138:
25:
2746:"There is no structural limitation on the recursivity of compounding, but the longer a compound becomes the more difficult it is for the speakers/listeners to process, i.e. produce and understand correctly. Extremely long compounds are therefore disfavored not for structural but for processing reasons." - Plag
643:. As in other Germanic languages, the compounds may be arbitrarily long. However, this is obscured by the fact that the written representation of long compounds always contains spaces. Short compounds may be written in three different forms, which do not correspond to different pronunciations, though:
2813:
When a noun is used as a modifier, the singular form is generally used (even when more than one is meant). Thus, an industry that makes small appliances is a "small-appliance industry", an appliance to press trousers is a "trouser press" (and each pair of trousers may have four "trouser pockets"), a
1590:
Major style guides advise consulting a dictionary to determine whether a compound modifier should be hyphenated; the dictionary's hyphenation should be followed even when the compound modifier follows a noun (that is, regardless of whether in attributive or predicative position), because they are
1591:
permanent compounds (whereas the general rule with temporary compounds is that hyphens are omitted in the predicative position because they are used only when necessary to prevent misreading, which is usually only in the attributive position, and even there, only on a case-by-case basis).
2210:. Most compound verbs originally have the collective meaning of both components, but some of them later gain additional meanings that may supersede the original, emergent sense. Therefore, sometimes the resultant meanings are seemingly barely related to the original contributors.
2421:
Each of the foregoing sentences implies a contextually distinguishable meaning of the word, "up," but the fourth sentence may differ syntactically, depending on whether it intends meaning (a) or (b). Specifically, the first three sentences render
715:
Usage in the US and in the UK differs and often depends on the individual choice of the writer rather than on a hard-and-fast rule; therefore, spaced, hyphenated, and solid forms may be encountered for the same compound noun, such as the triplets
1477:
is a sequence of modifiers of a noun that function as a single unit. It consists of two or more words (adjectives, gerunds, or nouns) of which the left-hand component modifies the right-hand one, as in "the dark-green dress":
3051:
Hyphenation. Compound words take many forms. The dictionary is an excellent guide for such decisions. When a compound can be found in the dictionary, its usage is established and it is known as a permanent
1594:
Generally, a compound modifier is hyphenated if the hyphen helps the reader differentiate a compound modifier from two adjacent modifiers that modify the noun independently. Compare the following examples:
3156:
In general, Chicago prefers a spare hyphenation style: if no suitable example or analogy can be found either in this section or in the dictionary, hyphenate only if doing so will aid readability
474:
1892:
are already hyphenated, the fraction itself does not take a hyphen: "a thirty-three thousandth part". (Fractions used as nouns have no hyphens: "I ate two thirds of the pie.")
602:
by combining two words at a time. Combining "science" and "fiction", and then combining the resulting compound with "writer", for example, can construct the compound "
2830:) and with lexically distinct singular and plural senses ("glasses-case design" vs. "glass-case design", or "arms-race prediction" vs. "arm-race prediction").
513:
1648:
Hyphenated compound modifiers may have been formed originally by an adjective preceding a noun, when this phrase in turn precedes another noun:
3302:
3264:
3245:
3207:
3149:
3109:
3077:
3044:
2992:
2965:
2907:
1767:
2955:
2325:
There was a tendency in the 18th century to use hyphens excessively, that is, to hyphenate all previously established solid compound verbs.
2982:
598:, the two classes are not always easily distinguished. Most English compound nouns that consist of more than two words can be constructed
711:) units that often have been established in the language for a long time. Examples are "housewife", "lawsuit", "wallpaper", "basketball".
1498:
There are some well-established permanent compound modifiers that have become solid over a longer period, especially in
American usage:
469:
3067:
340:
3283:
3226:
2550:
108:
42:
1096:
compounds because the semantic head is contained within the compound itself—a blackboard is a type of board, for example, and a
418:
89:
2206:, for instance, might be analyzed as an adjective+verb compound, or as an adjective+noun compound that becomes a verb through
3084:
Permanent compound adjectives are usually written as they appear in the dictionary even when they follow the noun they modify
61:
46:
2450:
that modifies "held." The ambiguity is minimized by rewording and providing more context to the sentences under discussion:
2060:
Special rules apply when multiple compound nouns with the same "head" are used together, often with a conjunction (and with
506:
406:
570:
are found to be compounds. Of all the types of word-formation in
English, compounding is said to be the most productive.
1827:"a 20-year-old man" (as a compound modifier) and "the 20-year-old" (as a compound noun)—but "a man, who is 20 years old"
1009:
655:
form usually consisting of newer combinations or longer words, such as "distance learning", "player piano", "ice cream".
559:
270:
68:
707:
form in which two usually moderately short words appear together as one. Solid compounds most likely consist of short (
595:
483:
231:
2534:
Thus, the fifth sentence renders "up" as the head word of an adverbial prepositional phrase that modifies, the verb,
2314:. Those with longer modifiers may originally be hyphenated, but as they became established, they became solid, e.g.
1406:
patterns may distinguish a compound word from a noun phrase consisting of the same component words. For example, a
1133:
374:
75:
35:
447:
1026:
compounds in the
Sanskrit tradition), in which the modifier is used in an attributive or appositional manner. A
3322:
2728:
2443:
1965:
Compound modifiers that are not hyphenated in the relevant dictionary or that are unambiguous without a hyphen.
1311:
499:
147:
2430:
that expresses an idiomatic, figurative, or metaphorical sense that depends on the contextual meaning of the
1137:
is not a type of heart, but a person with a heart like a lion (in its bravery, courage, fearlessness, etc.).
1131:
is also not a head, but a person with a head that is as hard and unreceptive as a block (i.e. stupid). And a
57:
1036:
691:
603:
426:
358:
312:
2776:. However, this is a typographic convention due to the lack of sufficient symbols to distinguish full from
2616:
English has a number of other kinds of compound verb idioms. There are compound verbs with two verbs (e.g.
3327:
2723:
1653:
1017:
527:
378:
2756:
2200:
Some compound verbs are difficult to analyze morphologically because several derivations are plausible.
1544:
955:
400:
366:
291:
245:
237:
2793:
A similar falling intonation occurs in phrases when these are emphatically contrasted, as in "Not the
137:
2431:
2213:
Compound verbs composed of a noun and verb are comparatively rare, and the noun is generally not the
1951:
1466:
1410:
adjective plus noun, is any board that is black, and has equal stress on both elements. The compound
1403:
1255:
1013:
985:
687:
410:
265:
214:
1214:
On the other hand, endocentric adjectives are also frequently formed, using the suffixal morphemes
438:
362:
329:
226:
1776:
1682:
1678:
1667:
1615:
1549:
1303:
1271:
335:
285:
261:
249:
195:
1049:. (It can be used for sitting on, but that is not its primary purpose.) In a similar manner, an
3139:
3099:
3298:
3279:
3260:
3241:
3222:
3203:
3169:
3145:
3105:
3073:
3040:
2988:
2961:
2903:
2546:
2353:
1811:
1449:
1442:
1372:
683:
636:
632:
348:
82:
2781:
2769:
2326:
1947:
1674:
1376:
1080:
989:
535:
321:
316:
281:
276:
210:
2330:
2207:
1940:
1797:
1746:
965:
614:
608:
479:
344:
325:
199:
152:
129:
1318:, which the bugs do, is actually based on an old wives' tale that butterflies are small
742:
736:
2999:
The compound can be a closed compound, where the two words are written together (e.g.,
2686:, while both "compound" and "complex" contrast with "simple", they are not synonymous (
2679:
1447:
English compound modifiers are constructed in a very similar way to the compound noun.
1277:
1266:
1249:
These types account for most compound nouns, but there are other, rarer types as well.
1226:
1051:
186:
161:
2826:. There are occasional exceptions to this general rule: for instance, with fractions (
1115:
compound in the
Sanskrit tradition), the semantic head is not explicitly expressed. A
748:
3316:
2777:
2214:
2168:
1265:
compounds combine elements with a similar meaning, and the compound meaning may be a
975:
531:
307:
295:
253:
222:
172:
1645:(a "walk on Sunday morning" is practically the same as a "morning walk on Sunday").
1127:
970:
2713:
2668:
2557:
2427:
2346:
1926:
1660:
1022:
591:
443:
370:
2220:
Examples of compound verbs following the pattern of indirect-object+verb include "
1641:
If, however, there is no risk of ambiguities, it may be written without a hyphen:
1606:
The hyphen is unneeded when capitalization or italicization makes grouping clear:
980:
2759:
stress falls on the second word, but this disappears in the appropriate context.
2718:
2683:
2003:
1999:
1889:
1705:
1621:
1425:
1365:
1327:
1188:
1093:
1076:
724:
718:
640:
583:
563:
422:
257:
241:
204:
24:
2039:
Ordinarily hyphenated compounds with intensive adverbs in front of adjectives:
2664:
are multi-word but some are one-word: a verb (which could be a compound verb).
2043:
1760:
1335:
1108:
1085:
1028:
730:
543:
414:
2902:(17th ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 443–444.
2202:
2131:
2114:
1980:
and that modify right-hand components that are past participles (ending in -
1885:
1289:
compounds repeat a single element, to express repetition or as an emphasis.
1172:
1112:
1097:
1041:
599:
587:
1000:
in
Classical Latin and Ancient Greek respectively) and cannot stand alone.
2840:
2708:
2672:
2439:
1753:
1693:
Others may have originated with a verb preceding an adjective or adverb:
1629:
1508:
1459:
1352:
1117:
1067:
1032:
is a particular kind of board, which is (generally) black, for instance.
708:
547:
2675:
before or after the verb, often having a more or less idiomatic meaning.
1895:
Comparatives and superlatives in compound adjectives also take hyphens:
2118:
1804:
1611:
1261:
1045:
is not a particular type of stool that is like a foot. Rather, it is a
567:
191:
2914:
Compounds defined. An open compound is spelled as two or more words (
2247:
Examples of non-existent direct-object+verb compound verbs would be *"
1565:. In British usage, the hyphenated and open versions are more common:
2657:
2624:). There are also idiomatic combinations of verb and adjective (e.g.
2447:
2350:
2342:
2311:
2182:
2061:
1884:
Fractions as modifiers are hyphenated: "two-thirds majority", but if
1821:
1686:
1323:
1299:
are examples of this type of compound, which has more than one head.
1275:, for example, is the combined area of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but a
1196:
663:
455:
395:
390:
167:
156:
2310:
Compound verbs with single-syllable modifiers are often solid, or un
1414:, on the other hand, though it may have started out historically as
558:
English inherits the ability to form compounds from its parent the
3144:(16th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2010. section 7.85.
3104:(16th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2010. section 7.80.
3039:(6th ed.). American Psychological Association. section 4.13.
1722:
1602:"small-appliance industry": an industry producing small appliances
1535:
1319:
1295:
1230:
is a clear endocentric determinative compound: it is a thing that
1163:
Exocentric compounds occur more often in adjectives than nouns. A
1101:
1057:
670:
451:
1599:"small appliance industry": a small industry producing appliances
2186:
1216:
1140:
There is a general way to tell the two apart. In a compound "":
579:
487:
354:
2922:). A hyphenated compound is spelled with one or more hyphens (
2640:); and these, too, may have fixed idiomatic prepositions (e.g.
2278:": although this matches the direct-object+verb pattern, it is
1371:
In the case of verb+noun compounds, the noun may be either the
1039:, however, the relationship is not attributive. For example, a
2074:
We don't see many 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children around here.
1950:", as a hyphen is seen to disparage minority populations as a
1195:$ 25. The compounds shown here are bare, but more commonly, a
18:
2934:). A closed (or solid) compound is spelled as a single word (
2071:
Both full- and part-time employees will get raises this year.
1960:
The following compound modifiers are not normally hyphenated:
1943:", which refers to people from a specific geographical region
960:
In addition to this native
English compounding, there is the
3037:
Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association
3003:), an open compound, where they are written separate (e.g.,
2530:
implies that I lifted a (toy) bank along an upstairs route.
562:
and expands on it. Close to two-thirds of the words in the
2434:, "up." The fourth sentence, however, ambiguously renders
2068:
The third- and fourth-grade teachers met with the parents.
2056:
Using a group of compound nouns containing the same "head"
1793:
Numbers, whether or not spelled out, that precede a noun:
1610:"old English scholar": an old person who is English and a
2553:) distinguishes seven types of phrasal verbs in English:
1704:
Yet others are created with an original verb preceding a
1429:
normally has a falling intonation which a phrase such as
1083:
in other languages. (Compounds of this type are known as
2499:
implies that I expect model behavior regarding the bank.
1976:
Left-hand components of a compound modifier that end in
1016:
limits the meaning of the head. This is most obvious in
694:: "rent-a-cop", "mother-of-pearl" and "salt-and-pepper".
586:(i.e. nominal phrases) that include a noun modified by
2193:
was first used in publication in
Grattan and Gurrey's
1121:, for example, is not a kind of head, but is a person
639:, it creates compounds by concatenating words without
2286:
in a sentence as a verb, but rather as a noun (e.g. "
2605:
doubly transitive phrasal-prepositional verbs (e.g.
2329:, however, has diminished the use of hyphens, while
1840:), but when spelled out takes a solid construction (
1383:, for example, the noun is the subject of the verb (
1281:
is an aircraft that is both a fighter and a bomber.
1238:, is also endocentric: it refers to an object which
2620:). These too can take idiomatic prepositions (e.g.
2189:, although other combinations also exist. The term
1700:"Buy now, pay later" → "buy-now pay-later purchase"
662:form in which two or more words are connected by a
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3007:), or hyphenated, with a hyphen in between (e.g.,
1733:hyphenated when they are not written as one word:
2954:McArthur, Thomas Burns; McArthur, Roshan (2005).
2598:monotransitive phrasal-prepositional verbs (e.g.
2538:. The first four sentences remain phrasal verbs.
1107:However, in another common type of compound, the
3219:An Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation
3069:Merriam-Webster's Manual for Writers and Editors
2957:Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language
1530:Other solid compound modifiers are for example:
1092:Both of the above types of compounds are called
1008:In general, the meaning of a compound noun is a
673:: "house-build(er)" and "single-mind(ed)(ness)",
2984:The Routledge Companion to Linguistics in India
1918:Compounds including two geographical modifiers:
1338:, which is why we cannot recognize the element
542:may be classified in several ways, such as the
538:, like many others, uses compounds frequently.
3297:(1st ed.). Great Britain: Penguin Books.
2809:
2807:
1870:: "high-level discussion", "low-price markup".
1360:was named after the Christian expression "our
1075:. These relationships, which are expressed by
618:, cannot be constructed in this way, however.
3134:
3132:
3094:
3092:
1515:However, in British usage, these, apart from
1418:, now is stressed on only the first element,
1306:and semantic changes. For instance, the word
507:
8:
3259:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2581:doubly transitive prepositional verbs (e.g.
1234:a carrier of people. The related adjective,
676:Adjective–adjective compounds: "blue-green",
964:type, which consists of words derived from
2822:, and a vehicle with four wheels may have
2238:she feeds the baby with/by/from her breast
1534:Numbers that are spelled out and have the
514:
500:
120:
2898:University of Chicago press, ed. (2017).
2671:"—A sub-type of verb phrase, which has a
2660:"/"verbal phrase"—Headed by a verb, many
2574:monotransitive prepositional verbs (e.g.
1775:A noun, adjective, or adverb preceding a
1519:, are more likely written with a hyphen:
1242:a carrying-thing (or equivalently, which
1155:Can one substitute Y with a noun that is
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2960:. Oxford University Press. p. 237.
2652:"Compound verb" is often confused with:
2082:
1847:Numbers, spelled out or not, with added
1737:An adjective preceding a noun to which -
1721:"Roll on, roll off" → "roll-on roll-off
1302:Analyzability may be further limited by
754:
3116:Where no ambiguity could result, as in
2854:
2739:
2698:involves multiple dissimilar elements).
1144:Can one substitute Y with a noun that
128:
3030:
3028:
3276:An Introduction to English Morphology
3170:"Drop the Hyphen in "Asian American""
3072:. Merriam Webster. 1998. p. 73.
3062:
3060:
2274:Note the example of a compound like "
1968:Where there is no risk of ambiguity:
1729:The following compound modifiers are
594:. Due to the English tendency toward
7:
2694:involves multiple similar elements,
2356:. Consider the following sentences:
1620:"Old English scholar": a scholar of
679:Verb–verb compounds: "freeze-dried",
530:is a word composed of more than one
47:adding citations to reliable sources
3274:Carstairs-McCarthy, Andrew (2002).
3168:Fuhrmann, Henry (24 January 2018).
2981:Nagarajan, Hemalatha (2022-10-20).
2843:to indicate ungrammatical examples.
2755:When said in isolation, additional
2591:copular prepositional verbs. (e.g.
2292:they're going on a foxhunt tomorrow
1152:Y? This is an endocentric compound.
475:AmE and BrE grammatical differences
470:African-American Vernacular English
3202:(2010 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.
3200:Indo-European Language and Culture
2399:model behavior regarding the bank.
1749:construction, used before a noun:
1211:two legs, and this is exocentric.
1159:Y? This is an exocentric compound.
1079:in English, would be expressed by
550:relationship of their components.
14:
984:, the components of which are in
379:Transitive and intransitive verbs
3035:VandenBos, Gary R., ed. (2010).
2393:the bank to the highest standard
2064:and commas if they are needed).
1998:Compound modifiers that include
1697:"Feel good" → "feel-good factor"
1614:, or an old scholar who studies
1541:added: "fifteenfold", "sixfold".
1055:is the manager of an office, an
1012:of the meaning of its head. The
136:
23:
3257:Introducing English Linguistics
2567:transitive phrasal verbs (e.g.
2049:"really well accepted proposal"
1993:"a distantly related celebrity"
1898:"the highest-placed competitor"
1387:), whereas it is the object in
34:needs additional citations for
3278:. Edinburgh University Press.
3240:. Cambridge University Press.
2288:they're hunting foxes tomorrow
2156:browbeat, sidestep, manhandle
1782:"an awe-inspiring personality"
1:
3118:public welfare administration
2814:woman who is 28 years old is
2780:in unstressed syllables. See
2636:), verb and fixed noun (e.g.
1906:However, a construction with
1712:"Stick on" → "stick-on label"
1586:Hyphenated compound modifiers
1269:instead of a specialization.
3198:Fortson, Benjamin W (2010).
3124:, hyphenation is unnecessary
2321:counterattack (Latin origin)
2103:overrate, underline, outrun
1913:"the most respected member".
1718:"Stand by" → "stand-by fare"
1089:in the Sanskrit tradition.)
1047:stool for one's foot or feet
1004:Analyzability (transparency)
560:Proto-Indo-European language
3141:The Chicago Manual of Style
3101:The Chicago Manual of Style
2900:The Chicago manual of style
2690:involves a single element,
2300:they're foxhunting tomorrow
2028:"the most respected member"
2025:"a more recent development"
1990:"a greatly improved scheme"
1334:is a part translation from
1310:, commonly thought to be a
1199:morpheme is added, such as
606:". Some compounds, such as
3344:
2920:lowest common denominoator
2409:implies either (a) that I
2181:is usually composed of an
2034:"the least expected event"
1987:"a hotly disputed subject"
1715:"Walk on" → "walk-on part"
1440:
1422:. Thus a compound such as
953:
631:Since English is a mostly
3238:Word-Formation in English
2678:"complex verb"—A type of
2318:overhang (English origin)
2031:"a less opportune moment"
1879:"a reddish-orange dress".
1832:A numeral with the affix
1788:"a far-reaching decision"
1470:are only a few examples.
16:Aspect of English grammar
3122:graduate student housing
2987:. Taylor & Francis.
2772:on the second element,,
2242:she breastfeeds the baby
1862:Compound modifiers with
1494:Solid compound modifiers
666:. Are often hyphenated:
3293:Pinker, Steven (1994).
3255:Meyer, Charles (2009).
3217:Adams, Valerie (1987).
2768:Some dictionaries mark
2632:) and verb and adverb (
2497:to the highest standard
2413:the bank or (b) that I
1971:"a Sunday morning walk"
1785:"a long-lasting affair"
1175:rather than a car that
1125:red hair. Similarly, a
1037:determinative compounds
992:, which are most often
756:Examples by word class
682:Compounds that contain
669:Compounds that contain
627:Native English compound
622:Types of compound nouns
2724:Syllabic abbreviations
2543:Oxford English Grammar
2345:distinguishes between
2333:is more conservative.
1873:Colours in compounds:
1654:round-table discussion
1393:someone calls the girl
1181:twenty-five-dollar car
950:Neo-classical compound
604:science-fiction writer
578:Most English compound
3295:The Language Instinct
3174:Conscious Style Guide
2828:a two-thirds majority
2446:"held," or as (b) an
1901:"a shorter-term loan"
1876:"a dark-blue sweater"
1677:" (historically, the
1545:Points of the compass
1342:(from the Low German
1073:coat against the rain
1018:descriptive compounds
956:Neoclassical compound
407:Conditional sentences
2932:non-English-speaking
2673:Grammatical particle
2560:phrasal verbs (e.g.
1952:hyphenated ethnicity
1745:has been added as a
1467:green monkey disease
1455:leftover ingredients
1148:a Y, or a verb that
635:, unlike most other
43:improve this article
3236:Plag, Ingo (2003).
2648:Misuses of the term
2226:you wash it by hand
2195:Our Living Language
2042:"very much admired
1910:is not hyphenated:
1768:rose-tinted glasses
1643:Sunday morning walk
1633:proceedings" (not "
1304:cranberry morphemes
1207:person is a person
1191:25, not a car that
988:form (connected by
757:
124:Part of a series on
2839:This article uses
2517:the upstairs bank.
1777:present participle
1668:red-light district
1437:Compound modifiers
1272:Bosnia-Herzegovina
755:
637:Germanic languages
58:"English compound"
3304:978-0-14-017529-5
3266:978-0-521-83350-9
3247:978-0-521-52563-3
3221:. Longman Group.
3209:978-1-4051-8895-1
3151:978-0-226-10420-1
3111:978-0-226-10420-1
3079:978-0-87779-622-0
3046:978-1-4338-0559-2
2994:978-1-000-77574-7
2967:978-0-19-280637-6
2909:978-0-226-28705-8
2485:the negotiations.
2476:the negotiations
2385:the negotiations.
2175:
2174:
1812:20th-century poem
1685:is used, not the
1673:"Four wheels" → "
1652:"Round table" → "
1475:compound modifier
1450:Blackboard Jungle
1443:Compound modifier
990:connecting vowels
947:
946:
633:analytic language
540:English compounds
524:
523:
119:
118:
111:
93:
3335:
3308:
3289:
3270:
3251:
3232:
3213:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3032:
3023:
3020:
3014:
3013:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2844:
2837:
2831:
2824:four-wheel drive
2819:
2811:
2802:
2791:
2785:
2782:secondary stress
2770:secondary stress
2766:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2438:either as (a) a
2379:the negotiations
2327:American English
2265:they drive a car
2083:
1948:African American
1941:Central American
1675:four-wheel drive
1379:of the verb. In
1350:, "crane"). The
1081:grammatical case
978:origin, such as
758:
536:English language
516:
509:
502:
484:Grammar disputes
480:Double negatives
477:
140:
121:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3323:English grammar
3313:
3312:
3311:
3305:
3292:
3286:
3273:
3267:
3254:
3248:
3235:
3229:
3216:
3210:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3178:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3112:
3098:
3097:
3090:
3080:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3047:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3017:
2995:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2910:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2838:
2834:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2792:
2788:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2705:
2650:
2513:implies that I
2481:implies that I
2464:implies that I
2395:implies that I
2381:implies that I
2367:implies that I
2339:
2331:British English
2308:
2257:they bread-bake
2253:they bake bread
2230:you handwash it
2208:zero derivation
2081:
2058:
1817:"30-piece band"
1798:seven-year itch
1747:past-participle
1666:"Red light" → "
1588:
1579:north-westwards
1496:
1445:
1439:
1401:
1063:chair with arms
1006:
974:, and those of
966:Classical Latin
958:
952:
629:
624:
615:mother-of-pearl
609:salt and pepper
576:
556:
520:
491:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
472:
467:
459:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
431:
430:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
393:
383:
382:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
359:Irregular verbs
357:
353:
334:
315:
313:Auxiliary verbs
310:
300:
299:
298:
294:
290:
275:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
198:
194:
189:
179:
178:
177:
166:
155:
150:
130:English grammar
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3341:
3339:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3290:
3284:
3271:
3265:
3252:
3246:
3233:
3227:
3214:
3208:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3160:
3150:
3128:
3110:
3088:
3078:
3056:
3045:
3024:
3015:
2993:
2973:
2966:
2946:
2908:
2890:
2881:
2879:Meyer, p. 179.
2872:
2870:Fortson, §682.
2863:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2832:
2803:
2786:
2778:reduced vowels
2761:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2680:complex phrase
2676:
2665:
2662:verbal phrases
2649:
2646:
2614:
2613:
2603:
2596:
2589:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2532:
2531:
2518:
2500:
2486:
2469:
2419:
2418:
2400:
2386:
2372:
2338:
2335:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2307:
2304:
2282:grammatically
2269:they car-drive
2173:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2080:
2079:Compound verbs
2077:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1860:
1845:
1836:has a hyphen (
1830:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1752:"loud-mouthed
1727:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1691:
1690:
1671:
1664:
1659:"Blue sky" → "
1657:
1639:
1638:
1625:
1618:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1571:north-westerly
1563:northwestwards
1542:
1495:
1492:
1486:that modifies
1441:Main article:
1438:
1435:
1400:
1399:Sound patterns
1397:
1278:fighter-bomber
1267:generalization
1227:people-carrier
1161:
1160:
1153:
1052:office manager
1010:specialization
1005:
1002:
954:Main article:
951:
948:
945:
944:
941:
938:
934:
933:
930:
927:
923:
922:
919:
916:
912:
911:
908:
905:
901:
900:
897:
894:
890:
889:
886:
883:
879:
878:
875:
872:
868:
867:
864:
861:
857:
856:
853:
850:
846:
845:
842:
839:
835:
834:
831:
828:
824:
823:
820:
817:
813:
812:
809:
806:
802:
801:
798:
795:
791:
790:
787:
784:
780:
779:
776:
773:
769:
768:
765:
762:
743:particle-board
737:particle board
713:
712:
706:
702:
697:
696:
695:
680:
677:
674:
661:
656:
654:
650:
628:
625:
623:
620:
575:
574:Compound nouns
572:
555:
552:
522:
521:
519:
518:
511:
504:
496:
493:
492:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
448:Capitalization
442:
437:
436:
433:
432:
394:
389:
388:
385:
384:
311:
306:
305:
302:
301:
250:Interrogatives
223:Demonstratives
190:
185:
184:
181:
180:
151:
146:
145:
142:
141:
133:
132:
126:
125:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3340:
3329:
3328:English words
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3285:0-7486-1326-9
3281:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3228:0-582-55042-4
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2985:
2977:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2928:kilowatt-hour
2925:
2924:mass-produced
2921:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2642:take place on
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:0-19-861250-8
2548:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2527:up the stairs
2524:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2415:lifted upward
2412:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2347:phrasal verbs
2344:
2337:Phrasal verbs
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2217:of the verb.
2216:
2215:direct object
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:compound verb
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:compound verb
2170:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2055:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:north-western
1564:
1560:
1559:northwesterly
1556:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1521:ear-splitting
1518:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1482:modifies the
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1431:a white house
1428:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:the boy plays
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:a V-8, and a
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1100:is a type of
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:
977:
976:Ancient Greek
973:
972:
967:
963:
962:neo-classical
957:
949:
942:
939:
936:
935:
931:
928:
925:
924:
920:
917:
914:
913:
909:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
892:
891:
887:
884:
881:
880:
876:
873:
870:
869:
865:
862:
859:
858:
854:
851:
848:
847:
843:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
826:
825:
821:
818:
815:
814:
810:
807:
804:
803:
799:
796:
793:
792:
788:
785:
782:
781:
777:
774:
771:
770:
766:
763:
760:
759:
753:
751:
750:
749:particleboard
745:
744:
739:
738:
733:
732:
727:
726:
721:
720:
710:
704:
700:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
678:
675:
672:
668:
667:
665:
659:
657:
652:
648:
646:
645:
644:
642:
638:
634:
626:
621:
619:
617:
616:
611:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:noun adjuncts
589:
585:
581:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
553:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
532:free morpheme
529:
517:
512:
510:
505:
503:
498:
497:
495:
494:
489:
485:
481:
476:
471:
466:Variant usage
463:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:Abbreviations
440:
435:
434:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
386:
380:
376:
372:
371:Phrasal verbs
368:
367:Passive voice
364:
360:
356:
351:
350:
346:
342:
337:
332:
331:
327:
323:
318:
314:
309:
304:
303:
297:
293:
292:Subordinators
288:
287:
283:
278:
273:
272:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:Interjections
243:
239:
234:
233:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
206:
201:
197:
193:
188:
183:
182:
175:
174:
173:frequentative
169:
164:
163:
158:
154:
149:
144:
143:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3294:
3275:
3256:
3237:
3218:
3199:
3191:Bibliography
3177:. Retrieved
3173:
3163:
3155:
3140:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3100:
3083:
3068:
3050:
3036:
3022:Adams, §3.2.
3018:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2998:
2983:
2976:
2956:
2949:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2913:
2899:
2893:
2884:
2875:
2866:
2861:Adams, §3.1.
2857:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2773:
2764:
2751:
2742:
2714:Phrasal verb
2695:
2691:
2687:
2669:phrasal verb
2661:
2651:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2558:intransitive
2542:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2435:
2428:phrasal verb
2423:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2340:
2324:
2309:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2212:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2178:
2176:
2134:, blacklist
2059:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:superlatives
2000:comparatives
1981:
1977:
1959:
1958:
1934:
1927:Anglo-Indian
1907:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1803:"five-sided
1742:
1738:
1730:
1728:
1703:
1692:
1661:blue-sky law
1647:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1605:
1593:
1589:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1555:northwestern
1554:
1548:
1538:
1529:
1525:eye-catching
1524:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1500:earsplitting
1499:
1497:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:black board,
1407:
1402:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1328:window sills
1315:
1307:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1260:
1254:
1251:Coordinative
1250:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1236:car-carrying
1235:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1111:(known as a
1106:
1091:
1084:
1077:prepositions
1072:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1027:
1023:karmadharaya
1021:
1007:
997:
993:
979:
971:horticulture
969:
961:
959:
747:
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
714:
709:monosyllabic
692:conjunctions
688:prepositions
641:case markers
630:
613:
607:
584:noun phrases
577:
557:
544:word classes
539:
525:
427:Zero-marking
399:
339:
320:
280:
269:
266:Prepositions
258:Portmanteaus
230:
218:
215:Coordinators
203:
171:
160:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2916:high school
2888:Plag, §6.1.
2818:28-year-old
2797:house, the
2719:Portmanteau
2684:linguistics
2444:complements
2306:Hyphenation
2161:preposition
1890:denominator
1853:sixteen-odd
1842:fifteenfold
1761:middle-aged
1706:preposition
1622:Old English
1504:eyecatching
1426:White House
1416:black board
1366:Virgin Mary
1322:that steal
1187:a worth of
1094:endocentric
981:photography
937:preposition
918:preposition
907:preposition
893:preposition
888:freeze-dry
849:preposition
844:tumbledown
833:blue-green
822:snow white
811:underworld
805:preposition
800:breakwater
789:blackboard
600:recursively
564:Old English
439:Orthography
423:Periphrasis
363:Modal verbs
330:subjunctive
322:conditional
262:Possessives
242:Intensifier
227:Determiners
3317:Categories
3009:short-term
3001:blackboard
2940:smartphone
2850:References
2729:Morphology
2622:get rid of
2600:look up to
2576:look after
2312:hyphenated
2267:" ~> *"
2255:" ~> *"
2249:bread-bake
2234:breastfeed
2044:classicist
1575:north west
1433:does not.
1412:blackboard
1336:Low German
1316:flutter by
1312:metathesis
1291:Day by day
1256:copulative
1205:two-legged
1173:V-8 engine
1109:exocentric
1086:tatpurusha
1029:blackboard
1020:(known as
921:forthwith
877:highlight
855:over-ripe
725:place-name
719:place name
660:hyphenated
596:conversion
588:adjectives
415:Do-support
401:in English
375:Verb usage
341:continuous
326:imperative
238:Expletives
196:Adjectives
187:Word types
162:in English
148:Morphology
69:newspapers
3052:compound.
3005:ice cream
2936:birthrate
2841:asterisks
2784:for more.
2634:make sure
2626:come true
2525:the bank
2507:the bank
2493:the bank
2351:adverbial
2290:" ~> "
2263:" (e.g. "
2261:car-drive
2259:") and *"
2251:" (e.g. "
2240:" ~> "
2236:" (e.g. "
2232:"), and "
2228:" ~> "
2224:" (e.g. "
2222:hand wash
2203:Blacklist
2171:, outfox
2145:badmouth
2139:adjective
2132:whitewash
2125:adjective
2092:examples
1886:numerator
1550:northwest
1332:Cranberry
1308:butterfly
1283:Iterative
1183:is a car
1167:is a car
1134:lionheart
1128:blockhead
1113:bahuvrihi
1098:footstool
1042:footstool
899:undercut
871:adjective
866:browbeat
852:adjective
830:adjective
827:adjective
819:adjective
783:adjective
778:football
767:Compound
731:placename
419:Inversion
271:List here
232:List here
219:Compounds
99:June 2014
2757:prosodic
2709:Metaphor
2703:See also
2692:compound
2630:run amok
2593:serve as
2569:find out
2511:upstairs
2468:my hand.
2459:my hand
2440:particle
2432:particle
2417:a bank .
2407:the bank
2397:demanded
2371:my hand.
2354:adjuncts
2341:English
2294:", but "
2197:(1925).
2115:downsize
2086:modifier
1754:hooligan
1679:singular
1635:de-facto
1630:De facto
1517:downtown
1509:downtown
1460:gunmetal
1389:callgirl
1353:ladybird
1287:amredita
1246:carry).
1197:suffixal
1068:raincoat
1065:, and a
1058:armchair
1014:modifier
943:without
932:takeout
910:love-in
761:Modifier
684:articles
548:semantic
528:compound
345:habitual
277:Pronouns
211:Articles
192:Acronyms
168:Suffixes
157:Prefixes
3179:24 June
2801:house!"
2696:complex
2618:make do
2610:down to
2562:give in
2483:delayed
2424:held up
2405:held up
2391:held up
2383:delayed
2377:held up
2365:my hand
2363:held up
2276:foxhunt
2119:upgrade
2062:hyphens
1935:But not
1838:15-fold
1824:window"
1820:"tenth-
1805:polygon
1616:English
1612:scholar
1381:playboy
1375:or the
1373:subject
1358:ladybug
1320:witches
1262:dvandva
1165:V-8 car
1118:redhead
671:affixes
568:Beowulf
554:History
546:or the
534:. The
396:Clauses
349:perfect
200:Adverbs
153:Plurals
83:scholar
3301:
3282:
3263:
3244:
3225:
3206:
3148:
3108:
3076:
3043:
2991:
2964:
2906:
2688:simple
2658:phrase
2656:"verb
2638:go ape
2549:
2515:robbed
2466:raised
2448:adverb
2411:robbed
2369:raised
2343:syntax
2185:and a
2183:adverb
2108:adverb
2097:adverb
1857:70-odd
1822:storey
1731:always
1687:plural
1536:suffix
1506:, and
1464:, and
1404:Stress
1377:object
1364:, the
1324:butter
1222:-er/or
940:adverb
929:adverb
915:adverb
841:adverb
705:closed
664:hyphen
649:spaced
456:Hyphen
411:Copula
391:Syntax
336:Aspect
286:person
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2820:woman
2799:white
2795:black
2774:board
2735:Notes
2682:: In
2583:blame
2442:that
2426:as a
2169:Herod
2020:least
2006:with
1864:high-
1834:-fold
1763:lady"
1723:ferry
1539:-fold
1488:dress
1484:green
1462:sheen
1420:black
1348:kroon
1344:kraan
1326:from
1296:go-go
1102:stool
1071:is a
1061:is a
986:bound
968:, as
701:solid
580:nouns
566:poem
452:Comma
308:Verbs
296:Verbs
254:Nouns
90:JSTOR
76:books
3299:ISBN
3280:ISBN
3261:ISBN
3242:ISBN
3223:ISBN
3204:ISBN
3181:2022
3146:ISBN
3106:ISBN
3074:ISBN
3041:ISBN
2989:ISBN
2962:ISBN
2904:ISBN
2547:ISBN
2541:The
2536:held
2523:held
2505:held
2491:held
2474:held
2457:held
2349:and
2302:").
2298:" *"
2284:used
2271:").
2244:").
2187:verb
2167:out-
2164:noun
2153:verb
2150:noun
2142:noun
2128:verb
2111:verb
2100:verb
2089:head
2016:less
2012:most
2008:more
2002:and
1908:most
1868:low-
1849:-odd
1741:or -
1683:root
1480:dark
1424:the
1362:Lady
1340:cran
1314:for
1293:and
1244:does
1224:. A
1217:-ing
1209:with
1203:: a
1185:with
1169:with
1157:with
1150:does
1123:with
996:and
926:verb
904:noun
896:verb
885:verb
882:verb
874:verb
863:verb
860:noun
838:verb
816:noun
808:noun
797:noun
794:verb
786:noun
775:noun
772:noun
764:Head
734:and
699:The
658:The
653:open
647:The
582:are
488:Thou
355:-ing
317:Mood
282:case
205:flat
62:news
3120:or
2644:).
2607:put
2296:not
2280:not
2018:or
1984:):
1978:-ly
1888:or
1866:or
1681:or
1395:).
1368:".
1356:or
1346:or
1285:or
1259:or
1220:or
1201:-ed
1035:In
998:-o-
994:-i-
703:or
690:or
651:or
612:or
590:or
45:by
3319::
3172:.
3154:.
3131:^
3114:.
3091:^
3082:.
3059:^
3049:.
3027:^
3011:).
2997:.
2942:).
2938:,
2930:,
2926:,
2918:,
2912:.
2816:a
2806:^
2628:,
2586:on
2521:I
2509:up
2503:I
2495:up
2489:I
2478:up
2472:I
2461:up
2455:I
2436:up
2403:I
2389:I
2375:I
2361:I
2177:A
2117:,
2022::
2014:,
2010:,
1982:ed
1855:,
1851::
1844:).
1779::
1743:ed
1708:.
1637:")
1577:,
1573:,
1569:,
1561:,
1557:,
1553:,
1547::
1527:.
1523:,
1512:.
1502:,
1490:.
1473:A
1457:,
1453:,
1330:.
1253:,
1240:is
1232:is
1193:is
1189:$
1177:is
1171:a
1146:is
1104:.
752:.
686:,
526:A
347:·
343:·
328:·
324:·
284:·
3307:.
3288:.
3269:.
3250:.
3231:.
3212:.
3183:.
2970:.
2667:"
2612:)
2602:)
2595:)
2588:)
2578:)
2571:)
2564:)
2545:(
2046:"
1946:"
1939:"
1929:"
1925:"
1859:.
1814:"
1810:"
1807:"
1800:"
1796:"
1770:"
1766:"
1759:"
1756:"
1739:d
1725:"
1689:)
1670:"
1663:"
1656:"
1627:"
1624:.
1581:.
1391:(
746:/
740:/
728:/
722:/
515:e
508:t
501:v
404:)
398:(
352:)
338:(
333:)
319:(
289:)
279:(
274:)
268:(
235:)
229:(
208:)
202:(
176:)
170:(
165:)
159:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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