Dogon people - Knowledge (XXG)

423: 348: 449: 486: 1017: 558: 471: 1476:'Sigi' is a society-wide ritual to honor and recognize the first ancestors. Thought to have originated as a method to unite and keep peace among Dogon villages, the 'sigi' involves all members of the Dogon people. Starting in the northeastern part of Dogon territory, each village takes turns celebrating and hosting elaborate feasts, ceremonies, and festivities. During this time, new masks are carved and dedicated to their ancestors. Each village celebrates for around a year before the 'sigi' moves to the next village. A new 'sigi' is started every 60 years. 1264: 1373: 2868: 193: 208:, a sandstone cliff of up to 500 metres (1,600 ft) high, stretching about 150 km (90 miles). To the southeast of the cliff, the sandy Séno-Gondo Plains are found, and northwest of the cliff are the Bandiagara Highlands. Historically, Dogon villages were established in the Bandiagara area a thousand years ago because the people collectively refused to convert to Islam and retreated from areas controlled by Muslims. 399: 1766:: storage place for a woman's things, her husband has no access. Building with a pointed roof. It looks like a male granary but is less protected against mice. Here, she stores her personal belongings such as clothes, jewelry, money and some food. A woman has a degree of economic independence, and earnings and things related to her merchandise are stored in her personal granary. She can for example make cotton or 1004: 1130:

disappear, and that errors might result comparable to those of the jackal, whose birth was single. Because of his solitary state, the first son of God acted as he did." The removal of the second sex and soul from humans is what the ritual of circumcision represents in the Dogon religion. "The dual soul is a danger; a man should be male, and a woman female. Circumcision and excision are once again the remedy."

387: 411: 1530: 67: 2008:, however, citing these suspicions notes their completely speculative nature, writing that, "The obviously advanced astronomical knowledge must have come from somewhere, but is it an ancient bequest or a modern graft? Although Temple fails to prove its antiquity, the evidence for the recent acquisition of the information is still entirely circumstantial." Additionally, 231:. According to this oral tradition, the first Dogon settlement was established in the extreme southwest of the escarpment at Kani-Na. Archaeological and ethnoarchaeological studies in the Dogon region have been especially revealing about the settlement and environmental history, and about social practices and technologies in this area over several thousands of years. 1795:

to be used here. They bring with them their youngest children. This house is a gathering place for women during the evening. This hut is also thought to have some sort of reproductive symbolism due to the fact that the hut can be easily seen by the men who are working the fields who know that only women who are on their period, and thus not pregnant, can be there.

166: 1629:. The villagers are afraid of them, and fear is cultivated by a prohibition to go out at night, when sounds warn that the Olubaru are out. The most important mask that plays a major role in the Sigui rituals is the Great Mask, or the Mother of Masks. It is several meters long, held by hand, and not used to hide a face. This mask is newly created every 60 years. 1578: 3772: 1734: 39: 1200: 1070:

the course of more than twenty years. What makes the record so important from a historical perspective is that the Dogon people were still living in their oral culture at the time their religion was recorded. They were one of the last people in West Africa to lose their independence and come under French rule.

1742: 1495:. Each Dogon village may differ in the designs of the masks used in the dama ritual. Similarly each village may have their own way of performing the dama rituals. The dama consists of an event, known as the Halic, that is held immediately after the death of a person and lasts for one day (Davis, 68). 1794:

women): this house is on the outside of the village. It is constructed by women and is of lower quality than the other village buildings. Women having their period are considered to be unclean and have to leave their family house to live during five days in this house. They use kitchen equipment only

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literature as evidence that extraterrestrial aliens visited Mali in the distant past. Other authors have argued that previous 20th-century European visitors to the Dogon are a far more plausible source of such information and dispute whether Griaule's account accurately describes Dogon myths at all.

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of the Dogon. It takes place every 60 years and can take several years. The last one started in 1967 and ended in 1973; the next one will start in 2027. The Sigui ceremony symbolises the death of the first ancestor (not to be confused with Lébé) until the moment that humanity acquired the use of the

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There are two endogamous castes in Dogon society: the smiths and the leather-workers. Members of these castes are physically separate from the rest of the village and live either at the village edge or outside of it entirely. While the castes are correlated to profession, membership is determined by

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is a rare and serious matter, and it requires the participation of the whole village. Divorce is more common in polygynous marriages than in monogamous marriages. In the event of a divorce, the woman takes only the youngest child with her, and the rest remain as a part of the husband's household. An

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Griaule's daughter Geneviève Calame-Griaule responded in a later issue, arguing that Van Beek did not go "through the appropriate steps for acquiring knowledge" and suggesting that van Beek's Dogon informants may have thought that he had been "sent by the political and administrative authorities to

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of crocodiles that do not harm villagers). However, a totem animal might exceptionally harm if one has done something wrong. A worshiper is not allowed to eat his totem. For example, an individual with a buffalo as totem is not allowed to eat buffalo meat, to use leather from its skin, nor to see a

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The birth of human twins was celebrated in the Dogon culture in Griaule's day because it recalled the "fabulous past, when all beings came into existence in twos, symbols of the balance between humans and the divine". According to Griaule, the celebration of twin-births was a cult that extended all

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about the origin of such astronomical knowledge. The colour white was a symbol of males. The ritual language, "Sigi so" or "language of the Sigui", which was taught to male dignitaries of the Society of the Masks ("awa"), was considered a poor language. It contained only about a quarter of the full

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star orbiting around Sirius (a Sirius-C) with a six-year orbital period. A more recent study using advanced infrared imaging concluded that the probability of the existence of a triple star system for Sirius is "now low" but could not be ruled out because the region within 5 AU of Sirius A had not

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at the Binou altar. Boiled millet is offered, and goats and chickens are sacrificed on a Binou altar. This colours the altar white and red. Binou altars look like little houses with a door. They are bigger when the altar is for an entire village. A village altar also has the 'cloud hook', to catch

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performs the circumcision. Afterwards, the boys stay for a few days in a hut separated from the rest of the village people, until the wounds have healed. The circumcision is celebrated and the initiated boys go around and receive presents. They make music on a special instrument that is made of a

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Because of the birth of the single-sexed male Jackal, who was born without a soul, all humans eventually had to be turned into single-sexed beings. This was to prevent a being like the Jackal from ever being born on Earth again. "The Nummo foresaw that the original rule of twin births was bound to

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The problem of "twin births" versus "single births", or androgyny versus single-sexed beings, was said to contribute to a disorder at the beginning of time. This theme was fundamental to the Dogon religion. "The jackal was alone from birth," said Ogotemmêli, "and because of this he did more things

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in October 1946. Griaule had lived amongst the Dogon people for fifteen years before this meeting with Ogotemmeli took place. Ogotemmeli taught Griaule the religious stories in the same way that Ogotemmeli had learned them from his father and grandfather; oral instruction which he had learned over

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Villages are built along escarpments and near a source of water. On average, a village contains around 44 houses organized around the 'ginna', or head man's house. Each village is composed of one main lineage (occasionally, multiple lineages make up a single village) traced through the male line.

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and dance in long processions. The Sigui has a secret language, Sigui So, which women are not allowed to learn. The secret Society of Sigui plays a central role in the ceremony. They prepare the ceremonies a long time in advance, and they live for three months hidden outside of the villages while

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The yingim and the danyim rituals each last a few days. These events are held annually to honor the elders who have died since the last Dama. The yingim consists of both the sacrifice of cows, or other valuable animals, and mock combat. Large mock battles are performed in order to help chase the

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The danyim is held a couple of months later. During the danyim, masqueraders perform dances every morning and evening for any period up to six days, depending on that village's practice. The masqueraders dance on the rooftops of the deceased's compound, throughout the village, and in the area of

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was the furthest planet from the sun, and the only planet with rings. Interest in other seemingly falsifiable claims, namely concerning a red dwarf star orbiting around Sirius (not hypothesized until the 1950s), led him to entertain a previous challenge by Temple, asserting that "Temple offered

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star), respectively the first and second companions of Sirius A. Sirius, in the Dogon system, formed one of the foci for the orbit of a tiny star, the companionate Digitaria star. When Digitaria is closest to Sirius, that star brightens: when it is farthest from Sirius, it gives off a twinkling

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Dogon funeral rituals come in two parts. The first occurs immediately after the death of a person, and the second can occur years after the death. Due to the expense, the second traditional funeral rituals, or "damas", are becoming very rare. Damas that are still performed today are not usually

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The Dogon are strongly oriented toward harmony, which is reflected in many of their rituals. For instance, in one of their most important rituals, the women praise the men, the men thank the women, the young express appreciation for the old, and the old recognize the contributions of the young.

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Most of the conversations with Ogotemmêli had indeed turned largely on twins and on the need for duality and the doubling of individual lives. The Eight original Ancestors were really eight pairs ... But after this generation, human beings were usually born single. Dogon religion and Dogon

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another line of reasoning. 'We have in the Dogon information a predictive mechanism which it is our duty to test, regardless of our preconceptions.' One example: 'If a Sirius-C is ever discovered and found to be a red dwarf, I will conclude that the Dogon information has been fully validated.'

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twins. According to Ogotemmêli's description of them, the Nummo, whom he also referred to as "Water", had green skin covered in green hair, and were formed like humans from the loins up, but serpent-like below. Their eyes were red, their tongues forked, and their arms flexible and unjointed.

422: 1818:, the former being most frequently used for traditional prayers and ritual chants. The Dogon dialects are highly distinct from one another and many varieties are not mutually intelligible, actually amounting to some 12 dialects and 50 sub-dialects. There is also a secret ritual language 1679:

sect worships the ancestor Lébé Serou, the first mortal human being, who, in Dogon myth, was transformed into a snake. The celebration takes place once a year and lasts for three days. The altar is a pointed conic structure on which the Hogon offers boiled millet while mentioning in his

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and consequently fair game for slave raids organized by merchants. As the growth of cities increased, the demand for slaves across the region of West Africa also increased. The historical pattern included the murder of indigenous males by raiders and enslavement of women and children.

162:, their mask dances, wooden sculpture, and their architecture. Since the twentieth century, there have been significant changes in the social organisation, material culture and beliefs of the Dogon, in part because Dogon country is one of Mali's major tourist attractions. 238:

region in the 15th century. Other oral histories place the origin of the Dogon to the west beyond the river Niger, or tell of the Dogon coming from the east. It is likely that the Dogon of today are descendants of several groups of diverse origin who migrated to escape

347: 1553:. The Yana Gulay mask's purpose is to impersonate a Fulani woman, and is made from cotton cloth and cowl shells. The Satimbe mask represents the women ancestors, who are said to have discovered the purpose of the masks by guiding the spirits of the deceased into the 1557:(Davis, 74). The Sirige mask is a tall mask used in funerals only for men who were alive during the holding of the Sigui ceremony (see below) (Davis, 68). The Kanaga masqueraders, at one point, dance and sit next to the bundkamba, which represents the deceased. 1419:

The newly circumcised youths, now considered young men, walk around naked for a month after the procedure so that their achievement in age can be admired by the tribe. This practice has been passed down for generations and is always followed, even during winter.

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From 1931 to 1956, Griaule studied the Dogon in field missions ranging from several days to two months in 1931, 1935, 1937 and 1938 and then annually from 1946 until 1956. In late 1946, Griaule spent a consecutive 33 days in conversations with the Dogon wiseman

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worked during the 1930s and 1940s had a system of signs which ran into the thousands, including "their own systems of astronomy and calendrical measurements, methods of calculation and extensive anatomical and physiological knowledge, as well as a systematic

1957:' star system, and prefaced their analysis with the disclaimer, "The problem of knowing how, with no instruments at their disposal, men could know the movements and certain characteristics of virtually invisible stars has not been settled, nor even posed." 1283:

that symbolises his function. The virgin is replaced by one of his wives, and she also returns to her home at night. The Hogon has to live alone in his house. The Dogon believe the sacred snake Lébé comes during the night to clean him and to transfer

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vocabulary of "Dogo so", the Dogon language. The "Sigi so" was used to tell the story of creation of the universe, of human life, and the advent of death on the Earth, during both funeral ceremonies and the rites of the "end of mourning" ("dama").

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Dogon art consists primarily of sculptures. Dogon art revolves around religious values, ideals, and freedoms (Laude, 19). Dogon sculptures are not made to be seen publicly, and are commonly hidden from the public eye within the houses of families,

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Since the late 20th century, the Dogon have developed peaceful trading relationships with other societies and have thereby increased variety in their diets. Every four days, Dogon people participate in markets with neighboring tribes, such as the

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holds a higher position in the family relative to any wives from later marriages. Formally, wives join their husband's household only after the birth of their first child. The selection of a wife is carried out by the man's parents. Marriages are

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marriages are allowed in the Dogon culture. However, even in polygynous marriages, it is rare for a man to have more than two wives. In a polygynous marriage, the wives reside in separate houses within the husband's compound. The first wife, or

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Dogon insecurity in the face of these historical pressures caused them to locate their villages in defensible positions along the walls of the escarpment. The other factor influencing their choice of settlement location was access to water. The

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than can be told." Dogon males were primarily associated with the single-sexed male Jackal and the Sigui festival, which was associated with death on the Earth. It was held once every sixty years and allegedly celebrated the white dwarf star,

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birth. The smiths have important ritual powers and are characteristically poor. The leather-workers engage in significant trade with other ethnic groups and accumulate wealth. Unlike norms for the rest of society, parallel-

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Dogon society is organized by a patrilineal kinship system. Each Dogon village, or enlarged family, is headed by one male elder. This chief head is the oldest living son of the ancestor of the local branch of the family.

1760:: storage place for pearl millet and other grains. Building with a pointed roof. This building is well protected from mice. The number of filled male granaries is an indication for the size and the richness of a guinna. 1719:

sect: The Mono altar is at the entry of every village. Unmarried young men celebrate the Mono sect once a year in January or February. They spend the night around the altar, singing and screaming and waving with fire

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system, an example of which is that human nouns take a distinct plural suffix. This leads linguists to conclude that Dogon is likely to have diverged from Niger–Congo very early. Another indication of this is the

1526:(burial blanket). This announces the entrance of persons wearing the masks used in this ceremony, while the deceased's entrance to his home in the family compound is decorated with ritual elements (Davis, 72–73). 1985:

In a 1978 critique, skeptic Ian Ridpath concluded: "There are any number of channels by which the Dogon could have received Western knowledge long before they were visited by Griaule and Dieterlen." In his book

1896:, several authors have claimed that Dogon traditional religion incorporates details about extrasolar astronomical bodies that could not have been discerned from naked-eye observation. The idea has entered the 1692:

in his house, which is the home of Lébé. The last day, all the village men visit all the Binou altars and dance three times around the Lébé altar. The Hogon invites everybody who assisted to drink the millet

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fields around the village (Davis, 68). Until the masqueraders have completed their dances, and every ritual has been performed, any misfortune can be blamed on the remaining spirits of the dead (Davis, 68).

3674: 1101:. Their images or figures appeared on the female side of the Dogon sanctuary. They were primarily symbolized by the Sun, which was a female symbol in the religion. In the Dogon language, the Sun's name ( 1138:

philosophy both expressed a haunting sense of the original loss of twin-ness. The heavenly Powers themselves were dual, and in their Earthly manifestations they constantly intervened in pairs ...

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performed for their original intent, but instead are performed for tourists interested in the Dogon way of life. The Dogon use this entertainment to earn income by charging tourists money for the

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of the departed to their final resting places, through a series of ritual dances and rites. Dogon damas include the use of many masks, which they wore by securing them in their teeth, and

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also states that a more likely source of the knowledge of the Sirius star system is from contemporary, terrestrial sources who provided information to interested members of the tribes.

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Matt, Phillips; Andrew, David; Bainbridge, James; Bewer, Tim; Bindloss, Joe; Carillet, Jean-Bernard; Clammer, Paul; Cornwell, Jane; Crossan, Rob (September 2007). Matt Phillips (ed.).

1473:. The 'Awa' is characterized by the intricate masks worn by members during rituals. There are two major events at which the Awa perform: the 'sigi' ritual and 'dama' funeral rituals. 1048: 2012:

notes that Griaule sought informants best qualified to speak of traditional lore, and deeply mistrusted converts to Christianity, Islam, or people with too much contact with whites.

1784:. The roof of a toguna is made by 8 layers of millet stalks. It is a low building in which one cannot stand upright. This helps with avoiding violence when discussions get heated. 1215:

During a greeting ritual, the person who has entered the contact answers a series of questions about his or her whole family, from the person who was already there. The answer is

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in the bush outside of village borders. Some young men will hunt for small game, but wild animals are relatively scarce near villages. While the people keep chickens or herds of

1219:, which means that everything is fine. Then the Dogon who has entered the contact repeats the ritual, asking the resident how his or her whole family is. Because the word 334:

bearing cups, musicians, dogs, quadruped-shaped troughs or benches, figures bending from the waist, mirror-images, aproned figures, and standing figures (Laude, 46–52).

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had faced religious and ethnic persecution—through jihads by dominant Muslim communities. These jihadic expeditions formed themselves to force the Dogon to abandon

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Another example is the custom of elaborate greetings whenever one Dogon meets another. This custom is repeated over and over, throughout a Dogon village, all day.

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they disagree completely with each other as to which star is meant; for some it is an invisible star that should rise to announce the sigu , for another it is

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Signs of other contacts and origins are evident in Dogon art. The Dogon people were not the first inhabitants of the cliffs of Bandiagara. Influence from

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van Beek, WAE; Bedaux; Blier; Bouju; Crawford; Douglas; Lane; Meillassoux (1991). "Dogon Restudied: A Field Evaluation of the Work of Marcel Griaule".

1643:: common ones for the entire village and individual ones for totem priests. A totem animal is worshiped on a Binou altar. Totems are, for example, the 1469:). All initiated Dogon men participate in Awa, with the exception of some caste members. Women are forbidden from joining and prohibited from learning 1780:): a building only for men. They rest here much of the day throughout the heat of the dry season, discuss affairs and take important decisions in the 1465:

is a masked dance society that holds ritual and social importance. It has a strict code of etiquette, obligations, interdicts, and a secret language (

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Once a boy is circumcised, he transitions into young adulthood and moves out of his father's house. All of the men in his age-set live together in a

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Forgerons et sidérurgie en pays dogon: vers une histoire de la production du fer sur le plateau de Bandiagara (Mali) durant les empires précoloniaux

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Dogon has been frequently referred to as a single language. There are at least five distinct groups of dialects. The most ancient dialects are

1034: 1007: 541: 3624: 3601: 3384: 3201: 3161: 2908: 2887: 2752: 2627: 2558: 2115: 2031:, or a star "larger than Sirius B but lighter and dim in magnitude". In 1995, gravitational studies indeed showed the possible presence of a 1990:, Noah Brosch postulates that the Dogon may have had contact with astronomers based in Dogon territory during a five-week expedition, led by 1942:

effect that suggests to the observer several stars. The orbit cycle takes 50 years. They also claimed that the Dogon appeared to know of the

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Bertho, J. (1953). "La place des dialectes dogon de la falaise de Bandiagara parmi les autres groupes linguistiques de la zone soudanaise".

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Women may leave their husbands early in their marriage, before the birth of their first child. After a couple has had children together,

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in age groups of three years, counting for example all boys between 9 and 12 years old. This marks the end of their youth, and they are

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is the spiritual and political leader of the village. He is elected from among the oldest men of the dominant lineage of the village.

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Those who remain in their ethnic religion generally believe in the significance of the stars and the creator god, Amma, who created

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is nearby and in the sandstone rock, a rivulet runs at the foot of the cliff at the lowest point of the area during the wet season.

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Themes found throughout Dogon sculpture consist of figures with raised arms, superimposed bearded figures, horsemen, stools with

315:(Laude, 20). The importance of secrecy is due to the symbolic meaning behind the pieces and the process by which they are made. 1335:

in Dogon villages, animal husbandry holds little economic value. Individuals with high status may own a small number of cattle.

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Today, at least 35% of the Dogon practice Islam. Another 10% practices Christianity. Those who have accepted one of these two

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Was there a now-vanished branch of Nilo-Saharan on the Dogon Plateau? Evidence from substrate vocabulary in Bangime and Dogon

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is believed to eliminate the superfluous one.) Rites of circumcision enable each sex to assume its proper physical identity.

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Un néolithique ouest-africain: cadre chrono-culturel, économique et environnemental de l'Holocène récent en Pays dogon, Mali

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Traditions céramiques dans la boucle du Niger: ethnoarchéologie et histoire du peuplement au temps des empires précoloniaux.

2224: 3020: 1308:, and some other vegetables. Griaule encouraged the construction of a dam near Sangha and persuaded the Dogon to cultivate 2255: 1083: 549: 3591: 1982:

test the Dogon's Muslim orthodoxy". An independent assessment is given by Andrew Apter of the University of California.

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period, during which he is not allowed to shave or wash. He wears white clothes and nobody is allowed to touch him. A

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Geneviève Calame-Griaule: "On the Dogon Restudied". Current Anthropology, Vol. 32, No. 5 (December 1991), pp. 575–577

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Among the Dogon, several oral traditions have been recorded as to their origin. One relates to their coming from

3708: 1966:, anthropologist Wouter van Beek concluded after his research among the Dogon that, "Though they do speak about 1960:

More recently, doubts have been raised about the validity of Griaule and Dieterlen's work. In a 1991 article in

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Oberg points out a number of errors contained in the Dogon beliefs, including the number of moons possessed by

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The Dogon religion was centered on this loss of twinness or androgyny. Griaule describes it in this passage:

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is a sign of good luck. The extended Dogon families have common rituals, during which they evoke all their

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for better defense and to escape persecution—often building their dwellings in little nooks and crannies.

3823: 4367: 3999: 3944: 3907: 3887: 3701: 2587: 1872:, which is unrelated to the other Dogon languages and presumed by linguists to be an ancient, pre-Dogon 981: 976: 787: 523: 289: 263: 205: 197: 1917:'s future publications. They reported that the Dogon believe that the brightest star in the night sky, 1826:) of the Society of the Masks – all of whom must be circumcised men – during their enthronement at the 1347:. The Dogon primarily sell agricultural commodities: onions, grain, cotton, and tobacco. They purchase 3472:

Morton, Robert (ed.) & Hollyman, Stephenie (photographs) & Walter E.A. van Beek (text) (2001)

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Bonnet-Bidaud, J. M.; Pantin, E. (October 2008). "ADONIS high contrast infrared imaging of Sirius-B".

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The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions

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Morton, Robert (ed.) & Hollyman, Stephenie (photographs) & Walter E.A. van Beek (text) (2001)

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Figure of a seated musician (koro player); late 18th century; 55.8 x 17.7 x 10.8 cm (22 x 7 x 4

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Sculpture, probably an ancestor figure; 17th–18th century; wood; height: 59 cm (23 in.); from

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is so commonly repeated throughout a Dogon village, neighboring peoples have dubbed the Dogon the

3964: 3959: 3461: 3445: 3417: 3398: 3306: 3280: 3071: 3063: 2800: 2792: 2723: 2715: 2668: 2660: 2341: 1914: 1901: 1881: 1442: 1122: 1074: 741: 719: 685: 599: 3644: 3244:, 'Power and Dialogue in Ethnography:Marcel Griaule's initiation,' in George W. Stocking (ed.) 1770:. The number of female granaries is an indication for the number of women living in the guinna. 1260:

takes care of him, cleans his house, and prepares his meals. She returns to her home at night.

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for Islam. Such jihads caused the Dogon to abandon their original villages and moved up to the

4315: 3949: 3620: 3597: 3524: 3508: 3494: 3477: 3380: 3361: 3337: 3197: 3187: 3157: 2904: 2883: 2748: 2623: 2564: 2554: 2288: 2111: 2050: 1351:, salt, European merchandise, and many animal products, such as milk, butter, and dried fish. 847: 680: 644: 619: 3507:(photographs by Michel Renaudeau; text by Nadine Wanono). Paris: Éditions du Chêne-Hachette. 1845:. In a recent overview of the Niger–Congo family, Dogon is treated as an independent branch. 4438: 4245: 4069: 4039: 3657:

African worlds : studies in the cosmological ideas and social values of African peoples

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Amma. The celebration is once a year and consists of offering boiled millet on the conical

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It is often difficult to distinguish between pre-Muslim practices and later practices. But

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Williamson, Kay; Blench, Roger (2000). "Niger–Congo". In Bernd Heine; Derek Nurse (eds.).

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from the deceased's body and village, and towards the path to the afterlife (Davis, 68).

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Hochstetler, J. Lee, Durieux, J. A. & E. I. K. Durieux-Boon (2004)

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and molded it into the shape of a woman, imbuing it with a divine feminine principle.

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Tait, David (1950). "An Analytical Commentary on the Social Structure of the Dogon".

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Tait, David (1950). "An Analytical Commentary on the Social Structure of the Dogon".

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Tait, David (1950). "An Analytical Commentary on the Social Structure of the Dogon".

2550: 1842: 1651:

for Ogol-du-Bas. Normally, no one is harmed by their totem animal, even if this is a

1648: 1617: 1594: 1515: 1498:

According to Shawn R. Davis, this particular ritual incorporates the elements of the

1438: 1098: 1079: 943: 892: 822: 624: 572: 327: 267: 187: 3566: 3310: 1620:, and goes from one village to another during several months or years. All men wear 1388:

is considered female. (Originally, for the Dogon, man was endowed with a dual soul.

4490: 4433: 4423: 4398: 4285: 4235: 4074: 4064: 4049: 4029: 3917: 3870: 3808: 3780: 2377: 1954: 1877: 1396: 1344: 852: 670: 323: 251: 240: 235: 144: 115: 2027:

This alludes to reports that the Dogon knew of another star in the Sirius system,

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Houses are built extremely close together, many times sharing walls and floors.

1681: 1625:

nobody is allowed to see them. The men from the Society of Sigui are called the

1461: 1454: 1317: 690: 454:

Female or male figure; probably early 17th century; 40.0 x 7.3 x 7.8 cm (15

353: 308: 301: 272: 259: 213: 136: 132: 3633:

Davis, Shawn R. "Dogon Funerals" in African Art; Summer 2002, Vol. 35 Issue 2.

2194: 4220: 4054: 3688: 2210: 1910: 1849: 1613: 1577: 1529: 1519: 1404: 1400: 1380:

In Dogon thought, males and females are born with both sexual components. The

1249: 1173: 1062: 877: 867: 792: 714: 224: 140: 3557:

Dogon Languages and Linguistics An (sic) Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography

3468:. Translated by Stephen C. Infantino. Chino Valley, AZ: Continuum Foundation. 3452:. Le renard pâle. Vol. 1. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie Musée de l'homme. 2568: 1857:

basic word order, which Dogon shares with such early Niger–Congo branches as

4034: 3645:

The Dogon People of Bandiagara, Mali, The Dance of Masks of the Dogon People

2060: 1709: 1705: 1664: 1652: 1554: 1492: 1437:

The village of Songho has a circumcision cave ornamented with red and white

1323:

In addition to agriculture, the women gather wild fruits, tubers, nuts, and

1276: 812: 527: 341:

art is evident in Dogon art because of its rectilinear designs (Laude, 24).

170: 3433: 3221: 2179:

Dieterlen, G., 1955. "Mythes et organisation sociale au Soudan français".

1733: 1601:

of Amma, colouring it white. All other sects are directed to the god Amma.

165: 4336: 4099: 1608: 1434:, including a type I circumcision, meaning that the clitoris is removed. 1409: 1385: 1381: 1163: 1118: 1082:". The religion embraced many aspects of nature which are found in other 948: 887: 842: 827: 319: 19:

For the ethnic group of the Kingdom of Dagbon in the north of Ghana, see

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Conversations With Ogotemmêli: an Introduction To Dogon Religious Ideas

3067: 2796: 2719: 2664: 2016: 1938: 1897: 1767: 1721: 1689: 1297: 1268: 1188: 1065:

taught the main symbols of the Dogon religion to French anthropologist

938: 797: 664: 234:

Over time, the Dogon moved north along the escarpment, arriving in the

91: 3771: 3666: 3661: 2994: 1978:. All agree, however, that they learned about the star from Griaule." 1868:

About 1,500 ethnic Dogon in seven villages in southern Mali speak the

4418: 4310: 3749: 2055: 2020: 1918: 1781: 1685: 1669: 1340: 1313: 1305: 1285: 1253: 837: 832: 802: 746: 726: 338: 331: 247: 228: 147:. The population numbers between 400,000 and 800,000. They speak the 2788: 2711: 2656: 2582:

Beierle, John; Skoggard, Ian A. (2000). "Culture Summary: Dogon": 4.

322:, women with children, figures covering their faces, women grinding 280:

For almost 1000 years, the Dogon people, an ancient ethnic group of

155:, meaning that they are not closely related to any other languages. 3650:

The Dogon People of Bandiagara, Mali : the Dogon Fish Festival

3379:. Oxford University Press for the International African Institute. 3059: 1487:

The traditional dama consists of a masquerade intended to lead the

38: 4320: 3882: 3865: 3776: 3770: 3754: 3285: 1971: 1930: 1741: 1724:. They hunt for mice that will be sacrificed on the altar at dawn. 1701: 1640: 1621: 1598: 1528: 1511: 1488: 1348: 1328: 1324: 1309: 1280: 1242: 1236: 1204: 1181: 1176:

in that the people are limited to marry only persons within their

1151: 1144: 1090: 933: 915: 882: 731: 312: 255: 183: 151:, which are considered to constitute an independent branch of the 111: 3593:

Art of the Dogon: selections from the Lester Wunderman collection

2543:

The Africa Book: A Journey Through Every Country in the Continent

1143:

over Africa. Today, a significant minority of the Dogon practice

3672:

Dogon images from the Smithsonian National Museum of African Art

2620:

Anthropological Critique of Development: The Growth of Ignorance

1833:

It is generally accepted that the Dogon language belongs to the

1656: 1586: 1481: 1430:

The Dogon are among several African ethnic groups that practice

1332: 1301: 1199: 1192:

enlarged family can count up to a hundred persons and is called

1177: 872: 477: 281: 128: 127:

are an ethnic group indigenous to the central plateau region of

72: 4340: 4167: 3697: 3693: 2863:

Ciarcia, Gaetano "Dogons et Dogon. Retours au 'pays du reel'",

1660:

buffalo die. If this happens by accident, he has to organise a

1296:

The Dogon are primarily agriculturalists and cultivate millet,

250:

classified the Dogon and many other ethnicities of the region (

2819:

Les masques dogon:ethnologie savante et ethnologie autochtone,

1162:

The vast majority of marriages are monogamous, but nonsororal

1073:

The Dogon people with whom French anthropologists Griaule and

1364:

is allowed within castes. Caste boys do not get circumcised.

3683: 3576:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 11–42. 3517: 2107:

Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia

1837:, though the evidence is weak. They have been linked to the 1655:, as it is for the village of Amani (where there is a large 1113:). They were symbolized by the colour red, a female symbol. 356:

in three pieces; 20th century; 108 x 59.1 x 22.9 cm (42

2616:"Processes and Limitations of Dogon Agricultural Knowledge" 1712:—the ancient pair of twins from the creation of the world. 3615:

African Art of the Dogon: The Myths of the Cliff Dwellers

2348:, 1. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie Musée de l'homme, p. 17 1533:

A man wearing a Sirige mask jumps during a ceremony, 1974

3491: 3346:

Bedaux, R. & J. D. van der Waals (eds.) (2003)

3248:, University of Wisconsin Press, 1983 pp. 121–156, p.137 1484:

they want to see and for the ritual itself (Davis, 68).

2777:

Africa: Journal of the International African Institute

2700:

Africa: Journal of the International African Institute

2645:

Africa: Journal of the International African Institute

2321:

Yambo Ouologuem: Postcolonial Writer, Islamic Militant

1537:

Masks used during the yincomoli ceremony include the

3246:

Observers observed: essays on ethnographic fieldwork

1822:(language of Sigi), which is taught to dignitaries ( 4129: 4013: 3980: 3973: 3935: 3896: 3799: 3790: 3732: 2903:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (28 June 1998) 1089:The key spiritual figures in the religion were the 101: 81: 63: 58: 48: 3612: 3563:Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dogon Language Area. 1925:or "star of the Sigui"), has two companion stars, 1848:The Dogon languages show few remnants of a unique 737:Index of African mythology and creation narratives 1876:, although a minority of linguists (most notably 1248:After his election, he has to follow a six-month 2976: 2951: 2939: 2927: 2830: 2501: 2458: 2167: 2133: 989:Traditional African religion and other religions 404:Person wearing a Walu mask, based on an antelope 1974:that, through a different position, appears as 1585:Dogon society is composed of several different 1135: 530:(idols) which had been prevalent amongst them. 3503:Wanono, Nadine & Renaudeau, Michel (1996) 2524: 2522: 2305:The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa 1688:plus one. Afterwards, the Hogon performs some 1441:of animals and plants. Nearby is a cave where 4352: 4179: 3709: 2471: 2469: 2467: 1042: 8: 3596:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2489:"Did the Dogon of Mali know about Sirius B?" 2394: 2392: 1953:Griaule and Dieterlen were puzzled by this ' 770:List of African deities and mythical figures 204:The principal Dogon area is bisected by the 31: 1147:. Another minority practices Christianity. 4359: 4345: 4337: 4186: 4172: 4164: 3977: 3796: 3716: 3702: 3694: 3420:(1950). "Un système soudanais de Sirius". 2333: 2331: 2329: 1049: 1035: 536: 37: 30: 3284: 3140:Skeptical Inquirer, vol.3, no.1, pp.56–62 2307:(2003) Cambridge University Press, p. 308 1753:Dogon villages have different buildings: 1892:Starting with the French anthropologist 1880:) hypothesise that it may be related to 1740: 1732: 1576: 1371: 1275:After initiation, the Hogon wears a red 1262: 1198: 191: 164: 3422:Journal de la Société des Africainistes 3409:. London: Futura Books. pp. 58–81. 3401:(1976). "A Sudanese Sirius System". In 3358:Dieu d'eau. Entretiens avec Ogotemmêli. 3350:. Leiden: National Museum of Ethnology. 3261:Astronomy and Astrophysics 299: 621–628 2685: 2528: 2513: 2475: 2446: 2434: 2422: 2410: 2398: 2193:A. Mayor; et al. (31 March 2005). 2071: 1616:that starts and ends in the village of 1376:Cave paintings depicting circumcisions. 548: 416:Door of the hogon box of Sangha village 343: 3488:La mère des masques. Un Dogon raconte. 2744:The Anthropology of Health and Healing 2596: 2585: 2346:Le mythe cosmologique. Le renard pâle. 2199:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 2181:Journal de la Société des Africanistes 1514:is smashed over the deceased's wooden 3348:Dogon: mythe en werkelijkheid in Mali 3257:Benest, D. and Duvent, J. L. (1995). 2901:An Introduction to African Philosophy 2362:Caught in the crossfire of Mali's war 7: 3474:Dogon: Africa's people of the cliffs 2285:Dogon: Africa's people of the cliffs 2129: 2127: 1913:, the source of much of Griaule and 1427:until they marry and have children. 59:Regions with significant populations 43:Dogon men in their ceremonial attire 3574:African Languages – an Introduction 1097:Ogotemmêli classified the Nummo as 286:their traditional religious beliefs 4137:African art in Western collections 3138:"Investigating the Sirius Mystery" 2364:(25 January 2013) by Kim Sengupta 1279:. He has an armband with a sacred 223:, located to the southwest of the 14: 1612:spoken word. The Sigui is a long 1105:) had the same root as "mother" ( 747:Serer astronomy (the star Sirius) 727:Dogon astronomy (the star Sirius) 464:x 2 7/8 x 3 in.); Brooklyn Museum 3760:Kurumba (people of Burkina Faso) 2989:Bernard R. Ortiz de Montellano. 2323:, 1999, Lynne Rienner Publishers 1320:. Grain is stored in granaries. 1015: 1003: 1002: 556: 526:have abandoned their worship of 498:; wood; height: 35.2 cm (13 484: 469: 447: 421: 409: 397: 385: 346: 270:) as being within the non-canon 65: 3100:"Griaule's Legacy: Rethinking " 2850:, Issue 20, 2015: In Memory of 3619:. New York: The Viking Press. 3336:(1997) Ed. BDT Développement. 2977:Griaule & Dieterlen (1976) 2952:Griaule & Dieterlen (1976) 2940:Griaule & Dieterlen (1965) 2928:Griaule & Dieterlen (1965) 2831:Griaule & Dieterlen (1965) 2747:. AltaMira Press. p. 11. 2502:Griaule & Dieterlen (1986) 2459:Griaule & Dieterlen (1986) 2168:Griaule & Dieterlen (1965) 2134:Williamson & Blench (2000) 1996:solar eclipse of 16 April 1893 1384:is considered male, while the 1304:, as well as onions, tobacco, 1: 3684:Dogon images & traditions 2965:The Dogon of the French Sudan 2880:Historical Dictionary of Mali 2867:157 (janvier/mars): 217–229. 2821:Karthala editions, 1999 p.253 2261:Africa Magna, Frankfurt a. M. 2245:Africa Magna, Frankfurt a. M. 2229:Africa Magna, Frankfurt a. M. 1084:traditional African religions 961:Relation with other religions 550:Traditional African religions 492: 392:Person wearing a Satimbe mask 158:The Dogon are best known for 491:Figure of a kneeling woman; 108:African traditional religion 3689:Pictures about Dogon dances 3119:(1): 95–129. Archived from 3112:Cahiers d'Études africaines 2147:"Mali: what price tourism?" 1835:Niger–Congo language family 1121:. There has been extensive 153:Niger–Congo language family 4538: 3303:10.1051/0004-6361:20078937 3273:Astronomy and Astrophysics 3259:"Is Sirius a triple star?" 2817:Anne Doquet, Sory Camara, 2367:(retrieved March 14, 2020) 1992:Henri-Alexandre Deslandres 1803: 1452: 1412:that makes the sound of a 1234: 967:African diaspora religions 510:Metropolitan Museum of Art 299: 196:Dogon dwellings along the 181: 160:their religious traditions 18: 16:Peoples indigenous to Mali 4374: 4201: 3768: 3667:Pictures of Dogon Country 2254:Robion-Brunner, C. 2010. 2211:10.1016/j.jaa.2004.08.003 1647:for Ogol-du-Haut and the 1432:female genital mutilation 106: 86: 53: 36: 3156:, Springer, p. 66, 2963:M Griaule, G Dieterlen, 2942:, pp. 468, 470, 514 2878:Imperato, Pascal James, 2110:. ABC-CLIO. p. 86. 1737:A typical Dogon village. 1256:who has not yet had her 765:Index of African deities 302:African art § Dogon 3662:Photos of Dogon Country 3295:2008A&A...489..651B 2614:Beek, W. E. A. (1993). 2104:Shoup, John A. (2011). 732:Dogon astronomy (Nommo) 139:bend, near the city of 4522:Ethnic groups in Niger 4368:Ethnic groups in Niger 4005:Index of Dogon country 3784: 3746:Related topics : 3555:Hantgan, Abbie (2007) 3434:10.3406/jafr.1950.2611 2922:Sirius is also called 2882:Scarecrow Press, 1977 2595:Cite journal requires 1841:subfamily but also to 1746: 1738: 1607:is the most important 1582: 1534: 1377: 1272: 1208: 1140: 1061:The blind Dogon elder 524:monotheistic religions 201: 174: 169:A Dogon hunter with a 4517:Ethnic groups in Mali 4195:Ethnic groups in Mali 3945:Bandiagara Escarpment 3908:Bandiagara Escarpment 3774: 3677:8 August 2017 at the 3450:Le mythe cosmologique 3194:John Wiley & Sons 3150:Brosch, Noah (2008), 3098:Andrew Apter (2005). 2991:"The Dogon Revisited" 2899:Imbo, Samuel Oluoch, 2842:Blench, Roger. 2015. 2741:Womack, Mari (2009). 1744: 1736: 1580: 1561:spirit, known as the 1532: 1375: 1266: 1202: 982:Persecution of Serers 977:Persecution of Dogons 788:Bandiagara Escarpment 206:Bandiagara Escarpment 198:Bandiagara Escarpment 195: 178:Geography and history 168: 54:1,591,787 (2012–2013) 3876:Sigi, Dogon festival 3858:Dama, Dogon festival 3611:Laude, Jean (1973). 3486:Sékou Ogobara Dolo: 3476:. New York: Abrams. 3222:"The Sirius Mystery" 3136:Ridpath, Ian (1978) 3048:Current Anthropology 2954:, pp. 64–65, 68 2852:Harold Crane Fleming 2287:. New York: Abrams. 1963:Current Anthropology 1888:Astronomical beliefs 1449:Dogon mask societies 518:Culture and religion 290:cliffs of Bandiagara 3590:Ezra, Kate (1988). 3565:SIL International. 3462:Dieterlen, Germaine 3446:Dieterlen, Germaine 3411:– a translation of 3399:Dieterlen, Germaine 3104:" in Dogon Studies" 2997:on 16 February 2013 2342:Dieterlen, Germaine 2270:Griaule, M. (1938) 2002:Robert Todd Carroll 1855:subject–object–verb 1700:sect: The birth of 1292:Subsistence pattern 311:, or kept with the 33: 3965:Ogossagou massacre 3960:Sobane Da massacre 3785: 3545:Bulletin de l'IFAN 3407:The Sirius Mystery 3360:(1966) Ed Fayard. 3332:Beaudoin, Gerard: 2238:Ozainne, S. 2013. 1915:Germaine Dieterlen 1882:Proto-Nilo-Saharan 1747: 1739: 1583: 1535: 1378: 1273: 1209: 1075:Germaine Dieterlen 720:African divination 202: 175: 4499: 4498: 4334: 4333: 4161: 4160: 4125: 4124: 3950:Dan Na Ambassagou 3931: 3930: 3626:978-0-670-10928-9 3603:978-0-87099-507-1 3386:978-0-19-519821-8 3334:Les Dogon du Mali 3203:978-0-471-27242-7 3163:978-1-4020-8319-8 2909:978-0-8476-8841-8 2888:978-0-8108-1005-1 2754:978-0-7591-1044-1 2629:978-0-415-07958-7 2560:978-1-74104-602-1 2117:978-1-59884-362-0 2051:Toucouleur people 1902:ancient astronaut 1672:and make it rain. 1443:music instruments 1316:and those of the 1267:A mud mosque and 1180:and within their 1059: 1058: 848:Point of Sangomar 121: 120: 4529: 4361: 4354: 4347: 4338: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4165: 3978: 3797: 3718: 3711: 3704: 3695: 3630: 3618: 3607: 3577: 3552: 3469: 3453: 3437: 3410: 3390: 3315: 3314: 3288: 3268: 3262: 3255: 3249: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3126:on 27 June 2008. 3125: 3108: 3102:la parole claire 3095: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3027:on 13 April 2018 3023:. Archived from 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2993:. Archived from 2986: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2920: 2914: 2897: 2891: 2876: 2870: 2861: 2855: 2840: 2834: 2833:, pp. 18–19 2828: 2822: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2772: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2738: 2732: 2731: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2517: 2516:, pp. 22–23 2511: 2505: 2504:, pp. 33–34 2499: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2420: 2414: 2413:, pp. 13–14 2408: 2402: 2396: 2387: 2374: 2368: 2355: 2349: 2335: 2324: 2317:Christopher Wise 2314: 2308: 2303:Timothy Insoll, 2301: 2295: 2281: 2275: 2268: 2262: 2252: 2246: 2236: 2230: 2223:Mayor, A. 2011. 2221: 2215: 2214: 2190: 2184: 2183:25 (1/2), 39–76. 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2122: 2121: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2076: 1948:moons of Jupiter 1874:language isolate 1870:Bangime language 1593:The sect of the 1408:rod of wood and 1051: 1044: 1037: 1020: 1019: 1006: 1005: 858:Sangha Ogol Leye 560: 537: 507: 506: 502: 497: 494: 488: 473: 463: 462: 458: 451: 437: 436: 432: 425: 413: 401: 389: 375: 374: 370: 365: 364: 360: 350: 330:on their heads, 326:, women bearing 227:escarpment near 77:1,751,965 (8.7%) 71: 69: 68: 49:Total population 41: 34: 4537: 4536: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4526: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4370: 4365: 4335: 4330: 4197: 4192: 4162: 4157: 4121: 4025:Dogon languages 4009: 3969: 3927: 3892: 3786: 3766: 3728: 3722: 3679:Wayback Machine 3641: 3636: 3627: 3610: 3604: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3571: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3518:Eds. Petit Futé 3458:Griaule, Marcel 3456: 3442:Griaule, Marcel 3440: 3412: 3395:Griaule, Marcel 3393: 3387: 3373:Griaule, Marcel 3371: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3196:. p. 104. 3182: 3181: 3177: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3106: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2921: 2917: 2898: 2894: 2877: 2873: 2862: 2858: 2841: 2837: 2829: 2825: 2816: 2812: 2789:10.2307/1156785 2774: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2712:10.2307/1156785 2697: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2657:10.2307/1156785 2642: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2594: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2561: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2465: 2457: 2453: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2397: 2390: 2375: 2371: 2358:The Independent 2356: 2352: 2338:Griaule, Marcel 2336: 2327: 2315: 2311: 2302: 2298: 2282: 2278: 2269: 2265: 2253: 2249: 2237: 2233: 2222: 2218: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2152: 2150: 2149:. 16 April 2001 2145: 2144: 2140: 2132: 2125: 2118: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2088: 2086: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2042: 1994:, to study the 1944:rings of Saturn 1890: 1808: 1806:Dogon languages 1802: 1778:case à palabres 1731: 1581:Crocodile Totem 1575: 1457: 1451: 1370: 1362:cousin marriage 1357: 1294: 1239: 1233: 1160: 1055: 1026: 1014: 994: 993: 962: 954: 953: 929: 921: 920: 906: 898: 897: 783: 775: 774: 760: 752: 751: 710: 702: 701: 568: 520: 513: 512:(New York City) 504: 500: 499: 495: 489: 480: 474: 465: 460: 456: 455: 452: 443: 442:(New York City) 440:Brooklyn Museum 434: 430: 429: 426: 417: 414: 405: 402: 393: 390: 381: 380:(New York City) 378:Brooklyn Museum 372: 368: 367: 362: 358: 357: 351: 304: 298: 190: 180: 149:Dogon languages 135:, south of the 88:Dogon languages 66: 64: 44: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4535: 4533: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4504: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4462: 4461: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4110:Western Plains 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3831: 3829:Dogon religion 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3713: 3706: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3639:External links 3637: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3625: 3608: 3602: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3569: 3567:online version 3559: 3553: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3522:Mali 2005–2006 3515: 3501: 3484: 3470: 3454: 3438: 3428:(1): 273–294. 3391: 3385: 3369: 3351: 3344: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3279:(2): 651–655. 3263: 3250: 3242:James Clifford 3234: 3209: 3202: 3175: 3162: 3153:Sirius Matters 3142: 3129: 3090: 3081: 3060:10.1086/203932 3038: 3017:Philip Coppens 3008: 2981: 2969: 2956: 2944: 2932: 2915: 2892: 2871: 2856: 2835: 2823: 2810: 2767: 2753: 2733: 2706:(3): 174–176. 2690: 2686:Griaule (1970) 2678: 2651:(3): 185–189. 2635: 2628: 2606: 2597:|journal= 2574: 2559: 2553:. p. 84. 2533: 2529:Griaule (1970) 2518: 2514:Griaule (1970) 2506: 2494: 2480: 2476:Griaule (1970) 2463: 2451: 2447:Griaule (1970) 2439: 2427: 2423:Griaule (1970) 2415: 2411:Griaule (1970) 2403: 2399:Griaule (1970) 2388: 2386:(2001), p. 126 2369: 2350: 2325: 2309: 2296: 2276: 2272:Masques dogons 2263: 2247: 2231: 2216: 2185: 2172: 2160: 2138: 2123: 2116: 2096: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2041: 2038: 2036:been covered. 2010:James Clifford 1988:Sirius Matters 1937:, (the female 1894:Marcel Griaule 1889: 1886: 1804:Main article: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1785: 1771: 1764:Female granary 1761: 1730: 1729:Dogon villages 1727: 1726: 1725: 1713: 1708:back to their 1694: 1673: 1630: 1602: 1574: 1571: 1450: 1447: 1439:rock paintings 1369: 1366: 1356: 1353: 1293: 1290: 1235:Main article: 1232: 1229: 1159: 1156: 1099:hermaphrodites 1067:Marcel Griaule 1057: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1046: 1039: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1012: 999: 996: 995: 992: 991: 986: 985: 984: 979: 969: 963: 960: 959: 956: 955: 952: 951: 946: 941: 936: 930: 927: 926: 923: 922: 919: 918: 913: 907: 904: 903: 900: 899: 896: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 784: 781: 780: 777: 776: 773: 772: 767: 761: 758: 757: 754: 753: 750: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 723: 722: 711: 708: 707: 704: 703: 700: 699: 694: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 596: 595: 590: 580: 575: 569: 566: 565: 562: 561: 553: 552: 546: 545: 519: 516: 515: 514: 490: 483: 481: 475: 468: 466: 453: 446: 444: 427: 420: 418: 415: 408: 406: 403: 396: 394: 391: 384: 382: 352: 345: 300:Main article: 297: 294: 179: 176: 119: 118: 104: 103: 99: 98: 84: 83: 79: 78: 75: 61: 60: 56: 55: 51: 50: 46: 45: 42: 27: 21:Dagomba people 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4534: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4343: 4342: 4339: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4184: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4148:Dogon culture 4146: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3990:Dogon country 3988: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3955:Dogon history 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3923:Youga Dogorou 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3913:Mount Hombori 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3824:Creation myth 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3789: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3726: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3700: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3617: 3616: 3609: 3605: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3529:2-7469-1185-X 3526: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3513:2-85108-937-4 3510: 3506: 3502: 3500: 3499:2-02-041133-4 3496: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3483: 3482:0-8109-4373-5 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3418:Dieterlen, G. 3415: 3408: 3404: 3403:Robert Temple 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3366:2-213-59847-9 3363: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3345: 3343: 3342:2-9511030-0-X 3339: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3325: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3235: 3223: 3219: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3105: 3103: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3054:(2): 139–67. 3053: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3026: 3022: 3021:"Dogon Shame" 3018: 3012: 3009: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2930:, p. 514 2929: 2925: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2848:Mother Tongue 2845: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2771: 2768: 2756: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2737: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2639: 2636: 2631: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2607: 2602: 2589: 2578: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2551:Lonely Planet 2549:, Australia: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2534: 2531:, p. 198 2530: 2525: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2461:, p. 508 2460: 2455: 2452: 2449:, p. 105 2448: 2443: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2428: 2425:, p. xiv 2424: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2293:0-8109-4373-5 2290: 2286: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2161: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2100: 2097: 2085: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1983: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1799: 1793: 1790:(a house for 1789: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1743: 1735: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1666: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1636: 1631: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1618:Youga Dogorou 1615: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1579: 1572: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1374: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1238: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1112: 1109:) and "cow" ( 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1092: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1080:pharmacopoeia 1076: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1030: 1029: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1001: 1000: 998: 997: 990: 987: 983: 980: 978: 975: 974: 973: 970: 968: 965: 964: 958: 957: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 931: 925: 924: 917: 914: 912: 909: 908: 902: 901: 894: 893:Youga Dogorou 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 823:Mount Hombori 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 782:Sacred places 779: 778: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 756: 755: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 721: 718: 717: 716: 713: 712: 706: 705: 698: 695: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 564: 563: 559: 555: 554: 551: 547: 543: 539: 538: 535: 531: 529: 525: 517: 511: 487: 482: 479: 472: 467: 450: 445: 441: 424: 419: 412: 407: 400: 395: 388: 383: 379: 355: 349: 344: 342: 340: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 316: 314: 310: 303: 295: 293: 291: 287: 283: 278: 275: 274: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 244: 242: 237: 232: 230: 226: 222: 217: 215: 209: 207: 199: 194: 189: 188:Dogon country 185: 177: 173:musket, 2010. 172: 167: 163: 161: 156: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 117: 113: 109: 105: 100: 97: 93: 89: 85: 80: 76: 74: 62: 57: 52: 47: 40: 35: 26: 22: 4459:Yerwa Kanuri 4449:Iwellemmedan 4408: 4256:Iwellemmedan 4230: 4139:(stolen art) 3918:Sangha, Mali 3898:Sacred sites 3781:Sangha, Mali 3775:Door of the 3741: 3614: 3592: 3573: 3562: 3548: 3544: 3521: 3504: 3487: 3473: 3466:The Pale Fox 3465: 3449: 3425: 3421: 3406: 3376: 3357: 3347: 3333: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3253: 3245: 3237: 3225:. Retrieved 3212: 3188: 3178: 3167:, retrieved 3152: 3145: 3132: 3121:the original 3116: 3110: 3101: 3093: 3084: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3029:. Retrieved 3025:the original 3011: 2999:. Retrieved 2995:the original 2984: 2979:, p. 59 2972: 2964: 2959: 2947: 2935: 2923: 2918: 2900: 2895: 2879: 2874: 2864: 2859: 2854:(1926-2015). 2847: 2838: 2826: 2818: 2813: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2758:. Retrieved 2743: 2736: 2703: 2699: 2693: 2688:, p. 24 2681: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2619: 2609: 2588:cite journal 2577: 2542: 2536: 2509: 2497: 2483: 2478:, p. 22 2454: 2442: 2437:, p. 18 2435:Griaule 1970 2430: 2418: 2406: 2378:Africa Today 2376: 2372: 2361: 2353: 2345: 2320: 2312: 2304: 2299: 2284: 2279: 2271: 2266: 2256: 2250: 2240: 2234: 2225: 2219: 2205:(1): 25–61. 2202: 2198: 2188: 2180: 2175: 2170:, p. 17 2163: 2151:. Retrieved 2141: 2136:, p. 18 2106: 2099: 2087:. Retrieved 2084:www.cia.gov/ 2083: 2074: 2028: 2026: 2014: 2000: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1967: 1961: 1959: 1952: 1935:ęmmę ya tolo 1934: 1926: 1922: 1907: 1891: 1878:Roger Blench 1867: 1847: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1809: 1792:menstruating 1787: 1777: 1773: 1763: 1758:Male granary 1757: 1752: 1748: 1716: 1697: 1676: 1662:purification 1634: 1626: 1604: 1584: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1536: 1523: 1510:ceremony, a 1507: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1486: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1458: 1445:are stored. 1436: 1429: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1394: 1390:Circumcision 1379: 1368:Circumcision 1358: 1337: 1322: 1295: 1274: 1247: 1240: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1193: 1186: 1168: 1161: 1149: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1115: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1096: 1088: 1072: 1060: 1008: 532: 521: 336: 324:pearl millet 317: 305: 279: 271: 245: 241:Islamization 233: 218: 210: 203: 157: 145:Burkina Faso 124: 122: 116:Christianity 32:Dogon people 28:Ethnic group 25: 4393:Diffa Arabs 3974:Demographic 3888:Persecution 3839:Awa Society 3414:Griaule, M. 3354:Griaule, M. 3227:30 December 3184:Carroll, RT 2401:, p. 3 2089:19 November 2046:Fula people 2033:brown dwarf 2006:James Oberg 1933:star), and 1830:ceremony. 1776:(a kind of 1682:benediction 1595:creator god 1506:During the 1455:Awa Society 1397:circumcised 1318:Ivory Coast 1225:sewa people 1123:speculation 1091:Nummo/Nommo 972:Persecution 818:Kanem–Bornu 691:Waaqeffanna 496: 1500 354:Kanaga mask 309:sanctuaries 273:dar al-harb 248:Islamic law 214:Niger River 133:West Africa 4506:Categories 4316:Toucouleur 4070:Escarpment 4040:Bankan Tey 3800:Key topics 3551:: 405–441. 3492:Eds. Seuil 3321:References 3169:21 January 3031:13 October 3001:13 October 2783:(3): 194. 2384:Afro Media 2382:Volume 7, 2344:; (1965). 1946:, and the 1911:Ogotemmeli 1850:noun class 1614:procession 1539:Yana Gulay 1524:bundukamba 1493:statuettes 1453:See also: 1410:calabashes 1405:blacksmith 1250:initiation 1174:endogamous 1164:polygynous 1063:Ogotemmeli 928:Priesthood 878:Tattaguine 868:Sine River 793:Benin City 742:Philosophy 715:Divination 225:Bandiagara 182:See also: 141:Bandiagara 4439:Idaksahak 4384:Ait-Awari 4266:Khassonké 4246:Idaksahak 4143:Dogon art 4105:Toro-tegu 4015:Languages 3834:Festivals 3819:Cosmology 3814:Astronomy 3505:Les Dogon 3375:(1970) . 3286:0809.4871 3076:224796672 2805:146405829 2728:146405829 2673:146405829 2569:144596621 2547:Footscray 2067:Footnotes 2061:Sullubawa 1976:Sigu Tolo 1968:Sigu Tolo 1931:Digitaria 1923:Sigi Tolo 1800:Languages 1706:ancestors 1665:sacrifice 1653:crocodile 1555:afterlife 1508:yincomoli 1401:initiated 1395:Boys are 905:Education 813:Igbo-Ukwu 709:Doctrines 567:Religions 376:x 9 in); 320:caryatids 171:flintlock 143:, and in 82:Languages 4281:Mandinka 4261:Jakhanke 4100:Tommo So 3792:Religion 3675:Archived 3536:Language 3464:(1986). 3448:(1965). 3311:14743554 3218:Oberg, J 3186:(2003). 2924:Albararu 2274:. 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