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product composed mainly of plaster of Paris and a small amount of
Portland cement. Hydrocal, like its similar formulas Hydrostone, Ultracal, Duracal and others are all used for casting sculptures and other art objects as well as molds. Considerably harder and stronger than straight plaster of Paris,
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Is the process by which material is shaped and built up, frequently on an armature, to create the desired image. Traditionally the material used in modeling clay, but plaster is considered a less desirable but also less expensive substitute. Frequently the sculpture created by the additive method
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Indirect carving "involves the use of previously prepared three dimensional models . . . . usually assigned to a professional carver who, with the assistance of a pointing machine, proceeds to duplicate the model in stone. During the latter half of the nineteenth century and extending into the
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in which the sculptor responds to the nature of the block being carved as much as the subject. Changes in colouration and imperfections revealed while carving the block are incorporated as features in the finished sculpture. Since the sculptor doesn't know in advance what imperfections will be
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sculpture. A typical armature for a small sculpture is made of heavy gauge wire, bent and twisted to form the basic shape. Often the armature is designed to leave one or more pins protruding from the base of the finished sculpture to facilitate attaching it to the
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replica sculptures. The material used to construct the mould needs to accurately reproduce the surface detail of the original sculpture, while also being strong enough to keep its shape during casting and resilient enough to retain detail after multiple
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material that sets hard when dry. The mold is then separated to release the original sculpture. Once the mold is reassembled, at its most simple the casting material is poured into the void and left to set. Traditionally, molten
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is a construction material that consists of pieces of paper, sometimes reinforced with textiles, stuck together using a wet paste (e.g. glue, starch, or wallpaper adhesive). The crafted object becomes solid when the paste
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A maquette is a small-scale model for a finished sculpture. It is used to visualize and test shapes and ideas without incurring the cost and effort of producing a full-scale sculpture. It is the analogue of the
435:. When the cast sculpture has cooled or cured, the mold is again separated to release it and reassembled ready to cast the next copy. When molten bronze is used, it is more typical to use a
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Plasticene is an oil-based clay used for modelling sculptures; its chief advantages over water clay is it does not shrink, crack or dry out and can be worked on over a long period of time.
356:. Typically an assemblage does not disguise the original objects used, rather it either tries to show them in a new light, or forms a figurative sculpture from the collection of shapes.
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would carve with a model in front of them. The practice gained prominence in the early 20th century and, in some respects, was seen as a return to the direct approach used in
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is used to accurately transfer measuring points from a model or maquette into stone or wood, in order to carve an accurate copy. This is called the indirect method of carving.
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is sculpture which is designed to move. The movement can be driven by interaction with the viewer, or automatically using motors or air currents, as in the case of a
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Modeling is one of the most common techniques for sculpting. It is an additive process in which material is steadily built up to produce the finished figure. Unlike
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For commissioned sculptures, especially monumental public sculptures, a maquette may be used to show the client how the finished work will fit in the proposed site.
858:. A plaster cast can accurately reproduce the details of the original sculpture, but is usually much less durable. It is often used as a stage in the
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Carving is one of the oldest sculptural techniques. It is a subtractive process; starting with a solid block, the sculptor removes material using
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is a proprietary product made by
Kerneos (previously Lafarge Aluminates) for industrial use but widely adopted by sculptors. It is a type of
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The cast sculpture may then require some finishing work to remove mold lines and other imperfections. The sculptor may also wish to
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is constructed from compacted sand. By its nature, the mould can only be used once and needs to be reformed for each casting
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810:. Artificial patinas can be created by application of chemical pastes or (below melting point) firing in a chemical
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Rich, Jack C., ‘’The
Materials and Methods of Sculpture’’, Dover Publications, New York, © 1947, 1974 edition p. 262
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first part of the twentieth virtually all stone sculpture was produced by the indirect method of carving."
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Casting is a method of producing one or more copies of a sculpture. Typically, the original sculpture is
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and other tools to 'reveal' the finished form. Traditional carving materials include stone, especially
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or plastic material which is later cured or fired to set it hard. Typical modeling materials include
475:, building up the mould in series of layers. Fast setting, it achieves its full strength in 24 hours.
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Sculptors’ Guild
Travelling Exhibition, 1940-1941’’, Sculptors’ Guild, New York, New York, 1940 p. 6
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Frequently the modeling material has limited structural strength and will need the support of an
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Modelling and
Sculpture: A Practical Treatise for Students, With a Brief History of the Art,
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is a natural or applied surface finish to a sculpture piece. Natural patinas may occur by
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in which the sculptor carves the finished sculpture without using intermediate models or
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revealed during the course of carving, a more flexible and fluid approach is required.
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The process of carving out the basic shapes of a work before any detail is created.
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is a temporary one, used to create a more permanent version in stone or bronze.
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Adobe
Ceramic maquette model of a tower. Dated 13th century BCE. Excavated at
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these products are for indoor use only as they rapidly degrade in the rain.
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or similar process so that the finished piece is hollow rather than solid.
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due to long exposure to air or earth — the most common of which is
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A mould is a reversed impression of a sculpture which is used to
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is used as the casting material, but modern alternatives include
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528:. The sculptor typically works from memory, though some such as
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or outdoor works. Typically Ciment Fondu needs to be used as a
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An armature is an internal frame or skeleton which supports a
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Zorach
Explains Sculpture: What It Means and How It Is Made,
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371:(Italian) A small terracotta sketch of a sculpture: see
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The
Sculptor's Way: A Guide to Modelling and Sculpture,
59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
850:A plaster cast is a copy of a sculpture, which is
1071:Davis Publications, Worceser, Massachutts 1983
489:sculptures in which the casting material is a
8:
1037:Farrar & Rinehart, Inc., New York 1939
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119:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1081:Tudor Publishing Company, New York 1960
1042:The Materials and Methods of Sculpture,
1044:Oxford University Press, New York 1967
1018:Modelling and Sculpture in the Making,
446:the work to produce the final piece...
1000:Vista House Publishers, New York 1957
501:although it tends to be much lighter.
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1025:Figure Sculpture in Wax and Plaster,
57:adding citations to reliable sources
1144:Comprehensive glossary of art terms
1062:Sculpture; Principles and Practice,
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713:Typical moulding materials include
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1054:G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York 1942
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998:The Technique of Wood Sculpture,
352:is a sculpture constructed from
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1020:The Studio Limited, London 1933
990:B.T. Batsford LTD., London 1929
44:needs additional citations for
1010:, Bonanza Books, New York 1939
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53:improve this article
485:A modern method of
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473:fibre glass
135:related to
1153:Categories
1127:2012-01-23
981:References
827:Plasticene
819:plasticene
812:atmosphere
784:patination
350:assemblage
343:assemblage
79:newspapers
800:verdigris
796:oxidation
710:castings.
670:malleable
553:US Gypsum
526:maquettes
137:sculpture
964:See also
862:process.
780:patinate
721:rubber,
693:armature
659:modeling
626:Maquette
620:maquette
566:indirect
546:Hydrocal
444:patinate
437:lost wax
373:maquette
366:bozzetto
332:additive
321:modelled
308:armature
916:casting
860:casting
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682:plaster
666:carving
638:cartoon
634:painter
522:carving
487:casting
424:molding
420:modeled
413:casting
407:casting
392:chisels
385:carving
93:scholar
808:bronze
804:copper
792:patina
778:(also
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768:patina
763:dries.
715:rubber
684:, and
642:sketch
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495:bronze
465:moulds
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326:plinth
133:jargon
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1086:Notes
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719:latex
700:mould
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100:JSTOR
86:books
941:See
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674:clay
613:Iran
72:news
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