560:
trained in
Nigeria. This gave rise to a local initiative which was further supported by international funding that increased both agricultural output and revenue. It was proposed that each farmer reserve part of his land (roughly 1 hectare) for the use of improved seeds together with micro-doses of fertiliser. In 2013, 170 farmers from 5 villages were involved with a total area of 230 hectares. Over a three-year period when the rainfall was at a reasonable level, this method led to a 70% increase of production compared to that obtained in the nearby traditionally cultivated field. The farmers who followed this programme often increased their sales turnover by more than 50%. This procedure was also tested during the drought of 2011 when it also helped to foster mutual support within the community. Several factors are necessary to obtain this result. 1) improved agricultural methods, 2) the availability of micro-credits which may be repaid not just after the harvest when the prices are low but later when the market price reaches a reasonable level, 3) the availability of storage facilities during this time, 4) the organisation of mutual aid between the farmers at the level of each village. The increase in the level of cereal production has led to an increase in the amount raised through local taxes.
537:
helped train many of the elite of Niger of all religions. The CREED (Educational
Resource and Exchange in Dogondoutchi) opened in 2011 close to the high school and to one of the junior colleges. The centre was initially destined for pupils and teachers but it is now open to all. In particular it offers an initiation in computing. It is supported by the State Department of Education through the provision of staff for the library, for the training in information technology and in maintenance. To encourage literacy and to help with the learning of French, a number of containers each with a hundred or so African books for children funded by the twinned town of Orsay (France) have been distributed in the schools. The books may be borrowed by the children for their own pleasure or for that of the other members of the family. Finally, there are 15 very animated centres dedicated to reading and writing.
331:
leads to flash floods causing structural damage to the dry clay (so-called banco) houses along the koris and carrying off arable soil. The water is rapidly absorbed into the underground water layers or it reaches ponds which either dry out after the end of the rainy season or remain semi permanent (for example the Tapkin Saw close to the town). Following the catastrophic floods of 2002 the inhabitants, in association with international aide and the United
Nations "Food For Work" Programme, constructed five kilometres of dykes which now protect the town. The experience gained during this operation has served in other parts of Niger and in Mali thanks to the Niger NGO "RAIL"
492:
addition, latrines have been installed in schools and in public places with some also comprising showers. The success of this enterprise of family financing is unique in Africa (FARM report page 20). In the villages lying away from the town where the standard of living is lower, family latrines corresponding to the available individual funding have been constructed by the inhabitants themselves. Prior to this, a programme initiated by USAID was set up to raise awareness concerning hygiene following the CLTS method(Community-Led Total
Sanitation). Meetings were held in each of the villages and were supported by the local radio station (Radio Dallol).
569:
Tapkin Saw diversify their production notably by growing more energy providing crops such as the potato. To this end the association "Agro Sans Frontières" from
Brittany provided the potato seeds without charge and this led to the organisation of a profitable commercial activity. The drought of 2011 stimulated a programme to extend the area that could be cultivated. A technical and hydrological study led to the project for an irrigation system, derived from the deep wells, which covers 80 hectares and which functions throughout the year. Attempts are underway to obtain the financing for an initial area of 33 hectares.
524:
secondary school, teaching is only in French. There are (in 2015) 67 primary schools, including 1 Franco-Arabic, with a total of 299 classes and 36 959 pupils – 17 597 girls, 19 362 boys (numbers provided by the local school inspectors in 2015). There are 7 secondary colleges (4 public including 1 Franco Arabic, 3 private including 1 Franco-Arabic) and 6 high schools (3 public including 1 general education, 1 technical, 1 Franco-Arabic and 3 private including 1 Franco-Arabic). The total enrolment in the secondary schools is 20 173 (11 918 boys, 8 255 girls).
44:
340:
requires the use of much energy to raise the water. This is provided by direct manpower (or more often womanpower) and by the use of animals. To surmount these problems, the local authorities mandated an agency from Niger which proposed a programme of rehabilitation and construction of around a hundred wells across the local area as well as the training of local maintenance staff. This programme, to be completed in 2016 has been financed through international co-operation and local funding.
528:
The general education high school is attended by 1049 pupils and there are 20 classes of from 40 to 80 students. In addition 2995 children attend nursery and infant schools. These play an important role in preparing the children for primary school where they will learn French. Many problems remain in the school system concerning, for example, the training of teachers and the supply of school equipment. At the primary level, notebooks and pens are now provided .by the State.
319:
349:
60:
501:
each neighbourhood and organised the collection of waste. A carter empties the containers two or three times a week using an ox and cart provided by the town council. The ox is initially supplied to the carter who ensures its upkeep and is able to purchase it after about 18 months activity. In the zones of economic activity, markets etc., each participating tradesman has (in 2015) the use of two garbage cans, one for
129:
439:). After much destruction and the massacre of many, a French military post was set up at Dogondoutchi which was the site of a village of the Kwanawa surrounded by other villages that later gave rise to the different neighbourhoods of the town. The site of Dogondoutchi at the centre of the Arewa then favoured the installation and development of an administrative centre.
587:
been adopted for all of the wells built or renovated through the programme supported by international aid (AESN). A technical training centre and a technical high school have been established locally to develop skills related to the installation and upkeep of the various technical facilities (irrigation, sinking of wells, water distribution, auto mechanics, etc.).
67:
491:
The programme for the construction of latrines and of waste water catch basins for individual houses was financed through loans obtained from a micro loan agency which was set up by a local woman group for this purpose. Since the end of the 1990s, more than 600 individual latrines have been built. In
305:
The region is marked by wide valleys (Dallols) which are generally dry and which, in the rainy season, drain a vast area extending from high areas of the AĂŻr and the Adrar de Iforas in the north to the River Niger in the south. In this sedimentary basin there are extensive sand and clay deposits, the
586:
A number of the traditional crafts are present in the urban centre (carpentry, iron work). In 2005, a local artisan developed a system of extraction from the wells which limits the contamination of the well by using two separated systems of ropes, one inside the well and one outside. This system has
559:
The traditional crops are pearl millet (a small grain cereal) and cowpea (a small bean). The output is low (200 to 300 kg/ha for millet) since the sandy soil is poor in clay and in organic matter. The seed company Ahleri was established in
Dogondoutchi in 2008 by agronomists from Niger who were
550:
The agricultural production is strongly dependent on the climate which is that of the Sahel (see 1.1). To increase the amount of arable land and to limit erosion a system of stone rows has been set up. These complement the dykes that were installed around the town (see 1.2). Growth in the fields is
523:
Ten different languages are in daily use in Niger and at least four are in use in
Dogondoutchi.The official language is however French. The children follow an initiation in French from the first year in primary school which lasts 6 years. From the fourth year in primary school and during all of the
473:
The health facilities in
Dogondoutchi (2015) comprise a district hospital, a mother and child centre, three integrated health centres and seven health units relating to the neighbouring villages. There are 3 doctors, 14 nurses (male and female), 6 qualified midwives, 4 "matrons", 4 pharmacies and 2
422:
The town is administrated by the town council, which since the reforms of 2004, is elected. However, as is the case throughout Niger, the traditional chieftainship represented by a chief called "Kona" in association with the chiefs of the neighbourhoods and of the canton continue to raise taxes and
527:
The proportion of girls in primary education is almost the same as that of the boys whereas at the secondary level the proportion of girls is lower. The percentage of children in full-time education (nearly 100%) is much higher than that in Niger as a whole (girls 63.9%, boys 81.9%, total 72.9%,).
595:
Dogondoutchi is situated at the junction of routes to the north, to
Nigeria, to the east and to the west (Niamey). It possesses a hotel and many restaurants and it is a centre of commerce both for food and clothing. The bustling Friday market offers a wide selection of local products (cereals and
500:
Confronted with the problems linked with the irregular collection of waste and with their dispersion by domestic animals, the
Central Sanitation Committee and the Neighborhood Councils with the help of the international agencies (Department of Essonne, AESN, SIOM) installed 20 waste containers in
330:
The annual rainfall in Dogondoutchi varies from 400 to 600 mm, roughly equivalent to that of the Mediterranean region in France but it takes place only between June and October and there is never any rain from October to May. The rainfall may be very intense – 50, to 150 mm a day, which
536:
Dogondoutchi has a youth and culture centre and two cultural centres. The oldest is the Waye-KaĂŻ Center set up by the Catholic Mission and open to all. The library there was for a long time the only one in the town. The school at the mission established in 1947 by the RĂ©demptoristes Fathers, has
356:
The population is estimated to be near 80 000 (2011) with around 30 000 in the urban centre (previous figures near 57 000 in 2008 and near 7300 in 1966). The population is spread over 11 town districts, 17 villages lying 5 to 30 km from the centre and 5 Fula tribes. The ethnic groups are by
568:
The areas concerned occupy about 20 hectares, mostly around the Tapkin Saw lake 1 to 2 km north west of the urban centre and around the village of Liguido. Traditionally they chiefly produce green vegetables but after the severe drought of 2005, it was suggested that the farmers around the
339:
The surface water (temporary ponds) around Dogondoutchi is of use for animals but is not fit for human consumption. There exists however, a deep water layer but its use poses some problems: the local terrain made up of sand or gravel needs to be blocked up and the depth of the well (25 to 75m)
577:
The raising of cattle and goats is usually carried out by the nomadic Fula population, who after the harvest, move southwards to make use of the grazing left in the fields. The rules concerning the access to the fields are controlled by the traditional chief (Kona). Each family possesses some
301:
The town of Dogondoutchi is dominated to the north by the imposing hill from which it derives its name and it lies along an intermittent river, the Mawri Dallol. It is situated in the southeast of Niger between the Sahel to the north and the edge of the savanna zone to the south.
435:. The history of Dogondoutchi is essentially that of the old region of the Arewa. In the 19th century, Queen Saraounia who lived at Lougou initially resisted the Tuareg invasion and opposed the 1899 colonial offensive by the Voulet-Chanoine mission (
314:
periods. As a result of a later drier climate during the Quaternary period, they hardened to form impermeable lateritic plateaus worn down to form a multitude of short ravines (koris) through which the rain water reaches the Mawri Dallol.
413:
are settled farmers mostly cultivating pearl millet and cowpea (small bean). The Tuareg initially from the north are also settled but continue to raise cattle in the traditional manner. Some also grow crops or are involved in commerce.
474:
pharmacy depots. Most of the births take place in a health centre and this has had a beneficial impact on the mother and child survival rate. The existence of the lakes leads to the proliferation of mosquitoes related with malaria.
482:
To improve hygiene, the inhabitants have set up a Central Health Committee which has stimulated progress concerning the construction of latrines together with education in hygiene, and the organisation of refuse collection.
505:
and one for plastics etc. The waste is either emptied in a garbage dump or bought and recycled by the inhabitants. A joint committee has been set up to monitor this programme and to address the severe problem posed by
459:
amongst the Hausa. The town is also a centre for gatherings of the Bori spirit possession ritual which has been studied by western anthropologists. The town also houses Catholic and Protestant missions.
779:
Adeline Masquelier. THE SCORPION'S STING: YOUTH, MARRIAGE AND THE STRUGGLE FOR SOCIAL MATURITY IN NIGER. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute Volume 11 Issue 1, (2005), pp. 59 – 83
990:
Adeline Masquelier. Lightning, Death and the Avenging Spirits: "Bori" Values in a Muslim World. Journal of Religion in Africa, Vol. 24, Fasc. 1 (Feb. 1994), pp. 2–51
276:
The limits of the Dogondoutchi district are roughly those of the ancient region of the Arewa. Since 2008, Dogondoutchi is the administrative centre of the surrounding
987:
Adeline Masquelier. Behind the Dispensary's Prosperous Facade: Imagining the State in Rural Niger. Public Culture – Volume 13, Number 2, Spring 2001, pp. 267–291
828:
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only possible during the rainy season (June – October). After, the production continues to March–April on areas around the temporary ponds until they dry up.
713:
1060:
385:
who form the majority of the sedentary population of Niger are mostly settled towards the west whereas Dongondoutchi is the southern limit for the
91:
977:
Adeline Masquelier. Prayer Has Spoiled Everything: Possession, Power and Identity in an Islamic Town of Niger. Duke University Press, (2001)
958:
431:
Dogondoutchi is known as the cultural centre of the Arewa region which roughly corresponds to the birthplace of the Mawari a subgroup of the
864:
284:. The population is near 70,000 distributed over the urban centre with near 40,000, 17 villages lying 5 to 30 km from the centre and 5
1009:
789:
Masquelier, Adeline (1994). "Lightning, Death and the Avenging Spirits: "Bori" Values in a Muslim World. Vol. 24, Fasc. 1, pp. 2–51".
669:"R.A.I.L. : Réseau d'Appui aux Initiatives Locales. Association nigérienne.http://railniger.com/ong-rail/pr%C3%A9sentation.html"
982:
948:
938:
627:
971:
730:
Guillon, Jean-Michel; Hernandez, Bernard (1968). "Dogondoutchi, petit centre urbain du Niger. Volume 56, Issue 56-2, pp. 297–358".
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886:
43:
59:
964:
617:
643:
916:
839:
2468:
1046:
970:
Adeline Masquelier, Witchcraft, Blood-Sucking Spirits, and the Demonization of Islam in Dogondoutchi, Niger,
277:
158:
1717:
933:
Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger (3rd ed.). Scarecrow Press, Boston & Folkestone, (1997)
2473:
377:
population, who form a majority of the population in an arc stretching from this area towards the east (
1270:
1118:
153:
1275:
1265:
668:
502:
389:
who are pastoralists with semi-nomadic villages. Dogondoutchi marks the rough boundary between the
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872:
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141:
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348:
318:
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692:
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1962:
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894:
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1997:
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281:
146:
1344:
887:"Niger: Les semences de mil, sorgho et niébé ont leur version améliorée, l'Alhery"
943:
Finn Fuglestad. A History of Niger: 1850–1960. Cambridge University Press (1983)
644:"Dogondoutchi (Commune, Niger) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location"
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2382:
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2197:
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2182:
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2132:
1907:
1872:
1847:
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1208:
1188:
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1153:
402:
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362:
285:
2192:
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1912:
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1687:
1597:
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1542:
1507:
1417:
1412:
1364:
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1228:
1198:
967:. Revue de géographie alpine. Volume 56, Issue 56-2, (1968) pp. 297–358.
311:
208:
1024:
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106:
93:
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2402:
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1369:
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1307:
1223:
578:
farmyard animals such as guinea fowl and they also fatten veal before sale.
253:
border. It lies on national route 1 which links the capital to the towns of
1000:
401:
dialect speaking Fula people of the west. Some of the older members of the
17:
739:
2322:
2262:
2177:
2162:
2157:
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2032:
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2012:
1992:
1977:
1967:
1942:
1857:
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1602:
1582:
1482:
1437:
1427:
1374:
1354:
1329:
1302:
1235:
1218:
398:
307:
829:"Le micro-credit pour l'accès à l'assainissement autonome, Rapport FARM"
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also stimulate public awareness concerning the development of the town.
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1697:
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1622:
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1334:
1287:
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1203:
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456:
390:
250:
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2342:
2337:
2327:
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2232:
2152:
2117:
2082:
2062:
2042:
2002:
1957:
1932:
1927:
1837:
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1732:
1657:
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1612:
1577:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1452:
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1407:
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1314:
1297:
1255:
1240:
1133:
1098:
1093:
1079:
378:
266:
262:
258:
246:
1038:
714:"Le Niger en chiffres. Institut National de la Statistique du Niger"
2437:
2357:
2302:
2277:
2172:
2027:
2007:
1852:
1782:
1727:
1707:
1562:
1462:
1168:
1138:
1128:
1113:
1108:
1103:
448:
347:
270:
242:
134:
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as it is in for Niger as a whole and there are many mosques. The
1042:
809:
953:
Jolijn Geels. Niger. Bradt UK/ Globe Pequot Press USA (2006)
672:
245:. It is located about 300 km east of the capital
1385:
1086:
596:vegetables) and it also comprises a cattle market.
373:. Dogondoutchi is the common western border of the
217:
206:
198:
190:
185:
177:
169:
164:
152:
140:
122:
34:
326:Rainfall, drought and the struggle against erosion
1001:Photo and satellite map of Dogon Doutchi Mountain
555:Traditional and developing open field agriculture
447:The dominant religion (90%) in Dogondoutchi is
280:which carries the same name. It is part of the
1054:
261:to the east and the RN25 heading to north to
8:
810:"Assainissement, Ruisselement, Agriculture"
455:around Dogondoutchi are the last surviving
1061:
1047:
1039:
965:Dogondoutchi, petit centre urbain du Niger
917:"Agro Sans Frontières-Délégation Bretagne"
31:
963:Jean-Michel Guillon, Bernard Hernandez.
765:Issa-Danni Soumana, Dangaladima (2015).
691:Agence de l'Eau Seine-Normandie (2016).
317:
865:"Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)"
605:
184:
176:
163:
121:
86:
52:
40:
804:
802:
800:
671:. railniger.com. 2016. Archived from
216:
205:
197:
189:
173:678.0 km (261.8 sq mi)
168:
151:
139:
7:
708:
706:
686:
684:
682:
611:
609:
66:
357:order of numerical importance, the
25:
753:Niger country profile: Ethnologue
514:Education and cultural activities
224:372,473 (Dogondoutchi department)
767:Chronique des Kwanawa, 208 pages
127:
65:
58:
42:
397:and the Dallol and Bitinkoore
1:
791:Journal of Religion in Africa
233:("High Hill", also nicknamed
352:Street scene in Dogondoutchi
306:most recent dating from the
48:Street scene in Dogondoutchi
972:Cahiers d'Ă©tudes africaines
619:Lonely Planet; Dogondoutchi
510:which at present is burnt.
2490:
732:Revue de géographie alpine
469:Hospitals and medical care
1076:
87:
53:
41:
693:"eau-seine-normandie.fr"
487:Installation of latrines
393:(Central-Eastern Niger)
335:Access to drinking water
249:and 40 km from the
181:227 m (758 ft)
79:Location of Dogondoutchi
278:Dogondoutchi department
202:110/km (270/sq mi)
1718:El Allassane Maireyrey
893:. 2014. Archived from
871:. 2014. Archived from
827:Assié, Arnaud (2013).
353:
322:
769:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
740:10.3406/rga.1968.3358
648:www.citypopulation.de
616:Ham, Anthony (2009).
582:Crafts and businesses
351:
321:
292:Geography and geology
29:Place in Dosso, Niger
1025:13.65000°N 4.03333°E
891:Journal du niger.com
297:Site of Dogondoutchi
199: • Density
107:13.64611°N 4.02889°E
1021: /
697:Eau Seine Normandie
532:Cultural activities
503:biodegradable waste
103: /
897:on 5 February 2016
845:on 11 January 2014
675:on 9 January 2016.
354:
323:
2469:Communes of Niger
2456:
2455:
1778:Galma Koudawatche
1070:Communes of Niger
1030:13.65000; 4.03333
959:978-1-84162-152-4
496:Refuse collection
405:are settled. The
228:
227:
191: • City
170: • City
112:13.64611; 4.02889
16:(Redirected from
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2353:Tibiri (Doutchi)
1868:Guidan Amoumoune
1588:Damagaram Takaya
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875:on 7 March 2016.
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838:. Archived from
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564:Market gardening
437:Battle of Lougou
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974:, 189–190, 2008
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928:Further reading
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2474:Dosso Region
2388:Tondikiwindi
2228:Sassoumbroum
2223:Sarkin Yamma
2038:Koré Maïroua
1983:Kargiubangou
1903:Harikanassou
1648:Diantchandou
1473:Badaguichiri
1398:Aderbissinat
1325:Tchirozerine
1144:Dogondoutchi
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36:Dogondoutchi
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2383:Tondikandia
2188:Sabon-Machi
2183:Sabon-Guida
1908:Hawandawaki
1873:Guidan Sori
1843:Goudoumaria
1608:Dan-Kassari
1548:Birni Lalle
1478:Bader Goula
1468:Babankatami
1209:Maine-Soroa
1028: /
901:26 February
849:26 February
653:17 February
546:Agriculture
395:Fula people
110: /
18:Dogondoutci
2463:Categories
2193:Sae Saboua
2148:N'Guelbély
1913:Ibrohamane
1893:Hamdallaye
1883:Guidimouni
1808:Garankedey
1798:Garagoumsa
1688:Dogonkiria
1598:Dan-Goulbi
1553:Bitinkodji
1543:Bibiyergou
1508:Banibangou
1418:Albarkaram
1413:Akoubounou
1199:Madarounfa
1016:04°02′00″E
1013:13°39′00″N
600:References
478:Sanitation
344:Population
312:Quaternary
186:Population
154:Department
95:13°38′46″N
2413:Tsernaoua
2403:Tounounga
2283:Takanamat
2113:Matankari
2098:Makalondi
2088:Maijirgiu
1923:Iferouane
1918:Ichirnawa
1888:Guilladje
1878:Guidiguir
1863:Gueskerou
1768:Gababedji
1758:Foulatari
1693:Doguerawa
1683:Dogo-Dogo
1673:Djiratawa
1663:Dioundiou
1643:Diagourou
1618:Dantchiao
1593:Dan-Barto
1573:Chetimari
1568:Chadakori
1518:Baoudetta
1513:Bankilare
1443:Attantane
1403:Adjekoria
1345:Tillabéri
1261:Commune I
1078:Capital:
178:Elevation
98:4°01′44″E
2323:Tchadoua
2263:Tabotaki
2178:Roumboui
2163:Ourafane
2158:Ollelewa
2143:N'Gourti
2133:N'Dounga
2068:Kourteye
2058:Kourfeye
2033:Korahane
2023:Kolleram
2013:Kirtachi
1993:Karofane
1978:Karakara
1968:Kankandi
1943:Issawane
1858:Guecheme
1848:Goûgaram
1803:Garhanga
1603:Dan-Issa
1583:Dakoussa
1483:Bagaroua
1438:Anzourou
1428:Allakaye
1330:Tessaoua
1251:N'guigmi
1236:Matameye
1154:Filingué
869:WASHplus
591:Commerce
457:animists
443:Religion
409:and the
399:Fulfulde
369:and the
308:Tertiary
288:tribes.
251:Nigerian
2408:Tsaouni
2398:Toumour
2368:Tirmini
2333:Tebaram
2318:Tassara
2293:Tamaske
2273:Tagriss
2268:Tagazar
2258:Tabelot
2253:Tabalak
2243:Sokorbe
2208:Sambera
2203:Sakoira
2138:N'Gonga
2108:Malbaza
2093:Maiyara
2073:Koygolo
2048:Kornaka
2018:Kokorou
1973:Kantche
1948:Kablewa
1938:In-Gall
1898:Hamdara
1833:Gothèye
1828:Gorouol
1813:Gazaoua
1793:Gangara
1788:Gangara
1773:Gaffati
1738:Falenko
1723:Fabidji
1713:Dungass
1703:Doungou
1698:Doumega
1653:Dingazi
1623:Daouche
1488:Bambeye
1458:Azarori
1423:Alakoss
1288:Ouallam
1246:Mirriah
1204:Magaria
1194:Madaoua
816:. 2015.
719:. 2011.
541:Economy
519:Schools
453:Maouris
427:History
391:Wodaabe
381:). The
239:commune
237:) is a
235:Doutchi
123:Country
2448:Zermou
2433:Yekoua
2428:Yaouri
2393:Torodi
2363:Tillia
2343:Tesker
2338:Tenhya
2328:Tchake
2298:Tamaya
2238:Sinder
2233:Simiri
2153:Namaro
2118:Mehana
2103:Malawa
2083:Libore
2063:Kourni
2043:Korgom
2003:Kieche
1958:Kalfou
1933:Inates
1928:Imanan
1838:Gouchi
1748:Falwel
1743:Falmey
1733:Fakara
1658:Dirkou
1633:Deoule
1628:Dargol
1613:Dannet
1578:Dabaga
1533:Bengou
1528:Bazaga
1523:Barmou
1503:Bangui
1453:Azagor
1448:Ayerou
1433:Allela
1408:Affala
1350:Zinder
1340:Tibiri
1315:Tanout
1298:Tahoua
1256:Niamey
1241:Mayahi
1214:Maradi
1174:Illela
1134:Dakoro
1099:Agadez
1094:Abalak
1080:Niamey
981:
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411:Djerma
383:Djerma
379:Zinder
371:Djerma
367:Tuareg
365:, the
361:, the
267:Agadez
263:Tahoua
259:Zinder
255:Maradi
247:Niamey
213:36,971
194:71,692
142:Region
132:
2443:Youri
2438:Yelou
2418:Wacha
2358:Timia
2348:Tessa
2313:Tarka
2308:Tanda
2303:Tamou
2278:Tajae
2213:Sanam
2173:Ourno
2128:Mokko
2078:Kwaya
2053:Kouré
2028:Koona
2008:Kiota
1998:Kelle
1988:Karma
1853:Gouna
1818:Golle
1783:Gamou
1753:Farey
1728:Fachi
1708:Droum
1668:Djado
1638:Dessa
1563:Boune
1558:Bosso
1538:Bermo
1498:Bande
1463:Azeye
1393:Abala
1184:Kollo
1179:Keita
1169:Goure
1149:Dosso
1139:Diffa
1129:Bouza
1114:Bilma
1109:Arlit
1104:Aguie
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433:Hausa
407:Hausa
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135:Niger
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2288:Tama
2198:Safo
1763:Gabi
1678:Dogo
1493:Bana
1335:TĂ©ra
1189:Loga
1159:Gaya
979:ISBN
955:ISBN
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903:2016
851:2016
655:2024
624:ISBN
403:Fula
387:Fula
363:Fula
310:and
286:Fula
269:and
257:and
165:Area
2123:Moa
1953:Kao
1365:III
1293:Say
1271:III
1229:III
736:doi
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