47:
2273:. The origins of the construction in English are debated: some scholars argue it was already present in Old English, but not written due to stigmatization. Scholars disagree whether the construction arose from the use of "do" as a lexical verb in its own right, or whether periphrastic "do" arose from a
2070:
S | VP / \ / \ / \ / \ NP \ / \ \ DP N' V' | | / \ The children / \ / \ V' PP / \ /_\ / \ with gusto V
2059:
S | VP / \ / \ / \ / \ NP \ / \ \ DP N' V' | | / \ The children / \ / \ V' PP / \ /_\ / \ with gusto V
2277:
meaning of the verb or vice versa. Examples of auxiliary "do" in Old
English writing appear to be limited to its use in a causative sense, which is parallel to the earliest uses in other West Germanic languages.
1202:
is infrequently used for negation, which is frequently considered ambiguous or incorrect because it resembles the indicative. The usual method to negate the present subjunctive is to precede the verb with a
1631:
sentences, where the main verb is omitted (it can be said to be "understood", usually because it would be the same verb as was used in a preceding sentence or clause). That includes the following types:
1749:-support would have been used in a complete clause (questions, negatives, inversion) but also cases that (as in the last example) the complete clause would normally have been constructed without
2043:
construction can be used to test if a verb-phrase is a constituent phrase in X'-grammar by substitution similarly to how other pro-forms can be used to test for noun-phrases, etc.
383:
554:
The same applies in clauses requiring inversion, including most questions: inversion must involve the subject and an auxiliary verb, so it is not idiomatic to say
422:
1541:
In negative sentences, emphasis can be obtained by adding stress either to the negating word (if used in full) or to the contracted form ending in
1784:
does not normally occur when there is already an auxiliary or copula present; the auxiliary or copula is retained in the elliptical sentence:
2557:
378:
249:
2521:
2265:
Some form of auxiliary "do" occurs in all West
Germanic languages except Afrikaans. It is generally accepted that the past tense of
1535:
1366:
633:
477:
327:
1443:
The auxiliary generally appears for purposes of emphasis, for instance to establish a contrast or to express a correction:
415:
315:
2303:
alternatives to inflected verbs (with no difference in meaning). Others contend that the construction arose as a form of
727:
However, if there is no auxiliary or copula present, inversion requires the introduction of an auxiliary in the form of
179:
392:
140:
2269:(in English, -ed) was formed from a combination of the infinitive with a past tense form of "do", as exemplified in
1480:
As before, the main verb following the auxiliary becomes a bare infinitive, which is not inflected (one cannot say *
1342:-support is needed when the higher of the two is negated; it is not needed to negate the lower nonfinite predicate.
2594:
508:
283:
958:
In the same way that the presence of an auxiliary allows question formation, the appearance of the negating word
356:
2579:
2286:
567:-support is not used when there is already an auxiliary or copular verb present or with non-finite verb forms (
408:
56:
335:
267:
221:
1628:
1350:
473:
287:
2321:
1925:
grammar to test verb phrase completeness. Bare infinitives forms often are used in place of the missing
1058:
831:
309:
275:
200:
154:
146:
46:
2250:
1500:
495:
as an auxiliary even in simple declarative sentences, usually as a means of adding emphasis (e.g. "I
319:
174:
123:
702:
2584:
1292:
1195:
576:
347:
271:
238:
135:
1499:
does not occur with other auxiliaries or a copular verb. Then, emphasis can be obtained by adding
2266:
2238:
1374:
1166:
706:
244:
194:
170:
158:
104:
2553:
2517:
881:
257:
230:
225:
190:
185:
127:
119:
2589:
2270:
2225:
makes no apparent contribution to the meaning of the sentence so it is sometimes called a
1096:
458:
388:
253:
234:
108:
61:
38:
2549:
2446:
2537:
2513:
Linguistic Purism in Action: How auxiliary tun was stigmatized in Early New High German
2290:
2282:
2230:
504:
462:
95:
70:
2573:
2316:
1876:
637:
216:
204:
162:
131:
81:
906:-support as if it were an auxiliary, but this is considered dated. The version with
2304:
2246:
2047:
1922:
1636:
523:
519:
352:
279:
546:. If there is no other auxiliary present when negation is required, the auxiliary
2542:
2511:
1423:-support in questions and negated clauses as described above, the auxiliary verb
2326:
2300:
2067:
substitution for testing constituent verb phrases in the above sample sentence:
1027:-support is required because idiomatic Modern English does not allow forms like
962:
is allowed as well. Then too, if no other auxiliary or copular verb is present,
884:
or part of the subject. Then, there is no inversion and so there is no need for
516:
450:
331:
166:
150:
113:
1369:
is required, particularly after negative expressions and expressions involving
602:-support appears to accommodate a number of varying grammatical constructions:
2295:
2242:
2203:
1365:
The same principles as for question formation apply to other clauses in which
1215:-support with it, whether it be indicative or subjunctive, is ungrammatical):
1150:
796:
572:
568:
830:
may appear either following the subject, or attached to the auxiliary in the
2274:
640:
sentences in
English. If there is already an auxiliary or copula present,
2346:
1926:
1918:
1762:
543:
481:
17:
2487:
Verbs and
Diachronic Syntax: A Comparative History of English and French
1132:-support with non-finite verb forms, as they are negated by a preceding
100:
1338:
There are two predicates in each of the verb chains in the sentences.
1182:
364:
304:
299:
76:
65:
360:
2053:
VP / \ ZP X' / \ X' YP | X | head
1392:*Never he did run that fast again. *Never ran he that fast again.
27:
Using 'do' in negated clauses, questions, and other constructions
1921:
forms in
English. They can be used as substitutes for verbs in
396:
263:
1765:
since it effectively takes the place of a verb or verb phrase:
2237:
apparently had a meaning contribution, serving as a marker of
499:
shut the fridge."). However, in negated and inverted clauses,
2544:
Our
Magnificent Bastard Tongue: The Untold History of English
2137:
and cannot participate in inversion so it may itself require
1600:
can also be used with imperatives, including with the copula
2440:
2438:
1073:, etc. The relevant contractions for negations formed using
2253:, the semantic value was lost, and the usage of forms with
1089:. Such forms are used very frequently in informal English.
2050:, the verb-phrase projects three bar-levels such as this:
1460:
emphasizes the positive answer, which may be unexpected).
1035:, in the sense of possession, is sometimes negated thus:
2307:
when native speakers addressed foreigners and children.
2035:
Tests for constituenthood of a verb-phrase in X'-grammar
902:, in the sense of possession, is sometimes used without
583:
as an auxiliary should be distinguished from the use of
2141:-support, with both auxiliary and lexical instances of
2103:) can be used as an ordinary lexical verb (main verb):
1837:
624:-support or the presence of some other auxiliary verb.
2471:
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs; Pratt, Mary Louise (1980),
632:
The presence of an auxiliary (or copular) verb allows
2245:
aspect, but in some cases, the meaning may have been
1474:
emphasizes the correction of the previous statement).
1291:
The negation in the examples negates the non-finite
943:
For elliptical questions and tag questions, see the
2071:NP | /_\ did so the pizza
2541:
2397:Huddleston, Rodney D.; Geoffrey K. Pullum (2005).
1863:(However it is not normally used in this way as a
2060:NP | /_\ ate the pizza
933:– the order is similar to the first example, but
791:The finite (inflected) verb is now the auxiliary
644:-support is not required when forming questions:
1534:, change their pronunciation when stressed; see
1427:can also be used in clauses that do not require
1295:. Compare the following competing formulations:
522:; rather, it can only attach to an auxiliary or
2063:Here again exemplified by Santorini and Kroch,
1845:Have you put the shelf up yet? — I haven't done
620:These constructions often cannot occur without
2188:is the auxiliary, the second is the main verb)
2083:Apart from its uses as an auxiliary, the verb
2379:, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall
2217:In the various cases seen above that require
416:
8:
2445:Santorini, Beatrice; Kroch, Anthony (2007).
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
1354:
944:
931:Have you got any idea what is going on here?
880:-questions if the interrogative word is the
2399:A Student's Introduction To English Grammar
1435:-support may appear for pragmatic reasons.
1256:is needed for negation (unless the verb is
1053:Most combinations of auxiliary/copula plus
423:
409:
29:
2451:ling.upenn.edu/~beatrice/syntax-textbook/
1840:even after auxiliaries in some dialects:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2285:, argue that the construction arose via
1934:
917:Have you any idea what is going on here?
826:In negated questions, the negating word
476:clauses and constructions which require
2362:
2338:
2257:began to approximate that found today.
37:
2475:, San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
2473:Linguistics for Students of Literature
1198:verb forms, as a present subjunctive,
636:to take place, as is required in most
558:; today's English usually substitutes
2377:English Grammar: Principles and Facts
876:The above principles do not apply to
7:
1869:Have you put the shelf up? I plan to
1450:Did Bill eat his breakfast? Yes, he
468:(or one of its inflected forms e.g.
2349:to indicate ungrammatical examples.
1932:Examples from Santorini and Kroch:
1838:#Pro-verbs & Do-so Substitution
842:-support and to other auxiliaries:
705:but also in questions formed using
515:cannot attach directly to just any
384:AmE and BrE grammatical differences
379:African-American Vernacular English
1894:are also found in the imperative:
1163:what else to do, I stood my ground
25:
1836:as a pro-verb (see below section
1627:is also used in various types of
1519:Bill isn't singing, then. No, he
1346:
1099:even when the verb is the copula
1095:-support is required for negated
288:Transitive and intransitive verbs
2287:the influence of Celtic speakers
2281:Some scholars, such as linguist
2133:cannot be directly negated with
2129:Like other non-auxiliary verbs,
1905:Pro-verbs and do-so substitution
1536:Weak and strong forms in English
1510:Would you take the risk? Yes, I
1464:Bill doesn't sing, then. No, he
1252:As a past subjunctive, however,
1013:attaches to the added auxiliary
587:as a normal lexical verb, as in
45:
1832:However, it is possible to use
1345:For negated questions, see the
925:any idea what is going on here?
795:; the following verb is a bare
609:the appearance of the negation
579:forms. Furthermore, the use of
550:is used to produce a form like
2429:Analyzing Syntax and Semantics
1761:may be said to be acting as a
1545:. That applies whether or not
1:
2221:-support, the auxiliary verb
1776:As in the principal cases of
1745:Such uses include cases that
1685:Do you want to come along? —
1503:to the auxiliary or copular:
575:). It is sometimes used with
538:with the finite lexical verb
2447:"Syntax of Natural Language"
2427:Heidinger, Virginia (1984).
2229:. Historically, however, in
2026:Order tuna salad sandwiches'
1973:order tuna salad sandwiches'
1611:Do take care! Do be careful!
1260:, whose past subjunctive is
1207:, especially if the verb is
526:. For example, the sentence
2375:Kaplan, Jeffrey P. (1989),
2299:"to do" to optionally form
1530:(Some auxiliaries, such as
1367:subject–auxiliary inversion
1349:section above. For negated
634:subject–auxiliary inversion
511:English, the negating word
503:is usually used in today's
478:subject–auxiliary inversion
2611:
2489:, Springer 1993, p. 282ff.
2206:used as a polite greeting)
2087:(with its inflected forms
1406:*Only here feel I at home.
991:attaches to the auxiliary
937:is an auxiliary verb here)
910:-support is also correct:
441:(sometimes referred to as
2548:. Gotham Books. pp.
1881:Was it built? Yes, it was
1672:I went to the party. Why
1431:-support. In such cases,
1419:In addition to providing
1242:(the present subjunctive
1228:(the present subjunctive
701:This applies not only in
691:inverts with the subject
667:inverts with the subject
2412:DeCapua, Andrea (2008).
2056:With a simple sentence:
1495:-support, that usage of
1488:in the above examples).
1236:It is important that he
1023:In the second sentence,
799:which does not inflect:
542:, while grammatical, is
534:is fully idiomatic, but
1725:He looks smart, and so
1712:Elliptical statements:
1619:In elliptical sentences
838:. That applies both to
2294:
2160:the laundry on Sunday.
2034:
2010:Question/short answer
1987:Question/short answer
1978:âś“ The two boys could '
1944:Sample w/ Replacement
1821:get some sleep, and I
1660:Elliptical questions:
1061:form ending in suffix
966:-support is required.
589:They do their homework
552:I do not (don't) know.
2510:Langer, Nils (2001).
2322:English clause syntax
1757:). In such instances
1734:You fell asleep, and
1651:You don't like Sara,
1177:Not eating vegetables
1128:However, there is no
316:Conditional sentences
2431:. Gallaudet U Press.
2414:Grammar for Teachers
2401:. Cambridge U Press.
2251:Early Modern English
2213:Meaning contribution
2145:appearing together:
2017:could the two boys '
1971:The two boys could '
1698:Who took the car? —
1681:Elliptical answers:
1388:run that fast again.
1355:elliptical sentences
1179:can harm your health
1143:It would be a crime
945:elliptical sentences
461:, is the use of the
2267:Germanic weak verbs
1899:Please do. — Don't!
1890:Pro-verbal uses of
1589:appear on the list.
1353:sentences, see the
707:interrogative words
616:negative inversion.
606:question formation,
33:Part of a series on
2345:This article uses
2166:is the auxiliary,
1917:for questions are
1549:-support is used:
1375:negative inversion
1361:Negative inversion
1222:I suggest that he
1167:present participle
1046:the foggiest idea.
894:Whose dog bit you?
507:. For example, in
2595:Generative syntax
2559:978-1-59240-494-0
2170:is the main verb)
2032:
2031:
1755:I fell asleep too
1454:eat his breakfast
433:
432:
16:(Redirected from
2602:
2564:
2563:
2547:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2507:
2490:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2350:
2343:
1935:
1885:Yes, it was done
1769:substitutes for
1491:As with typical
1226:any more funding
703:yes–no questions
560:Do you know him?
530:with the copula
425:
418:
411:
393:Grammar disputes
389:Double negatives
386:
49:
30:
21:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2580:English grammar
2570:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2538:McWhorter, John
2536:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2509:
2508:
2493:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2395:
2384:
2374:
2373:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2313:
2289:; for instance
2263:
2227:dummy auxiliary
2215:
2081:
2072:
2061:
2054:
2037:
1907:
1871:, rather than *
1853:, but I will do
1716:They swam, but
1643:He plays well,
1621:
1441:
1417:
1363:
1357:section below.
1280:I wish that he
1271:I wish that he
1029:*She laughs not
956:
947:section below.
890:Who lives here?
865:want to try? /
853:playing? / Why
783:*Came she home?
663:(the auxiliary
630:
597:
459:English grammar
429:
400:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
381:
376:
368:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
340:
339:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
302:
292:
291:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
268:Irregular verbs
266:
262:
243:
224:
222:Auxiliary verbs
219:
209:
208:
207:
203:
199:
184:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
107:
103:
98:
88:
87:
86:
75:
64:
59:
39:English grammar
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2608:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2529:
2522:
2516:. de Gruyter.
2491:
2485:I.G. Roberts,
2478:
2463:
2434:
2419:
2404:
2382:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2309:
2293:uses the verb
2283:John McWhorter
2262:
2259:
2231:Middle English
2214:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2189:
2171:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2115:
2113:your homework!
2080:
2073:
2069:
2058:
2052:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2022:
2011:
2007:
2006:
1999:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1861:
1860:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1814:
1801:
1795:playing well,
1743:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1695:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1669:
1664:I like pasta.
1658:
1657:
1656:
1648:
1623:The auxiliary
1620:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1572:
1570:take the risk.
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1516:
1514:take the risk.
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1461:
1440:
1437:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1395:
1362:
1359:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1316:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1277:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1233:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1173:
1157:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
996:
955:
949:
941:
940:
939:
938:
927:
919:
874:
873:
872:
871:
859:
789:
788:
787:
786:
772:She came home.
769:
752:
725:
724:
723:
722:
699:
698:
697:
696:
672:
629:
626:
618:
617:
614:
607:
596:
593:
505:Modern English
463:auxiliary verb
431:
430:
428:
427:
420:
413:
405:
402:
401:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
357:Capitalization
351:
346:
345:
342:
341:
303:
298:
297:
294:
293:
220:
215:
214:
211:
210:
159:Interrogatives
132:Demonstratives
99:
94:
93:
90:
89:
60:
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2607:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2523:9783110881103
2519:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2423:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:English verbs
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2121:
2118:What are you
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:Write a book'
2000:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1968:Substitution
1967:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1949:Substitution
1948:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1867:-infinitive:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1703:(emphasis on
1702:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1690:(emphasis on
1689:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:Tag questions
1635:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1407:
1403:
1402:feel at home.
1401:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1306:try to laugh.
1305:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:-support are
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
986:
984:
978:
976:
971:
970:
969:
968:
967:
965:
961:
954:
950:
948:
946:
936:
932:
928:
926:
924:
920:
918:
915:
914:
913:
912:
911:
909:
905:
901:
896:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
870:
868:
864:
860:
858:
856:
852:
847:
846:
845:
844:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
816:
810:
806:
804:
798:
794:
784:
780:
778:
773:
770:
767:
763:
761:
756:
753:
750:
746:
744:
739:
736:
735:
734:
733:
732:
730:
721:
719:
714:
713:
712:
711:
710:
708:
704:
694:
690:
686:
684:
679:
677:
673:
670:
666:
662:
660:
655:
653:
649:
648:
647:
646:
645:
643:
639:
638:interrogative
635:
627:
625:
623:
615:
612:
608:
605:
604:
603:
601:
594:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:
557:
556:Know you him?
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:
460:
456:
455:
452:
447:
445:
440:
438:
426:
421:
419:
414:
412:
407:
406:
404:
403:
398:
394:
390:
385:
380:
375:Variant usage
372:
371:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:Abbreviations
349:
344:
343:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
311:
306:
301:
296:
295:
289:
285:
281:
280:Phrasal verbs
277:
276:Passive voice
273:
269:
265:
260:
259:
255:
251:
246:
241:
240:
236:
232:
227:
223:
218:
213:
212:
206:
202:
201:Subordinators
197:
196:
192:
187:
182:
181:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:Interjections
152:
148:
143:
142:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
115:
110:
106:
102:
97:
92:
91:
84:
83:
82:frequentative
78:
73:
72:
67:
63:
58:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2543:
2532:
2512:
2486:
2481:
2472:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:
2428:
2422:
2413:
2407:
2398:
2376:
2341:
2305:creolization
2301:periphrastic
2280:
2264:
2254:
2247:imperfective
2234:
2233:, auxiliary
2226:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2110:
2109:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2082:
2079:as main verb
2076:
2064:
2062:
2055:
2048:X-bar theory
2045:
2040:
2038:
2025:
2018:
2014:
2002:
1995:
1991:
1979:
1972:
1960:
1959:âś“ She will '
1954:write a book
1953:
1931:
1923:x-bar theory
1914:
1910:
1909:The phrases
1908:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1879:participle:
1873:I plan to do
1872:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1833:
1831:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1809:
1808:cook pasta.
1805:
1803:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1652:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1624:
1622:
1610:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1531:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1442:
1439:For emphasis
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1415:Further uses
1405:
1399:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1370:
1364:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1312:not to laugh
1311:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1290:
1281:
1279:
1273:did not know
1272:
1270:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1251:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1041:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1002:
998:
992:
988:
982:
980:
974:
972:
963:
959:
957:
952:
942:
934:
930:
922:
921:
916:
907:
903:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
877:
875:
869:want to try?
866:
862:
861:
854:
850:
848:
839:
835:
827:
825:
820:
814:
812:
808:
802:
800:
792:
790:
782:
777:Did she come
776:
775:
771:
765:
759:
758:
754:
748:
742:
741:
737:
728:
726:
717:
715:
700:
692:
688:
687:(the copula
682:
681:
675:
674:
668:
664:
658:
657:
651:
650:
641:
631:
628:In questions
621:
619:
610:
599:
598:
588:
584:
580:
564:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
539:
535:
531:
527:
524:copular verb
520:lexical verb
512:
500:
496:
492:
491:can be used
488:
486:
469:
465:
453:
451:periphrastic
449:
443:
442:
436:
435:
434:
336:Zero-marking
323:
308:
248:
229:
189:
178:
175:Prepositions
167:Portmanteaus
139:
124:Coordinators
112:
80:
69:
2416:. Springer.
2327:Intensifier
2184:(the first
1875:; or as a
1771:fell asleep
1674:didn't you?
1645:doesn't he?
1327:They want
1323:want to go.
1246:is negated)
1232:is negated)
1224:not receive
1196:subjunctive
1188:is negated)
1172:is negated)
1161:Not knowing
1156:is negated)
1145:not to help
1097:imperatives
1031:. The verb
999:She laughs.
923:Do you have
851:are you not
766:*Laughs he?
595:Common uses
577:subjunctive
573:participles
569:infinitives
472:), to form
348:Orthography
332:Periphrasis
272:Modal verbs
239:subjunctive
231:conditional
171:Possessives
151:Intensifier
136:Determiners
2585:Word order
2574:Categories
2357:References
2243:perfective
2241:(probably
2204:set phrase
1994:will she '
1780:-support,
1629:elliptical
1486:does sings
1398:Only here
1351:elliptical
1151:infinitive
1065:, such as
1059:contracted
888:-support:
863:Do you not
855:aren't you
832:contracted
797:infinitive
781:(Compare:
764:(Compare:
755:He laughs.
747:(Compare:
731:-support:
536:I know not
493:optionally
480:, such as
446:-insertion
324:Do-support
310:in English
284:Verb usage
250:continuous
235:imperative
147:Expletives
105:Adjectives
96:Word types
71:in English
57:Morphology
2347:asterisks
2275:causative
1952:She will
1849:I haven't
1596:Emphatic
1347:questions
1329:not to go
1293:predicate
898:The verb
867:Don't you
509:idiomatic
487:The verb
482:questions
328:Inversion
180:List here
141:List here
128:Compounds
18:Do (verb)
2540:(2009).
2311:See also
1927:pro-verb
1919:pro-verb
1763:pro-verb
1718:I didn't
1558:wouldn't
1523:singing.
1404:(wrong:
1390:(wrong:
1310:I tried
1282:were not
1119:Don't be
1113:do that.
1005:does not
983:will not
857:playing?
813:did she
801:does he
749:*Know I?
685:at home?
678:at home.
528:I am not
439:-support
254:habitual
186:Pronouns
120:Articles
101:Acronyms
77:Suffixes
66:Prefixes
2456:29 July
2261:Origins
2182:karate?
2075:Use of
1941:Sample
1929:forms.
1915:do what
1883:, not *
1877:passive
1700:He did.
1666:Do you?
1653:do you?
1482:did ate
1304:did not
1230:receive
1170:knowing
1154:to help
1083:doesn't
1057:have a
1044:haven't
882:subject
760:Does he
738:I know.
718:will he
659:Will he
652:He will
544:archaic
474:negated
305:Clauses
258:perfect
109:Adverbs
62:Plurals
2590:Syntax
2556:
2520:
2296:gwneud
2271:Gothic
2249:). In
2239:aspect
1980:do so'
1961:do so'
1857:I will
1823:should
1819:should
1738:, too.
1727:do you
1563:would
1501:stress
1386:did he
1384:Never
1321:do not
1238:not be
1186:eating
1183:gerund
1121:silly.
1111:Do not
1087:didn't
1007:laugh.
985:laugh.
977:laugh.
809:laughs
762:laugh?
720:laugh?
683:Is she
676:She is
661:laugh?
654:laugh.
517:finite
457:), in
365:Hyphen
320:Copula
300:Syntax
245:Aspect
195:person
2333:Notes
2291:Welsh
2152:They
2120:doing
2101:doing
2065:do so
2041:do so
2015:What'
1992:What'
1938:Type
1911:do so
1797:isn't
1736:I did
1687:I do.
1577:don't
1575:They
1512:would
1319:They
1240:there
1194:With
1181:(the
1165:(the
1149:(the
1079:don't
1071:won't
1067:isn't
951:With
834:form
819:(not
807:(not
803:laugh
779:home?
745:know?
716:When
613:, and
361:Comma
217:Verbs
205:Verbs
163:Nouns
2554:ISBN
2552:–3.
2518:ISBN
2458:2020
2196:you
2192:How
2178:you
2174:Why
2156:n't
2097:done
2089:does
2039:The
1913:and
1855:(or
1847:(or
1825:too.
1817:You
1812:you?
1580:(or
1561:(or
1484:or *
1472:does
1468:sing
1466:does
1400:do I
1371:only
1325:vs.
1308:vs.
1284:here
1262:were
1211:(as
1085:and
1063:-n't
1033:have
1015:does
1003:She
993:will
975:will
935:have
900:have
849:Why
821:came
815:come
743:Do I
665:will
571:and
540:know
470:does
397:Thou
264:-ing
226:Mood
191:case
114:flat
2202:(a
2164:did
2154:did
2135:not
2093:did
2046:In
2024:âś“ '
2019:do'
2001:âś“ '
1996:do'
1887:.)
1810:Can
1806:can
1799:he?
1791:He
1767:did
1584:not
1582:do
1565:not
1543:n't
1538:.)
1532:can
1458:did
1452:did
1377:):
1264:):
1254:did
1205:not
1147:him
1134:not
1055:not
1011:not
989:not
981:He
973:He
960:not
953:not
836:n't
828:not
823:).
811:);
693:she
611:not
513:not
497:did
448:or
2576::
2550:22
2494:^
2449:.
2437:^
2385:^
2365:^
2255:do
2235:do
2223:do
2219:do
2198:do
2194:do
2186:do
2180:do
2176:do
2168:do
2158:do
2143:do
2139:do
2131:do
2111:Do
2099:,
2095:,
2091:,
2085:do
2077:do
2028:.
2021:?
2005:.
1998:?
1982:.
1975:.
1963:.
1956:.
1892:do
1865:to
1859:).
1834:do
1804:I
1793:is
1782:do
1778:do
1773:.
1759:do
1751:do
1747:do
1705:he
1692:do
1639::
1625:do
1604::
1602:be
1598:do
1587:)
1568:)
1556:I
1547:do
1521:is
1497:do
1493:do
1433:do
1429:do
1425:do
1421:do
1340:Do
1302:I
1275:it
1258:be
1244:be
1213:do
1209:be
1200:do
1136::
1130:do
1103::
1101:be
1093:Do
1081:,
1075:do
1069:,
1042:I
1025:do
1001:→
979:→
964:do
908:do
904:do
892:,
886:do
878:wh
840:do
793:do
774:→
757:→
740:→
729:do
709::
689:is
680:→
669:he
656:→
642:do
622:do
600:Do
591:.
585:do
581:do
565:Do
548:do
532:be
501:do
489:do
484:.
466:do
454:do
444:do
437:Do
256:·
252:·
237:·
233:·
193:·
2562:.
2526:.
2460:.
2200:?
2162:(
2122:?
2013:'
1990:'
1851:)
1753:(
1729:.
1720:.
1707:)
1694:)
1470:(
1456:(
1408:)
1394:)
1373:(
1332:.
1315:.
1017:)
1009:(
995:)
987:(
929:(
817:?
805:?
785:)
768:)
751:)
695:)
671:)
424:e
417:t
410:v
313:)
307:(
261:)
247:(
242:)
228:(
198:)
188:(
183:)
177:(
144:)
138:(
117:)
111:(
85:)
79:(
74:)
68:(
20:)
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