 February, 2012
238: – National Liberation Front), which was dominated by cadres of the KKE (
2473:
2360:
2146:
2136:
1762:
1730:
1693:
1522:
1404:
1187:
956:
Karantsalis, Theo (2020). Distomo, still we mourn. The National Herald, Jun. 10, 2020.
473:
356:
91:
28:
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2716:
2250:
1457:
1422:
1202:
867:
327:
A total of 228 men, women and children were killed in Distomo, a small village near
170:
described the 2nd Company as being made up of a "lethal combination" of ill-trained
3426:
3013:
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1777:
1772:
1686:
1658:
1653:
1580:
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1444:
1439:
1207:
1197:
336:
167:
134:
111:
789:"German Supreme Court: Distomo Massacre Case, BGH - III ZR 245/98 (June 26, 2003)"
219:
Greece was to use terror as a way to frighten the Greeks into not supporting the
3230:
2854:
2543:
2267:
2262:
1705:
822:
759:
400:
459:
A monument was built in the 1980s outside the city to remember the lives lost.
33:
German troops in front of buildings set ablaze in Distomo, during the massacre.
2073:
1737:
3492:
3479:
969:
385:
1961 bilateral agreement concerning enforcement and recognition of judgements
2707:
Defenders of Northern Greece (YVE)/Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO)
411:
118:
114:
800:
2028:
1822:
313:
927:
3326:
332:
158:
154:
122:
447:
The massacre is described in Peter Nestler's experimental documentary
429:
in relation to the claim for reparations by relatives of victims. In
214:
Fritz Lautenbach began his career in the elite 1st SS Panzer Division
2245:
1894:
1487:
1364:
1230:
1110:
930:. A documentary with Argyris Sfountouris, a survivor of the massacre.
478:
328:
126:
935:
344:
887:"Hoping for Distomo – Of time and transition" Juwiss, 10 June, 2016
266:
caused major supply problems for the German forces. The best known
425:, announced that the Greek Government would be represented at the
886:
2682:
2416:
775:, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1993, pp. 212–14.
3308:
3157:
2952:
2448:
Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA)
2315:
1619:
1011:
973:
525:
Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941–44
406:
In December 2008, the German government filed a claim at the
355:
complaint from the collaborationist Hellenic State regime of
149:
Division was serving in Greece in 1944, made-up of mostly of
812:
810:
395:, each country is immune from another state's jurisdiction.
745:"Greek Government response to ICJ Ruling" Embassy of Greece
230:
force that fought the Germans during the war was the ELAS (
162:
3363:
Museum of the Battle of Crete and the National Resistance
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
624:
622:
585:
583:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
923:
Dutch website with reference to the Distomo massacre
760:"Greeks lose Nazi massacre claim." 26 June 2003, BBC
690:
The Waffen-SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War 1939–1945
316:
Greek civilians as part of "savage reprisals" for a
258:, the commander of Army Group E, the attacks of the
3376:
3335:
3319:
3251:
3181:
3171:
3073:
3027:
2976:
2965:
2893:
2847:
2833:
2813:
2752:
2675:
2599:
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2552:
2466:
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2343:
2332:
2278:
2216:
2185:
2119:
2108:
2054:
2002:
1872:
1819:
1746:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1554:
1519:
1484:
1475:
1436:
1401:
1361:
1354:
1313:
1300:
1262:
1227:
1220:
1166:
1107:
1100:
1037:
1024:
335:babies in their cribs, stabbed pregnant women, and
66:
58:
50:
38:
21:
2453:Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF)
905:. Life Magazine, Nov. 27, 1944, pp 21–27. Also on
847:"Greece to Join Hague German War Reparations Case"
2429:Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA)
389:Section 328 of the German Code of Civil Procedure
2458:Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany (AKFD)
2198:Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation (ESPO)
2438:United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON)
421:In January 2011, the Prime Minister of Greece,
918:German website describing the Distomo massacre
985:
174:teenagers determined to prove their sense of
16:Mass-killing in Distomo, Nazi-occupied Greece
8:
944:(in Greek). Foundation of the Hellenic World
2712:Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths (PEAN)
942:Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World, Boeotia
845:Eleni Chrepa; Maria Petrakis (2011-01-12).
393:fundamental principles of international law
193:The commanding officer of the division, SS-
3316:
3305:
3178:
3168:
3154:
2973:
2962:
2949:
2844:
2596:
2340:
2329:
2312:
2116:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1616:
1481:
1358:
1310:
1224:
1104:
1034:
1021:
1008:
992:
978:
970:
692:, Cornell University Press, 1984, p. 277.
378:Supreme Civil and Criminal Court of Greece
197:Fritz Schmedes had taken part as an young
18:
2906:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling")
2765:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling")
2688:National Bands of Greek Guerrillas (EOEA)
937:Η σφαγή στο Δίστομο και στο Καλάμι (1944)
928:Ein Lied für Argyris (A Song for Argyris)
232:Ellinikós Laïkós Apeleftherotikós Stratós
303:under the command of the 26-year-old SS-
117:which was perpetrated by members of the
3537:Massacres in Greece during World War II
2737:Northern Epirus Liberation Front (MAVI)
2683:National Republican Greek League (EDES)
783:
781:
732:
720:
676:
664:
652:
640:
628:
613:
601:
589:
574:
548:
416:international law of sovereign immunity
301:4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division
79:4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division
755:
753:
272:blowing up of the Gorgopotamos viaduct
3455:What Did You Do in the War, Thanasis?
2695:National and Social Liberation (EKKA)
2422:Greek People's Liberation Navy (ELAN)
2417:Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS)
797:American Society of International Law
331:. According to survivors, SS forces "
145:The 2nd company of the 4th Waffen-SS
7:
2727:National Organization of Crete (ΕΟΚ)
2499:Protests against labour mobilization
527:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2916:Asopos Bridge (Operation "Washing")
913:Municipality of Distomo on massacre
14:
2412:Union of People's Democracy (ELD)
497:, which occurred on the same date
270:operation of the war, namely the
1821:
1748:
1652:
1556:
1521:
1486:
1438:
1403:
1363:
1264:
1229:
1168:
1109:
1014:1940–1941 Balkans Campaign
387:between Germany and Greece, and
320:attack upon the unit's convoy.
27:
3493:38.4333333333°N 22.6666666667°E
2407:Socialist Party of Greece (SKE)
2402:Communist Party of Greece (KKE)
2096:Rescue of the Jews of Zakynthos
153:(ethnic German) teenagers from
3522:Central Greece in World War II
2208:Greek National Socialist Party
2203:National Union of Greece (EEE)
1506:Central Macedonia Army Section
1501:Eastern Macedonia Army Section
1254:Western Macedonia Army Section
903:What the Germans did to Greece
818:"Greece to join Distomo trial"
799:. 25 July 2003. Archived from
501:Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre
427:International Court of Justice
408:International Court of Justice
236:Ethnikó Apeleftherotikó Métopo
161:. It was commanded by zealous
1:
2923:Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe
216:Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler
3498:38.4333333333; 22.6666666667
2785:Execution of Josef Salminger
1622:Occupation and collaboration
934:Chandrinos, Iasonas (2012).
3547:War crimes of the Waffen-SS
3159:Liberation and road to the
2821:Expulsion of Cham Albanians
2079:Jewish cemetery of Salonica
1930:Cephalonia (Acqui Division)
469:List of massacres in Greece
240:Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas
131:German occupation of Greece
3563:
3392:Captain Corelli's Mandolin
3348:Holocaust Museum of Greece
1984:Larissa concentration camp
1979:Haidari concentration camp
1193:Sebastiano Visconti Prasca
1001:Greece during World War II
793:International Law in Brief
495:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
350:Following the massacre, a
3542:Nazi war crimes in Greece
3353:Kalavryta Massacre Museum
3315:
3304:
3167:
3153:
2961:
2955:Greek government-in-exile
2948:
2565:5/42 Regiment dissolution
2328:
2311:
2089:Expropriation of property
2064:Bulgarian-occupied Greece
1628:
1615:
1020:
1007:
95:
46:(under German-occupation)
26:
3434:The 11th Day: Crete 1941
3189:National Bands Agreement
3050:Panagiotis Kanellopoulos
2835:British Military Mission
2443:National Solidarity (EA)
2012:Greek economy, 1941–1944
1726:Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller
1541:2nd New Zealand Division
1085:Italian spring offensive
936:
431:its 2012 final judgement
3368:Thessaloniki War Museum
3060:Christodoulos Tsigantes
3055:Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos
2885:Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz
1546:6th Australian Division
1388:Konstantinos Bakopoulos
1134:Charalambos Katsimitros
3517:1944 murders in Greece
2544:Killing of Franz Krech
2291:Executions of Kokkinia
2177:Dionysios Papadongonas
2172:Ioannis Plytzanopoulos
1586:1st Parachute Division
1305:(April–May 1941)
1153:Dimitrios Papadopoulos
773:Inside Hitler's Greece
523:Mazower, Mark (1993).
312:went door to door and
147:Polizei Panzergrendier
129:, in 1944, during the
103:
3269:Archbishop Damaskinos
3226:Percentages agreement
2652:Konstantinos Ventiris
2039:Occupation Reichsmark
1591:5th Mountain Division
1418:Henry Maitland Wilson
1244:8th Infantry Division
490:Massacre of Kalavryta
3441:The Guns of Navarone
3406:Ill Met by Moonlight
3085:3rd Mountain Brigade
2880:George Psychoundakis
2865:Patrick Leigh Fermor
2529:Pinerolo disarmament
2127:Georgios Tsolakoglou
1536:1st Armoured Brigade
1528:British Commonwealth
1410:British Commonwealth
1393:Georgios Tsolakoglou
1139:Konstantinos Davakis
104:Massaker von Distomo
3489: /
3420:Ipolochagos Natassa
3264:Georgios Papandreou
3040:Emmanouil Tsouderos
2911:Operation "Animals"
2901:Operation "Albumen"
2622:Komninos Pyromaglou
2580:Red Terror (Greece)
2524:1943 Athens protest
2489:Gorgopotamos Bridge
2386:Evripidis Bakirtzis
2334:National Liberation
2229:Alcibiades Diamandi
2193:Security Battalions
2167:George S. Mercouris
2142:Sotirios Gotzamanis
2084:Baron Hirsch ghetto
1711:XXII Mountain Corps
1511:Epirus Army Section
1249:Epirus Army Section
803:on October 9, 2007.
485:Marzabotto massacre
352:Secret Field Police
3358:Kalpaki War Museum
3211:Lebanon Conference
3077:in the Middle East
3075:Greek Armed Forces
3065:Pafsanias Katsotas
3045:Sofoklis Venizelos
2732:Hellenic Army (ES)
2667:Kimonas Zografakis
2642:Vasileios Sachinis
2627:Antonis Fosteridis
2593:Non-EAM resistance
2258:Cham collaboration
2239:Vassilis Rapotikas
2162:Nikolaos Bourantas
2157:Friedrich Schubert
2132:K. Logothetopoulos
1782:Carlo Vecchiarelli
1383:Alexandros Papagos
1129:Alexandros Papagos
963:2021-04-14 at the
873:2016-12-13 at the
735:, pp. 212–14.
655:, pp. 144–45.
643:, pp. 159–60.
506:Szczurowa massacre
442:A Song for Argyris
121:in the village of
96:Σφαγή του Διστόμου
3532:Massacres in 1944
3472:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3385:Aera! Aera! Aera!
3343:Athens War Museum
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3284:Nikos Zachariadis
3236:Treaty of Varkiza
3221:Operation "Manna"
3216:Caserta Agreement
3149:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3004:April 1944 mutiny
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2870:Bill Stanley Moss
2829:
2828:
2780:Skala Paramythias
2657:Manolis Paterakis
2617:Dimitrios Psarros
2612:Georgios Kartalis
2588:
2587:
2560:Feneos executions
2371:Alexandros Svolos
2351:Aris Velouchiotis
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2234:Nicolaos Matussis
2104:
2103:
1989:200 of Kaisariani
1868:
1867:
1699:LXVIII Army Corps
1672:Hermann Neubacher
1667:Günther Altenburg
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1576:XXXX Panzer Corps
1471:
1470:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1216:
1215:
1029:(1940–1941)
1026:Greco-Italian War
423:George Papandreou
371:Legal proceedings
361:Hermann Neubacher
84:
83:
44:Kingdom of Greece
3554:
3527:June 1944 events
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3317:
3306:
3202:
3179:
3169:
3155:
2974:
2967:Greek government
2963:
2950:
2928:Damasta sabotage
2845:
2597:
2433:National Council
2381:Markos Vafeiadis
2376:Ilias Tsirimokos
2366:Georgios Siantos
2356:Stefanos Sarafis
2341:
2330:
2313:
2117:
2110:Collaborationist
2047:
1856:
1844:
1826:
1825:
1800:
1768:Pellegrino Ghigi
1753:
1752:
1718:Alexander Andrae
1657:
1656:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1617:
1571:XVIII Army Corps
1561:
1560:
1526:
1525:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1443:
1442:
1428:Bernard Freyberg
1408:
1407:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1321:Operation Lustre
1311:
1306:
1269:
1268:
1234:
1233:
1225:
1183:Benito Mussolini
1173:
1172:
1148:Ioannis Pitsikas
1114:
1113:
1105:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1009:
994:
987:
980:
971:
953:
951:
949:
890:
884:
878:
865:
859:
858:
856:
854:
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
814:
805:
804:
785:
776:
769:
763:
757:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
701:
686:
680:
674:
668:
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
617:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
578:
572:
538:
449:Von Griechenland
310:Fritz Lautenbach
306:Hauptsturmführer
211:Hauptsturmführer
203:Standartenführer
108:Distomo-Massaker
97:
88:Distomo massacre
75:Fritz Lautenbach
31:
22:Distomo massacre
19:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3507:
3506:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3460:
3377:Popular culture
3372:
3331:
3311:
3288:
3274:Georgios Grivas
3247:
3196:
3194:Plaka agreement
3163:
3137:
3076:
3069:
3023:
2968:
2957:
2932:
2889:
2860:Monty Woodhouse
2825:
2809:
2748:
2671:
2647:Lela Karagianni
2637:Ilias Degiannis
2632:Kostas Perrikos
2607:Napoleon Zervas
2584:
2548:
2519:Kournovo Tunnel
2462:
2390:
2335:
2324:
2295:
2274:
2212:
2181:
2152:Georgios Poulos
2111:
2100:
2050:
2041:
2034:Compulsory loan
2004:
1998:
1864:
1850:
1848:Trifon Trifonov
1838:
1820:
1815:
1804:VIII Army Corps
1794:
1747:
1742:
1677:Walter Schimana
1651:
1643:
1634:
1624:
1595:
1555:
1550:
1520:
1515:
1485:
1467:
1437:
1432:
1402:
1397:
1362:
1350:
1304:
1303:
1302:German invasion
1288:
1263:
1258:
1228:
1212:
1167:
1162:
1158:Georgios Kosmas
1124:Ioannis Metaxas
1108:
1096:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1003:
998:
965:Wayback Machine
947:
945:
938:
933:
899:
894:
893:
885:
881:
875:Wayback Machine
866:
862:
852:
850:
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
816:
815:
808:
787:
786:
779:
770:
766:
758:
751:
743:
739:
731:
727:
719:
704:
688:Stein, George.
687:
683:
675:
671:
663:
659:
651:
647:
639:
635:
627:
620:
612:
608:
600:
596:
588:
581:
573:
550:
545:
535:
522:
519:
511:Ivanci massacre
465:
457:
439:
373:
365:Auswärtiges Amt
297:
223:(guerrillas).
143:
77:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3560:
3558:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3509:
3508:
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3388:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3323:
3321:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3176:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3133:336th Squadron
3130:
3128:335th Squadron
3125:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3096:Vasilissa Olga
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:King George II
3031:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2977:Events/Battles
2971:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2875:Themis Marinos
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2842:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2662:Petrakogiorgis
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2474:Drama uprising
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2361:Andreas Tzimas
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2338:
2326:
2325:
2316:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2147:Georgios Bakos
2144:
2139:
2137:Ioannis Rallis
2134:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2014:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1845:
1832:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1792:III Army Corps
1789:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1763:Angelico Carta
1759:
1757:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1731:Fortress Crete
1715:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1694:Hellmuth Felmy
1691:
1690:
1689:
1682:Alexander Löhr
1679:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1645:
1636:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1378:King George II
1374:
1372:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:Kleisoura Pass
1333:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1188:Galeazzo Ciano
1185:
1179:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1032:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1004:
999:
997:
996:
989:
982:
974:
968:
967:
954:
931:
925:
920:
915:
910:
898:
897:External links
895:
892:
891:
879:
860:
837:
806:
777:
771:Mark Mazower,
764:
749:
737:
725:
723:, p. 212.
702:
681:
679:, p. 172.
669:
667:, p. 138.
657:
645:
633:
631:, p. 322.
618:
616:, p. 104.
606:
604:, p. 215.
594:
592:, p. 229.
579:
577:, p. 214.
547:
546:
544:
541:
540:
539:
533:
518:
515:
514:
513:
508:
503:
498:
492:
487:
482:
476:
474:Hellmuth Felmy
471:
464:
461:
456:
453:
438:
435:
372:
369:
357:Ioannis Rallis
296:
293:
256:Alexander Löhr
142:
139:
82:
81:
68:
64:
63:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3559:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3505:
3502:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:Commemoration
3307:
3303:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Angelos Evert
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:Ronald Scobie
3257:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:13th Squadron
3121:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Prometheus II
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2700:5/42 Regiment
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:Organizations
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
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2459:
2456:
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2427:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:Organizations
2393:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
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2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2251:Andon Kalchev
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:Secessionists
2215:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:Organizations
2184:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
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206:Karl Schümers
204:
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196:
195:Brigadeführer
191:
189:
188:volksdeutsche
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184:volksdeutsche
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180:volksdeutsche
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62:228 civilians
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30:
25:
20:
3474:
3453:
3440:
3432:
3427:Mediterraneo
3425:
3418:
3404:
3390:
3383:
3243:White Terror
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
2770:Agia Kyriaki
2760:ESPO bombing
2742:
2514:Sarantaporos
2484:Mikro Chorio
2224:Roman Legion
2069:Thessaloniki
2017:Great Famine
2005:exploitation
1914:
1860:Asen Sirakov
1778:Carlo Geloso
1773:Piero Parini
1722:Bruno Bräuer
1687:Army Group E
1581:Luftflotte 4
1463:Kurt Student
1453:Wilhelm List
1326:Metaxas Line
1208:Carlo Geloso
1198:Ubaldo Soddu
1075:Klisura Pass
946:. Retrieved
941:
907:google books
882:
863:
851:. Retrieved
840:
828:. Retrieved
826:. 2011-01-12
821:
801:the original
792:
772:
767:
740:
733:Mazower 1993
728:
721:Mazower 1993
689:
684:
677:Mazower 1993
672:
665:Mazower 1993
660:
653:Mazower 1993
648:
641:Mazower 1993
636:
629:Mazower 1993
614:Mazower 1993
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575:Mazower 1993
524:
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326:
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295:The massacre
288:
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179:
175:
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168:Mark Mazower
150:
146:
144:
135:World War II
107:
87:
85:
67:Perpetrators
54:10 June 1944
3496: /
3231:Dekemvriana
3197: [
3172:Prelude to
3117:Papanikolis
3090:Sacred Band
2994:Wadi Akarit
2984:Mareth Line
2855:Eddie Myers
2504:Fardykambos
2336:Front (EAM)
2322:Free Greece
2268:Xhemil Dino
2042: [
1955:Kallikratis
1851: [
1839: [
1836:Ivan Markov
1795: [
1706:Hubert Lanz
1642:Leaders and
1341:Thermopylae
1065:Morava–Ivan
849:. Bloomberg
823:Kathimerini
401:restitution
3511:Categories
3484:22°40′00″E
3481:38°26′00″N
3206:Red Terror
2999:Dodecanese
2989:El Alamein
2894:Operations
2814:Atrocities
2753:Operations
2553:Atrocities
2539:Agorelitsa
2467:Operations
2318:Resistance
2286:Paramythia
2279:Atrocities
2112:government
2074:Zvi Koretz
1994:Chortiatis
1959:Kali Sykia
1873:Atrocities
1809:XXVI Corps
1738:Max Merten
1080:Trebeshina
853:13 January
830:13 January
534:0300089236
176:deutschtum
141:Background
3174:Civil War
3161:civil war
3019:Santorini
2790:Xirovouni
2743:others...
2570:Meligalas
1974:Kleisoura
1935:Mesovouno
1920:Domenikon
1910:Lingiades
1905:Kalavryta
1890:Alikianos
1880:Kondomari
1787:11th Army
1633:Occupying
1284:11th Army
412:the Hague
333:bayoneted
314:massacred
226:The main
199:Freikorps
119:Waffen-SS
115:war crime
42:Distomo,
3110:Katsonis
2969:in exile
2263:Këshilla
2029:DEGRIGES
2003:Economic
1885:Kandanos
1828:Bulgaria
1644:commands
1279:9th Army
1090:Hill 731
961:Archived
871:Archived
481:massacre
463:See also
455:Memorial
451:(1966).
345:79-88091
337:beheaded
318:partisan
289:andartes
285:andartes
277:andartes
264:andartes
260:andartes
248:andartes
221:andartes
110:) was a
39:Location
3336:Museums
3327:Ohi Day
2837: (
2795:Trahili
2494:Meritsa
1964:Anogeia
1950:Viannos
1945:Vorizia
1925:Drakeia
1915:Distomo
1900:Kommeno
1659:Germany
1563:Germany
1445:Germany
1355:Leaders
1314:Battles
1101:Leaders
1060:Saranda
1038:Battles
437:In film
363:of the
281:andarte
268:andarte
228:andarte
159:Romania
155:Hungary
133:during
123:Distomo
106:or the
3320:Events
3252:People
3182:Events
3103:Adrias
3028:People
3009:Rimini
2848:People
2805:Dodona
2800:Menina
2722:Apollo
2600:People
2575:Kilkis
2534:Steiri
2344:People
2246:Ohrana
2120:People
1969:Kedros
1940:Pyrgoi
1895:Doxato
1635:powers
1493:Greece
1370:Greece
1236:Greece
1116:Greece
1070:Himara
1045:Pindus
948:9 July
696:
531:
479:Krupki
343:
329:Delphi
127:Greece
100:German
59:Deaths
3201:]
2775:Milia
2509:Porta
2046:]
1855:]
1843:]
1799:]
1755:Italy
1477:Units
1346:Crete
1271:Italy
1221:Units
1175:Italy
543:Notes
517:Books
244:Reich
92:Greek
3447:film
3412:film
3398:film
3014:Symi
2479:Ryka
2431:and
2320:and
2022:GWRA
1957:and
1780:and
1724:and
1331:Vevi
1146:and
950:2012
855:2011
832:2011
694:ISBN
529:ISBN
341:LCCN
157:and
112:Nazi
86:The
51:Date
2839:SOE
410:in
359:to
3513::
3199:el
2044:el
1853:bg
1841:bg
1797:it
1720:,
940:.
820:.
809:^
795:.
791:.
780:^
752:^
705:^
621:^
582:^
551:^
418:.
403:.
291:.
163:SS
137:.
125:,
102::
98:;
94::
73:,
2841:)
993:e
986:t
979:v
952:.
909:.
889:.
877:.
857:.
834:.
762:.
747:.
700:.
537:.
90:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
