234:
Laws course and a Doctor of Laws course in immediate succession, that person would become a doctor about seven years (five in current trend) after graduating from the Law School. On the other hand, in the rare cases in which a bachelor of Laws is allowed to pursue a "direct" doctorate, he is usually allowed five (four in current trend) years time to complete the doctoral course. Sometimes however, depending on the student's prowess or previous knowledge, it is possible to get a master's degree or a doctoral degree in less time, if one were to complete all credits and write the dissertation/thesis in less time. Usually, universities require a minimum time for this (normally, 15 months of credits + 3 months of dissertation qualification for a master's degree, 24 months of credits + 6 months of thesis qualification for a doctoral degree).
31:
331:' i.e. Civil and Church laws) is a degree with a tradition of several centuries, originally the highest possible degree. Nowadays, its scholarly importance is quite limited, but it serves as a traditional and popular badge degree, especially useful for attorneys. In older times with no master's degree, JUDr. served as the only law degree; it was roughly equivalent to today's master's degree, plus a special exam. Requirements for obtaining a JUDr degree are a highly rated Master (Mgr.) degree in law, the compilation of a thesis – including successful defense – and passing an
1253:(or Scientiae Juridicae Doctor), abbreviated as S.J.D. or D.J.S. Applicants for S.J.D. programs must first earn a J.D., and some programs require both a J.D. and an LL.M. before admission. Similar to the Ph.D., the S.J.D. is a research doctorate and has been described as the "highest degree in law" by the University of Virginia, as well as the "terminal degree in law" by Indiana University and the "most advanced law degree" by Harvard Law School. It has also been called the "most advanced law degree" by Yale Law School, Georgetown Law, New York University, and Stanford University. The
286:, but when awarded by a law school is an earned degree). Of the universities in Canada that offer earned academic doctorates in law, four (University of Ottawa, University of Montreal, Laval University, and University of Quebec at Montreal) offer LL.Ds, five (University of Alberta, University of British Columbia, Osgoode Hall Law School of York University, Dalhousie University, and University of Victoria) offer Ph.D.s, only one (University of Toronto,) offers J.S.D./S.J.D degrees (Doctor of Juridical Science or Doctor of Legal Science), and one (McGill University) offers a D.C.L (
871:, removed the Doctorate of Laws (LLD) title and replace it with a second cycle degree, Master of Advocacy (M.Adv). This raised discussion as to whether newly qualified lawyers would be referred to as 'Doctor', as had been the norm. Following representation from law student organisations, the Chamber of Advocates came to the agreement that if a newly qualified lawyer was to self-stylise as 'Doctor' they would be supported, as a matter of convention.
864:. A legal procurator has rights of audience in the lower courts, a profession that was existent in Malta as early, and even prior to 1553. All three designations also require members to be holders of a warrant issued by the president of Malta, obtainable after examination, as well as a minimum of one year of work experience in that profession. It is not possible for a Maltese lawyer to hold a warrant in more than one of the professions at a time.
1078:
913:
840:, Malta's national university. At least three years of previous law study were required for entry. Students were required to complete coursework in a number of core areas of law, as well as to submit a thesis which is to be "an original work on the approved subject or other contribution to the knowledge showing that he/she has carried out sufficient research therein". It confers the title of
1010:, the Doctor of Laws (LLD) is the highest academic degree in law. It is a research degree, which combines 240 credit hours (or equivalent of four full-time years of work). Candidates have the option to complete a dissertation or a monograph of a series of published articles. Although not required to practice law, the LLD is a prerequisite for an academic career.
226:
complete a postgraduate course to attain the degree of Master of Laws (to attain that degree one must write and defend a dissertation before a panel of three professors, bearing the title of master, doctor or a "livre docĂȘncia, and also complete credits), and only then, after being a Master of Laws, one will apply for admission to a doctoral course.
762:(Bachelors of Laws). Everyone with Bachelors of Laws degree holder may apply to be a certified lawyer after completing the requirements as regulated in Indonesian Law Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates but it is not permissible for someone with the status of a civil servant, member of the military, police, prosecutor, judge or state official.
233:
Usually, one is allowed three years time to complete a Master of Laws degree, and four years time to complete the doctoral course. There has been a shift towards shortening these periods to two and three years respectively. So, if one were to graduate from Law School and immediately enter a Master of
883:
does not distinguish doctorates between disciplines. A legal scholar pursuing a doctorate will receive the PhD degree. For holders of a master in law (LLM) in Dutch indicated with mr., the Dr. title can be added to their title. Unique to law degrees is that a legal scholar with a PhD in law will add
221:
If one obtains a doctoral title in a foreign country, one cannot enjoy the academic privileges of the title in Brazil unless the title be first validated by a
Brazilian University. In that case, the doctor asking for the validation of the title will present his thesis and other documents relating to
1245:
issued a
Council Statement stating that the J.D. should be considered equivalent to the Ph.D. for educational employment purposes. In recent years, some universities also have developed other new interdisciplinary professional doctorates that may combine law and other specialized or applied fields.
242:
In Canada, there are several academic law-related doctorates: the Doctor of Laws (LL.D.); Doctor of
Juridical Science or Doctor of Legal Science (J.S.D./S.J.D); Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.); and the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). The Doctor of Jurisprudence (Juris Doctor or J.D.) is the professional
217:
Unlike the rules of other countries, the
Brazilian norms governing the grant of doctoral titles do not require the publication of the thesis as a precondition for the award of the degree. Nevertheless, copies of the thesis must be delivered to the institution's library. Usually, doctoral thesis are
487:
and for judicial offices. As the doctoral programs for the doctoral degree are, in principle, open for the holders of all master's degrees, the possession of the degree of the Doctor of Laws is not a guarantee for the possession of the Master of Laws degree. However, it is very seldom that someone
350:
Doctoral studies leading to PhD degree are different from the JUDr exam. Internally undertaken PhD studies last 3â5 years; the PhD student is at the same time a teacher at the university. External PhD studies may be up to 8 years long. PhD students are obliged to pass some exams during the studies
246:
The first law degree was known until recently as the
Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.). However, since law schools in Canada generally insist on a prior degree or some equivalent in order to grant admission, it was a more advanced degree than the LL.B. degrees awarded by programs abroad, which would accept
225:
Admission to doctoral courses is almost universally reserved to holders of a master's degree (the Master's in Brazil is a graduate degree and is not the first professional degree). Therefore, a bachelor of Laws (a bearer of the first professional degree), seeking the degree of doctor must usually
712:
Approximately ten percent of German law graduates hold a doctoral degree. However, the Doctor of Laws is still only the first step to tenure at German law schools. Despite the initiative to establish a junior professorship with tenure option after five to seven years, and special professorships
384:
Only a docent can be appointed a professor through a special procedure. Unlike
Germany (and unlike the traditional Czech practice), a professor is not a function (a seat, Cathedra) at a university, but a scholarly title. This leads to many problems, especially the phenomenon of so-called "flying
1264:
The S.J.D. degree is primarily a degree pursued by foreign-trained lawyers who seek to teach in the United States. Few
American-trained lawyers pursue an S.J.D. as it is not required for obtaining a faculty position at a U.S. law school. The overwhelming majority of U.S. law school tenure-track
1034:
to public figures (typically those associated with politics or the law) whom the university wishes to honour. In most
British universities, the degree is styled "Doctor of Laws" and abbreviated LLD; however, some universities award instead the degree of Doctor of Civil Law, abbreviated DCL, or
229:
There are, however, a few universities that allow "direct" admission to the doctoral course without previous completion of the Master's course in exceptional circumstances. Thus, in rare cases, a bachelor of Laws (i.e., a holder of the first professional degree), can be admitted directly to a
1260:
The
National Association of Legal Professionals states that the S.J.D./D.J.S. is "the most advanced or terminal law degree that would follow the earning of the LL.M. and J.D. degrees." It typically requires three to five years to complete and requires an advanced study in law as a scientific
1057:
who argued, to the satisfaction of the court, that since the modern class of
Doctors of Laws were no longer trained as advocates, their role must necessarily be performed by barristers. This was because Victorian reforms, which had unified the other classes of court attorney into the single
281:
After the first law degree, one may pursue a second, the Masters of Laws (LL.M.) and after that, the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) or Doctor of Juridical Science or Doctor of Legal Science (J.S.D./S.J.D), at some Canadian universities. (The LL.D. is awarded by several universities only as an
741:
and is the highest academic level in legal education. The writing of the title is simply abbreviated as Dr., as also applies to fields of education other than Law. Concentration in the field of law according to the choice concerned, for example Constitutional Law, Civil Law, Criminal Law.
646:). The thesis must have been published as a book or â less common â as a series of articles in a peer-reviewed law journal before the degree can be formally conferred. Admission usually requires the grade of "Fully Satisfactory" (approximately top quintile of class) in the student's first
222:
his foreign doctoral course to a board examiners of the Brazilian University and the examiners will then pass judgement on whether the work done by the candidate adheres to the minimum standards of quality that are usually required by a Brazilian university when granting doctoral degrees.
1393:... Some of them are first-entry programs, others are second-entry programs ... Though considered to be bachelor's programs in academic standing, some professional programs yield degrees with other nomenclature. Examples: DDS (Dental Surgery), MD (Medicine), LLB, or JD (Juris Doctor)
302:). Faculties that teach in the civil law tradition grant LL.D degrees, whereas those in the common law tradition grant either Ph.D.s or J.S.Ds. The York University Ph.D. in law was formerly termed Doctor of Jurisprudence (D.Jur.), until the name was changed in 2002.
1042:, but following reforms in the nineteenth century their exclusive rights of audience were shared with barristers, and the last member of the college died in 1912. Due to the possession of a doctorate, the Doctors of Law had precedence equal to that of a
2171:
354:
The Czech system is in many ways similar to the German and Austrian systems. Therefore, a PhD degree is necessary for habilitation procedure. Through habilitation, the Doctor of Law who submits his habilitation work (similar to German
1460:
278:" course. Beyond first year and the minimum requirements for graduation, course selection is elective, with various concentrations such as business law, international law, natural resources law, criminal law, and Aboriginal law.
795:
Once a prospective lawyer has been awarded the Magister Doctor of Law and worked 18 months as a trainee lawyer, he or she is required to pass a state bar examination in order to be licensed to practice as an attorney at law
101:
the Doctor of Laws or Doctor of Juridical Sciences is the highest academic qualification in the field of Jurisprudence. To obtain the doctoral degree the applicant must have previously achieved, at least the undergraduate
855:
that of itself is not sufficient for admission into any of the legal professions. A one-year full-time taught post-graduate diploma of Notary Public (N.P.) is required after the LL.B. for admission to the profession of
884:
the title after their Mr title (mr. dr. Anyone), while a person with an LLM title gaining a PhD in a different discipline (e.g. economics) will add the Dr title before their law master title (dr. mr. Someone).
2175:
460:, JD) is the highest academic degree in law, based on 60 credits of course studies and, most importantly, successful completion of a doctoral dissertation. The dissertation usually takes the form of a
2442:
1200:
808:
was the title given to the students that completed the old (four-year) course of studies in law. After the five-year degree, it is possible to enroll in a Ph.D. course in a specific field of law ("
742:
International Law or more specifically, for example Business Law, Marriage Law, Transportation Law, Labor Law, etc. In the education system in Indonesia, the Doctor of Law degree is included in
1404:
1265:
faculty have only a J.D., but an extensive post-J.D. publication record is a pre-requisite for a tenure-track position at elite and elite-adjacent institutions (Tier 1 and Tier 2 schools).
1464:
2042:
1817:
1831:
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at least of 250 pages in length, or of a series of published articles. A successful oral disputation is also required. It usually takes at least four years to complete the degree.
214:. Two of the members of the board must be professors from another institution. In most Brazilian Law Schools, the candidates are also required to earn a minimum number of credits.
1963:
1992:
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and mainly to work on their dissertation. The PhD is intended basically for candidates interested in an academic career, and it gives them the right to teach at a university.
1046:
and for this reason the convention remains that advocates holding junior doctorates (such as Doctors of Philosophy) should not be addressed as "doctor" in an English court.
1651:
2780:
2742:
2705:
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1193:
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the LL.D. is awarded based upon research and completion of a dissertation; the LL.D. may also be awarded as an honorary degree based upon contributions to society; see
210:
prepared by the doctoral candidate under the supervision of a tutor. The thesis must be examined by a board of five professors, holders of the title of doctor or of a
2149:
251:, considered to be a bachelor's degree-level qualification. The majority of Canadian universities now grant the Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree rather than the LL.B.; the
516:. It lasts a minimum of three years, but in fact takes an average of five or six years to complete. The PhD in law is required to teach at the university level as a
1038:
In former years, Doctors of Law were a distinct form of lawyer who were empowered to act as advocates in civil law courts. The Doctors had their own Society called
2956:
347:. Many JUDr. theses were based on the students' previous Master theses; however, nowadays universities require that the dissertation work be completely original.
1186:
1879:
1357:
30:
2446:
1309:
2641:
2117:
2092:
2028:
1850:
836:'s smallest member state, the LL.D. was a doctorate-level academic degree in law requiring at least three years of post-graduate full-time study at the
1728:
1138:
2395:
1904:
1412:
844:, which in Malta is used to address a holder of the degree. Up until 2014, the LL.D. was one of the requirements for admission to the profession of
746:(Level) 3 and is pursued after completing Masters (Strata 2-post graduate) and Bachelor of Law (Strata 1-undergraduate) education. Graduates of the
552:
in law is necessary to pass the bar exam, but, from 2025, a master's degree will be compulsory for admission to the bar after passing the bar exam.
2416:
2237:
1254:
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591:
1809:
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2196:
1706:
42:
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46:
1405:"Osgoode Law School "Dean Patrick Monahan on the Growing Number of Canadian Law Schools Switching from the LLB to JD Degree Designation""
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897:
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2319:
1971:
1485:
2286:
2003:
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2576:
2518:
106:. (TĂtulo de Abogado). The doctorates in Jurisprudence in Argentina might have different denominations as is described as follow:
1257:
explains that this specific degree is "intended for individuals who have demonstrated evidence of superior scholarly potential."
2471:
1676:
1610:
851:
Practising lawyers are of three designations â notary, legal procurator and advocate. The Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) degree is an
2695:
1560:
1097:
952:
893:
1585:
467:
The degree of the Doctor of Laws does not qualify its holder for judicial offices. Instead, the degree of the Master of Laws (
2634:
1382:
964:
990:
and understanding of the topic, and constitute an original scientific contribution. Admission is usually on the basis of an
2142:"Nagraads / Postgraduate - Universiteit Stellenbosch Fakulteit Regsgeleerdheid - University of Stellenbosch Faculty of Law"
2141:
638:). It is conferred based on a thesis consisting of a suitable body of original academic research, and an oral examination (
599:
540:
318:
the Doctor is a postgraduate degree in two types â as a professional degree in law (JUDr) and a research doctorate (PhD).
2067:
1771:
1655:
1159:
1793:
1635:
1332:
2691:
1250:
1117:
504:
69:
1510:
1361:
549:
518:
1883:
1143:
611:
538:, holders of a PhD in law have to meet additional requirements such as passing an additional competitive exam: the
252:
111:
2981:
2627:
1746:
1306:
1133:
860:, while a taught post-graduate diploma of Legal Procurator (L.P.) is required for admission to the profession of
635:
607:
385:
professors", who are teaching at two or three universities at the same time and to the decline of academic life.
248:
1934:
1539:
2760:
1242:
1174:
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535:
299:
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595:
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484:
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in Malta (an advocate, as opposed to a legal procurator, has rights of representation in superior courts).
2733:
2391:
1912:
1050:
527:
195:
was a degree in the fullness of the term, and a professor bearing the title would enjoy the privileges of
1832:"Newly-Graduated Maltese Lawyers Can Still Call Themselves 'Dr' (Even Though They Technically Shouldn't)"
2794:
2230:
625:
603:
417:
that contain significant and original contributions to the study of law. Some universities, such as the
199:
if he transferred from one institution to another; there are still living professors who hold the "old"
2420:
2262:
1261:
discipline and a dissertation, which serves as an original contribution to the scholarly field of law.
1272:(LL.D.), also colloquially known in English as Doctor of Laws, is granted only as an honorary degree.
2986:
2908:
2864:
2770:
2756:
2714:
2659:
1234:
1054:
987:
975:
852:
418:
77:
1434:
203:
degrees; but all new titles of that name only confer privileges within the institution granting it.
184:
in some European countries. However, this higher title is not a degree in the strict sense, because
2922:
2899:
2884:
1287:
1281:
1222:
1039:
967:
offer the LLD to law graduates, and the PhD to other graduates researching a legal-related topic).
837:
668:
531:
378:
328:
287:
162:
2341:
1702:
2826:
928:
2751:
545:
2918:
2682:
2214:
2111:
2022:
979:
103:
255:
replaced its LL.B. with a J.D. in 2010, because the Canadian LL.B. is equivalent to the J.D.
2948:
2904:
2821:
2677:
2598:
2497:
1226:
1023:
995:
983:
956:
903:
861:
468:
453:
445:
410:
262:) have similar mandatory first-year courses: In "public", "constitutional," or "state" law;
38:
2130:
1489:
1246:
One example of this is Northeastern University's Doctor of Law and Policy (D.L.P.) degree.
1077:
498:
2943:
2927:
2889:
2874:
2841:
2651:
2315:
2290:
1797:
1639:
1313:
1043:
868:
789:
584:). The terminology varies: while most universities refer to the degree as Doctor of Laws (
283:
275:
243:
doctorate degree that is usually required for admissions to post-graduate studies in law.
1249:
Additionally, other universities award a higher postdoctoral research degree in law, the
1030:, awarded upon submission of a portfolio of advanced research. It is also often awarded
2913:
2869:
2719:
2572:
2526:
1112:
991:
907:
841:
833:
476:
394:
311:
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nowadays is an internal title, that applies solely within the institution granting it.
1680:
912:
654:(the Master's level first professional degree). Having successfully passed the second
2975:
2467:
1218:
857:
696:
291:
62:
1564:
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1589:
1269:
1238:
1214:
1107:
1102:
940:
924:
649:
422:
372:
271:
267:
206:
The doctoral degree is awarded upon the completion and the successful defense of a
181:
81:
73:
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of at least two years duration, in various specialised areas of law. In general,
2894:
1230:
880:
688:
414:
402:
115:
2071:
1767:
295:
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before admission to a J.D. program to study law for three years. A research
867:
As of 2014 changes to the law course resulted from the implementation of the
17:
2789:
2619:
1791:
1633:
1325:
792:, in Italy law remains a field that retains the traditional Italian system.
461:
398:
332:
98:
58:
1514:
687:, conferred e.g. in WĂŒrzburg) is rare, since it means considering both the
2263:"Doctor of Law and Policy | Northeastern College of Professional Studies"
845:
661:
413:
usually awarded on the basis of exceptionally insightful and distinctive
315:
263:
2548:"The Association for Legal Career Professionals | Working Glossary"
1388:. Canada: Council of Ministers of Education. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
1386:
Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada
1307:
National Commission of University Accreditation: Doctorate Engine Seeker
361:) can be given a capacity and title of Docent (Doc.), similar to German
218:
published by specialized editors after the grant of the doctoral title.
2172:"Programmes - Postgrad [ Home | CMS | showfulltext ]"
1092:
729:
not an academic degree) is still mandatory at most German law schools.
724:
441:
149:
142:
135:
119:
2547:
1742:
1536:"UQAM | Doctorat en droit | Université du Québec à Montréal"
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2836:
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1942:
1535:
1007:
971:
779:
523:
406:
364:
259:
258:
All Canadian J.D. programs are three years, and all (except those in
247:
high school graduates. Although despite this it is, along with other
207:
974:
under the guidance of a supervisor, after completion of a module in
2366:
1213:
In the United States, the most common Doctor of Law degree is the
911:
829:
29:
1729:"Pour devenir avocat, un master 2 deviendra obligatoire dĂšs 2025"
1511:"Index des programmes - Faculté de droit | Université Laval"
148:
Doctorate in Public Law and Government Economics (Offered by the
2316:"Georgetown Law â Doctor of Juridical Science (Admissions)"
948:
2623:
1652:"University of Toronto - Faculty of Law: Prospective Students"
1027:
936:
614:), some others refer to it either as Doctor of Jurisprudence (
2417:"Yale Law School | Contact the Graduate Programs Office"
1058:
profession of barrister, had overlooked the Doctors of Law.
776:) is the title given to students who complete the five-year
488:
who has not graduated in law graduates for a Doctor of Law.
2494:"Doctor of Science of Law (JSD) | Stanford Law School"
1019:
970:
In order to obtain the degree, the student will complete a
134:
Doctorate in Juridical and Social Sciences (Offered by the
1486:"Présentation - Faculté de droit - Université de Montréal"
1049:
In 1953, a case was brought under long-dormant law in the
955:, the PhD is the research doctorate, while the LLD is the
2043:"Law Postgraduate Programmes > University of Pretoria"
1768:"Faculty of Laws - Faculty of Laws - University of Malta"
1743:"Faculty of Laws - Faculty of Laws - University of Malta"
699:. A doctorate solely in the latter area is the degree of
1268:
As with most other countries, in the United States, the
176:
In a few universities there is a higher title known as
290:). The differences largely reflect the divide between
2342:"LL.M. and S.J.D. Programs, Graduate Studies in Law"
986:. The thesis will demonstrate evidence of in-depth
943:, with no significant difference between these. (At
2936:
2855:
2814:
2807:
2779:
2741:
2732:
2704:
2667:
2658:
2231:"Council Statement by the American Bar Association"
173:, is the highest academic degree in law available.
508:). It entitles the holder to the title of doctor (
2068:"Doctoral Program / Types of Postgraduate Degree"
770:In Italy, the title of "Magister Doctor of Law" (
421:, award a Doctor of Civil Law degree instead. In
381:. Docent is not a degree, but a scholar's title.
2573:"Doctor of Juridical Science (SJD) Requirements"
1586:"UBC Faculty of Law - Doctorate (Ph.D.) Program"
564:) is the terminal degree in law, abbreviated as
2519:"Doctor of Laws (S.J.D.) | UConn School of Law"
483:) is the requirement for the membership of the
161:In Brazil, the Doctor of Laws degree, known in
128:Doctorate in Criminal Law and Criminal Sciences
68:Other variations of a doctorate in law include
2957:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
2468:"NYU Law - LL.M. & J.S.D.: J.S.D. Program"
2310:
2308:
1561:"PhD - Faculty of Law - University of Alberta"
2635:
1194:
1053:. The opening arguments in that case were by
815:
809:
803:
797:
777:
771:
717:), to become a university professor of law a
341:. The thesis itself is also sometimes called
8:
672:
655:
647:
629:
615:
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370:
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356:
722:
704:
682:
579:
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2318:. Law.georgetown.edu. 21 September 2011.
1437:. University of Saskatchewan Law School.
750:2 program in the field of Law are called
141:Doctorate in Private Law (Offered by the
2599:"Tulane Law School Prospective Students"
2443:"SJD - The George Washington University"
1810:"Law students want to retain 'Dr' title"
737:In Indonesia, Doctor of Law is known as
1563:. lawschool.ualberta.ca. Archived from
1383:Canadian Degree Qualification Framework
1299:
1255:University of Connecticut School of Law
1151:
1125:
1084:
1068:
754:(Masters of Laws) and graduates of the
2116:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2109:
2027:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2020:
1677:"Doctor of civil law (D.C.L.) program"
1241:is not required for the J.D., but the
1035:Doctor of Law, still abbreviated LLD.
1709:from the original on 14 February 2017
1611:"Graduate Programs in Law (LLM, PhD)"
927:the doctorate in law is offered as a
544:. Only the first year ("master" 1 or
496:In France, the Doctor of Law degree (
7:
2579:from the original on 15 October 2011
2322:from the original on 16 October 2011
2287:"Doctor of Juridical Science Degree"
2152:from the original on 21 January 2018
1705:. York University. 10 October 2002.
1488:. Droit.umontreal.ca. Archived from
1070:Legal education in the United States
1022:, the degree of Doctor of Laws is a
904:Bachelor of Laws § South Africa
773:Dottore magistrale in Giurisprudenza
35:Jesus amongst the Doctors of the Law
2605:from the original on 2 October 2011
2213:. Oxford University Press, London.
1463:. Llmlld.uottawa.ca. Archived from
1165:Association of American Law Schools
898:List of law schools in South Africa
2496:. Law.stanford.edu. Archived from
2441:The George Washington University.
2197:Jowitt's Dictionary of English Law
1679:. 19 December 2007. Archived from
1391:Programs with a professional focus
1326:"National Law of Higher Education"
908:Master of Laws § South Africa
43:Monastery of Santa MarĂa de Sigena
25:
2243:from the original on 26 July 2010
1654:. Law.utoronto.ca. Archived from
1225:for lawyers, having replaced the
1221:), abbreviated as J.D. It is the
426:
110:Doctorate in Law (Offered by the
47:Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya
2392:"S.J.D. Courses & Academics"
1820:from the original on 2014-04-27.
1441:from the original on 10 May 2011
1360:. Globe and Mail. Archived from
1076:
2696:Certificate of Higher Education
2554:from the original on 2010-09-28
2474:from the original on 2010-10-11
2398:from the original on 2010-06-19
2373:from the original on 2010-08-25
2348:from the original on 2010-06-03
1774:from the original on 2009-01-23
1749:from the original on 2009-01-23
1542:from the original on 2010-09-26
1338:from the original on 2011-07-06
894:Legal education in South Africa
814:"), and the title obtained is "
389:European and Commonwealth usage
131:Doctorate in Juridical Sciences
45:, 1515â1519 (current location:
2419:. Law.yale.edu. Archived from
1770:. Home.um.edu.mt. 2009-07-16.
1745:. Home.um.edu.mt. 2009-07-16.
660:(the German equivalent to the
1:
2289:. Law.gwu.edu. Archived from
617:Doktor der Rechtswissenschaft
1588:. Law.ubc.ca. Archived from
1358:"Why Change To A JD Degree?"
1160:Law School Admission Council
788:Despite the adoption of the
505:diplĂŽme national de doctorat
171:Doutor em CiĂȘncias JurĂdicas
2692:Diploma of Higher Education
1513:. Ulaval.ca. Archived from
1251:Doctor of Juridical Science
1118:Doctor of Juridical Science
522:(approximate to the German
70:Doctor of Juridical Science
3003:
2211:The High Court of Chivalry
1638:November 30, 2007, at the
1229:in the 20th century after
1144:Continuing legal education
933:South African universities
901:
891:
713:specializing in teaching (
292:Canada's two legal systems
253:University of Saskatchewan
249:first professional degrees
112:University of Buenos Aires
27:Doctorate in legal studies
2445:. Gwu.edu. Archived from
1461:"Graduate Studies in Law"
805:dottore in giurisprudenza
530:or Commonwealth systems'
125:Doctorate in Criminal Law
1243:American Bar Association
1175:Practising Law Institute
1170:American Bar Association
2688:Higher National Diploma
2369:. Indylaw.indiana.edu.
2200:, Entry "Doctor of Law"
1796:April 17, 2005, at the
1435:"Become A Juris Doctor"
994:, and in some cases an
917:University of Cape Town
485:Finnish Bar Association
1538:. Programmes.uqam.ca.
1288:Doctor Juris Utriusque
1051:High Court of Chivalry
978:, the submission of a
920:
816:
810:
804:
798:
778:
772:
723:
705:
684:Doctor iuris utriusque
683:
673:
656:
648:
630:
616:
586:
580:
570:
480:
473:Oikeustieteen maisteri
472:
457:
449:
444:, the Doctor of Laws (
371:
363:
357:
343:
337:
324:Juris Utriusque Doctor
323:
50:
2795:Candidate of Sciences
2492:Stanford Law School.
1312:July 2, 2007, at the
915:
902:Further information:
758:1 program are called
752:Magister Hukum - M.H
706:Doctor iuris canonici
519:maßtre de conférences
450:Oikeustieteen tohtori
276:professional practice
33:
2865:Academic certificate
2757:Postgraduate diploma
2344:. Law.virginia.edu.
2267:cps.northeastern.edu
1615:Dalhousie University
1295:Notes and references
1139:Admission to the bar
1055:George Drewry Squibb
1026:, ranking above the
988:independent research
976:research methodology
853:undergraduate degree
674:Doktor beider Rechte
628:) or Doctor of Law (
560:The Doctor of Laws (
419:University of Oxford
358:Habilitationsschrift
306:Czechia and Slovakia
274:, and some sort of "
78:Doctor of Philosophy
2900:Professional degree
2394:. Law.harvard.edu.
1935:"Rhodes University"
1933:Rhodes University.
1683:on 19 December 2007
1356:Belford, Terrence.
1282:Doctor of Canon Law
1233:began to require a
1223:professional degree
1126:Exams and licensure
838:University of Malta
760:Sarjana Hukum - S.H
669:Doctor of Both Laws
664:) is not required.
541:agrégation de droit
532:associate professor
475:; Swedish uses the
379:assistant professor
329:Doctor of Both Laws
288:Doctor of Civil Law
2827:Doctor of Sciences
2601:. Law.tulane.edu.
2293:on 5 November 2011
1703:"September senate"
929:research doctorate
921:
817:Dottore di ricerca
512:), abbreviated as
409:, the degree is a
104:degree of Attorney
51:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2919:Specialist degree
2803:
2802:
2771:Engineer's degree
2728:
2727:
2715:Bachelor's degree
2683:Foundation degree
2523:www.law.uconn.edu
1905:"Wits University"
1814:MaltaToday.com.mt
1235:Bachelor's degree
1211:
1210:
980:research proposal
935:offer either the
919:Kramer Law School
631:Doktor des Rechts
587:Doktor der Rechte
562:Doktor der Rechte
499:doctorat en droit
230:doctoral course.
167:Doutor em Direito
16:(Redirected from
2994:
2982:Doctoral degrees
2905:Graduate diploma
2822:Higher doctorate
2812:
2739:
2678:Associate degree
2665:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2575:. Law.duke.edu.
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2525:. Archived from
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2312:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2235:
2227:
2221:
2207:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2174:. Archived from
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2095:. Archived from
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2070:. Archived from
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2045:. Archived from
2039:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2009:on 20 March 2012
2008:
2002:. Archived from
1997:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1970:. Archived from
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1941:. Archived from
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1911:. Archived from
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1882:. Archived from
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1857:. Archived from
1851:"Doctor of Laws"
1849:Faculty of Law.
1846:
1840:
1839:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1806:
1800:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1648:
1642:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1411:. Archived from
1401:
1395:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1316:
1304:
1227:Bachelor of Laws
1203:
1196:
1189:
1080:
1066:
1040:Doctors' Commons
1024:higher doctorate
984:oral examination
957:higher doctorate
862:legal procurator
819:
813:
807:
801:
784:
775:
728:
708:
686:
676:
659:
653:
633:
619:
589:
583:
573:
536:Professor of Law
411:higher doctorate
376:
368:
360:
346:
340:
326:
41:, active at the
39:Master of Sigena
21:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2961:
2944:Honorary degree
2932:
2928:Terminal degree
2890:Magister degree
2875:External degree
2857:
2851:
2799:
2775:
2752:Master's degree
2724:
2700:
2654:
2652:academic degree
2648:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2557:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2532:
2530:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2477:
2475:
2470:. Law.nyu.edu.
2466:
2465:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2426:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2374:
2367:"S.J.D. Degree"
2365:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2146:blogs.sun.ac.za
2140:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2093:"Archived copy"
2091:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2000:www.unisa.ac.za
1995:
1993:"Archived copy"
1991:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1798:Wayback Machine
1790:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1640:Wayback Machine
1632:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1415:on 10 June 2008
1403:
1402:
1398:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1364:on 20 June 2011
1355:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1314:Wayback Machine
1305:
1301:
1297:
1278:
1207:
1064:
1044:Serjeant-at-Law
1016:
1004:
910:
900:
890:
877:
869:Bologna Process
826:
802:). Previously,
790:Bologna process
768:
735:
558:
550:master's degree
494:
438:
391:
308:
284:honorary degree
240:
159:
95:
90:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3000:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2984:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2916:
2914:Higher diploma
2911:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2870:Artist diploma
2867:
2861:
2859:
2858:classification
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2754:
2748:
2746:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2720:Honours degree
2717:
2711:
2709:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2590:
2564:
2539:
2510:
2484:
2459:
2433:
2408:
2383:
2358:
2333:
2304:
2278:
2254:
2222:
2202:
2188:
2163:
2133:
2123:
2084:
2059:
2034:
1984:
1955:
1925:
1896:
1871:
1841:
1836:lovinmalta.com
1823:
1801:
1784:
1759:
1734:
1720:
1694:
1668:
1643:
1626:
1602:
1577:
1552:
1527:
1502:
1477:
1452:
1426:
1396:
1375:
1348:
1317:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1277:
1274:
1217:(or Doctor of
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1113:Master of Laws
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1060:
1015:
1014:United Kingdom
1012:
1003:
1000:
889:
886:
876:
873:
834:European Union
825:
822:
767:
764:
734:
731:
677:), awarded as
557:
554:
493:
490:
481:Juris magister
437:
434:
395:United Kingdom
390:
387:
312:Czech Republic
307:
304:
239:
236:
212:livre docĂȘncia
201:livre docĂȘncia
197:livre docĂȘncia
193:livre docĂȘncia
186:livre docĂȘncia
178:livre docĂȘncia
158:
155:
154:
153:
146:
139:
132:
129:
126:
123:
94:
91:
89:
86:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2999:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2766:Diplom degree
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2660:Undergraduate
2657:
2653:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2529:on 2018-08-23
2528:
2524:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2500:on 2011-07-20
2499:
2495:
2488:
2485:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2449:on 2010-08-08
2448:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2423:on 2011-10-28
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:0-19-825140-8
2216:
2212:
2209:Squibb, G.D.
2206:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2189:
2178:on 2012-10-19
2177:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2099:on 2012-11-16
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2074:on 2012-05-19
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2049:on 2013-06-23
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1974:on 2012-11-27
1973:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1945:on 2012-04-14
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1915:on 2012-04-20
1914:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1886:on 2013-06-23
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1861:on 2012-04-18
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1658:on 2011-07-06
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1637:
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