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1305:
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25:
1902:
1095:
1254:. In this case, the circuit voltages and currents are independent of time. A particular circuit voltage or current does not depend on the past value of any circuit voltage or current. This implies that the system of equations that represent a DC circuit do not involve integrals or derivatives with respect to time.
1416:
was considered for automobiles, but this found little use. To save weight and wire, often the metal frame of the vehicle is connected to one pole of the battery and used as the return conductor in a circuit. Often the negative pole is the chassis "ground" connection, but positive ground may be used
1290:
In some DC circuit applications, polarity does not matter, which means you can connect positive and negative backwards and the circuit will still be complete and the load will still function normally. However, in most DC applications, polarity does matter, and connecting the circuit backwards will
1286:
In a DC circuit, a power source (e.g. a battery, capacitor, etc.) has a positive and negative terminal, and likewise, the load also has a positive and negative terminal. To complete the circuit, positive charges need to flow from the power source to the load. The charges will then return to the
1484:
High-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission systems use DC for the bulk transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more common alternating current systems. For long-distance transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses.
1278:
part as well as constant or steady state part. It is this steady state part that is the DC solution. There are some circuits that do not have a DC solution. Two simple examples are a constant current source connected to a capacitor and a constant voltage source connected to an inductor.
1098:
Brush
Electric Company's central power plant with dynamos generating direct current to power arc lamps for public lighting in New York. Beginning operation in December 1880 at 133 West Twenty-Fifth Street, the high voltages it operated at allowed it to power a 2-mile (3.2 km) long
1421:, there are usually two separate DC systems. The "low voltage" DC system typically operates at 12V, and serves the same purpose as in an internal combustion engine vehicle. The "high voltage" system operates at 300-400V (depending on the vehicle), and provides the power for the
1142:(a popular type of street lighting) running on very high voltage (usually higher than 3,000 volts) direct current or alternating current. This was followed by the widespread use of low voltage direct current for indoor electric lighting in business and homes after inventor
1287:
negative terminal of the load, which will then flow back to the negative terminal of the battery, completing the circuit. If either the positive or negative terminal is disconnected, the circuit will not be complete and the charges will not flow.
1210:
voltage or current waveform can be decomposed into a sum of a DC component and a zero-mean time-varying component; the DC component is defined to be the expected value, or the average value of the voltage or current over all time.
1214:
Although DC stands for "direct current", DC often refers to "constant polarity". Under this definition, DC voltages can vary in time, as seen in the raw output of a rectifier or the fluctuating voice signal on a telephone line.
236:
Direct current has many uses, from the charging of batteries to large power supplies for electronic systems, motors, and more. Very large quantities of electrical energy provided via direct-current are used in smelting of
1282:
In electronics, it is common to refer to a circuit that is powered by a DC voltage source such as a battery or the output of a DC power supply as a DC circuit even though what is meant is that the circuit is DC powered.
1265:
is added to a DC circuit, the resulting circuit is not, strictly speaking, a DC circuit. However, most such circuits have a DC solution. This solution gives the circuit voltages and currents when the circuit is in
1689:
1154:
to raise and lower voltages to allow much longer transmission distances, direct current was replaced over the next few decades by alternating current in power delivery. In the mid-1950s,
1915:
1158:
transmission was developed, and is now an option instead of long-distance high voltage alternating current systems. For long distance undersea cables (e.g. between countries, such as
1470:
to internally separate the AC component of the voltage between the two wires (the audio signal) from the DC component of the voltage between the two wires (used to power the phone).
834:
2616:
229:
elements (usually) or electromechanical elements (historically) that allow current to flow only in one direction. Direct current may be converted into alternating current via an
807:
819:
1194:
of voltage or current, and to refer to the constant, zero-frequency, or slowly varying local mean value of a voltage or current. For example, the voltage across a DC
2216:
1960:
2685:
1070:
1767:
839:
1369:
from those suitable for alternating current. This is mostly due to the lower voltages used, resulting in higher currents to produce the same amount of
2609:
849:
1717:
1560:
1610:
1123:
in 1832, he found that as the magnet used passed the loops of wire each half turn, it caused the flow of electricity to reverse, generating an
1089:
674:
132:
Direct current (DC) (red line). The vertical axis shows current or voltage and the horizontal 't' axis measures time and shows the zero value.
1912:
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1624:
689:
311:
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1448:
depositions. Telephone installations have a battery system to ensure power is maintained for subscriber lines during power interruptions.
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provides power for engine starting, lighting, the ignition system, the climate controls, and the infotainment system among others. The
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is used to transmit large amounts of power from remote generation sites or to interconnect alternating current power grids.
1928:
1497:(mixing hydrogen and oxygen together with a catalyst to produce electricity and water as byproducts) also produce only DC.
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1425:. Increasing the voltage for the traction motors reduces the current flowing through them, increasing efficiency.
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1162:), this DC option is the only technically feasible option. For applications requiring direct current, such as
1112:
987:
867:
554:
1771:
2724:
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2034:
1115:
conjectured that current travelled in one direction from positive to negative. When French instrument maker
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communication equipment uses standard â48 V DC power supply. The negative polarity is achieved by
1131:, a type of "switch" where contacts on the shaft work with "brush" contacts to produce direct current.
1835:"Battery management strategies: An essential review for battery state of health monitoring techniques"
1834:
2432:
2325:
2074:
2049:
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1150:" in 1882. Because of the significant advantages of alternating current over direct current in using
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Light aircraft electrical systems are typically 12 V or 24 V DC similar to automobiles.
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1969:
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to produce DC for battery charging. Most highway passenger vehicles use nominally 12
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It is usually important with a DC appliance to observe polarity, unless the device has a
1007:
1408:
use 24 volt systems. In some older vehicles, 6 V was used, such as in the original
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1319:(â) is found on many electronic devices that either require or produce direct current.
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1768:"Pixii Machine invented by Hippolyte Pixii, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory"
1166:
power systems, alternating current is distributed to a substation, which utilizes a
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1690:"Charles F. Brush and the First Public Electric Street Lighting System in America"
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Direct current may be converted from an alternating current supply by use of a
128:
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2654:
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2221:
2092:
2054:
1850:
1793:"The First Form of Electric Light History of the Carbon Arc Lamp (1800â1980s)"
1507:
1494:
1393:
1163:
659:
250:
1858:
1404:
systems. Many heavy trucks, farm equipment, or earth moving equipment with
175:. The electric current flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it from
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2533:
2286:
2064:
1525:
1459:
1397:
1258:
1167:
1111:. The nature of how current flowed was not yet understood. French physicist
982:
957:
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1451:
Other devices may be powered from the telecommunications DC system using a
1134:
The late 1870s and early 1880s saw electricity starting to be generated at
1901:
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1993:
1718:"Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta â grants.hhp.coe.uh.edu"
1362:
1159:
1120:
789:
296:
168:
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1938:
1274:. The solution to these equations usually contain a time varying or
155:
is a prime example of DC power. Direct current may flow through a
1303:
1206:
is the solution where all voltages and currents are constant. Any
1177:
1093:
121:"DC power" redirects here. For the association football club, see
1401:
1370:
2598:
1942:
2679:
2634:
18:
1353:
Domestic DC installations usually have different types of
1103:
Direct current was produced in 1800 by
Italian physicist
1874:"Tesla Model 3 & Chevy Bolt Battery Packs Examined"
1806:
Roger S. Amos, Geoffrey
William Arnold Dummer (1999).
1440:
the positive terminal of power supply system and the
2217:
Dual-rotor permanent magnet induction motor (DRPMIM)
1331:
applications, especially where these are powered by
1190:
is used to refer to power systems that use only one
2663:
2633:
2466:
2405:
2379:
2334:
2265:
2106:
2083:
2008:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1609:Andrew J. Robinson, Lynn Snyder-Mackler (2007).
1270:. Such a circuit is represented by a system of
1198:is constant as is the current through a direct
1146:launched his incandescent bulb based electric "
1833:Pradhan, S. K.; Chakraborty, B. (2022-07-01).
1640:N. N. Bhargava and D. C. Kulshrishtha (1984).
1127:. At AmpĂšre's suggestion, Pixii later added a
2610:
1954:
1242:that consists of any combination of constant
1218:Some forms of DC (such as that produced by a
1064:
8:
1671:National Electric Light Association (1915).
2686:Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices
2617:
2603:
2595:
1961:
1947:
1939:
1339:systems (since both can produce only DC).
1308:This symbol which can be represented with
1226:, but may still have variations in output
1071:
1057:
275:
259:
159:such as a wire, but can also flow through
1417:in some wheeled or marine vehicles. In a
1291:result in the load not working properly.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1388:Most automotive applications use DC. An
1170:to convert the power to direct current.
127:
2691:DC Power supply for notebook computer (
1643:Basic Electronics & Linear Circuits
1601:
1561:Neutral direct-current telegraph system
1138:. These were initially set up to power
820:Electromagnetism and special relativity
267:
1090:History of electric power transmission
16:Unidirectional flow of electric charge
840:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
7:
1812:(4th ed.). Newnes. p. 83.
245:processes. It is also used for some
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1746:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 175.
1455:to provide any convenient voltage.
1872:Arcus, Christopher (8 July 2018).
14:
1617:Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
1346:circuits or devices require a DC
1300:Domestic and commercial buildings
1900:
1524:
1510:
23:
1809:Newnes Dictionary of Electronic
1474:High-voltage power transmission
1238:A direct current circuit is an
1222:) have almost no variations in
34:needs additional citations for
2346:Timeline of the electric motor
1674:Electrical meterman's handbook
1444:bank. This is done to prevent
198:are often used to mean simply
1:
2131:Dahlander pole changing motor
1913:AC/DC: What's the Difference?
1396:is an AC device which uses a
1323:DC is commonly found in many
845:Relativistic electromagnetism
183:for this type of current was
2644:Common external power supply
2175:Brushless DC electric motor
1704:Kent State University Press
1555:High-voltage direct current
1480:High-voltage direct current
1414:42 V electrical system
1156:high-voltage direct current
255:High-voltage direct current
2741:
1648:Tata McGraw-Hill Education
1477:
1087:
570:LiĂ©nardâWiechert potential
120:
2192:Switched reluctance (SRM)
2170:Brushed DC electric motor
1976:
1851:10.1016/j.est.2022.104427
1839:Journal of Energy Storage
1677:. Trow Press. p. 81.
1591:Battery management system
1410:classic Volkswagen Beetle
1313:
1121:dynamo electric generator
835:Mathematical descriptions
545:Electromagnetic radiation
535:Electromagnetic induction
475:Magnetic vector potential
470:Magnetic scalar potential
2380:Experimental, futuristic
2297:Variable-frequency drive
1742:Breithaupt, Jim (2010).
1419:battery electric vehicle
1202:. The DC solution of an
2397:Superconducting machine
2035:Coil winding technology
1182:Types of direct current
385:Electrostatic induction
380:Electrostatic discharge
2715:Electrical engineering
1327:applications and some
1320:
1272:differential equations
1183:
1100:
815:Electromagnetic tensor
206:, as when they modify
133:
2676:Computer power supply
2438:Power-to-weight ratio
2302:Direct torque control
1380:to correct for this.
1307:
1181:
1097:
1088:Further information:
808:Covariant formulation
600:Synchrotron radiation
540:Electromagnetic pulse
530:Electromagnetic field
173:electron or ion beams
143:) is one-directional
131:
2433:Open-loop controller
2326:Ward Leonard control
2050:DC injection braking
1922:â PBS Learning Media
1909:at Wikimedia Commons
1466:of wires, and use a
850:Stressâenergy tensor
775:Reluctance (complex)
520:Displacement current
167:, or even through a
153:electrochemical cell
43:improve this article
2646:(for mobile phones)
2336:History, education,
1982:Alternating current
1557:power transmission.
1493:Applications using
1192:electrical polarity
1174:Various definitions
1125:alternating current
765:Magnetomotive force
650:Electromotive force
620:Alternating current
555:Jefimenko equations
515:Cyclotron radiation
177:alternating current
2650:USB Power Delivery
2499:Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
2458:Voltage controller
2413:Blocked-rotor test
2351:Ball bearing motor
2321:Motor soft starter
2275:AC-to-AC converter
2136:Wound-rotor (WRIM)
2098:Electric generator
1931:2016-12-28 at the
1926:DC And AC Supplies
1918:2017-08-26 at the
1518:Electronics portal
1434:Telephone exchange
1390:automotive battery
1321:
1246:sources, constant
1240:electrical circuit
1184:
1113:André-Marie AmpÚre
1101:
613:Electrical network
450:Gauss magnetic law
415:Static electricity
375:Electric potential
190:The abbreviations
181:term formerly used
134:
2702:
2701:
2592:
2591:
2428:Open-circuit test
2267:Motor controllers
2148:Synchronous motor
1970:Electric machines
1905:Media related to
1657:978-0-07-451965-3
1626:978-0-7817-4484-3
1429:Telecommunication
1412:. At one point a
1325:extra-low voltage
1220:voltage regulator
1081:
1080:
780:Reluctance (real)
750:Gyratorâcapacitor
695:Resonant cavities
585:Maxwell equations
225:, which contains
119:
118:
111:
93:
2732:
2720:Electric current
2619:
2612:
2605:
2596:
2443:Two-phase system
2423:Electromagnetism
2371:Mouse mill motor
2338:recreational use
2212:Permanent magnet
2141:Linear induction
1994:Permanent magnet
1963:
1956:
1949:
1940:
1904:
1889:
1888:
1886:
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1869:
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1862:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1803:
1797:
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1789:
1783:
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1780:
1779:
1770:. Archived from
1764:
1758:
1757:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1720:. Archived from
1714:
1708:
1707:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1615:(3rd ed.).
1606:
1566:Polarity symbols
1550:Electric current
1534:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1318:
1204:electric circuit
1119:built the first
1107:'s battery, his
1105:Alessandro Volta
1073:
1066:
1059:
740:Electric machine
723:Magnetic circuit
685:Parallel circuit
675:Network analysis
640:Electric current
575:London equations
420:Triboelectricity
410:Potential energy
279:
269:Electromagnetism
260:
249:, especially in
185:galvanic current
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
58:"Direct current"
51:
27:
19:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2734:
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2731:
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2729:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2659:
2629:
2623:
2593:
2588:
2462:
2401:
2375:
2366:Mendocino motor
2339:
2337:
2330:
2261:
2121:Induction motor
2102:
2079:
2025:Braking chopper
2013:
2011:
2004:
1972:
1967:
1933:Wayback Machine
1920:Wayback Machine
1897:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1832:
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1669:
1665:
1658:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1581:State of charge
1576:State of health
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1506:
1491:
1482:
1476:
1453:DC-DC converter
1431:
1423:traction motors
1386:
1302:
1297:
1268:DC steady state
1236:
1176:
1117:Hippolyte Pixii
1092:
1086:
1077:
1048:
1047:
863:
855:
854:
810:
800:
799:
755:Induction motor
725:
715:
714:
630:Current density
615:
605:
604:
595:Poynting vector
505:
503:Electrodynamics
495:
494:
490:Right-hand rule
455:Magnetic dipole
445:BiotâSavart law
435:
425:
424:
360:Electric dipole
355:Electric charge
330:
243:electrochemical
149:electric charge
126:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2738:
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2725:Electric power
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2460:
2455:
2450:
2448:Inchworm motor
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2418:Circle diagram
2415:
2409:
2407:
2406:Related topics
2403:
2402:
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2389:
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2374:
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2368:
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2356:Barlow's wheel
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2331:
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2328:
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2318:
2313:
2312:
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2309:
2307:Vector control
2304:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2280:Cycloconverter
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2199:
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2112:
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2078:
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2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2045:Damper winding
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2014:
2010:Components and
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1988:Direct current
1984:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1923:
1910:
1907:Direct current
1896:
1895:External links
1893:
1891:
1890:
1864:
1825:
1818:
1798:
1784:
1759:
1752:
1734:
1709:
1680:
1663:
1656:
1650:. p. 90.
1632:
1625:
1619:. p. 10.
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1487:
1478:Main article:
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1472:
1430:
1427:
1406:Diesel engines
1385:
1382:
1301:
1298:
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1235:
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1200:current source
1196:voltage source
1175:
1172:
1136:power stations
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842:
837:
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830:Four-potential
827:
822:
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805:
802:
801:
798:
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787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
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757:
752:
747:
745:Electric motor
742:
737:
732:
726:
721:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
707:
702:
700:Series circuit
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
670:Kirchhoff laws
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
635:Direct current
632:
627:
622:
616:
611:
610:
607:
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603:
602:
597:
592:
590:Maxwell tensor
587:
582:
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567:
562:
560:Larmor formula
557:
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547:
542:
537:
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510:Bremsstrahlung
506:
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472:
467:
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460:Magnetic field
457:
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433:Magnetostatics
431:
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417:
412:
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402:
397:
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387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
365:Electric field
362:
357:
352:
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342:
337:
335:Charge density
331:
328:Electrostatics
326:
325:
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321:
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314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
281:
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272:
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265:
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263:Articles about
161:semiconductors
137:Direct current
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2737:
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2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2674:
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2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:Not USB based
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2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
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2245:
2243:
2242:Piezoelectric
2240:
2238:
2237:Electrostatic
2235:
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2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
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2205:
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2200:
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2178:
2176:
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2171:
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2028:
2026:
2023:
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2018:
2017:
2015:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1978:
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1971:
1964:
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1957:
1952:
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1934:
1930:
1927:
1924:
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1911:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1879:
1878:CleanTechnica
1875:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1819:0-7506-4331-5
1815:
1811:
1810:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1774:on 2008-09-07
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1753:9780230231924
1749:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1724:on 2017-08-28
1723:
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1628:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1586:Smart battery
1584:
1582:
1579:
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1572:
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1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
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1538:
1537:
1533:
1532:Energy portal
1527:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1462:connect to a
1461:
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1447:
1443:
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1292:
1288:
1284:
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1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1250:sources, and
1249:
1245:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1230:and current.
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1144:Thomas Edison
1141:
1137:
1132:
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1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1096:
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1083:
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1054:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1041:
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1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
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1004:
1001:
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996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
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891:
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698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
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673:
671:
668:
666:
665:Joule heating
663:
661:
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648:
646:
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641:
638:
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633:
631:
628:
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614:
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596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
580:Lorentz force
578:
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568:
566:
563:
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518:
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499:
498:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
480:Magnetization
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
465:Magnetic flux
463:
461:
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448:
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401:
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388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
370:Electric flux
368:
366:
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361:
358:
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353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
329:
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318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
307:Computational
305:
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113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2688:(IEEE P1823)
2625:
1987:
1881:. Retrieved
1877:
1867:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1808:
1801:
1787:
1776:. Retrieved
1772:the original
1762:
1743:
1737:
1726:. Retrieved
1722:the original
1712:
1699:
1695:Ohio History
1693:
1688:Mel Gorman.
1683:
1673:
1666:
1642:
1635:
1611:
1604:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1464:twisted pair
1457:
1450:
1446:electrolysis
1432:
1387:
1378:diode bridge
1375:
1352:
1348:power supply
1341:
1322:
1295:Applications
1289:
1285:
1281:
1256:
1237:
1217:
1213:
1187:
1185:
1152:transformers
1140:arc lighting
1133:
1109:Voltaic pile
1102:
825:Four-current
760:Linear motor
645:Electrolysis
634:
525:Eddy current
485:Permeability
405:Polarization
400:Permittivity
235:
220:
213:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
189:
184:
140:
136:
135:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2361:Lynch motor
2126:Shaded-pole
2012:accessories
1571:Solar panel
1337:solar power
1329:low-voltage
795:Transformer
625:Capacitance
550:Faraday law
345:Coulomb law
287:Electricity
251:urban areas
200:alternating
123:DC Power FC
2709:Categories
2671:AC adapter
2655:PoweredUSB
2257:Axial flux
2247:Ultrasonic
2222:Servomotor
2202:Doubly fed
2197:Reluctance
2093:Alternator
2085:Generators
2055:Field coil
2040:Commutator
2000:commutated
1998:SC - Self-
1845:: 104427.
1778:2008-06-12
1728:2017-05-29
1597:References
1495:fuel cells
1460:telephones
1394:alternator
1384:Automotive
1359:connectors
1344:electronic
1312:character
1208:stationary
1164:third rail
1129:commutator
862:Scientists
710:Waveguides
690:Resistance
660:Inductance
440:AmpĂšre law
241:and other
227:electronic
165:insulators
69:newspapers
2693:IEC 62700
2574:Steinmetz
2489:Davenport
2287:Amplidyne
2187:Universal
2165:Homopolar
2153:Repulsion
2065:Slip ring
1859:2352-152X
1438:grounding
1398:rectifier
1333:batteries
1276:transient
1259:capacitor
1252:resistors
1186:The term
1168:rectifier
1018:Steinmetz
948:Kirchhoff
933:Jefimenko
928:Hopkinson
913:Helmholtz
908:Heaviside
770:Permeance
655:Impedance
395:Insulator
390:Gauss law
340:Conductor
317:Phenomena
312:Textbooks
292:Magnetism
223:rectifier
157:conductor
99:June 2009
2628:delivery
2626:DC power
2579:Sturgeon
2509:Ferraris
2494:Davidson
2316:Metadyne
2232:Traction
2180:Unipolar
2160:DC motor
2116:AC motor
2020:Armature
1929:Archived
1916:Archived
1504:See also
1468:bias tee
1367:fixtures
1363:switches
1263:inductor
1234:Circuits
1099:circuit.
1043:Wiechert
998:Poynting
888:Einstein
735:DC motor
730:AC motor
565:Lenz law
350:Electret
247:railways
239:aluminum
231:inverter
179:(AC). A
2569:Sprague
2564:Siemens
2539:Maxwell
2504:Faraday
2453:Starter
2392:Railgun
2387:Coilgun
2227:Stepper
2075:Winding
1935:â ITACA
1744:Physics
1545:DC bias
1442:battery
1355:sockets
1310:Unicode
1248:current
1244:voltage
1224:voltage
1148:utility
1084:History
1028:Thomson
1003:Ritchie
993:Poisson
978:Neumann
973:Maxwell
968:Lorentz
963:Liénard
893:Faraday
878:Coulomb
705:Voltage
680:Ohm law
302:History
215:voltage
209:current
83:scholar
2559:Saxton
2544:Ărsted
2529:Jedlik
2524:Jacobi
2514:Gramme
2479:Barlow
2467:People
2292:Drives
2207:Linear
2108:Motors
2070:Stator
1883:6 June
1857:
1816:
1750:
1706:: 142.
1654:
1623:
1365:, and
1160:NorNed
1013:Singer
1008:Savart
988:Ărsted
953:Larmor
943:Kelvin
898:Fizeau
868:AmpĂšre
790:Stator
297:Optics
204:direct
171:as in
169:vacuum
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2637:based
2584:Tesla
2554:Pixii
2519:Henry
2484:Botto
2474:Arago
2060:Rotor
2030:Brush
1992:PM -
1986:DC -
1980:AC -
1489:Other
1458:Many
1371:power
1342:Most
1257:If a
1228:power
1038:Weber
1033:Volta
1023:Tesla
938:Joule
923:Hertz
918:Henry
903:Gauss
785:Rotor
151:. An
90:JSTOR
76:books
2549:Park
2534:Lenz
2252:TEFC
1885:2022
1855:ISSN
1814:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1652:ISBN
1621:ISBN
1317:2393
958:Lenz
883:Davy
873:Biot
202:and
194:and
145:flow
62:news
2680:ATX
2635:USB
1847:doi
1540:CCS
1335:or
1261:or
983:Ohm
212:or
147:of
45:by
2711::
1876:.
1853:.
1843:51
1841:.
1837:.
1702:.
1700:70
1698:.
1692:.
1646:.
1373:.
1361:,
1357:,
1350:.
1315:U+
1188:DC
253:.
233:.
218:.
196:DC
192:AC
187:.
163:,
141:DC
2695:)
2682:)
2678:(
2618:e
2611:t
2604:v
1962:e
1955:t
1948:v
1887:.
1861:.
1849::
1822:.
1795:.
1781:.
1756:.
1731:.
1660:.
1629:.
1402:V
1072:e
1065:t
1058:v
139:(
125:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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