117:
2144:
623:
31:
1082:) connected to Kievan Rus'. According to Bosselmann (2018) and DiGioia (2020), Scandinavian names are used by Turisas 'as a way to convey the historical context of the songs' subject matter', namely 'the stories of the Scandinavian pre-Christian populations and their travels eastwards along the way known as the Way of the Varangians to the Greek to Constantinople'.
731:
near
Constantia (today Constanţa, Romania). Numerous runic inscriptions, symbols and even a graffiti of a Viking navy are visible on the walls of the rock church from Murfatlar. A rune stone from the Sjonhem cemetery in Gotland dating from the 11th century commemorates a merchant Rodfos who was
222:), a tributary of the Dnieper. It seems probable that once the route was established, the goods were unloaded onto land transport to cross the portage and reloaded onto other waiting ships on the Dnieper. Along the Dnieper, the route crossed several major rapids and passed through
489:, which could accommodate thirty to forty people, to places along the rivers. These sailboats were then transported along the Dnieper to Kiev. There they were sold to the Varangians who re-equipped them and loaded them with merchandise.
452:
before sailing further down the
Dnieper towards the Black Sea in June. Though "Varangians" has come to mean "Vikings" to many, the term for the Byzantines meant all Scandinavians and their kindred living in what is now Russia.
1242:, p. 117: "C'est alors que débutent des tentatives pour ressusciter le trafic commercial sur le Dniepr, interrompu depuis un demi-siècle, et que commence le développement urbain de Kiev qui aurait aussi porté, selon le
727:, the navigation near the western shore of Black Sea contained stops at Sulina (Danube Delta), Conopa, Constantia (localities today in Romania). There are some remains of the Varangian presence in this area at
1462:(2000). "Deux etapes de la formation de l'ancien etat russe, dans Les centres proto-urbains russes entre Scandinavie, Byzance et Orient". In Zuckerman, Constantin; Kazanski, Michel; Nercessian, Anne (eds.).
186:
1096:
uses the framework of this trade route, in the book's first portion, to explicate a journey from the Middle East all the way to
Scandinavia. This book was the basis for the film
1028:
842:
had strengthened its commercial ties with
Western Europe, and the route from the Varangians to the Greeks gradually lost its significance. For a related military route, see
62:. The route allowed merchants along its length to establish a direct prosperous trade with the Empire, and prompted some of them to settle in the territories of present-day
1771:
Petrukhin, V.J., 2006. The
Dnieper rapids in" De administrando imperio": the trade route and its sacrificial rites. BAR INTERNATIONAL SERIES, 1499, p. 187.
465:
1486:
2324:
38:(in red) and the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks (in purple). Other trade routes of the 8th to the 11th centuries are shown in orange.
1811:
1783:
1547:
1509:
1432:
1202:
668:, where the river turns south, and fell 50 meters in 66 kilometers. Today, the rapids are underwater, due to the construction of the dam of
460:
and lucrative goods. The route gained significant importance from the 10th until the first third of the 11th century, concurrently with the
1491:(in Romanian, Latin, and Greek). Vol. II De la anul 300 până la anul 1000. Bucharest: Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România.
1290:’, on his way to Russia (see also below). It has been conjectured that this otherwise unidentified place-name has some connection with the
2044:
2344:
2329:
456:
The route was probably established in the late 8th and early 9th centuries, when
Varangian explorers searched for plunder but also for
2354:
165:
1762:
Dixon, D.F., 1998. Varangian-Rus warrior-merchants and the origin of the
Russian state. Journal of Macromarketing, 18(1), pp. 50–61.
1673:
1641:
1612:
1473:
1522:
2359:
2143:
1716:
1696:
1122:
1270:
with the name Vitičev (xolm), for which there is no Slavic etymology, and identifies the first
Vitaholm with Vitičev xolm."
2364:
1768:
Sverdlov, M.B., 1970. Transit Routes in
Eastern Europe in the 9th to 11th Centuries. Soviet Geography, 11(6), pp. 472–479.
669:
2334:
1846:
2369:
1881:
838:
opened more lucrative routes from Europe to the Orient through the
Crusader states of the Middle East. By that time,
2374:
1926:
740:
The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks was connected to other waterways of Eastern Europe, such as the
1804:
1055:
116:
2228:
420:
2037:
1501:
The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century
1065:
902:
876:
728:
219:
2011:
1921:
1841:
1112:
779:
The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks was used to transport different kinds of merchandise.
1003:, pages 932 (19 Dec 1954) to 988 (15 Jan 1956), the eponymous main character and company travel on two
765:
2118:
1946:
1797:
1765:
Adelson, H.L., 1960. Early medieval trade routes. The American Historical Review, 65(2), pp. 271–287.
1459:
627:
577:
565:
173:
59:
1018:
Two music albums coincidentally released in 2007 deal with fictional journeys down the trade route,
181:
2349:
2234:
1981:
1871:
1604:
Multilingual Metal Music: Sociocultural, Linguistic and Literary Perspectives on Heavy Metal Lyrics
1117:
215:
207:
201:
196:
2030:
1901:
1896:
1876:
1580:
1468:. Réalités byzantines (in French). Vol. 7. Paris: Editions P. Lethielleux. pp. 95–120.
1092:
974:
917:
1318:
XI, 271), which is probably mentioned in G 135, in which it is said of the commemorated that he
2339:
2080:
2001:
1779:
1729:
1721:
1692:
1669:
1637:
1608:
1572:
1543:
1505:
1469:
1428:
1379:
1132:
1127:
1074:
1051:
1042:
1019:
912:
881:
753:
622:
514:
461:
262:
248:
122:
In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea
35:
1445:
1351:
1155:
1991:
1911:
1866:
1861:
1851:
1688:
Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse
1246:
de Constantin Porphyrogénète (952), le nom de Sambatas, sans doute d'origine turco-khazare (
1098:
1087:
1023:
967:
800:
723:
The Varangian boats were used along the rivers and along the Black Sea shores. According to
704:
688:
412:
161:
2132:
2112:
1659:
1282:, p. 90: "The secondary inscription on the Alstad stone (N 62) records the death of a man
1069:
1060:
930:
857:
732:
traveling to Constantinople and was killed north of the Danube by the Blakumenn (Vlachs).
724:
533:
472:
429:
415:
141:
94:
2053:
2293:
2278:
2218:
2212:
2106:
2095:
1976:
1951:
1916:
1906:
1891:
1079:
1000:
993:
963:
950:
945:
934:
893:
843:
839:
808:
749:
700:
692:
657:
639:
631:
231:
157:
55:
1714:
Jordan, Robert Paul (March 1985). "When The Rus Invaded Russia... Viking Trail East".
2318:
2152:
2076:
1971:
959:
824:
741:
211:
153:
1504:. East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450-1450. Vol. 6. BRILL.
1310:, p. 90: "There may or may not be some connection between this and the place called
1298:
I, 155-7), that is mentioned by Wulfstan in the late ninth century (Lund 1984, 23)."
1961:
982:
941:
587:
86:
17:
586:(‘demarcation islet’), which could refer to Vitichev, according to Boris Kleiber.
1753:
1742:
1686:
1663:
1631:
1602:
1537:
1499:
1463:
1422:
2177:
1966:
1856:
1836:
1820:
970:. They eventually make their way back to their home village via the trade route.
966:, where the main characters are taken as slaves and later become members of the
820:
761:
177:
149:
51:
47:
30:
2283:
2263:
2205:
2199:
1986:
1931:
1831:
1033:
816:
243:
169:
145:
79:
1733:
1725:
1576:
120:
The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, according to Marika Mägi (
2067:
1996:
1956:
1936:
1886:
1008:
745:
712:
696:
684:
649:
607:
529:
510:
506:
445:
441:
227:
102:
1007:
from Constantinople to Scandia via this route, during which they encounter
2303:
2268:
2245:
2240:
2170:
2125:
1941:
1004:
835:
708:
661:
611:
519:
498:
485:
476:
433:
380:
98:
75:
1584:
2298:
2288:
2164:
2100:
2089:
1560:
1424:
Along Ukraine's River: A Social and Environmental History of the Dnipro
1037:
989:
906:
872:
788:
773:
653:
645:
603:
598:
502:
457:
437:
192:
137:
90:
83:
71:
63:
27:
Medieval trade route between Scandinavia and the Eastern Roman Empire.
2250:
1465:
Les centres proto-urbains russes entre Scandinavie, Byzance et Orient
1012:
955:
926:
812:
804:
784:
769:
665:
133:
67:
1180:
1178:
1176:
411:
But its effects were reported much earlier, in the ninth chapter of
905:
describes the adventures of a Swedish ship crew (with a pilot from
2223:
922:
828:
792:
757:
675:
Below the rapids, they had to pass a narrow rocky spot called the
621:
568:
suggests a more obvious etymology, from the Turkic (Khazar) roots
252:(on page 7, line 2), although it does not describe it in detail.
129:
105:. These more specific sub-routes are sometimes referred to as the
1665:
The Origin of Rus': Old Scandinavian Sources Other than the Sagas
2273:
2183:
985:
796:
780:
549:
525:
480:
449:
223:
82:, several rivers flowing into the Baltic Sea, and rivers of the
2026:
1793:
1789:
823:. Northern Rus' offered timber, fur, honey, and wax, while the
1636:. Breve Historia (in Spanish). Madrid: Nowtilus. p. 400.
368:
this sea one arrives at Rome, and from Rome one arrives along
1561:"What Route Does the Povest' vremennykh let Really Describe?"
313:
the Greeks along the Dnepr, and above the Dnepr a portage to
2022:
1542:. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge University Press.
246:
to the Greeks was first mentioned in the early 12th-century
210:. From the Western Dvina, the ships went upstream along the
683:
crossing), where the Varangians were often attacked by the
346:
and it flows into the great lake Nevo , and from this lake
891:
A large part of the best-selling Swedish historical novel
695:
and continued to navigate along the western shore of the
324:
the Lovat, and along the Lovat one enters the great lake
283:
When the Polianians lived by themselves among the hills,
1755:
The Dnieper Trade Route in Kievan Russia (900-1240 A.D.)
1744:
The Dnieper Trade Route in Keivan Russia (900-1240 A.D.)
921:
takes place during the 10th-century, and depicts a half-
558:(‘Boatyard’) or Σαμβατας, which might derive from Norse
140:, the eastern route crossed the Baltic Sea, entered the
128:
The route began in Scandinavian trading centers such as
1446:"Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio"
394:
one enters the Pontic Sea , into which the river Dnepr
164:(where it met the Volga trade route and which became a
1668:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
1314:, on the coast of Kúrland, directly opostite Gotland (
1294:, on the east side of the mouth of the River Vistula (
74:. The majority of the route comprised a long-distance
1485:
Mihăescu, Haralambie; Ştefan, Gheorghe, eds. (1970).
528:(Κιαβα). Some of these cities had alternate names in
365:тому морю вънити доже и до Рима, а отъ Рима прити по
357:
the outfall flows into the Varangian Sea , and along
254:
1201:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFOstrowskiBirnbaum2014 (
2192:
2151:
2075:
1215:
1184:
1167:
1633:Breve historia de los vikingos (versión extendida)
1607:. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. p. 312.
664:nomads. The rapids began below the modern city of
34:Map showing the major Varangian trade routes: the
1196:
764:. Another offshoot was along the Dnieper and the
1539:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250
834:In the second half of the eleventh century, the
1720:. Vol. 167, no. 3. pp. 278–317.
1029:Miklagard — The History of the Vikings Volume 2
854:
591:
581:
559:
553:
543:
537:
1403:
1335:
602:, a historical region on the east side of the
391:прити въ Понтъ море, въ неже вътечеть Дънѣпръ
376:томуже морю къ Цьсарюграду, и отъ Цьсаряграда
354:озера вънидеть устие въ море Варяжьское. И по
2038:
1805:
1046:. Turisas' songs feature Scandinavian names (
909:) taking this route in the late 10th century.
332:великое, из негоже озера потечеть Вълховъ, и
8:
691:. Then they equipped their ships with sails
310:Грькъ по Дънѣпру, и вьрхъ Дънѣпра волокъ до
1523:"Basarabi - complexul de biserici rupestre"
1363:
672:, a hydroelectric power station, in 1932.
466:trade route from the Khazars to the Germans
321:Ловоти, и по Ловоти вънити въ Илмерь озеро
2045:
2031:
2023:
1812:
1798:
1790:
954:, published in the late 1950s describes a
532:, and Constantine quotes some of them: So
1239:
1151:
335:Ilmen, from this lake flows the Volkhov,
101:river with stops on the western shore of
115:
29:
1391:
1263:
1144:
929:crew and takes this route, joining the
483:transported hollowed-out sailboats, or
343:вътечеть въ озеро великое Нево, и того
300:route from the Varangians to the Greeks
44:route from the Varangians to the Greeks
1421:Cybriwsky, Roman Adrian (2018-03-20).
1347:
1758:. Vol. 2. University Microfilms.
1427:. Central European University Press.
1375:
1307:
1279:
1227:
660:, where they had to be on guard from
280:Поляномъ же живъшимъ особь по горамъ
97:. An alternative route was along the
7:
981:, the main character, a 9th-century
862:That's where the winds will us guide
1837:Austronesian maritime trade network
1050:in "In the Court of Jarisleif" for
576:(literally, ‘upper fortress’). The
1776:The Varangians: In God’s Holy Fire
1559:García de la Puente, Inés (2010).
988:, is taken by Viking raiders from
866:Set sail for those lands unknown"
811:and other items. Certain kinds of
25:
428:came down the river Dnieper from
2142:
1691:. Woodbrige: The Boydell Press.
272:Inés García de la Puente (2010)
230:, it followed its west coast to
2325:Economy of the Byzantine Empire
1630:Velasco Laguna, Manuel (2012).
416:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
214:and were portaged again to the
1521:Agrigoroaei, Vladimir (2009).
1123:Caspian expeditions of the Rus
479:and other tribes dependent on
1:
1752:Thomas Schaub Noonan (1967).
1741:Thomas Schaub Noonan (1965).
1197:Ostrowski & Birnbaum 2014
1778:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2020),
1536:Curta, Florin (2006-08-31).
1266:, p. 372: "Kleiber connects
1078:in "Miklagard Overture" for
687:. The Varangians stopped at
630:which talks of death in the
1488:Izvoarele istoriei României
933:and ultimately settling in
564:(‘Sandbank Ridge’). Though
536:(Νεμογαρδα) is the same as
156:upstream past the towns of
2391:
1336:Mihăescu & Ştefan 1970
799:, and books came from the
637:
275:
2355:Medieval economic history
2259:
2140:
2060:
1827:
1444:Waugh, Daniel C. (2000).
1254:, fortresse supérieure)."
656:their ships around seven
542:(‘Island Enclosure’) and
267:Ostrowski et al. (2014)
2007:Varangians to the Greeks
1601:DiGioia, Amanda (2020).
1244:De administrando imperio
1216:García de la Puente 2010
1185:García de la Puente 2010
1168:García de la Puente 2010
719:Western Black Sea shores
421:De Administrando Imperio
1847:Dvaravati–Kamboja route
1498:Spinei, Victor (2009).
592:
582:
560:
554:
544:
538:
293:путь из Варягъ въ Грьки
172:, and continued up the
152:. Then it followed the
2360:Viking Age slave trade
2345:History of Kievan Rus'
2330:Economy of Kievan Rus'
2070:names are not recorded
2066:are settlements whose
1685:Jesch, Judith (2001).
1066:To Holmgard and Beyond
1058:for toponyms (such as
903:Frans Gunnar Bengtsson
877:To Holmgard and Beyond
868:
756:, which went down the
729:Murfatlar Cave Complex
693:in the Dnieper estuary
635:
206:and downstream to the
125:
39:
2012:Way of the Patriarchs
1922:Polynesian navigation
1842:Canadian canoe routes
1571:(3). Wiley: 373–387.
1460:Zuckerman, Constantin
1450:UW Faculty Web Server
1113:Black Sea slave trade
1052:Grand Prince Yaroslav
951:The Road to Miklagard
864:For fame and for gold
795:, expensive fabrics,
625:
497:Places named include
424:, who noted that the
226:. After entering the
119:
33:
2365:European slave trade
1947:Sepik Coast exchange
1774:Jakobsson, Sverrir,
1320:--rþ tauþr a ui(t)au
748:waterway leading to
596:may refer either to
590:, however, suggests
566:Constantin Zuckerman
383:, and from Tsargrad
111:Dniester trade route
60:Eastern Roman Empire
2335:Former trade routes
2235:Rurikovo Gorodische
2157:Dnieper trade route
1982:Trans-Saharan trade
1872:Incense trade route
1717:National Geographic
1404:Velasco Laguna 2012
1218:, pp. 373–374.
1118:Samanid slave trade
999:In the comic strip
958:voyage through the
940:The second book of
925:orphan who joins a
626:A coloured copy of
580:preserves the name
548:(‘New Enclosure’);
270:English translation
242:The route from the
208:Western Dvina River
144:, and followed the
107:Dnieper trade route
18:Dnieper trade route
2370:Viking Age economy
1902:Maritime Silk Road
1897:Maritime republics
1877:Indian Ocean trade
1565:The Russian Review
1093:Eaters of the Dead
1090:'s fictional work
975:Stephen R. Lawhead
897:(original Swedish
850:In popular culture
636:
552:is equally called
166:major trade centre
126:
40:
2375:Primary Chronicle
2312:
2311:
2081:Volga trade route
2020:
2019:
2002:Volga trade route
1927:Rome-India routes
1784:978-3-030-53796-8
1549:978-0-521-81539-0
1511:978-90-04-17536-5
1434:978-963-386-205-6
1133:Greece Runestones
1056:Old Norse exonyms
1043:The Varangian Way
913:Rosemary Sutcliff
882:The Varangian Way
754:Volga trade route
689:St. George Island
524:(Βιτετζεβη), and
493:Routes and places
462:Volga trade route
413:Byzantine emperor
409:
408:
263:Primary Chronicle
249:Primary Chronicle
180:and possibly the
36:Volga trade route
16:(Redirected from
2382:
2146:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2024:
1992:Triangular trade
1867:Hiri trade cycle
1862:Hanseatic League
1852:Grand Trunk Road
1814:
1807:
1800:
1791:
1759:
1748:
1737:
1702:
1679:
1660:Pritsak, Omeljan
1653:
1651:
1650:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1553:
1530:
1515:
1492:
1479:
1453:
1438:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1373:
1367:
1364:Agrigoroaei 2009
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1339:
1333:
1327:
1305:
1299:
1277:
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1255:
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1219:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1149:
1099:The 13th Warrior
1088:Michael Crichton
1005:Viking longships
968:Varangian Guards
886:
801:Byzantine Empire
766:Usyazh-Buk River
760:waterway to the
736:Trade activities
610:on the coast of
595:
585:
563:
557:
547:
541:
523:
379:the same sea at
298:and there was a
255:
205:
191:. From there, a
190:
162:Velikiy Novgorod
113:, respectively.
95:drainage divides
78:, including the
21:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2255:
2193:Other locations
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2147:
2138:
2071:
2056:
2051:
2021:
2016:
1912:Penarikan Route
1823:
1818:
1751:
1740:
1713:
1710:
1708:Further reading
1705:
1699:
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1600:
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1411:
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1402:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1306:
1302:
1284:i uitahol(m)(i)
1278:
1274:
1262:
1258:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1109:
1070:Veliky Novgorod
996:via this route.
931:Varangian Guard
888:
870:
865:
863:
861:
852:
809:spinning wheels
738:
725:Constantine VII
721:
699:all the way to
642:
628:runestone G 280
620:
517:
495:
473:Constantine VII
448:, gathering in
430:Veliky Novgorod
271:
266:
240:
199:
184:
142:Gulf of Finland
50:that connected
46:was a medieval
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2388:
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2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
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2317:
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2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2085:
2083:
2073:
2072:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1977:Tea Horse Road
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:Siberian Route
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1917:Manila galleon
1914:
1909:
1907:Old Salt Route
1904:
1899:
1894:
1892:Lapita culture
1889:
1884:
1882:King's Highway
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1749:
1747:. Vol. 1.
1738:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1697:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1655:
1654:
1642:
1626:
1625:
1613:
1597:
1596:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1532:
1531:
1529:(in Romanian).
1527:CrestinOrtodox
1517:
1516:
1510:
1494:
1493:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1455:
1454:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1368:
1356:
1340:
1328:
1300:
1272:
1256:
1240:Zuckerman 2000
1232:
1220:
1208:
1189:
1187:, p. 374.
1172:
1170:, p. 373.
1160:
1152:Cybriwsky 2018
1143:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1128:Rus' Khaganate
1125:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1084:
1083:
1080:Constantinople
1016:
1001:Prince Valiant
997:
994:Constantinople
971:
964:Constantinople
946:Viking Trilogy
938:
935:Constantinople
915:'s 1976 novel
910:
894:The Long Ships
853:
851:
848:
844:Muravsky Trail
750:Western Europe
737:
734:
720:
717:
701:Constantinople
640:Dnieper Rapids
632:Dnieper Rapids
619:
616:
578:runestone N 62
513:(Βουσεγραδε),
509:(Τζερνιγωγα),
494:
491:
407:
406:
403:
400:
396:
395:
392:
389:
385:
384:
377:
374:
370:
369:
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308:
304:
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296:
289:
285:
284:
281:
278:
274:
273:
268:
259:
239:
236:
232:Constantinople
182:Seryozha River
158:Staraya Ladoga
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2387:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
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2333:
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2328:
2326:
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2320:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
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2277:
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2239:
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2220:
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2203:
2201:
2198:
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2185:
2182:
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2175:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2163:
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2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
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2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Brouwer Route
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
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1925:
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1915:
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1815:
1810:
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1801:
1796:
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1777:
1773:
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1764:
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1746:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1675:0-674-64465-4
1671:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1645:
1643:9788499673479
1639:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1616:
1614:9781839099489
1610:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1586:
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1566:
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1557:
1556:
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1518:
1513:
1507:
1503:
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1496:
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1477:
1475:9782283604571
1471:
1467:
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1253:
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1241:
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1209:
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1190:
1186:
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1035:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:
991:
987:
984:
980:
976:
972:
969:
965:
961:
960:Mediterranean
957:
953:
952:
947:
943:
939:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:
914:
911:
908:
904:
900:
896:
895:
890:
889:
887:
884:
883:
878:
874:
867:
859:
849:
847:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
825:Baltic tribes
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
735:
733:
730:
726:
718:
716:
714:
711:, Old Norse:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
641:
633:
629:
624:
618:Dnieper route
617:
615:
613:
609:
605:
604:River Vistula
601:
600:
594:
589:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
561:Sandbakki-áss
556:
551:
546:
540:
535:
531:
527:
521:
516:
512:
508:
505:(Τελιουτζα),
504:
501:(Μιλινισκα),
500:
492:
490:
488:
487:
482:
478:
474:
471:According to
469:
467:
463:
459:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
417:
414:
404:
401:
398:
397:
393:
390:
387:
386:
382:
378:
375:
372:
371:
367:
364:
361:
360:
356:
353:
350:
349:
345:
342:
339:
338:
334:
331:
328:
327:
323:
320:
317:
316:
312:
309:
306:
305:
301:
297:
294:
290:
287:
286:
282:
279:
276:
269:
265:
264:
260:
257:
256:
253:
251:
250:
245:
237:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:Katynka River
213:
212:Kasplya River
209:
203:
198:
194:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:Volkhov River
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
118:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
2233:
2213:White Shores
2211:
2204:
2176:
2169:
2156:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2105:
2088:
2063:
2006:
1962:Spanish Road
1821:Trade routes
1775:
1754:
1743:
1715:
1687:
1664:
1647:. Retrieved
1632:
1618:. Retrieved
1603:
1588:. Retrieved
1568:
1564:
1538:
1526:
1500:
1487:
1464:
1449:
1423:
1399:
1392:DiGioia 2020
1387:
1371:
1359:
1343:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1267:
1264:Pritsak 1981
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1192:
1163:
1147:
1097:
1091:
1073:
1059:
1047:
1041:
1032:and Finnish
1027:
978:
949:
942:Henry Treece
916:
898:
892:
880:
869:
855:
833:
778:
739:
722:
680:
677:Ford of Vrar
676:
674:
643:
597:
588:Judith Jesch
573:
569:
496:
484:
470:
455:
425:
419:
410:
299:
292:
261:
247:
241:
197:Toropa River
127:
121:
110:
106:
87:river system
43:
41:
1967:Spice Route
1348:Spinei 2009
1020:heavy metal
821:Scandinavia
817:handicrafts
762:Caspian Sea
681:Krariyskaya
518: [
291:симъ, и бѣ
200: [
195:led to the
185: [
178:Kunya River
174:Lovat River
168:), crossed
150:Lake Ladoga
56:Kievan Rus'
52:Scandinavia
48:trade route
2350:Varangians
2319:Categories
2264:Varangians
2219:Miklagarðr
2200:Bjarmaland
2165:Pallteskja
1987:Trepanging
1932:Royal Road
1832:Amber Road
1698:0851158269
1649:2024-04-15
1620:2024-04-15
1414:References
1376:Curta 2006
1308:Jesch 2001
1280:Jesch 2001
1228:Waugh 2000
1034:folk metal
918:Blood Feud
860:and beyond
819:came from
752:, and the
713:Miklagarðr
679:(Russian:
650:Varangians
638:See also:
244:Varangians
170:Lake Ilmen
146:Neva River
80:Baltic Sea
42:The trade
2246:Smaleskja
2206:Khortitsa
2184:Kænugarðr
2178:Chernigov
2113:Hólmgarðr
2062:Names in
2054:Garðaríki
1997:Via Maris
1957:Silk Road
1937:Salt road
1887:Kula ring
1734:643483454
1726:0027-9358
1577:0036-0341
1406:, p. 168.
1338:, p. 661.
1322:‘died in
1288:Vitaholmr
1199:, 7.1–11.
1139:Citations
1075:Miklagard
1048:Jarisleif
1024:Rebellion
1013:Polotjans
1009:Patzinaks
979:Byzantium
977:'s novel
697:Black Sea
685:Pechenegs
670:DniproHES
593:Vitaholmr
583:Vitaholmr
555:Kœnugarðr
539:Hólmgarðr
530:Old Norse
511:Vyshhorod
507:Chernihiv
446:Vyshgorod
442:Chernigov
302:and from
228:Black Sea
103:Black Sea
2340:Portages
2304:Blakumen
2269:Kylfings
2251:Súrdalar
2241:Særkland
2171:Gnezdovo
2126:Timerevo
2107:Duboviki
2096:Aldeigja
1942:Sea lane
1857:Hærvejen
1662:(1981).
1585:25677245
1394:, p. 85.
1107:See also
1061:Holmgard
899:Röde Orm
858:Holmgard
836:Crusades
768:towards
709:Tsargrad
662:Pecheneg
612:Courland
606:, or to
534:Novgorod
515:Vitichev
499:Smolensk
486:monoxyla
477:Krivichs
464:and the
434:Smolensk
418:'s book
381:Tsargrad
99:Dniester
91:portages
76:waterway
58:and the
2299:Khazars
2294:Bulgars
2229:Rostofa
2224:Móramar
2133:Balymer
2119:Sarskoe
2101:Álaborg
2090:Lyubsha
2077:Volkhov
2064:italics
1292:Witland
1038:Turisas
990:Scandia
907:Gotland
873:Turisas
827:traded
813:weapons
807:traded
789:jewelry
774:Polotsk
742:Pripyat
654:portage
652:had to
646:Dnieper
644:On the
599:Witland
545:Nýgarðr
503:Liubech
438:Liubech
405:flows.
238:History
193:portage
138:Gotland
124:, 2018)
93:on the
89:, with
84:Dnieper
72:Ukraine
64:Belarus
2274:Chudes
1782:
1732:
1724:
1695:
1672:
1640:
1611:
1590:11 May
1583:
1575:
1546:
1508:
1472:
1431:
1380:p. 303
1324:Vindau
1312:Vindau
1072:, and
1068:" for
1054:) and
956:Viking
927:Viking
885:(2007)
805:Volhyn
785:spices
770:Lukoml
705:Slavic
666:Dnipro
658:rapids
648:, the
608:Vindau
475:, the
458:slaves
402:рѣка.
218:(near
176:, the
136:, and
134:Hedeby
68:Russia
2289:Merya
2284:Slavs
2153:Dvina
2068:Norse
1581:JSTOR
1352:p. 54
1156:p. 45
1036:band
1022:band
983:Irish
923:Saxon
901:) by
829:amber
797:icons
793:glass
758:Volga
522:]
399:7.11
388:7.10
295:и из
258:Line
220:Katyn
204:]
189:]
148:into
130:Birka
2279:Rus'
1780:ISBN
1730:OCLC
1722:ISSN
1693:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1592:2024
1573:ISSN
1544:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1470:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1296:NlyR
1286:‘in
1268:viti
1203:help
1064:in "
1011:and
986:monk
840:Rus'
815:and
781:Wine
772:and
715:).
572:and
550:Kiev
526:Kiev
481:Kiev
450:Kiev
426:Rhos
373:7.9
362:7.8
351:7.7
340:7.6
329:7.5
318:7.4
307:7.3
288:7.2
277:7.1
224:Kiev
160:and
109:and
70:and
1326:’."
1252:bat
1248:sam
1026:'s
992:to
973:In
962:to
944:'s
879:",
875:, "
846:.
831:.
776:.
746:Bug
574:bat
570:sam
468:.
2321::
1728:.
1579:.
1569:69
1567:.
1563:.
1525:.
1448:.
1378:,
1350:,
1316:SR
1250:+
1175:^
1154:,
1040:'
948:,
871:–
803:.
791:,
787:,
783:,
707::
614:.
520:pl
444:,
440:,
436:,
432:,
234:.
202:ru
187:ru
132:,
66:,
54:,
2155:-
2079:-
2046:e
2039:t
2032:v
1813:e
1806:t
1799:v
1786:.
1736:.
1701:.
1678:.
1652:.
1623:.
1594:.
1552:.
1514:.
1478:.
1452:.
1437:.
1382:.
1366:.
1354:.
1230:.
1205:)
1158:.
1102:.
1015:.
937:.
856:"
744:-
703:(
634:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
