1338:
agricultural workers, and state and local government employees were added in 1954.) This is because the New Dealer politicians were more worried about losing support from the
Southern Democrats in Congress who supported segregation rather than refusing coverage for many African Americans. Unlike their white counterparts, African Americans did not form labor unions because they lacked the resources, consciousness, and the access to networks used for union recruiting. On top of that, the domestic workers would not typically have earned enough money to be able to afford being a part of a union. Even if the African American domestic workers wanted to advance in society, it was nearly impossible because the racial structures in the United States rarely allowed them class mobility. However, domestic workers that were white such as the Irish and the Germans utilized working in middle-class homes to their advantage. Working in the middle-class homes served to Americanize, allowing the workers to identify more with their employers than women of their own class and instilled an aspiration to become middle-class status.
1309:
domestic workers. At the turn of the nineteenth century, there was also a high concentration of
African Americans working as domestic workers in the North. Many African American women migrated to the North for better work opportunities and higher wages compared to their employment options in the South. The African American women who worked as domestic workers were generally treated as poor, childlike beings that were seen as victims of their own ignorance of living in communities of crime and other societal infringements. However, despite the stereotypes labeled upon domestic workers, these women still settled for these positions because the only occupations that were open to African American women before World War I were domestic services. It was necessary they worked along with their husbands in order to keep their families financially supported.
1178:(FDW) in Singapore. The demand for Foreign Domestic Workers came about from the desire of the Singapore government to employ local women in the workforce. Starting with the Foreign Maid Scheme in 1978, Malaysia (with whom there were special immigration arrangements), Bangladesh, Burma, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand were recruiting grounds for domestic workers. Nearly 20% of Singapore household has a domestic worker which has been attributed to rising wealth, parents who both work as well as the ageing population. As of 2019, MOM require that employers of FDWs must purchase them medical insurance with a minimum coverage of S$ 15,000 per year.
766:, any persons “moving to another country or region to better their material or social conditions and improve the prospect for themselves or their family,” engaged in a work relationship performing “in or for a household or households.” Domestic work itself can cover a "wide range of tasks and services that vary from country to country and that can be different depending on the age, gender, ethnic background and migration status of the workers concerned." These particular workers have been identified by some academics as situated within "the rapid growth of paid domestic labor, the feminization of transnational migration, and the development of new public spheres.”
1095:), live together in the house of their master's family with usually only a day off per month. This practice has eventually influenced the architecture of some houses or apartment condos where it has become a norm to section a room where domestic maidservants sleep as their personal room, usually near the kitchen or laundry area. Some wealthy families also section off an area or house where all the maidservants sleep or a part of the kitchen where they eat separate from the master's table. There are also employment agencies and special government laws regarding the regulation of domestic worker employment, such as the "Domestic Workers Act" or "Batas Kasambahay" in
668:. In traditional portrayals, the attire of domestic workers especially was typically more formal and conservative than that of those whom they serve. For example, in films of the early 20th century, a butler might appear in a tailcoat, while male family members and guests appeared in lounge suits or sports jackets and trousers depending on the occasion. In later portrayals, the employer and guests might wear casual slacks or even jeans, while a male domestic worker wore a jacket and tie or a white dress shirt with black trousers, necktie or bowtie, maybe even a waistcoat, or a female domestic worker either a blouse and skirt (or trousers) or a uniform.
454:
caregivers, and home health workers make less than the minimum wage in the states in which they work, and nearly half – 48 percent – are paid less than needed to adequately support a family. Many of these workers are subjected to abuse, sexual harassment, and social inequality. However, because domestic workers work in the home, their struggles are hidden in the home and out of the public spotlight. Nowadays with an increase of power, the domestic workers' community has formed many organizations, such as the
National Domestic Workers Alliance, Domestic Workers United, and The South African Domestic Service and Allied Workers Union.
427:, remunerated vacations and a remunerated weekly day off. It is not uncommon, however, for employers to hire servants illegally and fail to offer a work contract. Since domestic staff predominantly come from disadvantaged groups with less access to education, they are often vulnerable and uninformed of their rights, especially in rural areas. Nevertheless, domestics employed without a proper contract can successfully sue their employers and be compensated for abuse committed. It is common in Brazil for domestic staff, including childcare staff, to be required to wear uniforms, while this requirement has fallen out of use in other countries.
2104:
1351:
and imprisoned. However, the domestic workers utilized imprisonment to educate other
African American women on the Civil Rights Movement and what to do to contribute. Additionally, the domestic workers frequently rebelled in an informal manner, such as resisting to live in the same home in which they worked. By doing this, the African American domestic workers transformed the domestic services, and collective organizations came about promoting a better work environment for African American domestic workers. Their act of rebellion gave way for a change of how they were treated, how they were paid, and how they were respected.
2125:
2159:
2137:
1372:
1210:. Domestic workers estimated approximately 600,000 from Indonesia, 275,000 from Sri Lanka and 200,000 from Philippines. However, HRW reported that a number of domestic workers in Saudi Arabia face a range of abuses. Besides, the organization also interviewed Saudi labor and social affairs official, who acknowledged the issue of domestic worker abuse. The report stated that no accurate figure exists to highlight the total violations of labor rights and other human rights that women migrant domestic workers confront in the Arab nation.
900:
1874:
1380:
499:
signs of transformation. There are several specific causes that are credited to continuing the cycle of the demand for domestic work. One of these causes is that with more women taking up full-time jobs, a dually employed household with children places a heavy burden on parents. It is argued however that this burden would not result in the demand for outside domestic work if men and women were providing equal levels of effort in domestic work and child-rearing within their own home.
416:, it is estimated that 11.8% percent of all women working in 2020 were employed as domestic workers. They hardly have any legal protection. According to Guatemalan labor law, domestic work is "not subject to schedules or limitations of working day." However, by law, domestic workers are still entitled to ten hours of free time in 24 hours, and an additional six hours off on Sundays. But very often, these minimal employment laws are disregarded, and so are basic civil liberties.
1316:” or the “service pan”. The service pan augmented wages in almost two-thirds of the employers' households in Athens, Georgia, in 1913. The pan system was used by employers to justify paying a lower wage, and used by domestic workers to counter their employers' dishonesty. Whites also pointed to the practice of pan toting as proof that “a Negro could not help but steal”, thereby reinforcing stereotypes of “black inferiority and dependency” and rationalizing racist paternalism.
775:
579:
891:
contents on labor conditions and labor relations in accordance with the following articles and clauses of the Labor Code: Labor management; Labor contract; Labor outsourcing; Organize dialogue and implement grassroots democracy at work; Salary; Working time, rest time; Labor discipline, material responsibility; Insurance for the domestic worker; Female labor and gender equality; Labor is the housekeeper; Settlement of labor disputes.
794:. Feminist critics of women working in the domestic sphere argue that this woman-dominated market is reinforcing gender inequalities by potentially creating mistress-servant relationships between domestic workers and their employers and continuing to put women in a position of lesser power. Other critics point out that working in a privatized sphere robs domestic workers of the advantages of more socialized work in the public sphere.
591:
470:
1808:
458:
409:(ILO), based on national surveys or censuses of 232 countries and territories, estimated the number of domestic workers at 67.1 million, but the ILO itself states that "experts say that due to the fact that this kind of work is often hidden and unregistered, the total number of domestic workers could be as high as 100 million". The ILO also states that 83% of domestic workers are women and many are migrant workers.
1138:, etc., hence some maidservants continue living with the same mindset of how domestic worker culture was practiced in the Philippines. This has also, at times, been used as a cause to look down upon overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) in the countries where they can be found. It has sometimes created controversies in other countries such as abuse charges in several countries in the Middle East or like the case of
700:
957:
520:
50:
1360:
164:
924:
147:
1223:, recognising domestic work as work and formalising it through labour contracts, wages, social protection, health and safety in the workplace, and rights to organising as well as social dialogue. However, significant challenges remain with implementation. Furthermore, the minimum wage of domestic workers is set to 75 per cent of the national minimum wage.
1106:. Many live underpaid since many are informally hired or salaries are not declared truthfully to government offices or have an agreement instead to pay through other means, such as paying for their education, pension, or to send money back to their families. This practice was eventually exported to neighboring countries and all other countries that
1325:
cleaning. They house jumped, looking for any job that they could get. The domestic workforce was significantly impacted by the Great
Depression which caused a decrease in their wages and an intolerable 18 hour workday. Also, agricultural workers and the African American women working as domestic workers at this time were explicitly excluded from
819:
in which servants were held; therefore men they associated with were likely to include some with criminal tendencies. The servant and writer
Margaret Powell expressed the view that "follower" was a degrading term; the only way the two could meet was by the servant getting out to the road with an excuse such as needing to post a letter.
562:(ILO) Governing Body agreed to place an item on decent work for domestic workers on the agenda of the 99th Session of the International Labour Conference (2010) with a view to the setting of labour standards. In July 2011, at the annual International Labour Conference, held by the ILO, conference delegates adopted the
1301:, whereas the majority of women participated in domestic work. Not only were they not qualified for other jobs, but they were denied other jobs and segregated from American society purely based on the color of their skin. The South wanted to keep segregation alive and hence passed legislation such as the
1346:
Nearly ninety percent of
African American women worked as domestic workers during the Civil Rights Movement era. Their participation in the Civil Rights Movement went fairly undocumented. Despite their low-status career in the United States, they were beneficial for the betterment of society and the
1218:
The domestic work sector occupies around 6 per cent of the total work force in South Africa, with domestic workers being largely Black
African women. As in other countries, working conditions in the sector are generally characterised by informality and exploitation. In 2013, South Africa ratified ILO
731:
considers domestic work to be among the lowest status, and reports that most child domestic workers are live-in workers and are under the round-the-clock control of their employers. Child domestic work is common in countries such as
Bangladesh and Pakistan. In Pakistan, since January 2010 to December
510:
The so-called "servant problem" in such countries as the United
Kingdom, the United States and Canada was the problem that middle-class families had with cleaning, cooking, and especially entertaining at the level that was socially expected. It was too much work for any one person to do herself, but
498:
While the domestic work industry was once believed to be an industry that belonged to a past type of society and did not belong in a modern world, trends are showing that although elements of the domestic work industry have been changing the industry itself has shown no signs of fading away, but only
1350:
Since many white households relied on the African American domestic workers for housework, the workers were able to have a direct impact on the white race when rebelling for their civil rights. The African American domestic workers boycotted buses and tried to register to vote, and many were denied
890:
No. 145/2020 / ND-CP about the Labor Code regarding working conditions and labor relations. Including detailed provisions and guidance for the implementation of Clause 2, Article 161 of the Labor Code regarding domestic worker labor. This Decree details and guides the implementation of a number of
797:
Additionally, domestic laborers face other disadvantages. Their isolation is increased by their invisibility in the public sphere and the repetitive, intangible nature of their work decreases its value, making the workers themselves more dispensable. The level of isolation women face also depends on
1337:
legislation; domestic workers of all races were excluded from Social Security until 1950. (Household employees working at least two days a week for the same person were added to Social Security coverage in 1950, along with nonprofit workers and the self-employed. Hotel workers, laundry workers, all
873:
Domestic helpers (DHs, foreign domestic workers, FDWs) from certain other countries, especially the Philippines and Indonesia, work in Hong Kong on specific visas that exempt employers from many obligations received by other workers, and receive a lower minimum salary. Approximately five percent of
818:
In 19th- and early 20th-century England the close supervision exercised by mistresses over their servants (including the rule "no followers", "followers" being any men whom the servant might wish to meet when she was not working) was a great disadvantage. This policy was justified by the low esteem
494:
through the idea that domestic work is an industry that should be dominated by women. Within the domestic work industry, the much smaller proportion of jobs that is occupied by men are not the same jobs that are typically occupied by women. Within the childcare industry, men make up only about 3–6%
357:
Some domestic workers live within their employer's household. In some cases, the contribution and skill of servants whose work encompassed complex management tasks in large households have been highly valued. However, for the most part, domestic work tends to be demanding and is commonly considered
2476:
Minimal rules of domestic work (special regime of domestic work in the Work Code) 7. Schedules and Working days: domestic work is not subject to schedules or limitations of working day and neither it is applicable to the articles 126 and 127 of the Work Code (article 164), but the workers have the
1161:
The Central Luzon Regional Tripartite Wages and Productivity Board approved Wage Order RBH-DW-O4 on March 4, 2024, "increasing the monthly wage rate of kasambahay by P1,000 in chartered cities and first class municipalities, and P1,500 in other municipalities, effectively bring the monthly minimum
858:
describes the characteristics of the manservants (lackeys) of pre-revolutionary Paris. "An army of useless servants is kept entirely for show"; he observes that the presence of these servants in the capital has left the countryside rather empty. A tax-farmer's household consists of 24 servants in
801:
While working in a dominantly female privatized world can prove disadvantageous for domestic workers, many women have learned how to help one another move upward economically. Women find that informal networks of friends and families are among the most successful and commonly used means of finding
506:
from other countries who flock to wealthier nations to fulfill the demand for help at home. This trend of domestic workers flowing from poorer nations to richer nations creates a relationship that on some levels encourages the liberation of one group of people at the expense of the exploitation of
1296:
informed the former slaves now classified as freedmen and women that they could either sign labor contracts with white planters or be evicted from the land that they had lived on. Most freedmen in the South signed labor contracts with their former white slave owners because that was the only work
809:
Gaining employment in the domestic labor market can prove to be difficult for immigrant women. Many subcontract their services to more established women workers, creating an important apprenticeship type of learning experience that can produce better, more independent opportunities in the future.
1324:
Due to the Great Depression, many domestic workers lost their jobs. This is because many white families lost their source of income and were not able to pay domestic workers to work in their home. At this time, many domestic workers relied on asking strangers on the street for housework such as
1308:
Up until the mid-twentieth century, domestic work was a prominent source of income for many women of different ethnic backgrounds. Many of these women were either African American or immigrants. More specifically, the post-civil war South had a high concentration of African Americans working as
449:
Traditionally domestic workers have mostly been women and are likely to be immigrants. Currently, there are 1.8 million domestic workers, and tens of thousands of people are believed to be in forced labor in the United States. America's domestic home help workers, most of them female members of
531:
1823 was the first of its kind; the terms referred generally to employers and employees. The Act influenced the creation of domestic service laws in other nations, although legislation tended to favour employers. However, before the passing of such Acts servants, and workers in general, had no
805:
Without the security of legal protection, many women who work without the requisite identity or citizenship papers are vulnerable to abuse. Some have to perform tasks considered degrading showing a manifestation of employer power over worker powerlessness. Employing domestic work from foreign
615:
as part of their salaries. In some countries, because of the large gap between urban and rural incomes, and the lack of employment opportunities in the countryside, even an ordinary middle class urban family can afford to employ a full-time live-in servant. The majority of domestic workers in
739:
identified that these risks include: long and tiring working days; use of toxic chemicals; carrying heavy loads; handling dangerous items such as knives, axes and hot pans; insufficient or inadequate food and accommodation, and humiliating or degrading treatment including physical and verbal
453:
Domestic workers are also excluded from vacation time, sick time, and overtime, and only thirteen percent of domestic workers get health insurance provided by their employers. A report from the National Domestic Workers Alliance and affiliated groups found that nearly a quarter of nannies,
358:
to be undervalued, despite often being necessary. Although legislation protecting domestic workers is in place in many countries, it is often not extensively enforced. In many jurisdictions, domestic work is poorly regulated and domestic workers are subject to serious abuses, including
368:
is an older English word for "domestic worker", though not all servants worked inside the home. Domestic service, or the employment of people for wages in their employer's residence, was sometimes simply called "service" and has often been part of a hierarchical system. In
810:
Women who work as domestic workers also gain some employment mobility. Once established they have the option of accepting jobs from multiple employers increasing their income and their experience and most importantly their ability to negotiate prices with their employers.
639:
or other "domestic workers' clothes" when in their employers' residence. The uniform is usually simple, though aristocratic employers sometimes provided elaborate decorative liveries, especially for use on formal occasions. Female servants wore long, plain, dark-coloured
2477:
following rights: a) Absolute minimum and compulsory resting time of 10 daily hours, from which 8 must be at night and continuous, and 2 must be destined for food intake. b) During Sundays and holidays they must have an additional resting time of 6 daily hours.
489:
The domestic work industry is dominated throughout the world by women. While the domestic work industry is advantageous for women in that it provides them a sector that they have substantial access to, it can also prove to be disadvantageous by reinforcing
726:
Such children are very vulnerable to exploitation: often they are not allowed to take breaks or are required to work long hours; many suffer from a lack of access to education, which can contribute to social isolation and a lack of future opportunity.
606:
Many domestic workers are live-in domestics. Though they often have their own quarters, their accommodations are not usually as comfortable as those reserved for the family members. In some cases, they sleep in the kitchen or small rooms, such as a
798:
the type of domestic work they are involved with. Live-in nannies for example may sacrifice much of their own independence and sometimes become increasingly isolated when they live with a family of which they are not part and away from their own.
786:
As women currently dominate the domestic labor market throughout the world, they have learned to navigate the system of domestic work both in their own countries and abroad in order to maximize the benefits of entering the domestic labor market.
877:
During the COVID-19 epidemic, all foreign domestic workers in Hong Kong have to be vaccinated before their contracts can be renewed, the government announced as it ordered them to undergo mandatory COVID-19 testing on 9 May 2021.
2529:
1744:– Known as the "gentleman's gentleman", a valet is responsible for the master's wardrobe and assisting him in dressing, shaving, etc. In the armed forces, some officers have a soldier (in the British army called a
353:
and elderly dependents, and other household errands. The term "domestic service" applies to the equivalent occupational category. In traditional English contexts, such a person was said to be "in service".
4084:
1305:
post-Civil war which denied African Americans of legal equality and political rights. These laws kept many African Americans as a second-class status up until new laws ended segregation in the 1960s.
2862:
2918:
2892:
675:
adopted a law banning employers from requiring domestic workers to wear a uniform at public places. However, it has not explained which punishments will be given to employers violating the law.
532:
protection in law. The only real advantage that domestic service provided was the provision of meals, accommodation, and sometimes clothes, in addition to a modest wage. Service was normally an
3515:
736:
495:
of all workers. Additionally, in the child care industry men are more likely to fill roles that are not domestic in nature but administrative such as a managerial role in a daycare center.
2103:
1067:), pool cleaners have been a norm in upper class Philippine society for an uncertain amount of time already, perhaps even connected to or influenced from the household slaves/servants in
806:
countries can perpetuate the idea that domestic or service work is reserved for other social or racial groups and plays into the stereotype that it is work for inferior groups of people.
2378:
3294:
1191:
732:
2013, 52 cases of tortures on child domestic workers are reported including 24 deaths. It has been estimated that globally, at least 10 million children work in domestic labor jobs.
1079:, as indentured household servants. In modern times, it has been a norm among upper and upper-middle-class families in the Philippines to hire at least one maidservant-caretaker (
3718:
1928:
1264:
portrayed these roles. The wealthy in the city would also have domestic workers, but fewer and with less distinctive roles. Domestic workers were mostly considered part of the
2124:
611:, sometimes located in the basement or attic. Domestic workers may live in their own home, though more often they are "live-in" domestics, meaning that they receive their
3337:
2973:
3085:
2136:
3016:
3065:
539:
The conditions faced by domestic workers have varied considerably throughout history and in the contemporary world. In the course of twentieth-century movements for
4320:
2610:
3240:
Andall, Jacqueline. "Organizing domestic workers in Italy: the challenge of gender, class and ethnicity." Gender and Migration in Southern Europe (2000): 145–171.
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1818:
507:
another. Although domestic work has far from begun to fade from society, the demand for it and the people who fill that demand has changed drastically over time.
2158:
4398:
707:. Child domestic workers are common in India, with the children often being sent by their parents to earn extra money, although it is banned by the government.
337:
is a person who works within a residence and performs a variety of household services for an individual, from providing cleaning and household maintenance, or
2831:
4235:
2634:
566:
by a vote of 396 to 16, with 63 abstentions. The Convention recognized domestic workers as workers with the same rights as other workers. On 26 April 2012,
2561:
1162:
wage in the region to P6,000." The National Wages and Productivity Commission affirmed the Order on March 12, 2024, and will take effect on April 1, 2024.
874:
Hong Kong's population are FDWs, about 98.5% of them are women, performing household tasks such as cooking, serving, cleaning, dishwashing and child care.
2866:
3047:
2914:
2888:
2784:
1762:
that work and may live in the household, but are not considered domestic workers, as they would not be housed with the domestic staff. Professions like:
859:
livery, besides scullions, kitchen maids and six lady's maids. Some lackeys would adopt the manners of their masters and affect a similar mode of dress.
1068:
931:
723:, parents in the rural poverty make an agreement with someone in the cities who would house and send their child to school in return for domestic work.
2313:
3523:
3312:
1198:
including domestic workers, drivers, and gardeners. The report stated that the Gulf country employed nearly 1.5 million women domestic workers from
763:
3580:
434:, domestic workers are generally excluded from many of the legal protections afforded to other classes of worker, including the provisions of the
320:
1347:
status of the African American race. It has been noted that the southern African American women were the backbone of the Civil Rights Movement.
790:
Among the disadvantages of working as a domestic worker is the fact that women working in this sector are working in an area often regarded as a
1099:
511:
middle-class families, unlike wealthy families, could not afford to pay the wages necessary to attract and retain skilled household employees.
2683:"Feminists and Domestic Workers; Muchachas No More: Domestic Workers in Latin America and the Caribbean" by Elsa M. Chaney; Mary Garcia Castro
1460:– A maid whose chief focus is on cleaning and maintaining bedrooms, ensuring fires are lit in fireplaces when needed, and supplying hot water.
1312:
Frequently underpaid, African American servants commonly took food scraps and discarded clothing from their employers in a practice known as “
4164:
4112:
4056:
4035:
2806:
2763:
2413:
2370:
2071:
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have been brought in to the UK to fill the demand for low-cost workers. Human rights groups have added that they are often subject to abuse.
868:
547:
and immigrant rights, the conditions faced by domestic workers and the problems specific to their class of employment have come to the fore.
3267:
2371:"100th ILO annual Conference decides to bring an estimated 53 to 100 million domestic workers worldwide under the realm of labour standards"
3945:
2998:
2243:
2079:
4185:
2202:
833:
443:
2584:
4201:
4168:
4129:
3842:
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Pratt, Geraldine. "From Registered Nurse to Registered Nanny: Discursive Geographies of Filipina Domestic Workers in Vancouver, BC*."
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4005:
2780:
1848:
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755:
559:
551:
406:
133:
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minority groups, earn low wages and often receive no retirement or health benefits because of the lack of basic labor protections.
4228:
3449:
3249:
Just Another Job? Paying for Domestic Work, Bridget Anderson Gender and Development, Vol. 9, No. 1, Money (Mar., 2001), pp. 25–33
2227:
1171:
978:
67:
423:, domestic workers must be hired under a registered contract and have many of the rights of any other workers, which includes a
1326:
3124:
114:
2197:
1583:
1440:– A senior employee usually found in larger households, traditionally a man, whose duties customarily include overseeing the
1220:
982:
759:
563:
555:
71:
3702:"Migrant Domestic Workers in the UK: Enacting Exclusions, Exemptions, and Rights, by Siobhán Mullally & Clíodhna Murphy"
3435:
3081:
2708:
Silvey, R. (2004), "Transnational Migration and the Gender Politics of Scale: Indonesian Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia".
86:
3198:
Martha De Regt "Ways to Come, Ways to Leave: Gender, Mobility, and Il/legality among Ethiopian Domestic Workers in Yemen",
3023:
3063:
1577:
1289:
435:
2940:
93:
4221:
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May, Vanessa (March 2012). "Working at Home: Domestic Workers in the Nineteenth and Twentieth-Century United States".
313:
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911:
In Kenya, domestic workers – nearly all female – are known as 'housegirls'. Often from poor villages in neighbouring
679:
adopted a similar law in 2014, also banning employers to require domestic workers to wear uniform at public places.
2839:
2606:
2018:
855:
296:
2624:
1371:
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movies made in the Philippines about the plight or life of domestic workers, particularly maidservant-caretakers (
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than any other category of child labor. Usually, in a practice often called "confiage" or entrusting, such as for
4408:
4315:
3973:; by a member of the aristocracy, author of 'Manners and Rules of Good Society'. London: F. Warne & Co., 1894
3106:
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Arat-Koc, S. (1992) 'In the Privacy of Our Own Home: Foreign Domestic Workers as a Solution to the Crisis of the
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2031:
665:
100:
38:
3516:"The Big Read: As maids become a necessity for many families, festering societal issues could come to the fore"
1897:
1885:
1862:
1330:
1272:
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628:, and other populous developing countries, are people from the rural areas who are employed by urban families.
503:
31:
4160:
3621:
3474:
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3082:"The ISJ demands immediate ban on child domestic labour in Pakistan | The Institute for Social Justice"
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2115:
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82:
60:
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4017:--do.--"Yells, Bells and Smells ... from royal visits ... to the case of the cook and the freezer", in:
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2168:
2087:
2001:
1905:
1235:
3569:
3157:
3138:
2182:
1873:
1400:– A person employed to write or type what another dictates or to copy what has been written by another.
3218:; Vol. 41, No. 1, Special Issue on Immigration, Race, and Ethnicity in America (Feb., 1994), pp. 50–64
2457:
1598:– A woman's personal attendant, helping her with her clothes, shoes, accessories, hair, and cosmetics.
1830:
1713:) – A servant, especially one who has been with one family for a long time (chiefly British English).
1293:
1096:
4403:
4145:
2695:
Susan B. Murray, "'We all love Charles': men in child care and the social construction of gender",
1791:
1710:
1589:
1484:– This is either a cook who works alone or the head of a team of cooks who work for their employer.
1379:
3295:"After Another Nightmare Surfaces in Hong Kong's Domestic Worker Community, Will Anything Change?"
1434:– A young male servant, employed mostly to perform footwear maintenance and minor auxiliary tasks.
578:
4292:
4244:
3214:
Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo "Regulating the Unregulated?: Domestic Workers' Social Networks", in:
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2110:
1754:– A nurse who provides suckling for infants if mothers cannot or do not wish to do so themselves.
1722:
1445:
1187:
1139:
3941:
3002:
4172:
2344:"ILO Global estimates of migrant workers and migrant domestic workers: results and methodology"
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3991:; by the author of "Manners and Tone of Good Society." (the same work under a different title)
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2810:
2759:
2537:
2409:
2258:
1949:
1941:
1745:
1403:
1243:
1142:, who was executed in Singapore for murder allegations. There have also been documentaries or
839:
774:
544:
491:
196:
2298:
838:
Domestic helpers in Canada, mainly from the Philippines, work in Canada, including under the
107:
4375:
4363:
3929:
3798:
3745:
3629:
3453:
2726:
2576:
2518:
See the UN Human Rights Committee's report, "Domestic Workers' Rights in the United States."
2053:
1787:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1491:
1255:
779:
599:
485:
in a standard formal pose with hands covered by long sleeve cuffs in the traditional fashion
478:
386:
230:
175:
3985:; by the author of 'Manners and Tone of Good Society'. London: Frederick Warne & Co.,
4287:
4280:
4275:
4270:
3834:
3828:
3069:
2498:
2442:
2222:
1981:
1601:
1428:– An in-between maid whose duties are half in the reception rooms and half in the kitchen.
1143:
1103:
653:
641:
590:
469:
390:
289:
182:
155:
4258:
3883:
1394:– A foreign-national domestic assistant working for and living as part of, a host family.
382:
1242:
employed many live-in domestic workers with distinctive roles and chain of command. The
4197:
A Research Project entitled "Servants Pasts" which traces domestic service historically
4119:
3657:
3210:
3208:
2889:"Housemaid-turned-rapper gives voice to suffering of domestic helpers in Latin America"
2149:
2042:
2023:
1976:
1968:
1889:
1719:– The lowest-ranking of the domestic workers who act as assistants to the kitchen maid.
1663:
1595:
1541:
1232:
791:
612:
482:
462:
457:
370:
171:
2743:
Domesticity and Dirt: Housewives and Domestic Servants in the United States, 1920–1989
2400:
2279:
4392:
4297:
3802:
3180:
2835:
2629:
2144:
2027:
1996:
1901:
1877:
1728:
1716:
1565:
1559:
1302:
1298:
1260:
1111:
1087:) to care for the household and children. Most, particularly maidservant-caretakers (
915:, girls are open to exploitation, and there are calls for stronger legal protection.
583:
540:
431:
374:
223:
2625:"Without Labor Protections, Domestic Workers Earn Low Wages And Receive No Benefits"
2402:
Rights of remunerated domestic workers in the Americas: PROGRESS AND PERSISTENT GAPS
1297:
experience they had. With limited skills and illiteracy, many men turned to become
652:, and black shoes, and male servants and butlers would wear something from a simple
4152:
List of digitized books on domestic workers in German, English, and other languages
2217:
2064:
2007:
1893:
1669:
1627:
1451:
1425:
1195:
1131:
688:
424:
3908:
699:
1466:(Char or Saturday's woman) – A female house or office cleaner, usually part-time.
385:), perhaps reaching its most complicated and rigidly structured state during the
3989:
The Management of Servants: a practical guide to the routine of domestic service
3701:
2253:
1962:
1607:
1550:– The lowest ranking male servant who is usually found only in large households.
1523:
1457:
1441:
1409:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1207:
1135:
1024:
956:
943:
657:
519:
474:
394:
373:, a highly developed system of domestic service peaked towards the close of the
256:
49:
4180:
Amnesty International paper on the abuse of domestic workers in the Middle East
3830:
To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War
3607:
Women and gender relations in the South African labour market: A 20 year review
1406:– A job that is similar to a nanny's. Mostly found in South and Southeast Asia.
1359:
4207:
3545:""As If I Am Not Human" Abuses against Asian Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia"
2458:"Situation of women domestic workers, maquila and rural workers, in Guatemala"
2212:
2207:
2187:
1988:
1759:
1693:
1535:
1511:
1419:
1397:
1313:
735:
Children face a number of risks that are common in domestic work service. The
533:
378:
249:
208:
189:
163:
17:
3810:
3643:
3622:"Domestic Work and the Gig Economy in South Africa: Old wine in new bottles?"
2541:
4353:
4263:
4063:
2863:"Peru: Domestic servants can no longer be forced to wear uniforms in public"
2238:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1751:
1699:
1657:
1631:
1623:
1617:
1469:
1463:
1422:– A worker who rearranges and organizes bedding to prepare it for later use.
1203:
1199:
1123:
1119:
413:
350:
219:
204:
3859:
Cooking in Other Women's Kitchens: Domestic Workers in the South, 1865-1960
3634:
3499:"Foreign Domestic Workers in Singapore: Social and Historical Perspectives"
2661:
3742:
The hidden help : black domestic workers in the civil rights movement
146:
4370:
3719:"UK Gov., Independent Review Of The Overseas Domestic Workers Visa, 2015"
3362:"Quy định về lao động là người giúp việc gia đình trong Bộ Luật lao động"
2192:
2048:
2012:
1958:
1641:
1571:
1553:
1547:
1529:
1487:
1431:
1334:
935:
716:
694:
608:
270:
242:
200:
4210:
Clip from documentary film 'At Your Service' (2010, director Jorge Leon)
4121:
Servants' Pasts: Late-Eighteenth to Twentieth-Century South Asia, Vol. 2
2999:"Counting Cinderellas Child Domestic Servants – Numbers and Trends"
923:
4358:
4196:
3313:"Hong Kong domestic workers will need Covid-19 jabs to renew contracts"
2456:
Asociación de Trabajadoras del Hogar, a Domicilio y de Maquila (2018).
1706:
1637:
1517:
1495:
1475:
1391:
904:
661:
632:
567:
502:
The demand for domestic workers has also become primarily fulfilled by
359:
346:
342:
338:
281:
277:
238:
215:
4165:
Convention Concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers (June 16, 2011)
3750:
1684:– A worker who trains their employer in fitness, swimming, and sports.
1526:- Care and maintaining the bird and deer population on a large estate.
4213:
1954:
1868:
1735:
1437:
1415:
1115:
1076:
1072:
927:
912:
887:
728:
649:
636:
621:
420:
285:
234:
4105:
Servants' Pasts: Sixteenth to Eighteenth Century, South Asia, Vol. 1
1725:– A worker who handles the management of the horses and the stables.
3998:
Not in Front of the Servants: domestic service in England 1850–1939
3182:
Migrant Domestic Workers: A New Public Presence in the Middle East?
4346:
3658:"What Are the Rights of Domestic Workers in South Africa in 2021?"
1872:
1763:
1741:
1651:
1647:
1505:
1501:
1378:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1127:
922:
898:
773:
720:
704:
698:
676:
645:
625:
617:
595:
589:
577:
518:
468:
456:
145:
4065:
Cultures of Servitude: Modernity, Domesticity, and Class in India
1690:- Like a hall boy, but older with added building security duties.
1478:– A worker who cleans homes, institutions or commercial premises.
4191:
2974:"In Togo, a 10-Year-Old's Muted Cry: 'I Couldn't Take Any More'"
2756:
Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet
2233:
1922:
1817:
deal primarily with the Anglophone world and do not represent a
1734:
Storeroom maid - Maintaining the stores of linens, foodstuffs,
1613:
672:
4217:
4086:
Labours Lost: Domestic Service and the Making of Modern England
3125:"International Organization for Migration: Key Migration Terms"
1672:- Cleaning the sitting rooms, drawing rooms, library and alike.
4186:
A Global Justice Center paper about domestic workers worldwide
4012:
Life below Stairs in the Victorian and Edwardian Country House
2530:"The New Labor Movement Fighting for Domestic Workers' Rights"
1801:
1194:
provided official figures of 1.2 million household workers in
950:
43:
4192:
An international campaign for domestic workers' labour rights
3983:
The Servants' Practical Guide: a handbook of duties and rules
3685:"Class and the Domestic Service System through Downton Abbey"
4049:
Up and Down Stairs: the history of the country house servant
3388:"Người giúp việc được pháp luật bảo vệ cùng nhiều quyền lợi"
1626:– The senior-most staff member of a very large household or
1027:, domestic household workers/helpers such as maidservants (
3338:"Nghị định 145/2020/NĐ-CP: quy định chi tiết và hướng ..."
737:
International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour
4208:
Interview with an Indonesian domestic worker in Singapore
4202:
Human Rights Watch article about migrant domestic workers
4151:
1580:– A housekeeper usually denotes a female senior employee.
3977:
A Few Rules for the Manners of Servants in Good Families
2562:"Illinois Expands Employment Rights to Domestic Workers"
1568:– A worker who trains the horses for those who own them.
1448:
and some oversight of the other, usually male, servants.
1174:(MOM), showed that in June 2019 there were some 255,800
461:
Memorial valuing the work of Maria Home, the servant in
4044:. London: Michael O'Mara ISBN 9781782434351 (pbk. 2015)
3861:, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, p. 74
3769:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 856–858.
1826:
1666:
or Tea boy - An Apprentice footman, 10 to 16 years old.
1620:) – Female servants who perform typical domestic tasks.
631:
Employers may require their domestic workers to wear a
3884:
https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/ssb/v48n4/v48n4p33.pdf
1904:, author of proletarian literature, kitchen maid; and
1884:
Some domestic workers have become notable, including:
782:
and female maid with a traditional fan (Korea c. 1904)
556:
Convention Concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers
4173:
Decent work for domestic workers, Report IV(1) (2010)
3767:
A People and a Nation: A History of the United States
558:. Previously, at its 301st Session (March 2008), the
438:. However, in recent years, advocacy groups like the
3185:. Social Science Research Council. pp. 177–202.
1929:
Category:Canonised servants of the Romanov household
1544:– A worker who tends to the person's large property.
1532:(Grounds keeper) – A worker who tends to the garden.
536:
system with room for advancement through the ranks.
4334:
4308:
4251:
4042:
Life Below Stairs: true lives of Edwardian servants
3909:"Article 046--Servants--Their Hierarchy and Duties"
3833:, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, p.
1654:) – A woman who takes care of infants and children.
1538:- Job of guarding the main entrance to the estate.
1387:The following is a list of known domestic workers:
1375:
A terracotta statue of a washerwoman (18th century)
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2915:"Brazil rapper voices Latin housemaids' suffering"
2278:
2130:A poster of an American maid in uniform (ca. 1939)
1412:– A worker who minds the children of someone else.
903:Kenyan domestic worker Lucy Nyangosi working in a
886:On December 14, the Government of Viet Nam issued
1660:(Nursery maid) – A maid who oversees the nursery.
1504:- Hand milks the animals, makes butter and other
3870:
3868:
2731:Feminism in Action: Studies in Political Economy
2729:in Canada', P. Connelly and P. Armstrong (eds.)
570:was the first country to ratify the convention.
27:Person who works within the employer's household
4321:Women migrant workers from developing countries
1702:- Rode the left horse if there was no coachman.
1592:– A runner who may be overworked and underpaid.
754:Migrant domestic workers are, according to the
446:in New York, Hawaii, California, and Illinois.
37:"The help" redirects here. For other uses, see
3059:
3057:
30:"Servant" redirects here. For other uses, see
4229:
3822:
3820:
3672:Servants in husbandry in early modern England
3366:Cổng thông tin điện tử - Sở Tư Pháp Thanh Hóa
2649:Domestic Workers' Rights in the United States
2647:See the UN Human Rights Committee's report, "
2000:, a British television series set in a large
1815:The examples and perspective in this section
1284:Black Americans post-Civil War to World War I
1246:would hire a butler to oversee the servants.
712:
314:
150:Domestic workers in the United States in 1914
8:
3570:"'Quarterly Labour Force Survey: Quarter 3'"
2399:Inter-American Commission of Women. (2022).
2320:. Anti-Slavery International. Archived from
1869:Butler § Historically important butlers
377:(a period known in the United States as the
154:
2891:. South China Morning Post. 4 August 2016.
2721:
2719:
2717:
2495:D+C Development and Cooperation No. 09 2009
2083:, a British television series set in London
2075:, a British television series set in London
985:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4236:
4222:
4214:
4028:The Rise and Fall of the Victorian Servant
3620:Hunt, Abigail; Samman, Emma (2020-09-28).
3194:
3192:
1833:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1696:– A worker who works by the swimming pool.
321:
307:
153:
4089:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3749:
3633:
3450:"Region 3 household workers get pay hike"
3436:The hidden lives of ‘housegirls’ in Kenya
3107:"Resources on child domestic work (IPEC)"
2941:"Child domestic workers: Finding a voice"
2691:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2675:
1908:, Scottish poet, stonemason and footman.
1849:Learn how and when to remove this message
1556:– A worker who handles household repairs.
1472:– A personal driver (for motor vehicles).
1005:Learn how and when to remove this message
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
3412:"Bảo hiểm bồi thường cho người lao động"
2607:"The Home Economics of Domestic Workers"
764:International Organization for Migration
4068:. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
3926:The Book of Household Management (1861)
3139:"Child labour and domestic work (IPEC)"
2809:. Idwn.info. 2012-05-03. Archived from
2710:Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography
2270:
2099:
1980:, a British television series based on
1925:, the patron saint of domestic servants
1320:Black Americans in the Great Depression
4146:International Domestic Workers Network
3046:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3039:
2807:"Uruguay First Country to Ratify C189"
2613:from the original on January 31, 2013.
2581:The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago
2438:
2428:
1731:- Responsible for running the stables.
1342:Black Americans in 1960s United States
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3609:. Cape Town: Labour Research Service.
3448:Depasupil, William (March 15, 2024).
3283:. London: George Routledge; pp. 21-23
3179:Moors, Annelies; et al. (2009).
2758:. New York: Oxford University Press.
869:Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong
7:
4399:Cleaning and maintenance occupations
3979:. Ladies' Sanitary Association, 1901
3948:from the original on 18 January 2018
3744:(Thesis). University of Louisville.
2972:Sullivan, Kevin (26 December 2008).
2921:from the original on 19 January 2017
2917:. New Straits Times. 4 August 2016.
2895:from the original on 19 January 2017
2787:from the original on October 4, 2013
2777:"Resource guide on domestic workers"
2299:participating institution membership
2244:National Union of Domestic Employees
2091:, a British television comedy series
1574:– A worker who does personal chores.
1292:legally ended in 1865, however, the
1069:precolonial times of the Philippines
983:adding citations to reliable sources
72:adding citations to reliable sources
4157:ILO resources on domestic workers:
4118:Sinha, Nitin; Varma, Nitin (2019).
3160:. International Labour Organization
3156:International Labour Organization.
1110:(OFWs) have worked in, such as the
834:Filipino domestic helpers in Canada
440:National Domestic Workers' Alliance
4161:Resource guide on domestic workers
2953:from the original on April 3, 2013
2733:, Toronto: Canadian Studies Press.
2666:National Domestic Workers Alliance
1644:– A servant who performs massages.
1586:– A worker who works for the cook.
1454:- Part-time extra external worker.
1254:and slowly died out. The British
1019:Category:Filipino domestic workers
648:skirts with white belts and white
594:A domestic servant ironing a lace
25:
4062:Ray, Raka; Qayum, Seemin (2009).
3293:Miquiabas, Bong (31 March 2015).
2781:International Labour Organization
2605:Bello, Grace (January 17, 2013).
2375:International Labour Organization
2351:International Labour Organization
1678:– A person who does the shopping.
756:International Labour Organization
560:International Labour Organization
552:International Labour Organization
407:International Labour Organization
3803:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2011.00832.x
2865:. Living in Peru. Archived from
2861:Guerra, Isabel (30 March 2009).
2637:from the original on 2013-10-04.
2465:ccprcentre.org/country/guatemala
2228:The Book of Household Management
2203:Domestic Worker's Bill of Rights
2157:
2135:
2123:
2102:
1992:, a fairytale, cartoon, and film
1945:, a book made into several films
1806:
955:
930:(Slaves/Indentured Servants) in
444:Domestic Worker's Bill of Rights
162:
48:
3586:from the original on 2018-11-13
3088:from the original on 2014-01-11
2587:from the original on 2009-05-13
2381:from the original on 2016-12-27
1957:'s faithful butler, created by
582:Parisian maid (1906) (Image by
59:needs additional citations for
4124:. Orient Blackswan New Delhi.
4107:. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan
3944:. Collins English Dictionary.
3479:Ministry of Manpower Singapore
2528:Hilgers, Lauren (2019-02-21).
2198:Convention on Domestic Workers
1984:'s memoirs of domestic service
1221:Convention on Domestic Workers
1186:According to a 2008 report by
564:Convention on Domestic Workers
1:
4021:; Autumn 2011, pp. 70–73
2491:"Hard work new opportunities"
1520:– A lower-ranking manservant.
1355:Varieties of domestic workers
1134:, and other countries in the
4030:. Stroud: Sutton Publishing
2489:Verfürth, Eva-Maria (n.d.).
2312:Anti-Slavery International.
2080:Upstairs Downstairs (remake)
2026:-winning American novel and
740:violence, and sexual abuse.
711:More girls under 16 work as
442:have succeeded in passing a
436:National Labor Relations Act
389:which reflected the limited
3857:Sharpless, Rebecca (2010),
3475:"Foreign workforce numbers"
3368:(in Vietnamese). 2020-12-23
3343:(in Vietnamese). 2020-12-16
3260:A Ballad History of England
2754:Levenstein, Harvey (1988).
2577:"Domestic Work and Workers"
2314:"Domestic Work and Slavery"
1972:, children's comedy fiction
1880:, butler at the White House
1829:, discuss the issue on the
1562:in charge of all gardening.
4425:
4083:Steedman, Carolyn (2009).
3942:"Definition of 'retainer'"
3765:Norton, Mary Beth (2001).
2038:The Diary of a Chambermaid
1866:
1860:
1514:– A worker who walks dogs.
1016:
866:
831:
747:
692:
686:
36:
29:
4316:Feminization of migration
4103:Sinha; Varma; Jha (2019)
3913:www.literary-liaisons.com
3740:Armstrong, Trena (2012).
2575:Graff, Daniel A. (n.d.).
2286:Oxford English Dictionary
1108:overseas Filipino workers
778:Male servants carrying a
39:The Help (disambiguation)
3827:Hunter, Tera W. (1997),
3386:Anh, Tien (2021-06-02).
3341:soldtbxh.thaibinh.gov.vn
3317:South China Morning Post
2832:"Domestic Workers Chart"
1898:Diana, Princess of Wales
1886:Abdul Karim (the Munshi)
1863:List of domestic workers
1331:Fair Labor Standards Act
1273:migrant domestic workers
1176:Foreign Domestic Workers
932:Pre-colonial Philippines
750:Migrant domestic workers
744:Migrant domestic workers
504:migrant domestic workers
156:Feudal titles and status
32:Servant (disambiguation)
4040:Maloney, Alison (2011)
4019:National Trust Magazine
4014:. National Trust Books
3894:Kessler-Harris, Alice.
3626:Anti-Trafficking Review
3577:Statistics South Africa
3231:; 75.3 (1999): 215–236.
3068:April 10, 2009, at the
2291:Oxford University Press
1892:of the United Kingdom;
1738:and household supplies.
1268:and some middle class.
1192:Saudi Ministry of Labor
1071:that were divided into
856:Louis-Sébastien Mercier
602:electric iron, ca. 1908
477:(202 BC – 220 AD)
4051:. London: John Murray
4047:Musson, Jeremy (2009)
3971:The Duties of Servants
3635:10.14197/atr.201220156
3279:Mercier, L. S. (1929)
2060:The Remains of the Day
1881:
1384:
1376:
1368:
1288:In the United States,
1236:English country houses
1170:Data from Singapore's
948:
908:
783:
708:
703:Child maid servant in
603:
587:
529:Master and Servant Act
524:
486:
466:
151:
4026:Horn, Pamela (1990 )
2169:William Henry Jackson
2002:English country house
1876:
1494:and in charge of the
1382:
1374:
1362:
1097:Republic Act No 10361
941:, as depicted in the
926:
902:
777:
702:
593:
581:
527:The United Kingdom's
522:
472:
460:
381:and in France as the
149:
3996:Dawes, Frank (1973)
3896:In Pursuit of Equity
3550:. Human Rights Watch
3281:The Picture of Paris
3200:Gender & Society
2697:Gender & Society
2564:. 27 September 2016.
2324:on 30 September 2014
2116:Jean-Étienne Liotard
2072:Upstairs, Downstairs
1827:improve this section
1610:– A laundry servant.
1172:Ministry of Manpower
1059:), security guards (
979:improve this section
823:Situation by country
68:improve this article
4010:Evans, Siân (2011)
3605:Orr, Liesl (2014).
3262:, London: Batsford
3258:Palmer, Roy (1979)
3084:. ISJ. 2014-01-07.
2946:. Antislavery.com.
2745:; by Phyllis Palmer
2289:(Online ed.).
2225:("Mrs Beeton") and
1912:Cultural depictions
1723:Stable boy or Groom
1604:- Royal Lady's maid
1077:aliping saguiguilid
1039:), family drivers (
802:and securing jobs.
158:
4293:Reproductive labor
4245:Reproductive labor
4000:. London: Wayland
3874:Sharpless, p. 154.
3438:, BBC, 20 May 2019
3229:Economic Geography
3145:. 28 January 2024.
2869:on 16 January 2017
2842:on October 4, 2013
2534:The New York Times
2249:Reproductive labor
2183:Servants' quarters
2111:The Chocolate Girl
2019:Gone with the Wind
1882:
1748:) for such duties.
1385:
1383:A French wet nurse
1377:
1369:
1258:television series
1250:dates back to the
1188:Human Rights Watch
1140:Flor Contemplacion
1102:2019-12-07 at the
949:
909:
784:
760:Convention No. 189
709:
671:On 30 March 2009,
604:
588:
525:
487:
467:
152:
4386:
4385:
4326:Global care chain
4113:978-9-3528-7664-8
4057:978-0-7195-9730-5
4036:978-0-7509-0978-5
2764:978-0-19-504365-5
2415:978-0-8270-7554-2
2297:(Subscription or
2259:Geraldine Roberts
2088:You Rang, M'Lord?
1950:Alfred Pennyworth
1942:A Little Princess
1859:
1858:
1851:
1367:in India, c. 1870
1294:Freedmen's Bureau
1271:In modern times,
1244:lord of the manor
1073:aliping namamahay
1047:), laundrywomen (
1015:
1014:
1007:
840:Live-In Caregiver
515:Legal protections
492:gender inequality
351:care for children
331:
330:
197:Lord of the manor
144:
143:
136:
118:
83:"Domestic worker"
16:(Redirected from
4416:
4409:Domestic workers
4335:Industry sectors
4238:
4231:
4224:
4215:
4154:at de.wikisource
4135:
4100:
4079:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3938:
3932:
3930:Internet Archive
3923:
3917:
3916:
3905:
3899:
3892:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3786:
3771:
3770:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3737:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3681:
3675:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3585:
3574:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3522:. Archived from
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3454:The Manila Times
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3290:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3212:
3203:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3078:
3072:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3045:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3022:. Archived from
3021:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3001:. Archived from
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2838:. Archived from
2828:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2773:
2767:
2752:
2746:
2740:
2734:
2723:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2699:; (1996) 10: 368
2693:
2684:
2681:
2670:
2669:
2658:
2652:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2525:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2497:. Archived from
2486:
2480:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2462:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2407:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2377:. 16 June 2011.
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2348:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2318:Anti-Slavery.Org
2309:
2303:
2302:
2294:
2282:
2275:
2161:
2139:
2127:
2106:
2054:Kathryn Stockett
2011:, the butler of
1854:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1810:
1809:
1802:
1792:Lady's companion
1788:personal trainer
1758:There are other
1682:Personal trainer
1676:Personal shopper
1256:historical drama
1010:
1003:
999:
996:
990:
959:
951:
852:Tableau de Paris
713:domestic workers
387:Edwardian period
323:
316:
309:
264:Domestic servant
176:Territorial lord
166:
159:
139:
132:
128:
125:
119:
117:
76:
52:
44:
21:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4342:Domestic worker
4330:
4309:Global patterns
4304:
4288:Invisible labor
4281:Affective labor
4276:Emotional labor
4271:Cognitive labor
4247:
4242:
4142:
4132:
4117:
4097:
4082:
4076:
4061:
3967:
3965:Further reading
3962:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3924:
3920:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3898:, 2001. p. 150.
3893:
3889:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3866:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3791:History Compass
3788:
3787:
3774:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3751:10.18297/etd/46
3739:
3738:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3669:
3665:
3660:. 8 April 2021.
3656:
3655:
3651:
3628:(15): 102–121.
3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3603:
3599:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3527:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3481:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3418:(in Vietnamese)
3416:bTaskee Vietnam
3410:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3346:
3344:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3278:
3274:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3222:
3216:Social Problems
3213:
3206:
3202:; 2010 24: 237.
3197:
3190:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3158:"Domestic work"
3155:
3154:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3091:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3070:Wayback Machine
3062:
3055:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3017:"Archived copy"
3015:
3014:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2978:Washington Post
2971:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2922:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2845:
2843:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2790:
2788:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2753:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2727:domestic sphere
2724:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2673:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2646:
2642:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2590:
2588:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2544:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2469:
2467:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2437:
2427:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2405:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2223:Isabella Beeton
2179:
2172:
2165:Colonial dining
2162:
2153:
2140:
2131:
2128:
2119:
2107:
2098:
1982:Margaret Powell
1937:
1919:
1914:
1871:
1865:
1855:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1824:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1798:Notable workers
1602:Lady-in-waiting
1490:- Drives horse
1357:
1344:
1327:Social Security
1322:
1286:
1281:
1229:
1216:
1184:
1168:
1104:Wayback Machine
1093:kasambahay/yaya
1085:kasambahay/yaya
1035:), caretakers (
1021:
1011:
1000:
994:
991:
976:
960:
921:
907:household, 2016
897:
884:
871:
865:
848:
836:
830:
825:
816:
772:
752:
746:
697:
691:
685:
576:
517:
479:Chinese ceramic
403:
391:social mobility
335:domestic worker
327:
183:Tenant-in-chief
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4422:
4420:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4391:
4390:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4349:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4273:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4255:
4253:
4252:Types of labor
4249:
4248:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4155:
4149:
4141:
4140:External links
4138:
4137:
4136:
4131:978-9352876945
4130:
4115:
4101:
4095:
4080:
4074:
4059:
4045:
4038:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4008:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3980:
3974:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3933:
3918:
3900:
3887:
3876:
3864:
3849:
3844:978-0674893092
3843:
3816:
3797:(3): 284–293.
3772:
3757:
3727:
3710:
3693:
3676:
3670:Ann Kussmaul,
3663:
3649:
3612:
3597:
3561:
3536:
3507:
3490:
3466:
3440:
3428:
3403:
3378:
3353:
3329:
3304:
3285:
3272:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3220:
3204:
3188:
3171:
3148:
3130:
3116:
3098:
3073:
3053:
3008:
3005:on 2011-08-23.
2990:
2964:
2932:
2906:
2880:
2853:
2823:
2798:
2768:
2747:
2735:
2713:
2701:
2685:
2671:
2653:
2640:
2616:
2597:
2567:
2553:
2520:
2511:
2481:
2448:
2439:|website=
2414:
2408:. p. 23.
2391:
2362:
2335:
2304:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2150:Heinrich Zille
2141:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2118:(c. 1734–1744)
2108:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2068:
2067:–winning novel
2056:
2045:
2043:Octave Mirbeau
2034:
2024:Pulitzer Prize
2015:
2004:
1993:
1985:
1973:
1969:Amelia Bedelia
1965:
1946:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1906:Charles Spence
1890:Queen Victoria
1861:Main article:
1857:
1856:
1821:of the subject
1819:worldwide view
1814:
1812:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1645:
1635:
1621:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1499:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1356:
1353:
1343:
1340:
1321:
1318:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1233:United Kingdom
1228:
1227:United Kingdom
1225:
1215:
1212:
1183:
1180:
1167:
1164:
1055:), gardeners (
1013:
1012:
963:
961:
954:
920:
917:
896:
893:
883:
880:
867:Main article:
864:
861:
847:
844:
832:Main article:
829:
826:
824:
821:
815:
812:
792:private sphere
771:
770:Social effects
768:
748:Main article:
745:
742:
687:Main article:
684:
681:
613:room and board
575:
572:
545:women's rights
516:
513:
481:figurine of a
463:Warwick Castle
402:
399:
329:
328:
326:
325:
318:
311:
303:
300:
299:
293:
292:
274:
273:
267:
266:
260:
259:
253:
252:
246:
245:
227:
226:
212:
211:
193:
192:
186:
185:
179:
178:
172:Lord paramount
168:
167:
142:
141:
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
18:Domestic labor
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4421:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4307:
4299:
4298:Double burden
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
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4158:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4143:
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4133:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4096:9780521736237
4092:
4088:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4075:9780804771092
4071:
4067:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4006:0-85340-287-6
4003:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928: at the
3927:
3922:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3877:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3686:
3680:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3601:
3598:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3526:on 2020-04-22
3525:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3455:
3451:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3429:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3393:
3392:Người Đưa Tin
3389:
3382:
3379:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3318:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3268:0 7134 0968 1
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3175:
3172:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3029:on 2012-01-18
3025:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2949:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2841:
2837:
2836:ThinkProgress
2833:
2827:
2824:
2813:on 2012-10-25
2812:
2808:
2802:
2799:
2786:
2782:
2778:
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2166:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2145:water carrier
2138:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2100:
2096:In visual art
2095:
2090:
2089:
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2082:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2061:
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2052:, a novel by
2051:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2041:, a novel by
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2033:
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2028:Academy Award
2025:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
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1997:Downton Abbey
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1911:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:Moa Martinson
1899:
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1891:
1888:, servant of
1887:
1879:
1878:Alonzo Fields
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1743:
1740:
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1733:
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1729:Stable Master
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1717:Scullery maid
1715:
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1698:
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1566:Horse trainer
1564:
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1558:
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1542:Groundskeeper
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1310:
1306:
1304:
1303:Jim Crow Laws
1300:
1299:sharecroppers
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:United States
1278:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1261:Downton Abbey
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1112:United States
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995:December 2019
988:
984:
980:
974:
973:
969:
964:This section
962:
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718:
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706:
701:
696:
690:
683:Child workers
682:
680:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
660:, often with
659:
656:, or a white
655:
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647:
643:
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619:
614:
610:
601:
597:
592:
585:
584:Constant Puyo
580:
574:Accommodation
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
550:In 2011, the
548:
546:
542:
541:labour rights
537:
535:
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451:
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445:
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432:United States
428:
426:
422:
417:
415:
410:
408:
405:In 2015, the
400:
398:
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392:
388:
384:
380:
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375:Victorian era
372:
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224:Landed gentry
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127:
124:December 2021
116:
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109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85: –
84:
80:
79:Find sources:
73:
69:
63:
62:
57:This article
55:
51:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4341:
4259:Women's work
4120:
4104:
4085:
4064:
4048:
4041:
4027:
4018:
4011:
3997:
3988:
3982:
3976:
3970:
3950:. Retrieved
3936:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3895:
3890:
3879:
3858:
3852:
3829:
3794:
3790:
3766:
3760:
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3713:
3696:
3679:
3671:
3666:
3652:
3625:
3615:
3606:
3600:
3588:. Retrieved
3576:
3564:
3552:. Retrieved
3539:
3528:. Retrieved
3524:the original
3519:
3510:
3493:
3482:. Retrieved
3478:
3469:
3457:. Retrieved
3443:
3431:
3420:. Retrieved
3415:
3406:
3395:. Retrieved
3391:
3381:
3370:. Retrieved
3365:
3356:
3345:. Retrieved
3340:
3332:
3321:. Retrieved
3319:. 2021-04-30
3316:
3307:
3298:
3288:
3280:
3275:
3270:; pp. 127-28
3259:
3254:
3245:
3236:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3199:
3181:
3174:
3162:. Retrieved
3151:
3142:
3133:
3119:
3110:
3101:
3090:. Retrieved
3076:
3031:. Retrieved
3024:the original
3011:
3003:the original
2993:
2981:. Retrieved
2977:
2967:
2955:. Retrieved
2935:
2923:. Retrieved
2909:
2897:. Retrieved
2883:
2871:. Retrieved
2867:the original
2856:
2844:. Retrieved
2840:the original
2826:
2815:. Retrieved
2811:the original
2801:
2789:. Retrieved
2771:
2755:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2709:
2704:
2696:
2665:
2656:
2643:
2628:
2619:
2600:
2589:. Retrieved
2580:
2570:
2556:
2545:. Retrieved
2533:
2523:
2514:
2503:. Retrieved
2499:the original
2494:
2484:
2475:
2468:. Retrieved
2464:
2451:
2419:. Retrieved
2401:
2394:
2383:. Retrieved
2374:
2365:
2354:. Retrieved
2350:
2338:
2328:24 September
2326:. Retrieved
2322:the original
2317:
2307:
2284:
2280:"in service"
2273:
2226:
2218:Housekeeping
2164:
2142:
2109:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2065:Booker Prize
2058:
2047:
2036:
2017:
2008:Edwin Jarvis
2006:
1995:
1987:
1975:
1967:
1948:
1940:
1896:, butler to
1894:Paul Burrell
1883:
1845:
1836:
1816:
1757:
1670:Parlour maid
1650:(children's
1628:stately home
1584:Kitchen maid
1452:Casual staff
1426:Between maid
1386:
1349:
1345:
1323:
1311:
1307:
1287:
1270:
1259:
1240:great houses
1230:
1217:
1214:South Africa
1196:Saudi Arabia
1185:
1182:Saudi Arabia
1169:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1132:Saudi Arabia
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1001:
992:
977:Please help
965:
942:
938:
910:
885:
876:
872:
851:
849:
837:
817:
808:
804:
800:
796:
789:
785:
753:
734:
725:
710:
689:Child labour
670:
630:
605:
554:adopted the
549:
538:
526:
509:
501:
497:
488:
452:
448:
429:
425:minimum wage
418:
411:
404:
383:Belle Époque
365:
364:
356:
334:
332:
263:
130:
121:
111:
104:
97:
90:
78:
66:Please help
61:verification
58:
3164:10 December
3143:www.ilo.org
3111:www.ilo.org
2766:; pp. 60–71
2470:January 22,
2421:January 22,
2254:French maid
2148:drawing by
1977:Beryl's Lot
1963:Bill Finger
1955:Bruce Wayne
1917:In religion
1760:professions
1694:Pool person
1630:. See also
1596:Lady's maid
1578:Housekeeper
1524:Game keeper
1458:Chambermaid
1442:wine cellar
1266:lower class
1252:Middle Ages
1248:Manorialism
1208:Philippines
1190:(HRW), the
1136:Middle East
1025:Philippines
944:Boxer Codex
919:Philippines
658:dress shirt
523:Cook (1855)
483:lady's maid
475:Han dynasty
395:World War I
257:Free tenant
4404:Labour law
4393:Categories
4204:(archived)
4188:(archived)
4182:(archived)
4148:(archived)
3952:17 January
3590:22 January
3530:2020-04-07
3484:2020-04-02
3422:2021-05-09
3397:2021-10-08
3372:2021-05-09
3347:2021-05-09
3323:2021-05-09
3092:2014-07-15
3033:2011-05-02
2957:October 4,
2925:15 January
2899:15 January
2846:October 4,
2817:2012-05-11
2791:October 4,
2662:"About Us"
2591:2009-08-31
2547:2019-03-10
2505:2009-01-10
2385:2016-12-23
2356:2016-12-23
2301:required.)
2265:References
2213:Hooch maid
2208:Homemaking
2188:Handmaiden
2013:Tony Stark
1989:Cinderella
1935:In fiction
1923:Saint Zita
1867:See also:
1778:, private
1705:Retainer (
1536:Gatekeeper
1512:Dog walker
1446:silverware
1410:Babysitter
1398:Amanuensis
1314:pan toting
1152:kasambahay
1033:kasambahay
1017:See also:
693:See also:
534:apprentice
379:Gilded Age
250:Husbandman
209:Liege lord
190:Mesne lord
94:newspapers
4354:Housewife
4264:Care work
3811:1478-0542
3644:2287-0113
3459:March 18,
2542:0362-4331
2441:ignored (
2431:cite book
2239:Nanny tax
2152:(by 1929)
2030:-winning
1839:June 2015
1831:talk page
1784:physician
1780:chaplains
1776:librarian
1772:secretary
1768:Governess
1752:Wet nurse
1700:Postilion
1658:Nursemaid
1632:Seneschal
1624:Majordomo
1618:Housemaid
1608:Laundress
1508:products.
1502:Dairymaid
1470:Chauffeur
1464:Charwoman
1204:Sri Lanka
1200:Indonesia
1166:Singapore
1124:Singapore
1120:Hong Kong
1061:guwardiya
1057:hardinero
1049:labandera
966:does not
947:(c. 1590)
863:Hong Kong
842:program.
780:palanquin
717:restaveks
414:Guatemala
220:Gentleman
4371:Sex work
3946:Archived
3581:Archived
3086:Archived
3066:Archived
3042:cite web
2948:Archived
2919:Archived
2893:Archived
2873:19 March
2785:Archived
2635:Archived
2611:Archived
2585:Archived
2379:Archived
2193:Ancillae
2177:See also
2049:The Help
1959:Bob Kane
1825:You may
1711:Affinity
1642:Masseuse
1572:Houseboy
1554:Handyman
1548:Hall boy
1530:Gardener
1492:carriage
1488:Coachman
1432:Boot boy
1420:bedmaker
1335:New Deal
1329:and the
1148:katulong
1100:Archived
1089:katulong
1081:katulong
1053:tagalaba
1029:katulong
762:and the
695:Restavek
666:knickers
609:box room
271:Vagabond
243:Vavasour
231:Franklin
201:Overlord
4376:migrant
4359:Nursing
3674:(1981).
1707:Retinue
1638:Masseur
1518:Footman
1496:stables
1476:Cleaner
1392:Au pair
1333:in the
1290:slavery
1144:rom-com
1041:drayber
1023:In the
987:removed
972:sources
936:Visayan
905:Nairobi
882:Vietnam
850:In his
814:England
650:blouses
642:dresses
633:uniform
568:Uruguay
430:In the
401:History
393:before
371:Britain
366:Servant
360:slavery
347:ironing
343:laundry
339:cooking
282:Villein
239:Retinue
216:Esquire
108:scholar
4128:
4111:
4093:
4072:
4055:
4034:
4004:
3841:
3809:
3642:
3554:7 July
3299:Forbes
3266:
2983:27 May
2762:
2540:
2412:
2171:(1895)
2143:Young
1790:, and
1746:batman
1736:pantry
1688:Porter
1590:Lackey
1444:, the
1438:Butler
1416:Bedder
1116:Canada
1065:bantay
1045:tsuper
939:uripon
928:Alipin
913:Uganda
888:Decree
846:France
828:Canada
729:UNICEF
664:, and
637:livery
622:Mexico
465:(1834)
421:Brazil
290:Cottar
286:Bordar
235:Yeoman
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
4364:women
4347:Nanny
3722:(PDF)
3705:(PDF)
3688:(PDF)
3584:(PDF)
3573:(PDF)
3548:(PDF)
3502:(PDF)
3027:(PDF)
3020:(PDF)
2951:(PDF)
2944:(PDF)
2461:(PDF)
2406:(PDF)
2347:(PDF)
2295:
2114:, by
1764:Tutor
1742:Valet
1652:Nurse
1648:Nanny
1506:dairy
1365:valet
1219:C189
1128:China
895:Kenya
721:Haiti
705:India
677:Chile
646:black
626:India
618:China
598:with
596:doily
349:, or
297:Slave
115:JSTOR
101:books
4126:ISBN
4109:ISBN
4091:ISBN
4070:ISBN
4053:ISBN
4032:ISBN
4002:ISBN
3954:2018
3839:ISBN
3807:ISSN
3640:ISSN
3592:2021
3556:2008
3461:2024
3264:ISBN
3166:2013
3048:link
2985:2018
2959:2013
2927:2017
2901:2017
2875:2011
2848:2013
2793:2013
2760:ISBN
2538:ISSN
2472:2024
2443:help
2423:2024
2410:ISBN
2330:2014
2234:Maid
2032:film
2022:, a
1961:and
1709:and
1664:Page
1614:Maid
1482:Cook
1404:Ayah
1238:and
1231:The
1206:and
1156:yaya
1075:and
1037:yaya
970:any
968:cite
673:Peru
654:suit
345:and
278:Serf
205:Vogt
87:news
4171:),
4169:PDF
3835:132
3799:doi
3746:doi
3630:doi
3520:CNA
1766:or
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