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may be included, any existing image might be distorted by mechanical or chemical means. A third method takes place in a darkroom, using unexposed film that is exposed frame by frame. The artists places objects onto the fresh stock and then uses a small light beam to create the images. This third
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There are two basic methods to produce animation directly on film. One starts with blank film stock, the other one with black (already developed) film. On blank film the artist can draw, paint, stamp, or even glue or tape objects. Black film (or any footage) can be scratched, etched, sanded, or
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Direct animation can be an inexpensive way to produce a film; it can even be done on outtakes, or discarded film strips from other projects. It is a form of animation that is inviting to beginners and accomplished artists alike. Norman McLaren wrote a short illustrated introduction "How to make
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Tess
Takahashi. "'Meticulously, Recklessly Worked-Upon': Materiality in Contemporary Experimental Animation", The Sharpest Point: Animation at the End of Cinema. Edited by Chris Gehman & Steve Reinke. Toronto: YYZ Press, 2006.
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105:. Other filmmakers in the 1960s expanded the idea and subjected the film stock to increasingly radical methods, up to the point where the film was destroyed in the process
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1961 – "O Átomo
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in 1949. Helen Hill published a collection called
Recipes for Disaster that includes a wide range of approaches to creating images directly on film.
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created the first direct film screened to a general audience, a promotion for the
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punched. Any tool the artist finds useful may be used for this, and all techniques can be combined endlessly. The
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George
Griffin. "Concrete Animation." animation: an interdisciplinary journal Vol 2(3):259–274
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category of work has to be sent to a lab and processed, just like films created with a camera.
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may be preferred for their relatively larger working area, but direct animation is done on
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as well as images by drawing or otherwise reproducing forms in the soundtrack area.
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Watch "Animando", which teaches how to use the technique (along with 9 others)
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discuss their nine abstract films (eight of which are now lost) in their text
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produced hand-painted film strips, possibly intended for projection in her
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The first and best known practitioners of drawn-on-film animation include
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technique where footage is produced by creating the images directly on
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an experimental Direct
Animation; taking the technique a step further.
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exhibited the first feature-length hand-painted film, the silent epic
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in the GPO Film Unit. Lye went on to create direct films in New York.
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animated movies without a camera" which was originally published by
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produced hand-painted films in San
Francisco which screened at the
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Article about several experimental filmmakers and their techniques
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An article about contemporary american filmmakers in this field
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Drawing on film explained at the
National Film Board of Canada
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An animation with scratched figures and hand-painted sections
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The Dream of Color Music, And
Machines That Made it Possible
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Beginning in 1941, McLaren continued this work at the
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List of animated television series by episode count
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416:. National Film Board of Canada
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231:as well as his movie
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1627:Virtual newscaster
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178:In 1912, Italian
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355:Caroline Leaf
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334:Pierre Hébert
332:
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313:
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307:Stan Brakhage
305:
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296:
292:
289:
286:
282:
281:Art in Cinema
278:
274:
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259:
258:
253:
252:Boogie-Doodle
249:
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241:John Grierson
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188:
184:
183:Arnaldo Ginna
181:
177:
176:
172:
170:
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156:
151:
148:
147:found footage
144:
136:
132:
127:
120:
118:
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110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
95:Stan Brakhage
92:
88:
80:
76:
69:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
27:
19:
1749:anime series
1707:Motion comic
1576:visual music
1522:Pose to pose
1497:Inbetweening
1481:
1477:Chuckimation
1419:Shadowmation
1372:Animatronics
1273:eye tracking
1253:Morph target
1205:Multi-sketch
956:Short series
870:Art pipeline
848:Story artist
794:World War II
663:South Africa
540:
526:
490:
476:
460:Bibliography
445:. Retrieved
440:
430:
418:. Retrieved
413:
403:
371:
367:
347:
337:
310:
303:, in Madrid.
280:
267:
261:
255:
251:
233:Kaleidoscope
232:
228:A Colour Box
226:
215:
190:
152:
139:
111:
84:
55:
51:
47:
46:
26:
18:Direct films
1675:model sheet
1532:Rubber hose
1455:model sheet
1233:Cel shading
1075:Stop motion
1060:Rotoscoping
1032:Traditional
961:Stop-motion
907:Outsourcing
668:South Korea
648:Philippines
643:North Korea
527:Two Sisters
370:(2001) and
277:Harry Smith
266:(1949) and
201:color organ
187:Bruno Corra
1806:Categories
1680:walk cycle
1547:Syncro-Vox
1460:walk cycle
1364:Mechanical
1290:Procedural
1190:PowerPoint
1143:Puppetoons
1138:Pixilation
1103:silhouette
1092:strata-cut
1083:Claymation
1024:Techniques
1013:Television
784:Silent Era
716:Bangladesh
711:Azerbaijan
598:Bangladesh
587:By country
395:References
385:Naomi Uman
344:Chel White
235:. Lye and
216:Emak Bakia
135:film stock
121:Techniques
107:projection
64:film stock
1690:off-model
1660:Key frame
1517:Pixel art
1512:Pinscreen
1470:off-model
1414:Scanimate
1332:Machinima
1131:Brickfilm
1119:go motion
1045:Flip book
579:Animation
437:"Hen Hop"
324:Rose Bond
312:Mothlight
293:In 1970,
275:In 1946,
180:futurists
155:35mm film
60:animation
1776:Category
1685:lip sync
1565:Variants
1552:Zoetrope
1502:Morphing
1465:lip sync
1445:Blocking
1337:Aniforms
1314:Puppetry
1295:Skeletal
1162:timeline
1153:Computer
1008:Internet
890:regional
826:Animator
819:Industry
683:Thailand
653:Portugal
633:Malaysia
541:Revolver
260:(1942),
254:(1941),
221:In 1935
214:created
210:In 1926
161:or even
58:, is an
1791:Outline
1158:history
1109:Graphic
1055:Masking
946:Package
771:Ukraine
741:Hungary
703:History
693:Vietnam
658:Romania
618:Estonia
613:Czechia
496:66–178.
447:9 April
420:9 April
272:(1955).
257:Hen Hop
223:Len Lye
212:Man Ray
205:Sarabet
87:Len Lye
70:History
1786:Portal
1347:Live2D
1263:facial
1228:T-pose
1126:Object
1099:Cutout
978:Series
927:Films
766:Russia
736:France
726:Canada
721:Brazil
678:Taiwan
638:Mexico
603:Bhutan
581:topics
469:
441:NFB.ca
414:NFB.ca
376:(2003)
350:(1985)
340:(1982)
315:(1963)
115:UNESCO
1602:Anime
1243:Crowd
1185:Flash
1114:Model
1003:Flash
951:Short
921:Works
761:Korea
756:Japan
746:India
731:China
673:Spain
628:Japan
623:India
608:China
353:1991
159:16 mm
143:frame
1542:Sand
1180:2.5D
858:List
831:List
751:Iran
467:ISBN
449:2009
422:2009
185:and
1665:Cel
1238:CGI
1200:CSS
1195:SVG
54:or
1808::
1220:3D
1172:2D
1160:,
1090:,
489:,
439:.
412:.
357:–
346:,
336:,
309:,
203:,
93:,
89:,
1578:)
1574:(
1164:)
1156:(
1105:)
1101:(
903:)
899:(
571:e
564:t
557:v
451:.
424:.
287:.
207:.
20:)
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