846:(DCM) with 5.8% of Dobermanns having the condition. Another study in America found a prevalence of 7.32% for the condition. An English study of 369 cases found the Dobermann make up 16% of those. This disease impacts Dobermanns more severely than other breeds with an average survival time of 52 days compared to 240 days for other breeds. This is possibly due to the type of DCM that affects the Dobermann differing. Research has shown that the breed is affected by an attenuated wavy fiber type of DCM that affects many other breeds, as well as an additional fatty infiltration-degenerative type that appears to be specific to Dobermann Pinscher and
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857:. Among female Dobermanns, the sudden death manifestation of the disease is more common, whereas males tend to develop congestive heart failure. In addition to being more prevalent in Dobermanns, this disease is also more serious in the breed. Following a diagnosis, the average non-Dobermann has an expected survival time of 8 months; for Dobermann Pinschers, however, the expected survival time is less than two months. Although the causes for the disease are largely unknown, there is evidence that it is a familial disease inherited as an
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International
Dobermann Club (IDC), and dogs born after 2016 will not be allowed to participate in FCI or IDC shows without a full tail and natural ears. In the UK, dogs with docked tails have been banned from show for a number of years and the practice is now illegal for native born dogs. Docking is illegal in all European Union states, as well as Australia. The AKC standard for Doberman Pinschers includes a tail docked near the 2nd
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household dogs. This study found that the
Doberman Pinscher ranked relatively high on stranger-directed aggression, but extremely low on owner-directed aggression. The Doberman Pinscher ranked as average on dog-directed aggression and dog rivalry. Looking only at bites and attempted bites, Doberman Pinschers rank as far less aggressive towards humans and show less aggression than many breeds without a reputation (e.g.,
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There is some evidence that
Doberman Pinschers in North America have a calmer and more even temperament than their European counterparts because of the breeding strategies employed by American breeders. Despite this, the American breed standard states that, for purposes of determining of conformation
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After
Dobermann's death in 1894, the Germans named the breed Dobermann-pinscher in his honor, but a half century later dropped the word 'pinscher' on the grounds that this German word for 'terrier' was no longer appropriate. The British did the same a few years later; now the US and Canada are the
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The breed is believed to have been created from several different breeds of dogs that had the characteristics that
Dobermann was looking for. The exact ratios of mixing, and even the exact breeds that were used, remain uncertain, although many experts believe that the Dobermann is a combination of
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Ogata, Niwako; Gillis, Timothy E.; Liu, Xiaoxu; Cunningham, Suzanne M.; Lowen, Steven B.; Adams, Bonnie L.; Sutherland-Smith, James; Mintzopoulos, Dionyssios; Janes, Amy C.; Dodman, Nicholas H.; Kaufman, Marc J. (2013). "Brain structural abnormalities in
Dobermann Pinschers with canine compulsive
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There is a great deal of scientific evidence that
Doberman Pinschers have a number of stable psychological traits, such as certain personality factors and intelligence. As early as 1965, studies have shown that there are several broad behavioral traits that significantly predict behavior and are
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Roccaro, Mariana; Salini, Romolo; Pietra, Marco; Sgorbini, Micaela; Gori, Eleonora; Dondi, Maurizio; Crisi, Paolo E.; Conte, Annamaria; Dalla Villa, Paolo; Podaliri, Michele; Ciaramella, Paolo; Di Palma, Cristina; Passantino, Annamaria; Porciello, Francesco; Gianella, Paola; Guglielmini, Carlo;
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In addition to the studies of canine personality, there has been some research to determine whether there are breed differences in aggression. In a study published in 2008, aggression was divided into four categories: aggression directed at strangers, owner, strange dogs, and rivalry with other
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in central
Germany. With access to dogs of many breeds, he got the idea to create a breed that would be ideal for protecting him. He set out to breed a new type of dog that would exhibit impressive stamina, strength, and intelligence. Five years after Dobermann's death, Otto Goeller, one of the
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techniques for assessing personality traits in humans. These studies often vary in terms of the personality factors they focus on and in terms of ranking breeds differently along these dimensions. One such study found that
Doberman Pinschers, compared to other breeds, rank high in playfulness,
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The practice of docking has been around for centuries and is older than the
Dobermann as a breed. The historical reason for docking is to ensure that the tail does not get in the way of the dog's work. Docking and cropping (see below) have been written out of the Breed Standard by FCI and the
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is an umbrella term that encompasses the faculties involved in a wide range of mental tasks, such as learning, problem-solving, and communication. The Doberman Pinscher has been ranked amongst the most intelligent dog breeds in experimental studies and expert evaluations. Psychologist
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Some owners crop Dobermann's ears. The Doberman Pinscher Club of America requires that ears be "normally cropped and carried erect" for conformation. Like tail docking, ear cropping is illegal in many countries and has never been legal in some Commonwealth countries.
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are a common problem for the breed. and cardiac issues are a common cause of death in the breed with 15% of deaths being cardiac related according to a UK survey. Data from the University of Purdue Medical Veterinary Database found the breed to be predisposed to
830:. A 2024 Italian study found a life expectancy of 8 years for the breed compared to 10 years overall. A 2005 Swedish study of insurance data found 68% of Dobermann died by the age of 10, higher than the overall rate of 35% of dogs dying by the age of 10.
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with 1.34% of Dobermanns having hip dysplasia compared to 3.52% overall. Another North American study of over 1,000,000 and 250,000 hip and elbow scans found the Dobermann to be among the 15 breeds least likely to have both hip and
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White Doberman are cream in color with blue eyes and pink noses, paw pads, and eye rims. The first white Doberman was born in 1976. White Doberman were identified as albino, and the condition is caused by a partial deletion in the
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Sisson D, OâGrady MR, Calvert CA. Myocardial diseases of dogs. In: Fox PR, Sisson D, Moise NS, editors. Textbook of canine and feline cardiology: principles and clinical practice. 2nd edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1999. p.
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CCD is highly prevalent among Dobermans, with an estimated incidence of about 28% in a database including over 2300 dogs (personal communication, Andrew Borgman, Statistical Analyst, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids,
778:). This study concluded that aggression has a genetic basis, that the Dobermann shows a distinctive pattern of aggression depending on the situation and that contemporary Doberman Pinschers are not an aggressive breed overall.
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average in curiosity/fearlessness, low on aggressiveness, and low on sociability. Another such study ranked Doberman Pinschers low on reactivity/surgence and high on aggression/disagreeableness and openness/trainability.
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Bellumori, Thomas P.; Famula, Thomas R.; Bannasch, Danika L.; Belanger, Janelle M.; Oberbauer, Anita M. (1 June 2013). "Prevalence of inherited disorders among mixed-breed and purebred dogs: 27,254 cases (1995â2010)".
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gene. Although albino Doberman are prone to suffer long term issues including photosensitivity/photophobia, skin lesions/tumors, and solar skin damage, there is no evidence suggesting this mutation causes deafness.
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Witsberger, Tige H.; Villamil, J. Armando; Schultz, Loren G.; Hahn, Allen W.; Cook, James L. (15 June 2008). "Prevalence of and risk factors for hip dysplasia and cranial cruciate ligament deficiency in dogs".
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coloration is the least common, occurring only when both the color and dilution genes have two recessive alleles (i.e., bbdd). Thus, the blue color is a diluted black, and the fawn color is a diluted red.
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Calvert CA; Hall G; Jacobs G; Pickus C. (1997). "Clinical and pathologic findings in Dobermanns with occult cardiomyopathy that died suddenly or developed congestive heart failure: 54 cases (1984â1991)".
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The Dobermann's natural tail is fairly long, but individual dogs often have a short tail as a result of docking, a procedure in which the majority of the tail is surgically removed shortly after birth.
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Glickman, Lawrence T.; Glickman, Nita W.; PĂ©rez, Cynthia M.; Schellenberg, Diana B.; Lantz, Gary C. (1 May 1994). "Analysis of risk factors for gastric dilatation and dilatation-volvulus in dogs".
729:). Additionally, in two studies, Hart and Hart (1985) ranked the Doberman Pinscher first in the same category, and Tortora (1980) gave the Dobermann the highest rank in general trainability.
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Brockman, Daniel J.; Washabau, Robert J.; Drobatz, Kenneth J. (15 August 1995). "Canine gastric dilatation/volvulus syndrome in a veterinary critical care unit: 295 cases (1986â1992)".
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Martin, M. W. S.; Stafford Johnson, M. J.; Celona, B. (2009). "Canine dilated cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study of signalment, presentation and clinical findings in 369 cases".
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Jeffrey J. Sacks; Leslie Sinclair; Julie Gilchrist; Gail C. Golab; Randall Lockwood. "Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998".
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Domanjko-PetriÄ, Aleksandra; Stabej, Polona; Ćœemva, A. (2002). "Dilated cardiomyopathy in the Dobermann dog: survival, causes of death and a pedigree review in a related line".
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Meurs KM; Fox PR; Norgard M; Spier AW; Lamb A; Koplitz SL; Baumwart RD. (2007). "A prospective genetic evaluation of familial dilated cardiomyopathy in the Doberman pinscher".
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2013:
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believes the breeds utilized to develop the Dobermann Pinscher may have included the old shorthaired shepherd, Rottweiler, Black and Tan Terrier and the German Pinscher.
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949:. A study of 295 cases in America found 6.1% of cases to belong to the Dobermann. Another American study of 1,934 cases found an odds ratio of 5.5 for the Dobermann.
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785:, between 1979 and 1998, the Doberman Pinscher was involved in attacks on humans resulting in fatalities less frequently than several other dog breeds such as
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A North American study reviewing over a million dogs examined at veterinary teaching hospitals found the Dobermann to have a noticeably lower prevalence of
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Scott-Moncrieff, J. Catherine (2015). "Hypothyroidism". In Feldman, Edward C.; Nelson, Richard W.; Reusch, Claudia; Scott-Moncrieff, J. Catharine (eds.).
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Adams, V. J.; Evans, K. M.; Sampson, J.; Wood, J. L. N. (1 October 2010). "Methods and mortality results of a health survey of purebred dogs in the UK".
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Roughly a quarter of Dobermann Pinschers who develop cardiomyopathy die suddenly from seemingly unknown causes, and an additional fifty percent die of
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earliest breeders, created the National Doberman Pinscher Club and is considered to have perfected the breed, breeding and refining them in the 1890s.
2237:"Mortality in over 350,000 Insured Swedish Dogs from 1995â2000: II. Breed-Specific Age and Survival Patterns and Relative Risk for Causes of Death"
2585:"Association between results of ambulatory electrocardiography and development of cardiomyopathy during long-term follow-up of Doberman Pinschers"
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registrations in that year. In the fifteen years from 2009 to 2023 the average number of puppies whelped per year in Germany was approximately
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1422:"Colour Dilution Alopecia in Doberman Pinschers with Blue or Fawn Coat Colours: A Study on the Incidence and Histopathology of this Disorder"
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with one US study finding 6.3% of Dobermanns to have the condition compared to 1.54% for mixed-breeds. The Dobermann is also predisposed to
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Dobermann has the color gene with at least one dominant allele and the dilution gene with both recessive alleles (i.e., BBdd or Bbdd). The
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Tortora, D.F. (1980). "Animal behavior therapy: the behavioral diagnosis and treatment of dominance-motivated aggression in canines. 1 ".
1737:. The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies/Fédération des sociétés canadiennes d'assistance aux animaux (CFHS/FSCAA). Archived from
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443:. It is also widely believed that the old German Shepherd was the single largest contributor to the Dobermann breed. Philip Greunig's
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McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (1 February 2024).
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A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 11.2 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for
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Hart, B.L.; Hart, L.A. (1985). "Selecting pet dogs on the basis of cluster analysis of breed behavior profiles and gender".
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study, one of the most important factors contributing to dog bites is the level of responsibility exercised by dog owners.
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US Centers for Disease Control: Breeds of dogs involved in fatal human attacks in the United States between 1979 and 1998
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Bell, Jerold S. (2014). "Inherited and Predisposing Factors in the Development of Gastric Dilatation Volvulus in Dogs".
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Although they are considered to be working dogs, Dobermanns are often stereotyped as being ferocious and aggressive.
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593:(Isabella). The traditional and most common color occurs when both the color and dilution genes have at least one
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641:, a kind of canine follicular dysplasia. Although not life-threatening, these dogs can develop skin problems.
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Size: "Males, decidedly masculine, without coarseness. Females, decidedly feminine, without over-refinement."
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new registrations per year. Statistics compiled by the AKC for 2009 placed the Doberman Pinscher 15th, with
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It was originally intended as a guard dog, so males typically have a muscular and intimidating appearance.
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447:(1939) describes the breed's early development by Otto Goeller, who helped to establish the breed. The
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genetically determined. Subsequently, there have been numerous scientific attempts to quantify canine
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Kenth Svartberg (2006). "Breed-typical behaviour in dogsâHistorical remnants or recent constructs?".
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In 2013 a list of breeds by annual number of registrations, based on a survey of member clubs of the
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Sacks; Lockwood, R; Hornreich, J; Sattini, RW; et al. (1996). "Fatal dog attacks, 1989â1994".
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fault, aggression and belligerence by a Doberman toward other dogs is not counted as viciousness.
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Tidholm, A.; Jönsson, L. (2005). "Histologic Characterization of Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy".
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only countries who continue to use Pinscher and have dropped an "n" from Dobermann's surname.
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1505:"A Partial Gene Deletion of SLC45A2 Causes Oculocutaneous Albinism in Doberman Pinscher Dogs"
966:. 5.7% of Dobermanns over the age of 2 years had hip dysplasia and 0.8% had elbow dysplasia.
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2988:"Long-term genetic selection reduced prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia in 60 dog breeds"
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Krawiec DR; Heflin D. (1992). "Study of prostatic disease in dogs: 177 cases (1981â1986)".
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based on the selective surveys answered by experienced trainers (as documented in his book
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was found to be prevalent in 28% of Dobermanns in one study. The breed is predisposed to
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A US study of the records of over 90,000 dogs found the Dobermann to be predisposed to
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alleles but the dilution gene has at least one dominant allele (i.e., bbDD, bbDd). The
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O'Grady, Michael R.; O'Sullivan, M.Lynne (2004). "Dilated cardiomyopathy: an update".
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Doberman Pinschers: Everything about purchase, care, nutrition, training and behavior
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15. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Archived 16 December 2022.
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of the average total number of births for all breeds, recorded at slightly more than
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1321:(in German). Dortmund: Verband fĂŒr das Deutsche Hundewesen. Accessed September 2024.
1282:(in German). Dortmund: Verband fĂŒr das Deutsche Hundewesen. Accessed September 2024.
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Alborali, Giovanni L.; Rota Nodari, Sara; Sabatelli, Sonia; Peli, Angelo (2024).
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1309:. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed September 2024.
1297:. Thuin, Belgium: Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed September 2024.
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breeds. This serious disease is likely to be fatal in most Dobermanns affected.
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973:(IVDD), with 12.7% of Dobermanns having the condition compared to 4.43% for
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The Dobermann is intelligent, alert and tenaciously loyal; it is kept as a
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2303:(Fourth ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders. p. 91.
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ranks the Dobermann as the 5th most intelligent dog in the category of
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allele (i.e., BBDD, BBDd, BbDD or BbDd) and is commonly referred to as
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Egenvall, A; Bonnett, Bn; Hedhammar, Ă„; Olson, P (30 September 2005).
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1975:
Thomas Draper (1995), "Canine analogs of human personality factors",
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Registration figures worldwide â from top thirty to endangered breeds
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530:; bitches are considerably smaller, with height and weight ranges of
470:, although the Corps did not exclusively use this breed in the role.
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Oberbauer, A. M.; Keller, G. G.; Famula, T. R. (24 February 2017).
2144:"Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death"
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2959:(12). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): 1818â1824.
2375:(11). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): 1549â1555.
2923:(9). American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): 1465â1471.
2626:"An update on canine cardiomyopathies â is it all in the genes?"
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352:
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Calvert CA; Jacobs GJ; Smith DD; Rathbun SL; Pickus CW (2000).
2808:
Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
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36:
2194:"Factors related to longevity and mortality of dogs in Italy"
1679:"Ear cropping and tail docking: Should you or shouldn't you?"
1270:. New York: The American Kennel Club. Archived 14 July 2023.
351:. It has a long muzzle and â ideally â an even and graceful
2711:
Hnilica, Keith A.; Patterson, Adam P. (19 September 2016).
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Other conditions that the breed is predisposed to include:
637:
Expression of the color dilution gene is a disorder called
435:. The single exception is the documented crossing with the
2477:
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice
573:
Two different color genes exist in the Dobermann: one for
1366:"Canadian Kennel Club: Doberman Pinscher breed standard"
1337:"American Kennel Club: Doberman Pinscher breed standard"
2953:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
2917:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
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Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
2589:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
2369:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
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Royal Australian Society for the Protection of Animals
1628:"Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 125"
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Traditional black and tan Dobermann with ears cropped
374:. In Canada and the United States it is known as the
363:, practices which are now illegal in many countries.
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581:(D). There are nine possible combinations of these
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67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1114:, 'The American Kennel Club', retrieved 6 May 2014
2998:(2). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0172918.
1653:"Is the tail docking of dogs legal in Australia?"
542:, and registration is subject to completion of a
2624:Dutton, E.; LĂłpez-Alvarez, J. (17 April 2018).
30:"Doberman" redirects here. For other uses, see
2706:
2704:
2154:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC.
869:The Dobermann is predisposed to the following
621:coloration occurs when the black gene has two
466:adopted the Doberman Pinscher as its official
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2007:
2005:
1815:"The Doberman pinscher: darling...or devil?"
1906:Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog
1462:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
585:, which can result in four different color
394:Dobermanns were first bred in the 1880s by
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1587:Raymond Gudas; Betsy Sikora Siino (2005).
811:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
783:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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561:Fawn Dobermann Pinscher with cropped ears
398:, a tax collector who ran a dog pound in
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
2014:"Breed differences in canine aggression"
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1295:FCI breeds nomenclature: Dobermann (143)
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514:The Dobermann is a medium-large dog of
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1227:. Dobermann Pinscher Club of America.
1196:. US: Dace Publishing. 1997. pp.
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1884:from the original on 24 November 2012
1715:from the original on 24 November 2012
1685:from the original on 2 September 2016
1480:. Doberman Pinscher Club of America.
1397:. Doberman Pinscher Club of America.
1268:Dog Registration Statistics 1991â2008
1231:from the original on 18 February 2016
1083:from the original on 4 September 2014
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526:, with a weight usually in the range
475:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
293:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
7:
2751:from the original on 5 November 2013
2012:Duffy DL; Hsu Y; Serpell JA (2008).
1343:from the original on 9 February 2015
1192:Basic Guide to the Doberman Pinscher
1164:. US: T.F.H. Publications. pp.
65:adding citations to reliable sources
27:Black and tan dog breed from Germany
2855:Topics in Companion Animal Medicine
2741:Canine Inherited Disorders Database
1603:"Animal Welfare Act 2006 Section 6"
1137:from the original on 20 August 2018
1125:"Dobermans Suffer From a Bad Press"
1105:"Get to Know the Doberman Pinscher"
217:63 to 68 cm (25 to 27 in)
207:68 to 72 cm (27 to 28 in)
2745:University of Prince Edward Island
2687:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb03058.x
1903:Scott, J.P.; Fuller, J.L. (1966).
1438:10.1111/j.1365-3164.1990.tb00089.x
477:, placed the Dobermann 26th, with
25:
3487:Dog breeds originating in Germany
1827:from the original on 14 June 2018
1484:from the original on 9 April 2009
1401:from the original on 9 April 2009
2630:Journal of Small Animal Practice
2442:Journal of Veterinary Cardiology
2416:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2008.00659.x
2404:Journal of Small Animal Practice
2338:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00974.x
2326:Journal of Small Animal Practice
2021:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
1932:Applied Animal Behaviour Science
1420:WILLIAM H. MILLER Jr. 1 (2008).
994:
339:type. It was originally bred in
41:
2715:. St. Louis (Miss.): Saunders.
2300:Canine and feline endocrinology
2211:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106155
1909:. University of Chicago Press.
1874:"The Doberman â Breed Standard"
1735:"Ear cropping and tail docking"
1705:"The Doberman â Breed Standard"
903:interdigital haemorrhagic bulla
670:Blue Dobermann with docked tail
52:needs additional citations for
2929:10.2460/javma.1994.204.09.1465
2894:10.2460/javma.1995.207.04.0460
2784:10.2460/javma.1992.200.08.1119
2198:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
2033:10.1016/j.applanim.2008.04.006
1954:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.014
1591:. Barron's Educational Series.
1307:FCI-Standard N° 143: Dobermann
396:Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann
355:. The ears were traditionally
254:black & tan, red & tan
1:
2567:10.2460/javma.1997.210.04.505
2454:10.1016/S1760-2734(06)70019-4
2241:Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica
1989:10.1080/00221309.1995.9921236
1977:Journal of General Psychology
1849:Why does my dog act that way?
419:several breeds including the
238:32â35 kg (71â77 lb)
228:40â45 kg (88â99 lb)
3005:10.1371/journal.pone.0172918
1530:10.1371/journal.pone.0092127
1478:"What is an Albino Doberman"
2820:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.04.002
971:intervertebral disc disease
947:gastric dilatation volvulus
3508:
3114:German Shorthaired Pointer
3109:German Roughhaired Pointer
2867:10.1053/j.tcam.2014.09.002
2489:10.1016/j.cvsm.2004.05.009
2160:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w
1071:"Dobermann breed standard"
719:obedience command training
464:United States Marine Corps
29:
3124:German Wirehaired Pointer
3104:German Longhaired Pointer
2965:10.2460/javma.232.12.1818
2602:10.2460/javma.2000.216.34
2381:10.2460/javma.242.11.1549
2070:. Retrieved 25 March 2007
744:Doberman Pinscher puppies
495:, representing just over
307:
296:
284:
270:
261:
253:
245:
191:
151:
32:Doberman (disambiguation)
2713:Small Animal Dermatology
2254:10.1186/1751-0147-46-121
1852:. Simon & Schuster.
1339:. American Kennel Club.
1156:Donnelly, Kerry (1988).
931:von Willebrand's disease
891:colour dilution alopecia
887:cutaneous drug eruptions
859:autosomal dominant trait
855:congestive heart failure
757:or temperament by using
726:The Intelligence of Dogs
662:Dobermann with full tail
589:: black, blue, red, and
414:Dobermann Pinscher, 1915
3172:Old German herding dogs
3086:Westphalian Dachsbracke
3071:Bavarian Mountain Hound
1110:9 February 2015 at the
639:color dilution alopecia
3402:DanishâSwedish Farmdog
1846:Stanley Coren (2006).
1762:J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc
1565:. American Kennel Club
1426:Veterinary Dermatology
844:dilated cardiomyopathy
745:
696:
671:
663:
570:
562:
538:respectively. It is a
518:type. Dogs stand some
445:The Dobermann Pinscher
415:
391:
3461:Black Russian Terrier
2113:10.1542/peds.97.6.891
1029:German pronunciation:
875:acral lick dermatitis
743:
694:
669:
661:
568:
560:
413:
389:
275:Kennel club standards
3053:Dogs originating in
2759:– via UPEI.ca.
2511:Veterinary Pathology
2066:23 June 2011 at the
1563:"Can dogs be albino"
1133:. 15 February 1993.
899:follicular dysplasia
809:. According to this
791:German Shepherd Dogs
449:American Kennel Club
61:improve this article
3440:Miniature Schnauzer
3249:American Eskimo Dog
3200:Miniature Schnauzer
3144:Small MĂŒnsterlĂ€nder
3129:Large MĂŒnsterlĂ€nder
2737:"Doberman Pinscher"
1741:on 9 September 2011
1521:2014PLoSO...992127W
1503:Winkler PA (2014).
1033:[ËdoËbÉman]
953:Skeletal conditions
939:compulsive disorder
915:pemphigus foliaceus
709:Canine intelligence
3445:Standard Schnauzer
3417:Miniature Pinscher
3314:Standard Schnauzer
3228:Miniature Pinscher
2772:J Am Vet Med Assoc
2643:10.1111/jsap.12841
2555:J Am Vet Med Assoc
2148:Scientific Reports
1820:Sports Illustrated
1607:Legislation.gov.uk
1452:on 5 January 2013.
1372:on 5 December 2014
1160:Doberman Pinschers
1130:The New York Times
746:
697:
672:
664:
571:
563:
441:Manchester Terrier
416:
392:
3474:
3473:
3397:Austrian Pinscher
3338:
3337:
2722:978-0-323-37651-8
2523:10.1354/vp.42-1-1
2310:978-1-4557-4456-5
2107:(6 Pt 1): 891â5.
1916:978-0-226-74338-7
1859:978-0-7432-7706-8
1768:(11): 1181â1185.
1632:Council of Europe
935:prostatic disease
807:Alaskan Malamutes
781:According to the
376:Doberman Pinscher
343:in about 1890 by
321:
320:
303:
302:
266:
265:
169:Doberman Pinscher
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
3499:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3342:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3007:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2681:(5): 1016â1020.
2675:J Vet Intern Med
2670:
2664:
2663:
2645:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2580:
2571:
2570:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2506:
2493:
2492:
2483:(5): 1187â1207.
2472:
2466:
2465:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2363:
2352:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2256:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2213:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2071:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2041:
2035:. Archived from
2027:(3â4): 441â460.
2018:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1947:
1938:(3â4): 293â313.
1927:
1921:
1920:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1453:
1448:. Archived from
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1368:. Archived from
1362:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1333:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1221:
1212:
1211:
1195:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1163:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1121:
1115:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
991:
925:Other conditions
839:Cardiomyopathies
803:wolf-dog hybrids
577:(B) and one for
537:
533:
529:
521:
505:
504:
498:
494:
490:
489:
483:
482:
372:companion animal
331:of medium-large
316:
310:
272:
193:
174:Common nicknames
166:
156:
144:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3466:Dutch Smoushond
3449:
3435:Giant Schnauzer
3421:
3412:German Pinscher
3378:
3369:
3339:
3334:
3318:
3279:Giant Schnauzer
3269:German Pinscher
3237:
3204:
3176:
3167:German Shepherd
3153:
3090:
3057:
3051:
3021:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2754:
2752:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2508:
2507:
2496:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2365:
2364:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2332:(10): 512â524.
2323:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2068:Wayback Machine
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2042:on 17 July 2011
2039:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1945:10.1.1.515.7023
1929:
1928:
1924:
1917:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1885:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1789:Canine Practice
1786:
1785:
1781:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1634:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1454:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1286:
1280:Welpenstatistik
1278:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1225:"Breed history"
1223:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1176:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1112:Wayback Machine
1103:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1028:
997:
993:
992:
988:
983:
964:elbow dysplasia
955:
927:
867:
836:
824:
822:Life expectancy
819:
735:
706:
689:
656:
603:black and rust,
555:
535:
531:
527:
519:
512:
510:Characteristics
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
480:
478:
425:German Pinscher
390:Dobermann, 1909
384:
345:Louis Dobermann
312:
308:
177:Dobie, Doberman
164:
159:
142:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3505:
3503:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3479:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3299:KromfohrlÀnder
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3223:Biewer Terrier
3220:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:German Spaniel
3116:
3111:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3020:
3019:
2978:
2942:
2907:
2888:(4): 460â464.
2872:
2845:
2797:
2778:(8): 1119â22.
2762:
2728:
2721:
2700:
2665:
2636:(8): 455â464.
2616:
2572:
2544:
2494:
2467:
2429:
2394:
2353:
2343:
2316:
2309:
2286:
2227:
2183:
2134:
2091:
2072:
2053:
2001:
1983:(3): 241â252,
1967:
1922:
1915:
1895:
1865:
1858:
1838:
1806:
1779:
1752:
1726:
1696:
1669:
1644:
1619:
1594:
1576:
1554:
1495:
1469:
1432:(3): 113â122.
1412:
1386:
1354:
1323:
1311:
1299:
1284:
1272:
1259:
1255:FCI Newsletter
1242:
1213:
1206:
1181:
1174:
1148:
1116:
1094:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1045:
985:
984:
982:
979:
954:
951:
943:hypothyroidism
926:
923:
871:dermatological
866:
863:
835:
834:Cardiac health
832:
823:
820:
818:
815:
768:Cocker Spaniel
734:
731:
705:
702:
688:
685:
655:
652:
579:color dilution
569:Blue Dobermann
554:
551:
511:
508:
383:
380:
319:
318:
305:
304:
301:
300:
295:
289:
288:
283:
277:
276:
268:
267:
264:
263:
260:
259:Life span
256:
255:
252:
248:
247:
244:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
198:
197:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
167:
161:
160:
157:
149:
148:
140:
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3504:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:Affenpinscher
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3331:
3330:Bullenbeisser
3328:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:Affenpinscher
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Hanover Hound
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2946:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2868:
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544:working trial
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536:32â35 kg
532:63â68 cm
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72:Find sources:
66:
62:
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55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3406:
3274:German Spitz
3258:
3159:Herding dogs
3139:Pudelpointer
3076:German Hound
2995:
2991:
2981:
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2861:(3): 60â63.
2858:
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2044:. Retrieved
2037:the original
2024:
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1976:
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1886:. Retrieved
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1739:the original
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1606:
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1472:
1458:cite journal
1450:the original
1429:
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1370:the original
1345:. Retrieved
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1233:. Retrieved
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1184:
1159:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1128:
1119:
1085:. Retrieved
989:
975:mixed-breeds
968:
956:
928:
907:furunculosis
883:folliculitis
873:conditions:
868:
852:
837:
825:
801:-type dogs,
780:
764:
751:
747:
736:
724:
717:
707:
704:Intelligence
698:
677:
673:
643:
636:
630:
626:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
578:
574:
572:
548:
513:
472:
460:World War II
457:
453:
444:
417:
393:
375:
365:
327:is a German
324:
322:
314:domestic dog
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
3195:Jagdterrier
2806:disorder".
1689:1 September
1662:19 February
1637:19 February
1612:19 February
895:demodicosis
881:, acne, or
865:Dermatology
828:crossbreeds
795:Rottweilers
759:statistical
755:personality
733:Temperament
540:working dog
333:working dog
165:Other names
158:Adult bitch
76:"Dobermann"
3492:FCI breeds
3481:Categories
3376:Schnauzers
3309:Rottweiler
3304:Leonberger
3284:Great Dane
3233:Pomeranian
3182:Earth dogs
3149:Weimaraner
2517:(1): 1â8.
2204:: 106155.
2101:Pediatrics
1888:14 January
1745:29 October
1719:14 January
1677:Pagan, C.
1347:4 February
1087:21 January
1051:References
776:Great Dane
587:phenotypes
506:per year.
433:Weimaraner
429:Rottweiler
262:11.2 years
117:March 2018
87:newspapers
3427:Schnauzer
3407:Dobermann
3372:Pinschers
3259:Dobermann
3190:Dachshund
3014:1932-6203
2973:0003-1488
2937:0003-1488
2902:0003-1488
2652:0022-4510
2424:0022-4510
2389:0003-1488
2263:1751-0147
2168:2045-2322
2129:245088140
2046:24 August
1940:CiteSeerX
1801:0094-4904
1681:. WebMD.
1569:31 August
1319:Dobermann
1235:24 August
1141:20 August
937:. Canine
787:Pit bulls
772:Dalmatian
623:recessive
615:red rust,
437:Greyhound
421:Beauceron
404:Thuringia
368:guard dog
341:Thuringia
325:Dobermann
147:Dobermann
141:Dog breed
3384:Pinscher
3294:Keeshond
3289:Hovawart
3264:Eurasier
3210:Toy dogs
2992:PLOS ONE
2828:23590875
2755:25 March
2749:Archived
2695:17939558
2660:29665072
2611:10638315
2539:15431327
2531:15657266
2462:19081342
2281:16261925
2177:10834484
2064:Archived
1882:Archived
1825:Archived
1713:Archived
1683:Archived
1549:24647637
1509:PLOS ONE
1488:25 March
1482:Archived
1446:34644836
1405:23 March
1399:Archived
1341:Archived
1266:(2016).
1249:(2013).
1229:Archived
1135:Archived
1108:Archived
1078:Archived
919:vitiligo
905:, pedal
681:vertebra
595:dominant
516:pinscher
370:or as a
337:pinscher
298:standard
286:standard
18:Doberman
3323:Extinct
3096:Gundogs
3055:Germany
2836:4107434
2814:: 1â6.
2792:1376729
2351:581â619
2272:1624818
2121:8657532
1997:7650520
1831:14 June
1774:4008297
1540:3960214
1517:Bibcode
1076:. FCI.
647:SLC45A2
583:alleles
524:withers
522:at the
468:war dog
458:During
382:History
357:cropped
235:Females
214:Females
186:Germany
101:scholar
3242:Others
3134:Poodle
3063:Hounds
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817:Health
774:, and
609:. The
462:, the
400:Apolda
361:docked
222:Weight
201:Height
196:Traits
182:Origin
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
3454:Other
3254:Boxer
2832:S2CID
2535:S2CID
2247:(3).
2125:S2CID
2082:JAVMA
2040:(PDF)
2017:(PDF)
1958:S2CID
1376:2 May
1200:â11.
1168:â11.
1081:(PDF)
1074:(PDF)
981:Notes
848:Boxer
799:Husky
619:brown
599:black
575:black
553:Color
402:, in
329:breed
251:Color
246:short
225:Males
204:Males
108:JSTOR
94:books
3374:and
3010:ISSN
2969:ISSN
2933:ISSN
2898:ISSN
2824:PMID
2788:PMID
2757:2007
2717:ISBN
2691:PMID
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2277:PMID
2259:ISSN
2164:ISSN
2117:PMID
2048:2010
1993:PMID
1911:ISBN
1890:2013
1878:DPCA
1854:ISBN
1833:2018
1797:ISSN
1770:PMID
1747:2016
1721:2013
1709:DPCA
1691:2016
1664:2024
1639:2024
1614:2024
1571:2024
1545:PMID
1490:2007
1464:link
1442:PMID
1407:2007
1378:2007
1349:2009
1237:2016
1202:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1143:2018
1089:2015
911:cyst
805:and
687:Ears
654:Tail
631:fawn
627:blue
591:fawn
534:and
439:and
431:and
353:gait
347:, a
323:The
243:Coat
80:news
3000:doi
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