608:
125:
17:
115:... have a few sharp black markings in their mainly immaculate white costumes. These evidently serve as what may be called 'distractive' or 'fixed dazzling' marks. They are, in most cases, too small to show except in a very near view—when, by their sharp but isolated and noncommittal conspicuousness, they tend to draw and hold the eye's attention, in a sense, to dazzle it, so that it less readily discerns the faintly shown snow-white body of their wearer.
193:. Both mechanisms require conspicuous marks. However, the two mechanisms are different, and according to Dimitrova require different kinds of marking. For distraction, the markings should be small and should avoid the prey's outline so as to take attention away from it, whereas disruptive markings should contact the outline so as to break it up.
43:
animals or military vehicles by drawing the observer's attention away from the object as a whole, such as noticing its outline. This delays recognition. The markings necessarily have high contrast and are thus in themselves conspicuous. The mechanism therefore relies, as does camouflage as a whole,
168:
is limited, and stimuli effectively compete for attention. They note, too, that bright features are preferentially given attention in human vision, so it is possible the same happens in other species. Another possible explanation according to
Dimitrova is lateral masking, suppression of peripheral
172:
There is an apparent conflict between background matching and disruptive markings. Background matching relies on choosing coloration and brightness similar to the background, but disruptive markings must stand out from the background. Dimitrova and colleagues note that Thayer suggested that such
158:
mechanisms to delay detection or recognition of the prey. These distractive markings serve as camouflage by distracting the predator's attention from recognising the prey as a whole, for example by keeping the predator from identifying the prey's outline. Experimentally, search times for
55:, another mechanism for delaying recognition that also relies on conspicuous markings. Distractive markings however need to be small and to avoid outlines, to avoid drawing attention to them, whereas disruptive markings work best when they touch the outline, breaking it up.
136:
For camouflage to succeed, an individual has to pass undetected, unrecognized or untargeted, and hence it is the processing of visual information that needs to be deceived. Camouflage is therefore an adaptation to the perception and cognitive mechanisms of another
169:
perception; this is known to be strong, again in human perception, when a (single) high-contrast stimulus is provided, but it is doubtful whether a pattern containing small distractive markings could form such a stimulus.
882:
163:
increased when artificial prey had distractive markings. The researchers, M. Dimitrova and colleagues, note that Thayer's suggestion that such marks take up the predator's attention is plausible, since
867:
173:
markings must be small; this, they argue, would enable the markings to fit in with background matching at any great distance, and would prevent predators from learning a
1033:
131:
and distractive camouflage both rely on conspicuous markings, but differ in their mechanisms, and therefore in the most effective size and position of the markings.
892:
227:
Concealing
Coloration in the Animal Kingdom: An Exposition of the Laws of Disguise Through Color and Pattern; Being a Summary of Abbott H. Thayer's Disclosures
707:
79:
872:
857:
150:
Many prey animals have conspicuous high-contrast markings which paradoxically attract the predator's gaze, like other camouflage mechanisms, especially
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908:
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1100:
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200:, which relies on conspicuous markings to interfere with an observer's ability to estimate the target's speed and direction.
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52:
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1021:
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560:
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196:
Distractive camouflage marks are sometimes called dazzle markings, but the mechanism differs from
1408:
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108:
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on deceiving the cognition of the observer, not in blending with the background.
1130:
1082:
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92:
225:
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40:
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155:
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104:
25:
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272:
61:
marks are sometimes called dazzle markings, but the mechanism differs from
189:, followed by many other researchers, conflated distractive markings with
1237:
803:
315:"Concealed by conspicuousness: distractive prey markings and backgrounds"
160:
1376:
1348:
1273:
642:
627:
375:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
261:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1255:
1227:
1196:
1184:
1106:
100:
313:
Dimitrova, M.; Stobbe, N.; Schaefer, H. M.; Merilaita, S. (2009).
123:
15:
257:"Defining disruptive coloration and distinguishing its functions"
487:
77:
described distractive markings in his 1909 book on camouflage,
47:
Distractive markings were first noticed by the
American artist
1261:
483:
360:
358:
51:
in 1909, but the mechanism was for a century confused with
424:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
319:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
247:
245:
243:
241:
308:
306:
304:
302:
300:
154:, working by exploiting weaknesses in the predator's
1394:
1357:
1336:
1329:
1218:
1043:
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964:
907:
900:
891:
868:
List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing
840:
831:
791:
719:
680:
673:
615:
521:
177:and then detecting prey with that type of marking.
134:
85:
499:
8:
365:Merilaita, Sami; Scott-Samuel, Nicholas E.;
215:
213:
708:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
420:"Cognition and the evolution of camouflage"
80:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
1333:
904:
897:
873:Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate
858:Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago
837:
677:
506:
492:
484:
1089:Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip)
443:
394:
338:
280:
209:
7:
418:Skelhorn, John; Rowe, Candy (2016).
1232:Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform
142:S. Merilaita, N. E. Scott-Samuel,
14:
623:As evidence for natural selection
734:Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola
606:
556:Coincident disruptive coloration
230:. New York: Macmillan. pp.
28:'s black markings on its white
1304:Operational Camouflage Pattern
770:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
473:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
186:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
1:
1101:Australian Disruptive Pattern
1365:Diffused lighting camouflage
1250:Universal Camouflage Pattern
883:USN WWII camouflage measures
1310:Netherlands Fractal Pattern
1244:Tactical Assault Camouflage
1077:Disruptive Pattern Material
1458:
1173:Camouflage Central-Europe
1167:Desert Camouflage Pattern
604:
583:Multi-spectral camouflage
759:Johann Georg Otto Schick
255:; Merilaita, S. (2009).
1149:Desert Night Camouflage
702:Abbott Handerson Thayer
75:Abbott Handerson Thayer
49:Abbott Handerson Thayer
22:Abbott Handerson Thayer
694:The Colours of Animals
688:Edward Bagnall Poulton
578:Multi-scale camouflage
436:10.1098/rspb.2015.2890
387:10.1098/rstb.2016.0341
371:"How camouflage works"
331:10.1098/rspb.2009.0052
273:10.1098/rstb.2008.0216
148:
132:
117:
59:Distractive camouflage
33:
1442:Camouflage mechanisms
1286:Multi-Terrain Pattern
1268:Airman Battle Uniform
1065:Rhodesian Brushstroke
665:Underwater camouflage
551:Disruptive coloration
191:disruptive coloration
183:, author of the 1940
127:
53:disruptive coloration
19:
1403:Dazzled and Deceived
568:Distractive markings
546:Counter-illumination
83:. Thayer wrote that
73:The American artist
37:Distractive markings
1292:Australian Multicam
1095:U.S. "M81" Woodland
853:Aircraft camouflage
848:Military camouflage
561:Disruptive eye mask
325:(1663): 1905–1910.
220:Thayer, Gerald H.;
1409:Stealth technology
919:Splittertarnmuster
814:Thomas N. Sherratt
430:(1825): 20152890.
381:(1724): 20160341.
133:
34:
1429:
1428:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1325:
1324:
1137:Camouflage Daguet
1010:
1009:
863:Dazzle camouflage
827:
826:
729:Mary Taylor Brush
573:Motion camouflage
541:Active camouflage
367:Cuthill, Innes C.
267:(1516): 481–488.
222:Thayer, Abbott H.
89:snow-land animals
1449:
1334:
905:
898:
838:
744:Norman Wilkinson
739:John Graham Kerr
678:
610:
598:Urban camouflage
508:
501:
494:
485:
478:
477:
464:
458:
457:
447:
415:
409:
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398:
362:
353:
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310:
295:
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249:
236:
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217:
166:visual attention
146:
1457:
1456:
1452:
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1450:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1414:Cloaking device
1382:
1353:
1321:
1220:
1214:
1125:Type 87 (China)
1045:
1039:
1006:
980:(1917 aircraft)
972:Camouflage tree
960:
931:Rauchtarnmuster
910:
887:
878:Ship camouflage
823:
787:
783:Timothy O'Neill
778:Geoffrey Barkas
715:
669:
611:
602:
593:Snow camouflage
588:Self-decoration
517:
512:
482:
481:
466:
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417:
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364:
363:
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312:
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298:
251:
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239:
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147:
141:
122:
71:
32:as distractive.
30:snow camouflage
12:
11:
5:
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1206:
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1194:
1191:wz. 93 Pantera
1188:
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1158:
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1128:
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975:
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962:
961:
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952:
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934:
928:
925:Platanenmuster
922:
915:
913:
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895:
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886:
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865:
860:
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829:
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821:
819:Martin Stevens
816:
811:
806:
801:
795:
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789:
788:
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773:
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754:Leon Underwood
751:
749:Everett Warner
746:
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684:
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633:Decorator crab
630:
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536:Countershading
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354:
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234:–152, 246–247.
208:
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139:
121:
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24:described the
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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1371:Yehudi lights
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994:
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990:Denison smock
988:
985:
984:Telo mimetico
982:
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834:
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809:Innes Cuthill
807:
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639:
638:Flower mantis
636:
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621:
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469:
468:Cott, Hugh B.
463:
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199:
198:motion dazzle
194:
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167:
162:
157:
153:
145:
144:I. C. Cuthill
138:
130:
126:
119:
116:
114:
110:
109:snow buntings
106:
102:
99:, the boreal
98:
94:
90:
84:
82:
81:
76:
68:
66:
64:
63:motion dazzle
60:
56:
54:
50:
45:
42:
38:
31:
27:
23:
18:
1419:Invisibility
1401:
1179:Soldier 2000
1059:Tiger stripe
1002:Ghillie suit
955:Leibermuster
949:Erbsenmuster
937:Palmenmuster
768:
706:
692:
567:
471:
462:
427:
423:
413:
378:
374:
322:
318:
264:
260:
226:
195:
184:
179:
175:search image
171:
149:
135:
103:and ... the
93:Arctic hares
86:
78:
72:
58:
57:
46:
36:
35:
1131:wz. 89 Puma
1083:wz. 68 Moro
986:(1929 tent)
943:Sumpfmuster
799:Roy Behrens
792:Researchers
721:Camoufleurs
253:Stevens, M.
1358:Prototypes
1344:Berberys-R
1330:Technology
1161:Tropentarn
1028:Strichtarn
901:Up to WWII
658:Aggressive
531:Camouflage
515:Camouflage
476:. Methuen.
204:References
152:masquerade
129:Disruptive
105:ptarmigans
41:camouflage
1155:Flecktarn
1044:Late 20th
996:Frog Skin
764:Hugh Cott
653:MĂĽllerian
616:In nature
181:Hugh Cott
161:blue tits
156:cognitive
120:Mechanism
113:snowy owl
39:serve to
26:snowy owl
20:In 1909,
1436:Category
1337:Deployed
1316:Xingkong
1238:MultiCam
1230:(2001) (
1015:Post-war
939:(c 1941)
893:Patterns
833:Military
804:Tim Caro
648:Batesian
470:(1940).
454:26911959
405:28533458
369:(2017).
349:19324754
291:18990673
224:(1909).
140:—
87:several
1395:Related
1377:Adaptiv
1349:Nakidka
1274:Type 07
1234:(2002))
1221:century
1046:century
978:Lozenge
643:Mimicry
628:Crypsis
523:Methods
445:4810834
396:5444062
340:2674505
282:2674077
137:animal.
101:weasels
69:History
1379:(2011)
1373:(1943)
1367:(1941)
1318:(2019)
1312:(2019)
1306:(2015)
1300:(2015)
1298:HunCam
1294:(2014)
1288:(2010)
1282:(2008)
1276:(2007)
1270:(2007)
1264:(2007)
1258:(2006)
1256:ESTDCU
1252:(2004)
1246:(2004)
1240:(2002)
1228:MARPAT
1211:(1998)
1205:(1998)
1199:(1997)
1197:CADPAT
1193:(1993)
1187:(1993)
1185:TAZ 90
1181:(1993)
1175:(1991)
1169:(1990)
1163:(1990)
1157:(1990)
1151:(1990)
1145:(1990)
1139:(1989)
1133:(1989)
1127:(1987)
1121:(1984)
1115:(1984)
1109:(1983)
1107:TAZ 83
1103:(1982)
1097:(1981)
1091:(1981)
1085:(1969)
1079:(1969)
1073:(1967)
1067:(1965)
1061:(1962)
1055:(1958)
1053:Jigsaw
1036:(1968)
1030:(1960)
1024:(1947)
1022:Lizard
998:(1942)
992:(1941)
974:(1915)
957:(1945)
951:(1944)
945:(1943)
933:(1939)
927:(1937)
921:(1931)
909:German
841:Topics
674:People
452:
442:
403:
393:
347:
337:
289:
279:
111:, the
107:, the
1209:Flora
1113:Dubok
965:Other
681:Early
97:foxes
91:...
1219:21st
1071:ERDL
1034:KLMK
911:WWII
450:PMID
401:PMID
345:PMID
287:PMID
95:and
1280:EMR
1262:M05
1203:M98
1143:M90
1119:M84
440:PMC
432:doi
428:283
391:PMC
383:doi
379:372
335:PMC
327:doi
323:276
277:PMC
269:doi
265:364
232:151
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434::
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271::
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