1350:
1459:
1408:
1389:
1475:
557:. The rear edge of the skull and horns, on the other hand, was formed by the postparietal bones, also known as dermosupraoccipitals in older publications. However, the primary component of each horn (including the tips) is a long bone with a historically controversial identification. Many early sources considered the bone to be a tabular, which in other early tetrapods is a small bone lying at the rear edge of the skull. However, Olson (1951) doubted this, arguing that the bone's contact with the
541:
1370:
134:
1338:
1322:
2189:
1443:
727:
159:
1427:
2596:
2614:
498:
1190:-like locomotion. However, he admitted that his suggestion was entirely conjectural considering a lack of soft tissue evidence. He also briefly proposed other possible functions, such as the use of the broad head as a burrowing tool to escape predators or survive droughts. J.R. Beerbower revived the hypothesis that the horns were involved in respiration during his 1963 description of
1270:
drastically reduced lift and increased drag, but when they were rubbed off (leaving only the slightly irregular glue layer), the only major reduction in aerodynamic quality (compared to the smooth model) was that the stall angle decreased to 16 degrees. The study also inquired about the hydrodynamics of
934:
to be named, and remained the second most well known member of the genus until the 1950s. It was described by E.D. Cope in 1895 based on several incomplete specimens found in the Texas red beds. The type specimen was a poorly preserved skull and partial skeleton designated AM 4471. Cope found that
803:
specimens are clearly adults as shown by their robust skull ornamentation, long horns, and large size. Therefore, this trait is a legitimate distinguishing feature of adult specimens of this species. The only specimen known from more than a skull is the type specimen, AM 4470, which preserves some
895:
is a species known from the
Ikakern Formation of Morocco. It had an unusually asymmetrical skull, with the left prong being long and tapering as in other species but the right prong being much shorter and more rounded. This feature was present in multiple skulls referred to this species, so it is
1269:
would not have been seriously disadvantaged if they chose to attack prey items while rising through the water. Cruickshank & Skews also glued numerous small spheres to the model in order to test how an irregular texture would affect the mechanics of the head. The highly irregular spheres
989:
was known from three Texan specimens, all of which were heavily crushed and incomplete. Broili argued that this species was unique due to its small size and horns which bend inwards. However, E.C. Case could find no way to distinguish between its specimens and those of
794:
by the much shorter and blunter snout compared to the length of the skull as a whole. In addition, the horns are more elongated, the parietals have a convex upper surface, and the rear edge of the skull is more strongly and smoothly curved. While juvenile members of
552:
The most distinctive features of this genus and its closest relatives were a pair of long protrusions or horns at the rear of the skull, giving the head a boomerang-like shape. Most of the outer/front edge of each horn was formed by the elongated, blade-like
1074:, but the vertebrae were peculiar. They were quite enlarged, particularly the neural spines which were tall, rough structures with a depression at their highest extent. E.C. Olson (1951) noted that the vertebrae were comparable to those of the holotype of
1349:
1310:, which likely unearthed the amphibians during a drought. One of the three was killed with a bite to the head, taking part of its skull and portions of the brain, a fatal injury that the animal could not defend against.
516:-like body, but was relatively large, reaching up to 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. Although a complete tail is unknown for the genus, a nearly complete articulated skeleton described in 1917 preserved a row of tail
1204:-like vertical pouches protecting external or internal gills. One possibility is that the shape was defensive, since even a large predator would have a hard time trying to swallow a creature with such a wide head.
1231:, allowing the animal to more easily control how water flows over its head. In the process of their investigation, Cruickshank & Skews developed a full-scale model of the head and a portion of the body of a
1174:
to offset the heavily-built forward part of the head which would have been difficult to lift otherwise. However, he also noted that this was probably not their primary function, and that they may have been
2160:"Abstract: BURROWS AND BREAK-INS ON THE TEXAS PERMIAN DELTA: STACKED AESTIVATING AMPHIBIANS AND ATTACKS BY DIMETRODON (2013 GSA Annual Meeting in Denver: 125th Anniversary of GSA (27-30 October 2013))"
1014:
specimens from other species, and some early sources have doubted their referral to the genus. These sources voiced a possibility that the skulls came from some other amphibian from the area, such as
591:, the tabular lies closer to the back of the skull and even contacts the parietals, invalidating Olson's main point. Based on this observation, it is more likely that the primary bone of the horns in
939:, as well as a seemingly unique feature: a large notch separating the quadratojugal from the rest of the tabular horn. E.C. Case later provided additional distinctions present in a skull referred to
1458:
1407:
1278:. When the flange was removed from the smooth model, the resulting lift forces started being generated at a lower angle, 6 degrees below the horizontal rather than 1.5. This may indicate that
520:
near the head. This was construed as circumstantial evidence for a long, thin tail capable of reaching the head if the animal was curled up. Most studies since this discovery have argued that
1388:
707:
of Texas were evidently formed after the major
Carboniferous coal deposits, there was not sufficient evidence to exclude them from the Carboniferous period itself. Nowadays the
947:
specimens prepared by
Douthitt have shown that many of Case's identifications were erroneous, and that only the notch identified by Cope could be used to distinguish it from
854:
in one specific trait: the tips of the tabular horns are "crooked". The tips are bent relative to the rest of the horns, and abruptly taper. Comparison to a growth series of
637:
in 1877. This species is only known from a small number of vertebrae sent to Cope by Gurley and
Winslow. These vertebrae were noted for their similarities to those of
1124:, differing primarily due to its smaller size as isolated geographical location. Germain (2010) did not consider these traits sufficient enough to justify retaining
2753:
2694:
1250:
of a river or stream quite quickly and easily. Lift was present when the head was parallel to the flow of water (modeled by air), with lift increasing at a higher
1154:
Various hypotheses have been put forth to the purpose of these horns. One of the earliest suggestions, provided by S.W. Williston in 1909, was that they protected
1474:
1369:
2758:
782:, although it was significantly more rare. It is represented by a small number of specimens found in an early strata of the Texas red beds, specifically the
2768:
1265:
When the "mouth" of the model was opened, lift was barely affected, the pitching moment decreased, and drag only slightly increased. This indicates that
2681:
1442:
1321:
1090:, he also noted that the specimen remained an interesting conundrum with implications for the disconnect between vertebral and skull development in
699:
noted that the shales also contain remains from fish which were from the late
Carboniferous and early Permian periods. He argued that, while the
687:
by Cope in 1865. The shales were initially believed to be from either the
Permian or Triassic periods in age based on the purported presence of
2763:
1426:
2142:
1337:
1070:
based on a single specimen preserving a skull, shoulder elements, and a string of vertebrae. The skull was seemingly identical to that of
2222:
146:
1725:"Diplocaulus cranial material from the lower Abo Formation (Wolfcampian) of New Mexico and the stratigraphic distribution of the genus"
1399:
565:, which had enlarged and shifted towards the rear tip of the skull. Beerbower (1963) countered Olson's reasoning by pointing out that
671:
1769:
Case, E.C. (1900). "Contributions from Walker Museum. I: The
Vertebrates from the Permian Bone Bed of Vermilion County, Illinois".
896:
very unlikely to be a result of crushing or distortion. Some studies have suggested that this species is more closely related to
652:
teeth was associated with some of these vertebrae, but it was much larger than expected for the vertebrae and likely belonged to
1585:
Cruickshank, A. R. I.; Skews, B. W. (1980). "The
Functional Significance of Nectridean Tabular Horns (Amphibia: Lepospondyli)".
1003:
1418:
749:
was the first species known from more than vertebrae, and it allowed Cope and other paleontologists to realize the nature of
704:
1239:, and subjected to several tests to determine drag, lift, and other forces experienced by the head in different situations.
1985:
2176:
1380:
1282:
was better adapted for slower streams, where immediate lift was prioritized over the more gradual lift created by the
1158:, but in 1911 E.C. Case pointed out that there was slim evidence for this idea. Another hypothesis was provided in a
158:
1798:"On the Value of the Evidence Furnished by Vertebrate Fossils of Age of Certain So-Called Permian Beds in America"
626:
562:
2595:
1182:
In 1951, E.C. Olson suggested that the horns could have supported skin flaps capable of assisting the animal in
2324:
1021:
963:
skull described by Case, AM 4470, and found that it was unique enough to qualify as the type specimen of a new
1262:
was minimized at 1.5 degrees below the horizontal, which may have been the natural resting angle of the head.
1926:
Germain, Damien (27 May 2010). "The
Moroccan diplocaulid: the last lepospondyl, the single one on Gondwana".
2215:
816:
such as mountain streams, accounting for its comparative rarity. However, other studies have suggested that
642:
41:
2054:
745:
This species, described by Cope in 1882, is by far the most common and well-described member of the genus.
2634:
1360:
1255:
757:" (amphibian). Much of modern knowledge on the genus is based on this species, as it outnumbers any other
2748:
2720:
540:
2617:
1217:
1163:
266:
2158:
Zoehfeld, Weidner K.; Bakker, Robert T.; Flis, Chris J.; Pettersson, Carl B.; Bell, Troy H. (2013).
133:
2194:
1962:
1113:
1100:, named by E.C. Olson in 1972, was designated as a new species with no connection whatsoever with "
667:
634:
262:
1748:"Descriptions of Extinct Vertebrata from the Permian and Triassic Formations of the United States"
943:, including smoother edges to the skull, larger eyes, and more pointed horns. However, additional
2208:
2084:
2035:
1943:
1878:
1817:
1602:
1040:" was already in use. He brought up the possibility that the skulls were from an extremely young
720:
696:
666:
by its small size (from a fifth to a sixth the size of the latter) and less pronounced accessory
622:
580:
450:
346:
153:
2159:
726:
548:
by
Douthitt (1917), whose identifications of skull bones closely matches those of modern sources
2725:
2103:
1897:
1701:
n. sp. (Amphibia: Nectridea) from the Chickasha Formation (Permian: Guadalupian) of Oklahoma".
2707:
2699:
2138:
1797:
1747:
1666:
1513:
2712:
2672:
2449:
2115:
2074:
2066:
2027:
1935:
1870:
1809:
1778:
1594:
1201:
982:
951:. In 1951, E.C. Olson concluded that AM 4471 was too poorly preserved to differentiate from
838:, and partially coexisted alongside that species in younger strata. Olson hypothesized that
812:, the original describer of the species, suggested that it occupied different habitats than
809:
787:
783:
2309:
2284:
1259:
1251:
216:
677:
The rocks in which these fossils were discovered had been informally referred to as the "
469:
is by far the largest and best-known of the lepospondyls, characterized by a distinctive
2511:
2456:
2413:
1837:"Third Contribution to the History of the Vertebrata of the Permian Formation of Texas"
1630:
1221:
1155:
1016:
831:
649:
648:), although Cope was reluctant to refer them to any known group. A large jaw bone with
554:
998:, and he rejected the species as indeterminate, a decision followed by later sources.
2742:
2552:
2502:
2470:
2440:
2402:
2275:
1947:
1882:
1821:
1724:
1606:
1192:
1176:
1171:
898:
558:
458:
242:
203:
91:
53:
2011:
2484:
2429:
2293:
2266:
2079:
1836:
1247:
1243:
1213:
1183:
1067:
716:
584:
521:
482:
454:
289:
1548:
1170:. Douthitt argued that the most undisputed function was that the horns acted as a
2666:
2575:
2561:
2541:
2527:
2520:
2200:
1236:
1224:
1010:, is a more controversial species. The skulls are distinctive compared to adult
765:
had a wide temporal distribution throughout the red beds of Texas and Oklahoma.
679:
567:
561:
excluded the possibility of it being a tabular. He argued that the bone was the
497:
443:
66:
20:
1723:
Harris, Susan K.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Berman, David S.; Henrici, Amy C. (2005).
2534:
2477:
2184:
1939:
1861:
Olson, Everret C. (November 1953). "Integrating Factors in Amphibian Skulls".
1306:
638:
513:
111:
76:
49:
24:
2657:
1549:"Morphology, paleoecology, and phylogeny of the Permo-Pennsylvania amphibian
1032:, a new genus of diplocaulid. In 1946, E.C. Case revised Williston's name to
2491:
2387:
2363:
2336:
2232:
1254:(angle above the horizontal) and only dropping once the head reached a high
1235:, constructed from balsa wood and modelling clay. The model was placed in a
1228:
1166:
professor Herman Douthitt in 1917, which focused entirely on the anatomy of
754:
630:
595:
is a tabular. Many studies (even a later publication by Olson) now refer to
470:
446:
229:
170:
116:
60:
45:
1598:
1274:, which lacked a flange on the underside of the horns which was present in
820:
would have lived in similar environments, invalidating Olson's hypothesis.
2135:
The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals
1286:
model, which would have been able to take advantage of a swifter current.
2651:
2568:
2422:
2257:
1187:
1117:
866:. For example, skull length and width seem to be inversely correlated in
692:
684:
517:
190:
106:
101:
86:
81:
71:
711:
shales are typically assigned to the McLeansboro or Mattoon Formations.
2686:
2088:
2039:
1002:
known from a pair of minuscule skulls found in Texas and stored at the
862:
specimens had developmental pathways which significantly differed from
695:
fossils. By 1878, Cope had decided that the site was Permian. In 1908,
688:
486:
436:
121:
96:
1304:) were found to have been partially eaten by the sail-backed synapsid
2251:
1631:"Revision of the Amphibia and Pisces of the Permian of North America"
1300:
1179:
developments "as the result of some internal metabolic derangement".
1159:
1007:
959:
as a synonym of that species. However, he also analyzed the referred
654:
462:
180:
2628:
2070:
2031:
1140:
fossil recovered from North America, at about 270 million years old.
935:
the skull of this specimen had shorter, thinner horns than those of
2119:
1874:
1813:
1782:
1200:. His argument relied on the possibility that the horns supported
725:
539:
528:-like) tail movement was the main force of locomotion utilized by
496:
474:
439:
1227:
in a 1980 paper. They proposed that the tabular horns acted as a
621:
to be discovered. Remains from this species were discovered near
1212:
A new hypothesis for the function of the horns was presented by
572:
2632:
2244:
2204:
799:
also have a smoothly curved rear edge of the skull, all known
633:. The fossils were later described by renowned paleontologist
525:
489:
and represent the youngest-known occurrence of a lepospondyl.
2055:"A Census of the Determinable Genera of the Stegocephalia"
878:
develops in an area which would otherwise expand in adult
505:
with conservative skin flaps attached to its tabular horns
1729:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
1078:(AM 4470), but also that the skull was much more akin to
1242:
The results showed that the horns generated significant
1587:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
599:
horns as tabular horns based on Beerbower's argument.
1246:, which would have allowed the animal to rise in the
141:
Reconstructed skeleton and life restoration model of
330:
318:
307:
296:
281:
2641:
2551:
2510:
2501:
2439:
2412:
2384:
2335:
2308:
1104:", which at that point was treated as a synonym of
2059:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
1967:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1841:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1752:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1986:"Permische Stegocephalen un Reptilien aus Texas"
874:. In addition, the restriction in the horns of
842:may have been descended from an early stock of
1963:"Some New Batrachia from the Permian of Texas"
1635:Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication
1082:instead. While Olson did decide to synonymize
734:by Douthitt (1917), with barred parts restored
2216:
2020:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
1557:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
8:
683:shales", named after a local genus of early
1052:) as a synonym of one of the other red bed
834:of the Texas red beds, was very similar to
2629:
2507:
2394:
2381:
2314:
2305:
2241:
2223:
2209:
2201:
1044:, and in response Olson (1951) designated
914:is a junior synonym of the genus, or that
790:. This species can be differentiated from
719:. These formations are now believed to be
132:
31:
2137:. London: Marshall Editions. p. 55.
2078:
1112:is known from a single specimen from the
981:were both named by German paleontologist
1298:in a burrow of eight (plus one juvenile
1898:"Fauna of the upper Vale and Choza: 6,
1495:
1317:
910:is not a true monophyletic genus, that
2754:Cisuralian amphibians of North America
2005:
2003:
1921:
1919:
1856:
1854:
1697:Olson, Everett C. (September 1972). "
1136:specimen is potentially the youngest
7:
1718:
1716:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1514:"The Structure and Relationships of
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
2759:Permian amphibians of North America
1512:Douthitt, Herman (September 1917).
1381:Whiteside Museum of Natural History
1120:. It was generally very similar to
703:shales of Illinois and the similar
147:Denver Museum of Nature and Science
1984:Broili, Ferdinand (14 June 1904).
1671:: A study in growth and variation"
1400:American Museum of Natural History
761:remains by hundreds of specimens.
672:zygosphene-zygantrum articulations
629:and J.C. Winslow, a pair of local
14:
2769:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope
1547:Beerbower, J.R. (November 1963).
2613:
2612:
2594:
2187:
1835:Cope, E.D. (15 September 1882).
1525:Contributions from Walker Museum
1473:
1457:
1441:
1425:
1406:
1387:
1368:
1348:
1336:
1320:
1196:, which was a close relative of
715:fossils have also been found in
658:or some other larger amphibian.
157:
1961:Cope, E.D. (15 November 1895).
1665:Olson, E.C. (12 January 1951).
1419:Berlin's Natural History Museum
906:. This may suggest that either
804:vertebrae similar to those of "
435:(meaning "double stalk") is an
2012:"The Skull and Extremities of
1746:Cope, E.D. (2 November 1877).
1343:Another view of "Holly" (WMNH)
955:, and therefore he designated
1:
2764:Fossil taxa described in 1877
2053:Case, E.C. (September 1946).
1150:Function of the tabular horns
918:represents a distinct genus.
723:(late Carboniferous) in age.
1896:Olson, E.C. (27 June 1952).
662:could be distinguished from
2104:"A New form of Diplocaulus"
1028:specimens as the basis for
870:and directly correlated in
670:(at the time identified as
501:Artist's reconstruction of
16:Extinct genus of amphibians
2785:
753:as a bizarre long-horned "
18:
2608:
2591:
2397:
2380:
2359:
2317:
2304:
2240:
1940:10.1080/08912961003779678
1363:Museum of Natural History
1294:A trio of three juvenile
1066:was described in 1921 by
930:was the third species of
617:was the first species of
481:have been found from the
352:
345:
278:
273:
154:Scientific classification
152:
140:
131:
34:
2133:Palmer, D., ed. (1999).
2010:Williston, S.W. (1909).
1327:The "Sandy" specimen of
1258:of 22 degrees. Lift and
477:. Remains attributed to
19:Not to be confused with
2080:2027/mdp.39015071637537
1703:Journal of Paleontology
1480:Life reconstruction of
1464:Life reconstruction of
1448:Life reconstruction of
1432:Life reconstruction of
1415:Diplocaulus magnicornis
1396:Diplocaulus magnicornis
1357:Diplocaulus magnicornis
1004:Palaeontological Museum
904:Diplocaulus magnicornus
830:This species, from the
732:Diplocaulus magnicornis
410:Diplocaulus primigenius
1863:The Journal of Geology
1802:The Journal of Geology
1771:The Journal of Geology
1599:10.1098/rspb.1980.0110
1361:University of Michigan
1355:A partial skeleton of
735:
730:A skeletal diagram of
549:
506:
2721:Paleobiology Database
1452:, by Dimitry Bogdanov
1436:, by Dimitry Bogdanov
1036:, as the genus name "
916:"Diplocaulus" minimus
729:
543:
500:
449:which lived from the
1164:University of Kansas
1102:Permoplatyops parvus
1050:Permoplatyops parvus
1034:Permoplatyops parvus
402:Permoplatyops parvus
393:Diplocaulus pusillus
377:Diplocaulus limbatus
2195:Paleontology portal
2102:Mehl, M.G. (1921).
1796:Case, E.C. (1908).
1629:Case, E.C. (1911).
1114:Chickasha Formation
893:Diplocaulus minimus
668:articular processes
635:Edward Drinker Cope
544:A skull diagram of
532:and its relatives.
2108:Journal of Geology
1928:Historical Biology
1906:Fieldiana: Geology
1699:Diplocaulus parvus
1675:Fieldiana: Geology
1218:Arthur Cruickshank
736:
623:Danville, Illinois
581:supratemporal bone
579:, retained both a
575:-like relative of
563:supratemporal bone
550:
507:
451:Late Carboniferous
418:Diplocaulus parvus
405:(Williston, 1918 )
2736:
2735:
2708:Open Tree of Life
2635:Taxon identifiers
2626:
2625:
2604:
2603:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2355:
2354:
2144:978-1-84028-152-1
1990:Palaeontographica
1593:(1177): 513β537.
1056:species, such as
713:D. salamandroides
660:D. salamandroides
615:D. salamandroides
609:D. salamandroides
428:
427:
422:
414:
406:
398:
389:
385:Diplocaulus copei
381:
365:
339:
327:
315:
304:
293:
285:D. salamandroides
269:
2776:
2729:
2728:
2716:
2715:
2703:
2702:
2690:
2689:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2630:
2616:
2615:
2599:
2598:
2508:
2450:Batrachiderpeton
2395:
2382:
2315:
2306:
2299:
2298:
2242:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2082:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1694:
1683:
1682:
1662:
1643:
1642:
1626:
1611:
1610:
1582:
1565:
1564:
1544:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1509:
1477:
1461:
1445:
1429:
1410:
1391:
1372:
1352:
1340:
1324:
1222:fluid dynamicist
983:Ferdinand Broili
788:Clear Fork Group
784:Arroyo Formation
420:
412:
404:
396:
387:
379:
363:
337:
332:
325:
320:
313:
309:
302:
298:
287:
283:
261:
254:
241:
228:
162:
161:
136:
126:
63:
40:Temporal range:
32:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2724:
2719:
2711:
2706:
2698:
2693:
2685:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2637:
2627:
2622:
2600:
2593:
2581:
2547:
2497:
2435:
2408:
2391:
2368:
2351:
2331:
2325:Tetrapodomorpha
2310:Tetrapodomorpha
2300:
2285:Tetrapodomorpha
2247:
2246:
2236:
2229:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2171:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2071:10.2307/1005567
2052:
2051:
2047:
2032:10.2307/3624731
2009:
2008:
2001:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1847:(112): 447β461.
1834:
1833:
1829:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1696:
1695:
1686:
1664:
1663:
1646:
1628:
1627:
1614:
1584:
1583:
1568:
1546:
1545:
1536:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1497:
1492:
1485:
1484:with skin flaps
1478:
1469:
1468:with skin flaps
1462:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1430:
1421:
1411:
1402:
1392:
1383:
1373:
1364:
1353:
1344:
1341:
1332:
1325:
1316:
1292:
1260:pitching moment
1216:paleontologist
1210:
1162:, published by
1152:
1147:
1076:D. brevirostris
1048:(and therefore
1030:Platyops parvus
969:D. brevirostris
924:
922:Dubious species
890:
858:indicates that
828:
801:D. brevirostris
778:was similar to
776:D. brevirostris
773:
770:D. brevirostris
743:
612:
605:
538:
495:
368:
311:D. brevirostris
260:
252:
239:
226:
217:Tetrapodomorpha
156:
127:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
58:
57:
38:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2782:
2780:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2717:
2704:
2691:
2678:
2663:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2514:
2512:Sauropleurinae
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2457:Diceratosaurus
2453:
2445:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2416:
2414:Scincosauridae
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2318:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2254:
2245:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2181:
2180:
2169:
2164:gsa.confex.com
2150:
2143:
2125:
2120:10.1086/622753
2094:
2065:(4): 323β420.
2045:
1999:
1976:
1953:
1915:
1912:(14): 147β166.
1888:
1875:10.1086/626128
1869:(6): 557β568.
1850:
1827:
1814:10.1086/621555
1808:(6): 572β580.
1788:
1783:10.1086/620866
1777:(8): 698β729.
1761:
1738:
1712:
1684:
1644:
1612:
1566:
1534:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1354:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1291:
1288:
1209:
1206:
1156:external gills
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1128:separate from
1106:D. magnicornis
1095:
1088:D. magnicornis
1084:D. primigenius
1080:D. magnicornis
1072:D. magnicornis
1064:D. primigenius
1061:
1058:D. magnicornis
1022:S.W. Williston
1017:Trimerorhachis
992:D. magnicornis
972:
953:D. magnicornis
949:D. magnicornis
937:D. magnicornis
923:
920:
889:
884:
880:D. magnicornis
872:D. magnicornis
864:D. magnicornis
856:D. magnicornis
852:D. magnicornis
844:D. magnicornis
836:D. magnicornis
832:Vale Formation
827:
822:
818:D. magnicornis
814:D. magnicornis
806:D. primigenius
797:D. magnicornis
792:D. magnicornis
780:D. magnicornis
772:
767:
763:D. magnicornis
747:D. magnicornis
742:
740:D. magnicornis
737:
664:D. magnicornis
650:labyrinthodont
646:salamandroides
627:William Gurley
611:
606:
604:
601:
555:squamosal bone
546:D. magnicornis
537:
534:
512:had a stocky,
503:D. magnicornis
494:
491:
426:
425:
424:
423:
415:
407:
399:
390:
382:
371:Species-level:
367:
366:
350:
349:
343:
342:
341:
340:
328:
316:
305:
300:D. magnicornis
294:
276:
275:
271:
270:
250:
246:
245:
237:
233:
232:
224:
220:
219:
214:
207:
206:
201:
194:
193:
188:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
150:
149:
138:
137:
129:
128:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
64:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2781:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2597:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2553:Urocordylinae
2550:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Urocordylidae
2500:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:Diploceraspis
2468:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2441:Diplocaulidae
2438:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2403:Arizonerpeton
2400:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2379:
2367:
2365:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2276:Sarcopterygii
2273:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2196:
2185:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:(1β3): 4β39.
1933:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1758:(1): 182β193.
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:(5): 656β659.
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1551:Diploceraspis
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1417:skull at the
1416:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1398:skull at the
1397:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1379:skull at the
1378:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1359:skull at the
1358:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1280:Diploceraspis
1277:
1273:
1272:Diploceraspis
1268:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:South African
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1193:Diploceraspis
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1172:counterweight
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:D. recurvatus
1127:
1123:
1122:D. recurvatus
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
973:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
933:
929:
926:
925:
921:
919:
917:
913:
912:Diploceraspis
909:
905:
901:
900:
899:Diploceraspis
894:
888:
885:
883:
881:
877:
876:D. recurvatus
873:
869:
868:D. recurvatus
865:
861:
860:D. recurvatus
857:
853:
850:differs from
849:
848:D. recurvatus
845:
841:
840:D. recurvatus
837:
833:
826:
825:D. recurvatus
823:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
798:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
771:
768:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
741:
738:
733:
728:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:
651:
647:
644:
643:specific name
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
610:
607:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
569:
564:
560:
556:
547:
542:
535:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
504:
499:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
459:North America
456:
452:
448:
445:
441:
438:
434:
433:
419:
416:
411:
408:
403:
400:
394:
391:
386:
383:
378:
375:
374:
373:
372:
362:
361:Permoplatyops
359:
358:
357:
356:
351:
348:
344:
335:
329:
323:
322:D. recurvatus
317:
312:
306:
301:
295:
291:
286:
280:
279:
277:
272:
268:
264:
259:
258:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:Diplocaulidae
238:
235:
234:
231:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:Sarcopterygii
202:
199:
196:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
160:
155:
151:
148:
144:
139:
135:
130:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:306β255
55:
54:Wuchiapingian
51:
47:
43:
42:Pennsylvanian
37:
33:
30:
26:
22:
2749:Diplocaulids
2642:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2490:
2485:Keraterpeton
2483:
2476:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2430:Scincosaurus
2428:
2421:
2401:
2361:
2294:Stegocephali
2289:
2280:
2271:
2267:Osteichthyes
2262:
2172:
2163:
2153:
2134:
2128:
2114:(1): 48β56.
2111:
2107:
2097:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2023:
2019:
2013:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1931:
1927:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1891:
1866:
1862:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1732:
1728:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1681:(2): 59β149.
1678:
1674:
1668:
1638:
1634:
1590:
1586:
1563:(2): 31β108.
1560:
1556:
1550:
1528:
1524:
1515:
1481:
1465:
1449:
1433:
1414:
1395:
1376:
1356:
1328:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1290:Paleoecology
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1252:attack angle
1248:water column
1241:
1232:
1211:
1197:
1191:
1181:
1167:
1160:dissertation
1153:
1145:Paleobiology
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1011:
1000:D. pusillus,
999:
996:D. limbatus"
995:
991:
986:
978:
974:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
927:
915:
911:
907:
903:
897:
892:
891:
886:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
829:
824:
817:
813:
805:
800:
796:
791:
779:
775:
774:
769:
762:
758:
750:
746:
744:
739:
731:
717:Pennsylvania
712:
708:
700:
678:
676:
663:
659:
653:
645:
618:
614:
613:
608:
596:
592:
588:
585:tabular bone
576:
566:
551:
545:
529:
509:
508:
502:
483:Late Permian
478:
466:
455:Late Permian
431:
430:
429:
417:
409:
401:
397:Broili, 1904
392:
388:Broili, 1904
384:
376:
370:
369:
360:
355:Genus-level:
354:
353:
338:Dutuit, 1988
333:
321:
310:
299:
284:
256:
255:
210:
197:
142:
35:
29:
2673:Diplocaulus
2667:Wikispecies
2643:Diplocaulus
2576:Urocordylus
2562:Ctenerpeton
2542:Sauropleura
2528:Lepterpeton
2521:Crossotelos
2464:Diplocaulus
2026:: 122β132.
2014:Diplocaulus
1900:Diplocaulus
1669:Diplocaulus
1516:Diplocaulus
1482:Diplocaulus
1466:Diplocaulus
1450:Diplocaulus
1434:Diplocaulus
1377:Diplocaulus
1329:Diplocaulus
1296:Diplocaulus
1284:Diplocaulus
1276:Diplocaulus
1267:Diplocaulus
1256:stall angle
1237:wind tunnel
1233:Diplocaulus
1198:Diplocaulus
1177:maladaptive
1168:Diplocaulus
1138:Diplocaulus
1092:Diplocaulus
1054:Diplocaulus
1046:D. pusillus
1042:Diplocaulus
1026:D. pusillus
1020:. In 1918,
1012:Diplocaulus
979:D. pusillus
965:Diplocaulus
961:D. limbatus
957:D. limbatus
945:D. limbatus
941:D. limbatus
932:Diplocaulus
928:D. limbatus
908:Diplocaulus
759:Diplocaulus
751:Diplocaulus
709:Clepsydrops
701:Clepsydrops
680:Clepsydrops
641:(hence the
639:salamanders
619:Diplocaulus
597:Diplocaulus
593:Diplocaulus
589:Urocordylus
577:Diplocaulus
568:Urocordylus
530:Diplocaulus
522:anguiliform
510:Diplocaulus
493:Description
479:Diplocaulus
467:Diplocaulus
444:lepospondyl
432:Diplocaulus
421:Olson, 1972
326:Olson, 1952
314:Olson, 1951
288:Cope, 1877(
257:Diplocaulus
143:Diplocaulus
36:Diplocaulus
21:Diplococcus
2743:Categories
2535:Montcellia
2478:Ductilodon
2346:see belowβ
1973:: 452β457.
1735:: 101β103.
1531:(1): 1β42.
1490:References
1307:Dimetrodon
1225:B.W. Skews
887:D. minimus
810:E.C. Olson
755:batrachian
721:Missourian
631:geologists
514:salamander
447:amphibians
413:Mehl, 1921
380:Cope, 1895
364:Case, 1946
334:D. minimus
303:Cope, 1882
50:Kasimovian
25:Diplodocus
2492:Peronedon
2388:Nectridea
2364:Nectridea
2337:Nectridea
2250:Kingdom:
2233:Nectridea
1948:128605530
1883:128813415
1822:128947959
1607:110443064
1229:hydrofoil
1202:operculum
1134:D. parvus
1126:D. parvus
1110:D. parvus
1098:D. parvus
1068:M.G. Mehl
1024:used the
985:in 1904.
967:species:
697:E.C. Case
559:parietals
518:vertebrae
471:boomerang
230:Nectridea
177:Kingdom:
171:Eukaryota
46:Lopingian
2652:Wikidata
2618:Category
2569:Ptyonius
2423:Sauravus
2258:Chordata
2256:Phylum:
2252:Animalia
1996:: 1β120.
1641:: 15β91.
1188:stingray
1118:Oklahoma
1038:Platyops
987:D. copei
975:D. copei
902:than to
705:red beds
693:lungfish
685:synapsid
473:-shaped
347:Synonyms
274:Species
236:Family:
191:Chordata
187:Phylum:
181:Animalia
167:Domain:
2713:3620731
2700:1391997
2687:4816382
2658:Q131292
2089:1005567
2040:3624731
1314:Gallery
786:of the
689:reptile
603:Species
487:Morocco
453:to the
437:extinct
249:Genus:
223:Order:
145:at the
2141:
2087:
2038:
1946:
1881:
1820:
1605:
1331:(WMNH)
1301:Eryops
1220:&
1132:. The
1008:Munich
655:Eryops
583:and a
463:Africa
2726:37264
2695:IRMNG
2290:Clade
2281:Clade
2272:Clade
2263:Clade
2085:JSTOR
2036:JSTOR
1944:S2CID
1879:S2CID
1818:S2CID
1603:S2CID
1521:(PDF)
1186:- or
1184:skate
1086:with
994:and "
587:. In
536:Horns
475:skull
440:genus
211:Clade
198:Clade
2682:GBIF
2323:see
2139:ISBN
1244:lift
1208:Lift
977:and
691:and
573:newt
571:, a
461:and
290:type
267:1877
263:Cope
67:Preκ
2177:Cf.
2116:doi
2075:hdl
2067:doi
2028:doi
1936:doi
1871:doi
1810:doi
1779:doi
1639:146
1595:doi
1591:209
1561:130
1116:of
1006:of
808:".
674:).
625:by
526:eel
485:of
457:of
442:of
56:),
52:to
44:to
23:or
2745::
2723::
2710::
2697::
2684::
2669::
2654::
2292::
2283::
2274::
2265::
2162:.
2112:29
2110:.
2106:.
2083:.
2073:.
2063:35
2061:.
2057:.
2034:.
2024:22
2022:.
2018:.
2002:^
1994:51
1992:.
1988:.
1971:34
1969:.
1965:.
1942:.
1932:22
1930:.
1918:^
1910:10
1908:.
1904:.
1877:.
1867:61
1865:.
1853:^
1845:20
1843:.
1839:.
1816:.
1806:16
1804:.
1800:.
1773:.
1756:17
1754:.
1750:.
1733:30
1731:.
1727:.
1715:^
1707:46
1705:.
1687:^
1679:11
1677:.
1673:.
1647:^
1637:.
1633:.
1615:^
1601:.
1589:.
1569:^
1559:.
1555:.
1537:^
1527:.
1523:.
1498:^
1413:A
1394:A
1375:A
1108:.
882:.
846:.
465:.
395:?
336:?
324:?
265:,
213::
200::
117:Pg
61:Ma
2390:"
2386:"
2366:"
2362:"
2235:"
2231:"
2224:e
2217:t
2210:v
2166:.
2147:.
2122:.
2118::
2091:.
2077::
2069::
2042:.
2030::
2016:"
1950:.
1938::
1902:"
1885:.
1873::
1824:.
1812::
1785:.
1781::
1775:8
1667:"
1609:.
1597::
1553:"
1529:2
1518:"
1094:.
1060:.
971:.
524:(
331:β
319:β
308:β
297:β
292:)
282:β
253:β
240:β
227:β
122:N
112:K
107:J
102:T
97:P
92:C
87:D
82:S
77:O
72:κ
48:(
27:.
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