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improvements. On the issue of the financial constraints, the report cited the $ 125 billion record profit that oil companies collectively announced in 2007. "Despite their sky-high profits oil companies are not willing to bear the costs of reducing emissions. It seems that since these investments are not profitable, companies will not make them unless they are forced by a regulatory body," the report said.
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in revisions to the Fuel
Quality Directive is unachievable. The report specifically cited that it is viable for these companies to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 10.5% to a maximum of 15.5% through the reduction of gas flaring and venting as well as energy efficiency and refinery
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production and concern for rich firms driving poor people off their land to convert it to fuel crops. On 18 January 2008 the UK House of
Commons Environmental Audit Committee raised similar concerns, and called for a moratorium on biofuel targets. This position echoes the stance of many
126:) with biofuels by 2010. The directive also called for an intermediate target of 2% by 31 December 2005. The target of 5.75% was to be met by 31 December 2010. These percentages were to be calculated on the basis of energy content of the fuel and were to apply to petrol and
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One of the EU responses involved the introduction of the sustainability criteria in the biofuel program. This include key provisions that address the issue of rainforest destruction and unsustainable land conversion. These mandate that biofuels and bioliquid:
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A 2007 progress report found that biofuel only held a 1% share, not reaching the target of 2% or the combined goals of the member nations, which was 1.4%. The 2010 target was officially replaced when the
Directive 2003/30/EC was repealed by
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announced the EU is rethinking its biofuel program due to environmental and social concerns and new guidelines must ensure that EU targets are not damaging. The EU official was particularly concerned about the impact of biofuels on rising
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for EU transport. The directive entered into force in May 2003, and stipulated that national measures must be taken by countries across the EU aiming at replacing 5.75% of all transport fossil fuels (petrol and
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The
European Parliament has also approved a more lenient policy revising its target for 2015. Although the 10% objective for 2020 was retained, the directive set an interim target of 5% for 2015.
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COM(2007)18: Proposal for a
Directive amending Fuel Quality Directive 98/70/EC (also called Directive relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels ), as amended by Directive 2003/17/EC:
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of 7 November 2001 on an Action Plan and two
Proposals for Directives to foster the use of Alternative Fuels for Transport, starting with the regulatory and fiscal promotion of biofuels
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for transport purposes placed on the markets of member states. Member states were encouraged to take on national "indicative" targets in conformity with the overall target.
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437:"Directive 2003/17/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 March 2003 Amending Directive 98/70/EC Relating to the Quality of Petrol and Diesel Fuels"
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Directive 2003/30/EC of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport
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Transformations in EU biofuels markets under the
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to the
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of 27 October 2003 restructuring the
Community framework for the taxation of energy products and electricity
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cannot be produced in untouched forests, protected areas and highly biodiverse savannahs (grasslands); and
202:(FoEE) released a report stating that oil companies are falsely claiming that the target proposed by the
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should reduce the lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions from transport fuels from 2011 onward, by 1% year.
319:"on alternative fuels for road transportation and on a set of measures to promote the use of biofuels"
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cannot be sourced from areas with high carbon stocks, including wetlands and continuous forests.
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Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport
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634:. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 405.
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Khanna, Madhu; Scheffran, Jurgen; Zilberman, David (2009).
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Johnson, Francis; Pacini, Henrique; Smeets, Edward (2013).
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522:"Oil companies attacked for resisting climate targets"
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non-governmental organisations and environmentalists.
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Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union
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By Roger Harrabin bbc.co.uk Monday, 14 January 2008
215:On 14 January 2008 the EU Environment Commissioner
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594:http://www.tni.org/detail_page.phtml?act_id=17839
237:cannot be produced in areas of high biodiversity;
572:. House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee
674:Summary of criticisms of EU biofuels directive
497:"EUR-Lex - 02009L0028-20130701 - EN - EUR-Lex"
551:http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7186380.stm
8:
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632:Handbook of Bioenergy Economics and Policy
439:. Official Journal of the European Union.
194:Petroleum industry accused of undermining
190:which contained a target of 10% by 2020.
224:, rainforest destruction, notably from
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591:EU renewables policy: doubts and flaws
481:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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418:Microsoft Word – fuelqualityIAlong.doc
385:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
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664:European Commission pages on biofuels
133:Directive 2003/30/EC was repealed by
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153:COM(2006) 845, Communication of the
146:COM(2001) 547, Communication of the
27:EU directive promoting biofuel usage
294:Energy policy of the European Union
288:Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation
609:. Bogor Barat: CIFOR. p. 15.
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547:EU rethinks biofuels guidelines
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328:. EU Commission. Archived from
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689:Biofuel in the European Union
83:L123, 17 June 2003, pp. 42–46
200:Friends of the Earth Europe
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719:2003 in the European Union
563:"Are Biofuels Sustainable"
510:FoE Europe – Press Release
704:European Union directives
299:Phase-out of fossil fuels
117:for promoting the use of
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423:28 November 2007 at the
115:European Union directive
39:European Union directive
405:7 January 2007 at the
659:Text of the directive
160:Related legislation:
709:Friends of the Earth
463:on 23 September 2015
188:Directive 2009/28/EC
165:Directive 2003/96/EC
135:Directive 2009/28/EC
111:Directive 2003/30/EC
98:Directive 2009/28/EC
33:Directive 2003/30/EC
694:Biofuels technology
290:(UK implementation)
204:European Commission
155:European Commission
148:European Commission
66:European Parliament
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335:on 30 October 2012
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222:food prices
141:Legislation
128:diesel fuel
94:Replaced by
683:Categories
576:15 January
339:15 January
305:References
278:Bioenergy
211:Criticism
79:reference
477:cite web
421:Archived
403:Archived
381:cite web
251:See also
226:palm oil
163:Council
119:biofuels
104:Repealed
532:15 June
467:15 July
371:1 March
181:Results
77:Journal
70:Council
62:Made by
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273:EU law
124:diesel
113:was a
68:&
566:(PDF)
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365:(PDF)
358:(PDF)
333:(PDF)
322:(PDF)
54:Title
669:EFOA
636:ISBN
611:ISBN
578:2014
534:2018
483:link
469:2014
387:link
373:2007
341:2014
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
