695:, and can expand public awareness and financial contributions for conservation efforts. Wealthy nations such as the United States do list species of concern, and occasionally insects are placed on its Endangered Species List. In 2017 this list had classified over 80 insects as endangered species, the majority of them beetles or butterflies; a significant percentage of these listed insects are native only to the Hawaiian Islands. Migratory species, such as the well-known monarch butterfly (
522:. For many studies, factors such as abundance, biomass, and species richness are often found to be declining for some, but not all locations in many studies; some species are in decline while others are not. Every species is affected in different ways by changes in the environment, and it cannot be inferred that there is a consistent decrease across different insect groups. When conditions change, some species easily adapt to the change while others struggle to survive.
660:
46:
572:
specific geographic areas and specific groups of species. The methodology of the Sánchez-Bayo & Wyckhuys study has been questioned; the search string used to sift through the scientific literature was "(insect* + decline* + survey)". This meant that the authors identified studies finding insect declines, but may have missed those that found increases in insect populations or stability. In assessing the study methodology, an editorial in
716:). This species is restricted to a very small range of habitat due to specificity in their diet. In the international market of insect collecting, the butterfly can retrieve up to US$ 2000. In 1978, the government of Papua New Guinea set up the Insect Farming and Trading Agency (IFTA) to regulate the exploitation and conservation of Queen Alexandra's birdwing and other valuable butterflies.
607:
78:(1.8 million species) are insects (see illustration). With only 950,000 known non-insects, if the actual total number of insects is 5.5 million, they may represent over 80% of the total, and with only about 20,000 new species of all organisms being described each year, most insect species likely will remain undescribed, unless species descriptions greatly increase in rate.
593:
although trends in most regions are currently unknown. It is difficult to assess long-term trends in insect abundance or diversity because historical measurements are generally not known for many species. Robust data to assess at-risk areas or species is especially lacking for arctic and tropical regions and a majority of the southern hemisphere.
568:. Data from the past from which to calculate trends is largely unavailable, and what does exist is mostly related to Western Europe and North America. Insect population assessments that have been undertaken were largely concentrated on the more popular insect groups, butterflies and moths, bees, dragonflies and beetles.
576:
stated, "An unbiased review of the literature would still find declines, but estimates based on this 'unidirectional' methodology are not credible. However, according to the authors of that review "more than half of the surveys were obtained from references cited in other reports" and "the 73 insect
675:
is a global problem, conserving habitat for species of insects is uncommon and generally of low priority, although there are exceptions. More commonly insect conservation occurs indirectly, either through the setting aside of large portions of land using "wilderness preservation" as the motive, or
571:
Some studies have suggested a large proportion of insect species (up to a third of the known species) are threatened with extinction in the 21st century, such as a 2019 review by Sánchez-Bayo and
Wyckhuys, though ecologist Manu Sanders notes that many of these findings are often biased limited to
592:
has stated there are not sufficient data to predict an imminent mass extinction of insects. For some insect groups such as some butterflies, bees, and beetles, declines in abundance and diversity have been documented in
European studies. Other areas have shown increases in some insect species,
556:-documented population trends in 2013, 33% were in decline with variation in documented species across orders. Most scientific and public attention has been focused on the conservation of larger, charismatic vertebrates, and relatively fewer studies have been done on insect groups, especially
766: concluded that with the global decline in the amount of pollinators, there is not a complete loss of fruit or seeds, but a significant decrease in quantity and viability in fruits, and a lower number of seeds.
509:
being the second highest. Insect diversity has recovered after past mass extinctions, due to periods where new species originate with increased frequency, though the recovery can take millions of years.
161:). At least 900,000 described species — about 90% of all known insects — belong to the five aforementioned orders, each of which has over 100,000 species, while the next (sixth) most diverse order,
584:
Claims of pending mass insect extinctions or "insect apocalypse" based on a subset of studies have been popularized in news reports, but often make claims extrapolated beyond the study data or
701:), are in need of special conservation methods. One species may require several habitat locations, even across international boundaries, for the different periods of their migratory patterns.
577:
surveys cover all species in a particular taxon – irrespective of them exhibiting declines, stable or increasing trends in their distribution or abundance". Entomology professor
545:
on crops have affected not only non-target insect species, but also the plants on which they feed. Climate change and the introduction of exotic species that compete with the
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through protection of "charismatic vertebrates". Some studies estimate that global insect populations are in rapid decline, perhaps by as much as 80% in recent decades. The
552:
As of 2017, at least 66 insect species extinctions had been recorded in the previous 500 years, which generally occurred on oceanic islands. For 203 insect species that had
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suggested that media reports of an "Ecological
Armageddon" may be exaggerated and advocated for more funding to allow better collection of long term data on the decline.
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518:
Several studies seemed to indicate that some insect populations are in decline in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, and has also been popularized as the
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70:
species and 5.5 million insect species, with around 1 million insect species currently found and described. Between 950,000–1,000,000 of all described
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describes people noticing vastly fewer insects flying into the path of their cars after long drives, and this may reflect worldwide loss of insect
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489:
The fossil record concerning insects stretches back for hundreds of millions of years. It suggests there are ongoing background levels of both
498:
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624:
1202:
Wagner, David L.; Van
Driesche, Roy G. (January 2010). "Threats Posed to Rare or Endangered Insects by Invasions of Nonnative Species".
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589:
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Single-species insect conservation can preserve other species indirectly; this preservation-by-default is referred to as the
628:
1574:
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Sanchez-Bayo, Francisco (April 2019). "Response to "Global insect decline: Comments on Sánchez-Bayo and
Wyckhuys (2019)"".
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have been reported in at least one region or country on every continent except
Antarctica, which has no pollinators. The
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ones put the native species under stress, and as a result they are more likely to succumb to pathogens and parasites.
962:
Labandeira, Conrad (1 January 2005), "The fossil record of insect extinction: new approaches and future directions",
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in the holocene have been attributed to habitat loss from land use changes such as urbanization or agricultural use,
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617:
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758:. According to some estimates, over â…“ of the human diet can be traced directly or indirectly to bee pollination.
688:
1074:
Tscharntke, Teja; Klein, Alexandra M.; Kruess, Andreas; Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf; Thies, Carsten (August 2005).
704:
Insect conservation has been labelled in the past as a concern only for the affluent. The developing country of
1676:
731:, biodiversity is important for the production of food and for ecological services such as the recycling of
1076:"Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity and ecosystem service management"
66:
are often highly variable. Globally, averages of these predictions estimate there are around 1.5 million
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Braak, Nora; Neve, Rebecca; Jones, Andrew K.; Gibbs, Melanie; Breuker, Casper J. (November 2018).
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802:"New approaches narrow global species estimates for beetles, insects, and terrestrial arthropods"
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has a "happily ever after" ending in their attempts to preserve the world's largest butterfly,
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Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis
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1339:
1330:; Young, Hillary; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick; Collen, Ben (25 July 2014),
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497:. Very occasionally, the record also appears to show mass extinctions of insects. The
1239:"The impact of artificial light at night on nocturnal insects: A review and synthesis"
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W. S. Robinson, R. Nowogrodski & R. A. Morse. (1989). "Pollination parameters".
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1510:""Ecological Armageddon" – more evidence for the drastic decline in insect numbers"
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915:"How Many Species of Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods Are There on Earth?"
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Why Every Fly Counts: A Documentation about the Value and
Endangerment of Insects
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of insects, five dominate in terms of numbers of described species, namely
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691:. Showy insects such as butterflies or large, colourful beetles serve as
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Estimates of the total number of insect species or those within specific
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631: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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N. E. Stork, J. McBroom, C. Gely, and A. J. Hamilton (16 June 2015).
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997:""Insectageddon": A call for more robust data and rigorous analyses"
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Thomas, Chris D.; Jones, T. Hefin; Hartley, Sue E. (18 March 2019).
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1625:. USDA Agriculture Handbook 496, Washington, D.C. Archived from
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126:
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1394:"Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers"
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537:, and artificial lighting. The use of increased quantities of
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on the planet—over half of the estimated 1.5 million organism
74:
species are considered insects, so over 50% of all described
1392:
Sánchez-Bayo, Francisco; Wyckhuys, Kris A.G. (April 2019).
1124:
Insect-plant interactions in a crop protection perspective
1438:"Insectageddon is a great story. But what are the facts?"
1549:"Global Insect Biodiversity: Frequently Asked Questions"
1149:"The effects of insecticides on butterflies – A review"
53:
species, showing just over half of these to be insects
1237:
Owens, Avalon C. S.; Lewis, Sara M. (November 2018).
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1053:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–5.
1126:. Academic Press. 2017-01-19. pp. 313–320.
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885:"Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals)"
1579:ECOS Environmental Conservation Online System
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1622:Insect pollination of cultivated crop plants
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647:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1296:"Emergence of a sixth mass extinction?"
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30:accounts for a large proportion of all
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739:and local hydrological processes, and
7:
629:adding citations to reliable sources
1436:Saunders, Manu (16 February 2019).
1575:"Conserving the Nature of America"
1554:. Entomological Society of America
1216:10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085516
932:10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348
913:Stork, Nigel E. (7 January 2018).
177:), has just under 24,000 species.
25:
1332:"Defaunation in the Anthropocene"
499:Permian–Triassic extinction event
1101:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00782.x
1047:Reckhaus, Hans-Dietrich (2017).
605:
590:Entomological Society of America
1294:Briggs, John C (October 2017).
764:Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
616:needs additional citations for
1581:. US Fish and Wildlife Service
1573:US Fish and Wildlife Service.
1:
1484:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.03.020
1419:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020
1173:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.100
746:In the United States alone,
663:Queen Alexandra's birdwing (
527:declines in insect abundance
38:described are classified as
1442:Ecology is not a dirty word
1204:Annual Review of Entomology
919:Annual Review of Entomology
1693:
750:by bees accounts for over
710:Queen Alexandra's birdwing
586:hyperbolize study findings
501:saw the greatest level of
1652:World Resources Institute
1518:Annals of Applied Biology
1313:10.1093/biolinnean/blx063
891:. Smithsonian Institution
760:Losses of key pollinators
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1602:Gleanings in Bee Culture
1619:S. E. McGregor (1976).
1464:Biological Conservation
1398:Biological Conservation
1361:10.1126/science.1251817
1153:Environmental Pollution
830:10.1073/pnas.1502408112
714:Ornithoptera alexandrae
665:Ornithoptera alexandrae
754:9 billion of economic
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1243:Ecology and Evolution
1001:Global Change Biology
964:American Entomologist
678:windshield phenomenon
667:) of Papua New Guinea
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574:Global Change Biology
520:windshield phenomenon
491:new species appearing
81:Of the 24 identified
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1508:(20 December 2017),
625:improve this article
507:Cretaceous–Paleogene
181:Number of described
18:Diversity of insects
1654:, Washington, D. C.
1476:2019BCons.233..334S
1410:2019BCons.232....8S
1353:2014Sci...345..401D
1255:2018EcoEv...811337O
1249:(22): 11337–11358.
1165:2018EPoll.242..507B
1092:2005EcolL...8..857T
1013:2019GCBio..25.1891T
821:2015PNAS..112.7519S
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28:Insect biodiversity
977:10.1093/ae/51.1.14
741:biological control
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1347:(6195): 401–406,
1263:10.1002/ece3.4557
1159:(Pt A): 507–518.
1133:978-0-12-803324-1
1060:978-3-319-58765-3
1022:10.1111/gcb.14608
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1585:21 September
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895:21 September
893:. Retrieved
888:
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864:cite journal
854:21 September
852:. Retrieved
812:
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737:microclimate
726:agricultural
723:
713:
703:
696:
686:
670:
664:
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623:Please help
618:verification
615:
597:Conservation
583:
570:
551:
539:insecticides
525:Concerns of
524:
517:
488:
469:Siphonaptera
389:Strepsiptera
359:Thysanoptera
349:Phthiraptera
171:grasshoppers
80:
61:
32:biodiversity
27:
26:
1470:: 334–335.
1447:24 February
781:Defaunation
748:pollination
720:Agriculture
505:, with the
495:extinctions
449:Lepidoptera
439:Trichoptera
419:Megaloptera
379:Hymenoptera
249:Phasmatodea
151:leafhoppers
115:Hymenoptera
95:butterflies
91:Lepidoptera
89:(beetles),
1666:Categories
1633:2007-04-09
1608:: 148–152.
787:References
743:of pests.
729:ecosystems
562:Orthoptera
547:indigenous
543:herbicides
409:Neuroptera
399:Coleoptera
339:Psocoptera
299:Dermaptera
289:Plecoptera
259:Embioptera
239:Orthoptera
163:Orthoptera
111:mosquitoes
87:Coleoptera
76:eukaryotes
1492:150059494
1377:206555761
970:: 14–29,
733:nutrients
682:abundance
566:Hemiptera
531:pesticide
479:Mecoptera
369:Hemiptera
329:Blattodea
309:Zoraptera
209:Zygentoma
139:true bugs
135:Hemiptera
51:eukaryote
1404:: 8–27.
1369:25061202
1281:30519447
1224:19743915
1189:51625489
1181:30005263
1110:54532666
1031:30821400
949:23755007
941:28938083
849:26034274
770:See also
637:May 2024
463:155,477
453:157,338
403:386,500
383:116,861
373:103,590
319:Mantodea
175:crickets
155:bed bugs
131:sawflies
1558:6 March
1525:: 1–3,
1472:Bibcode
1406:Bibcode
1349:Bibcode
1340:Science
1272:6262936
1251:Bibcode
1161:Bibcode
1088:Bibcode
1009:Bibcode
889:BugInfo
840:4475949
817:Bibcode
756:revenue
558:Diptera
459:Diptera
443:14,391
243:23,855
229:Odonata
167:locusts
143:cicadas
141:, e.g.
103:Diptera
40:insects
36:species
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413:5,868
363:5,864
353:5,102
343:5,720
333:7,314
323:2,400
303:1,978
293:3,743
253:3,014
233:5,899
223:3,240
190:Order
183:extant
147:aphids
133:) and
83:orders
72:animal
68:beetle
64:orders
1552:(PDF)
1513:(PDF)
1488:S2CID
1373:S2CID
1335:(PDF)
1185:S2CID
1106:S2CID
945:S2CID
805:(PDF)
533:use,
127:wasps
107:flies
99:moths
1587:2017
1560:2019
1449:2019
1365:PMID
1277:PMID
1220:PMID
1177:PMID
1128:ISBN
1055:ISBN
1027:PMID
937:PMID
897:2017
870:link
856:2017
845:PMID
809:PNAS
752:US$
564:and
554:IUCN
541:and
493:and
483:757
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173:and
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129:and
123:bees
119:ants
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1527:doi
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1345:345
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1304:122
1267:PMC
1259:doi
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1169:doi
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1017:doi
972:doi
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