387:
1741:
1751:
1730:
1761:
639:
365:
which are basically specialized computers that route voice traffic from one "peripheral" to another as digital data. Call routing can now be done based on the area code, central office code and even the first two digits of the line number, although routing based on digits past the central office code
435:
signal as usual, received a wink as usual as a "proceed to send" signal, and outpulsed only a special three-digit (later six-digit) access code. The toll center picked a trunk through the long-distance network to the gateway office, which sent a second wink to the originating office, which then sent
411:
With so much new equipment already working that could not handle more than the requisite ten-digit telephone numbers of DDD, the new system was based on designs by which most toll offices did not have to store and forward the whole international telephone number. Gateway offices were set up in New
261:
continued to use area code 415. When the electromechanical card-translator box became available sometime during 1952–53, six-digit translation became possible and the use of area code 318 was no longer required. Area code 318 was reclaimed for future use (now used as an area code for northern
248:
San
Francisco required the special area code 318 due to temporary routing requirements. San Francisco and Oakland each had their own separate toll-switches, so calls had to be routed accordingly depending on the final destination. As the telephone equipment used at the time could only handle
451:(TSPS). With these new computers in place, digit storage in the toll system was no longer a problem. End offices were less extensively modified, and sent all their digits in a single stream. TSPS handled the gateway codes and other complexities of toll connections to the gateway office.
53:
outside the local calling area. Direct dialing by subscribers typically requires extra digits to be dialed as prefixes to the directory telephone number of the destination. International Direct
Distance Dialing (IDDD) extends the system beyond the geographic boundaries of the
400:). Some subscribers could already directly dial transatlantic telephone calls to certain destinations as early as in 1957 over the recently completed Atlantic cable to England. A new systematic extension of Direct Distance Dialing was developed and was introduced as
550:
More recently, on Nov. 10, 1951, Mayor Leslie
Denning of Englewood telephoned Mayor Frank Osborne of Alameda, Calif., without the help of an operator and Englewood became the first city in the nation whose residents had direct‐dial coast‐to‐coast
78:. Customers of the ENglewood 3, ENglewood 4 and TEaneck 7 exchanges, who could already dial telephone numbers in the New York City area, could place calls to eleven major cities across the United States by dialing the three-digit
317:
The reach of DDD was limited due to the inefficiency and expense of switching equipment, and the limited ability to process records of completed calls. An early obstacle was that the majority of switching systems did not provide
306:, and they were rapidly scanned as they fell past a light beam. CTS machines were called 4A (Advanced) if the translator was included in the original installation, and 4M (Modified) if it was added later. A 1970s version of
643:
301:
to use, where separate circuit groups were used for different cities in the same area code, as in the case of
Oakland and San Francisco. The new device used metal cards similar in principle to computer
249:
three-digit translation, the temporary use of area code 318 was required to distinguish between the two areas. Area code 318 was temporarily used to specify San
Francisco and areas north of the
420:
on the tenth floor of 435 West 50th Street received new originating registers and outgoing senders able to handle fifteen-digit telephone numbers, with appropriate modifications to completing
290:
keypad to dial an access code to connect to the correct city and to send the seven-digit number to incoming equipment at the terminating city. This design was further refined to serve DDD.
1790:
440:, a "North Atlantic" version of the North American multi-frequency signaling system, with minor modifications including slightly higher digit rate. European MF systems of the time used
221:
Other areas could not yet be included in DDD as they did not have the necessary toll switching equipment, or because they still did not use a seven-digit local numbering plan.
361:
allowed electronic processing of the dialed digits, referring to electronic memories to determine call routing, and this has reached the state of the art, with digital
424:
and other equipment. Other 5XB switches in the next few years were installed with IDDD as original equipment, and in the 1970s ESS offices also provided the service.
1713:
1685:
1680:
705:
396:
In the 1960s, with the domestic conversion still underway, plans were laid to extend Direct
Distance Dialing beyond North America (including a number of the
591:
357:(AMA) computers to process the long-distance records into customer bills, the reach of DDD was slow in the 1950s, but quickened in the early 1960s.
504:
531:
1707:
1702:
1692:
1672:
1474:
95:
1785:
1697:
1543:
1469:
367:
1563:
436:
the whole dialed number. Thus the toll switching system needed no modification except at the gateway. The international trunks used
258:
237:, in Canada, for example, had a mix of six- and seven-digit telephone numbers from 1951 to 1957, and did not have DDD until 1958.
1348:
896:
698:
1459:
654:
448:
319:
311:
648:
1454:
1005:
1479:
55:
1764:
1754:
1515:
1412:
955:
722:
354:
1744:
1251:
691:
421:
358:
1603:
1525:
1464:
1171:
484:
1375:
1336:
1181:
1081:
1010:
943:
770:
413:
397:
390:
293:
The card sorter of the 4A/CTS (Number 4A Crossbar / Card
Translator System) allowed six-digit translation of the
50:
1734:
976:
911:
864:
750:
512:
464:
375:
245:, had seven-digit numbers starting in 1965, but the necessary switching equipment was not in place until 1972.
194:
83:
386:
342:
that were not scheduled for immediate replacement. Even if a switch had ANI, it could not identify callers on
82:
and the seven-digit directory number. Local telephone numbers still consisted of the first two letters of the
1573:
1558:
1402:
1353:
1276:
1176:
854:
740:
735:
460:
347:
586:
1495:
1281:
1096:
1041:
1036:
849:
814:
437:
343:
267:
203:
1397:
1201:
1166:
1086:
1066:
988:
876:
797:
71:
619:
564:
471:
inaugurated STD on 5 December 1958, when she dialed a call from
Bristol to Edinburgh and spoke to the
412:
York, London and Paris, connected to the ordinary automatic toll network. The New York gateway was at
1311:
1271:
1241:
998:
933:
824:
105:
The destinations, and their area codes, equipped with a long-distance toll-switch at that time were:
1321:
1261:
1020:
982:
839:
780:
765:
441:
282:
and replace the incoming operator. With semiautomatic operation analogous to the early days of the
254:
164:
99:
75:
46:
1548:
1505:
1436:
1306:
1236:
1211:
1146:
993:
714:
678:
536:
362:
294:
91:
38:
346:. This was only partly overcome by tip-party identification for two-party lines. As the cost of
1588:
1510:
1424:
1407:
1370:
1256:
1216:
1046:
1015:
881:
775:
279:
238:
87:
1593:
1553:
1533:
1500:
1429:
1387:
1301:
1156:
1141:
1116:
1091:
1051:
901:
760:
755:
745:
1221:
1076:
844:
807:
428:
339:
42:
819:
307:
587:"Telecommunications Subscriber Line Interface Circuit and Party Identification Facility"
1419:
1291:
1266:
1226:
1196:
1071:
906:
792:
371:
323:
287:
1779:
1568:
1341:
1331:
1246:
1136:
1131:
1121:
1106:
928:
787:
303:
278:
The No. 4 Crossbar switching system had been introduced in the early 1940s to switch
213:
209:
199:
190:
180:
170:
160:
150:
140:
130:
120:
110:
1446:
1286:
1231:
1161:
1126:
1061:
960:
950:
802:
658:
472:
468:
335:
283:
174:
1646:
1296:
1206:
1191:
1151:
1111:
970:
664:
250:
1651:
1358:
1056:
965:
921:
891:
869:
859:
834:
417:
331:
327:
184:
67:
1636:
1101:
916:
263:
154:
134:
79:
66:
The first direct-dialed long-distance telephone calls were possible in the
17:
1631:
1621:
1538:
1363:
1186:
432:
298:
222:
1626:
1611:
310:, the 4A/ETS, used a computer to translate. For international dialing,
234:
230:
144:
124:
1656:
1616:
938:
730:
683:
353:
As this and other improved technologies became available, as well as
226:
114:
444:, which would slow down too much on a long transoceanic connection.
1641:
1578:
886:
385:
242:
467:(STD), and ISD for international subscriber trunk dialing. Queen
1583:
687:
297:
code number dialed by the customer. This determined the proper
829:
431:
pulsing. The outgoing sender sent its Class 4 toll center an
330:, were fairly quickly retrofitted to provide ANI, and most
447:
In the 1970s, toll centers were modified by adding the
86:
and five digits. On
November 10, 1951, Englewood mayor
463:, an equivalent service to direct distance dialing is
1665:
1602:
1524:
1488:
1445:
1386:
1320:
1029:
721:
505:"Englewood Begins Long Distance Customer Dialing"
350:declined, party lines were gradually phased out.
1791:Telecommunications-related introductions in 1951
620:"Re: When Was Direct Distance Dialing Cut In?"
286:, the operator in the originating city used a
699:
459:In the United Kingdom and other parts of the
8:
563:Townson, Patrick A., ed. (August 15, 1996).
532:"Who's on First? Why, New Jersey, of Course"
334:were initially installed with ANI services.
41:service feature in North America by which a
1714:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1750:
706:
692:
684:
565:"When Was Direct Distance Dialing Cut In?"
338:were eventually retrofitted, as were some
314:(TSPS) provided the extra computer power.
592:United States Patent and Trademark Office
455:Equivalent service in the United Kingdom
427:The key to the new system was two-stage
496:
402:International Direct Distance Dialing
7:
1760:
368:competitive local exchange carriers
253:, while calls with destinations in
25:
270:returned to using area code 415.
1759:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1728:
1349:Free-space optical communication
642: This article incorporates
637:
655:General Services Administration
449:Traffic Service Position System
391:AT&T Long-Distance Building
366:is usually limited to cases of
320:Automatic Number Identification
312:Traffic Service Position System
90:made the first customer-dialed
1:
520:(12): 571–572. December 1951.
56:North American Numbering Plan
1735:Telecommunication portal
1516:Telecommunications equipment
359:Electronic switching systems
355:Automatic Message Accounting
1252:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
618:Cuccia, Mark (1996-08-13).
1807:
1786:Telecommunication services
956:Telecommunications history
485:1958 in the United Kingdom
1723:
1564:Public Switched Telephone
1376:telecommunication circuit
1337:Fiber-optic communication
1082:Francis Blake (telephone)
877:Optical telecommunication
607:Notes on Distance Dialing
414:32 Avenue of the Americas
27:Telecommunication service
1475:Orbital angular-momentum
912:Satellite communications
751:Communications satellite
513:Bell Laboratories Record
465:subscriber trunk dialing
195:Providence, Rhode Island
1354:Molecular communication
1177:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1006:Undersea telegraph line
741:Cable protection system
461:Commonwealth of Nations
348:subscriber line carrier
31:Direct distance dialing
1496:Communication protocol
1282:Charles Sumner Tainter
1097:Walter Houser Brattain
1042:Edwin Howard Armstrong
850:Information revolution
650:Federal Standard 1037C
644:public domain material
438:Signaling System No. 5
393:
326:switches, such as the
268:San Francisco Bay Area
1470:Polarization-division
1202:Narinder Singh Kapany
1167:Erna Schneider Hoover
1087:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1067:Alexander Graham Bell
798:online video platform
663: (in support of
389:
1312:Vladimir K. Zworykin
1272:Almon Brown Strowger
1242:Charles Grafton Page
897:Prepaid mobile phone
825:Electrical telegraph
340:step-by-step systems
1262:Johann Philipp Reis
1021:Wireless revolution
983:The Telephone Cases
840:Hydraulic telegraph
442:compelled signaling
363:telephone exchanges
100:Alameda, California
84:central office name
47:operator assistance
1460:Frequency-division
1437:Telephone exchange
1307:Charles Wheatstone
1237:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
1212:Innocenzo Manzetti
1147:Reginald Fessenden
882:Optical telegraphy
715:Telecommunications
537:The New York Times
394:
376:number portability
280:four-wire circuits
266:), and the entire
92:long-distance call
39:telecommunications
1773:
1772:
1511:Store and forward
1506:Data transmission
1420:Network switching
1371:Transmission line
1217:Guglielmo Marconi
1182:Internet pioneers
1047:Mohamed M. Atalla
1016:Whistled language
408:) in March 1970.
398:Caribbean Islands
88:M. Leslie Denning
49:, call any other
16:(Redirected from
1798:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1604:Notable networks
1594:Wireless network
1534:Cellular network
1526:Types of network
1501:Computer network
1388:Network topology
1302:Thomas A. Watson
1157:Oliver Heaviside
1142:Philo Farnsworth
1117:Daniel Davis Jr.
1092:Charles Bourseul
1052:John Logie Baird
761:Data compression
756:Computer network
708:
701:
694:
685:
668:
662:
657:. Archived from
641:
640:
633:
631:
630:
610:
603:
597:
596:
583:
577:
576:
560:
554:
553:
547:
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21:
1806:
1805:
1801:
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1795:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1661:
1598:
1520:
1484:
1441:
1390:
1382:
1323:
1316:
1222:Robert Metcalfe
1077:Tim Berners-Lee
1025:
845:Information Age
717:
712:
675:
647:
638:
636:
628:
626:
617:
614:
613:
604:
600:
585:
584:
580:
562:
561:
557:
543:
541:
540:. July 22, 1979
530:
529:
525:
507:
503:
502:
498:
493:
481:
457:
429:multi-frequency
384:
276:
219:
117:, Massachusetts
70:communities of
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1778:
1777:
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1768:
1767:
1757:
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1700:
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1675:
1669:
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1663:
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1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
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1608:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
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1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:Space-division
1451:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
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1432:
1427:
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1416:
1415:
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1334:
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1326:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1292:Camille Tissot
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1267:Claude Shannon
1264:
1259:
1257:Tivadar Puskás
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:Antonio Meucci
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1197:Charles K. Kao
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1172:Harold Hopkins
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1072:Emile Berliner
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1011:Videotelephony
1008:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
986:
979:
974:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
947:
946:
941:
936:
926:
925:
924:
914:
909:
907:Radiotelephone
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
873:
872:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
811:
810:
805:
800:
795:
793:Internet video
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
727:
725:
719:
718:
713:
711:
710:
703:
696:
688:
682:
681:
674:
673:External links
671:
670:
669:
661:on 2022-01-22.
634:
624:TELECOM Digest
612:
611:
598:
578:
569:Telecom Digest
555:
523:
495:
494:
492:
489:
488:
487:
480:
477:
456:
453:
416:. The new LT1
383:
380:
372:number pooling
324:Common control
299:trunk circuits
295:central office
288:multifrequency
275:
272:
218:
217:
207:
197:
188:
187:, Pennsylvania
178:
177:, Pennsylvania
168:
158:
148:
138:
128:
118:
107:
63:
60:
26:
24:
14:
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2:
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1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1480:Code-division
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:Time-division
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
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1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1391:and switching
1389:
1385:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1342:optical fiber
1340:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1332:Coaxial cable
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
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1290:
1288:
1285:
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1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1247:Radia Perlman
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:Lee de Forest
1135:
1133:
1132:Thomas Edison
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:Donald Davies
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:Claude Chappe
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
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1068:
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1055:
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1038:
1035:
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1032:
1028:
1022:
1019:
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1009:
1007:
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997:
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992:
991:
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987:
985:
984:
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978:
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951:Smoke signals
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929:Semiconductor
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788:Digital media
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304:punched cards
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214:San Francisco
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96:Frank Osborne
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45:may, without
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1447:Multiplexing
1322:Transmission
1287:Nikola Tesla
1277:Henry Sutton
1232:Samuel Morse
1162:Robert Hooke
1127:Amos Dolbear
1062:John Bardeen
981:
961:Telautograph
865:Mobile phone
820:Edholm's law
803:social media
736:Broadcasting
659:the original
649:
627:. Retrieved
623:
606:
601:
590:
581:
572:
568:
558:
549:
542:. Retrieved
535:
526:
517:
511:
499:
473:Lord Provost
469:Elizabeth II
458:
446:
426:
410:
405:
401:
395:
352:
336:Panel switch
332:5XB switches
316:
292:
284:panel switch
277:
247:
220:
216:, California
206:, California
175:Philadelphia
167:, California
104:
65:
34:
30:
29:
1647:NPL network
1359:Radio waves
1297:Alfred Vail
1207:Hedy Lamarr
1192:Dawon Kahng
1152:Elisha Gray
1112:Yogen Dalal
1037:Nasir Ahmed
971:Teleprinter
835:Heliographs
665:MIL-STD-188
344:party lines
251:Golden Gate
157:, Wisconsin
94:, to Mayor
18:Direct-dial
1780:Categories
1693:Antarctica
1652:Toasternet
1574:Television
1057:Paul Baran
989:Television
973:(teletype)
966:Telegraphy
944:transistor
922:Phryctoria
892:Photophone
870:Smartphone
860:Mass media
679:4XB switch
629:2007-01-04
605:AT&T,
491:References
418:5XB switch
328:1XB switch
239:Whitehorse
204:Sacramento
185:Pittsburgh
147:, Michigan
127:, Illinois
68:New Jersey
1677:Americas
1666:Locations
1637:Internet2
1398:Bandwidth
1102:Vint Cerf
999:streaming
977:Telephone
917:Semaphore
808:streaming
264:Louisiana
155:Milwaukee
135:Cleveland
80:area code
72:Englewood
1745:Category
1632:Internet
1622:CYCLADES
1539:Ethernet
1489:Concepts
1413:terminal
1364:wireless
1187:Bob Kahn
1030:Pioneers
855:Internet
746:Cable TV
551:service.
479:See also
433:off-hook
274:Hardware
259:East Bay
257:and the
223:Montreal
58:(NANP).
1765:Commons
1755:Outline
1708:Oceania
1627:FidoNet
1612:ARPANET
1425:circuit
994:digital
723:History
544:May 28,
422:markers
322:(ANI).
255:Oakland
235:Ontario
231:Toronto
165:Oakland
145:Detroit
125:Chicago
76:Teaneck
62:History
37:) is a
1703:Europe
1673:Africa
1657:Usenet
1617:BITNET
1554:Mobile
1430:packet
939:MOSFET
934:device
731:Beacon
609:(1975)
575:(401).
229:, and
227:Quebec
137:, Ohio
115:Boston
43:caller
1686:South
1681:North
1642:JANET
1579:Telex
1569:Radio
1408:Nodes
1403:Links
1324:media
902:Radio
887:Pager
815:Drums
781:video
776:image
766:audio
646:from
508:(PDF)
243:Yukon
1698:Asia
1584:UUCP
1544:ISDN
546:2017
406:IDDD
382:IDDD
374:and
74:and
51:user
1589:WAN
1559:NGN
1549:LAN
830:Fax
771:DCT
308:4XB
210:318
200:916
191:401
181:412
171:215
161:415
151:414
141:313
131:216
121:312
111:617
98:of
35:DDD
1782::
667:).
653:.
622:.
589:.
573:16
571:.
567:.
548:.
534:.
518:29
516:.
510:.
475:.
378:.
370:,
241:,
233:,
225:,
212::
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193::
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133::
123::
113::
102:.
1716:)
1712:(
707:e
700:t
693:v
632:.
595:.
404:(
33:(
20:)
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