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replacement until the crown appointed his successor. The high tension between the new viceroy, Salvatierra, and bishop and visitador general
Palafox was not unprecedented however. In 1624 the viceroy the marquis of Gelves had ordered the expulsion of the archbishop from the viceroyalty, in clear terms the civil authority challenging the ecclesiastical. That earlier conflict had resulted in a huge riot in the main plaza of Mexico City and the ouster of the viceroy himself. The conflict between Salvatierra and Palafox, who was then acting as visitador, flared over what might seem a trivial matter, whether or not the viceroy could sit on a cushion when seated with the Audiencia. Palafox said no, since it distinguished the viceroy from the high court judges. However, the practice had been standard with earlier viceroys. Where the performance of power and its prerogatives was important not as minor traditions but as the theater of power, such a conflict was seated in deeper issues.
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XVI. Both popes strongly advocated for the episcopal authority of the
Catholic Church against secular authority, the position that Palafox advocated when he served in Mexico. Popes have considerable authority to delay or fast track causes for beatification and canonization. While Pope John Paul II often announced beatifications during papal visits, Benedict XVI discontinued the practice of going to the announced beatifications in person in the home locale. The ceremony for the beatification of Palafox was overseen by the Papal Legate, Cardinal Angelo Amato, Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.
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594:. Salvatierra sought to arrest Palafox. In 1647, rather than be arrested, which might have produced an uprising in Puebla against the viceroy's abuse of authority, Palafox fled to the mountains outside the city. The move was calculated to show the crown that the situation in New Spain was grave, that the viceroy and the Jesuits were challenging the rightful place of episcopal authority. In that he failed and was ultimately humiliated by being recalled to Spain.
935:. On 8 January 2010, the Congregation of the Causes of Saints accepted a miracle attributed to Palafox's intercession. The decree recognizing the miracle was promulgated by Pope Benedict XVI on 27 March 2010. The cause for his beatification was supported by the Diocese of Osma-Soria in Spain, where he spent the last years of his life and ecclesiastical career, following his unsuccessful struggle with the Jesuits in his Diocese of Puebla in New Spain (Mexico).
785:(high court) and laid out his suspicions. He then ordered that the viceregal palace be surrounded by guards. The following morning Viceroy López Pacheco was informed that he was under arrest and that the bishop had been named archbishop of Mexico and viceroy of New Spain. His possessions were confiscated and he was held for some time before being allowed to return to Spain. In Spain he was acquitted of the charges against him.
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655:, on 5 September 1646, donating his own collection of 5,000 books to the College of San Juan to start the collection. It was the first public library in the Americas. He also founded the Dominican Convent of Santa Inés, the Colleges of San Pedro and San Pablo, and the girls school Purísima Concepción. He amended the by-laws of the seminary of San Juan. When Palafox arrived in Puebla he carried with him a
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462:, Spain, Don Juan Palafox y Mendoza was the natural son of Jaime de Palafox, the Marquis of Ariaza, of the Aragonese nobility. His mother became a Carmelite nun. He was taken in by a family of millers who gave him the name "Juan" and raised him for ten years, after which his father recognized him, and had him educated at Alcalá and Salamanca.
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that was required under canon law and empowered bishops. The
Jesuits asserted they needed no such licenses, that they could exercise such powers without special permission of a bishop. Palafox wrote that if this were true, that the bishop had no power in his own diocese and he would be separated from his own flock by "an alien authority".
796:) with the greatest respect, but also "preserve the authority and superiority of the head" i.e., the president/viceroy. Two members of the Audiencia rejected his reforms, and he suspended them from office. Palafox also raised twelve companies of militia to protect the colony against the spread of revolution from Portugal and
639:. Palafox had jurisdiction as a bishop on certain Asian missions, but - according to Costa Rican scholar Ricardo Martínez Esquivel - the main reason he declared the Jesuit's tolerance for traditional ancestor worship practices among Chinese converts to Christianity as heretic was "his personal conflict" with the Jesuits.
632:. Although Palafox's ecclesiastical career went into eclipse, his writings against the Jesuits were subsequently published in France and in the eighteenth century, his writings were used to strengthen the case for regalist authority resulting in the expulsion of the Jesuits from Spain and Spanish territories in 1767.
781:. One scholar has characterized the suspicion of the viceroy's conspiring with rebels as being based on "slender evidence". Bishop Palafox claimed to have orders from the Crown, although he did not show them. He arrived secretly in the capital, and in the middle of the night of 9/10 June, he met with the
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through the intervention of the
Jesuits. A vote by the Congregation then responsible for the cause was taken on 28 January 1777 and twenty-six out of forty one prelates favored the continuation of Palafox's cause of beatification with the proclamation of a decree of heroic virtue; the decree was then
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Obviously, as a powerful bishop, Palafox would have been interested in increasing the revenue from Jesuit tithes, but also in asserting episcopal authority over that order. In 1647, the diocese of Puebla ordered all
Jesuits to produce licenses from the diocese to preach and hear confession, something
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As the long process for holy recognition of
Palafox by the Vatican, stretching from the late seventeenth century to the early twenty-first, it is clear that there were authorities opposed to his cause. The cause for his beatification likely found favor with John Paul II and his successor Benedict
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and their missionary work on the colonial frontiers. On principle, Palafox asserted that it was the spiritual duty of all to pay the tithe, which the
Jesuits steadfastly refused to do. The tithe transferred wealth from the countryside's landed estates to cities and towns, supporting the cathedral
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He then targeted the
Jesuits as another entity that did not respect ecclesiastical jurisdiction by paying tithes, essentially a 10% tax on agricultural production, to the Church hierarchy. In the 1640s when he took on the Jesuits, Palafox pointed out that the Jesuit order was a hugely wealthy
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As visitador general, Bishop
Palafox had powers to inspect practices in the viceroyalty, but the viceroy himself was protected from the inspector-general's inquiries, thus undermining his ability to pursue effective reform. Palafox's general mission was "to increase efficiency in government,
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on 23 November 1642, but continued to hold the post of visitador. Having a bishop serve as viceroy was not the usual pattern of appointment, but the extraordinary circumstances that prompted to crown to precipitously remove the previous viceroy meant that
Palafox was a useful, if temporary,
792:, and the legal profession. Palafox considered a key duty of the viceroy was to serve as president of the Audiencia, the high court, the seat of justice. Palafox wrote that the viceroy as president of the Audiencia should prudently treat the judges (
624:(on 14 May 1648), commanding the Jesuits to respect the episcopal jurisdiction. On 20 May 1655, Palafox and the Jesuits signed an accord, but disagreements continued. In the same year the Jesuits succeeded in securing his transfer to the
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strengthen royal authority, maximize the extraction of resources, and improve the administration of the viceroyalty", especially toward increasing the revenues for the crown. Blocked from effective reform, Palafox broke with Viceroy
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of the cathedral under Palafox and the most famous seventeenth century composer in Mexico, brought the latest European music styles to the New World. Palafox also strongly believed in education in general.
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The History of the Conquest of China by the Tartars together with an Account of Several Remarkable things, Concerning the Religion, Manners, and Customs of Both Nation's, but especially the Latter
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over ecclesiastical jurisdiction that eventually cost him his post as Bishop of Puebla de los Ángeles. The Spanish crown was moving to displace mendicant orders from their populous and lucrative
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A Juan de Palafox : más de 2000 versos, del abate Tommaso Campastri, capellán de Carlos IV a favor de la beatificación del Venerable, sacados de un manuscrito de la Real Biblioteca
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in central Mexico, and replace them with parishes staffed by secular (diocesan) clergy with benefices rather than mendicants. He was largely successful in doing so in Puebla.
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663:. To finance the resumed construction, Palafox increased the tithes, which exacerbated his poor relations with the Jesuits. The cathedral was dedicated 18 April 1649.
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Palafox was an enthusiastic patron of the arts, and it was during his tenure in Puebla that the city became the musical center of New Spain. Composers such as
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José Ignacio Tellechea Idigoras, "Coordenadas históricas, políticas y religiosas del siglo XVII en que vivió el obispo don Juan de Palafox", en VV. AA.,
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Breve noticia histórica de la Biblioteca Palafoxiana y de su fundador Juan de Palafox y Mendoza y los colegios de San Juan, San Pedro y San Pantaleón
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2015:
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José Antonio Cervera - Ricardo Martínez Esquivel, "Puebla de Los Ángeles entre China y Europa. Palafox en las controversias de los ritos chinos",
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landowner in New Spain. Jesuits claimed that the income from their haciendas went exclusively toward support of their educational institutions
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1552:, "Historia del proceso de beatificación y canonización del Venerable Juan de Palafox y Mendoza", en Ricardo Fernández Gracia (coordinador),
927:; the question of the heroic virtue was returned to the consideration of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. On 17 January 2009, Pope
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543:(royal inspector, representative of the king), to investigate the two previous viceroys. His retinue further included the Aragonese painter
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539:, known in New Spain as Don Guillén de Lombardo y Guzmán, who played a role in political turmoil during the 1640s. Palafox was also named
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Nancy H. Fee(ed.) ; Alejandro Cañeque (other) with Look Inside feature of pages excluded from GoogleBooks online version (above)
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Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Virtues of the Indian/Virtudes del Indio, translated by Nancy H. Fee. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield 2009.
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1729:(online pdf) author: Michael Richard Scott of Department of Romance Languages, University of North Carolina (Chapel Hill, 2011)
946:, Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints, by mandate of Pope Benedict XVI. Palafox's feast day is 6 October.
450:. Although a case was opened for his beatification shortly after he died in 1659, he was not designated "Blessed" until 2011.
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El Venerable obispo Juan de Palafox y Mendoza. Semana de estudios histórico-pastorales y de espiritualidad (2-7 Agosto 1976)
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900:, the procedure for the approval of Palafox's writings was initiated. The process was continued under the Pontificates of
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Juan de Palafox was finally proclaimed Blessed on 5 June 2011. The rite of beatification was presided over by Cardinal
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Rowman & Littlefield Publishers; January 2009 for Kindle Fire, Apple, Android, Nook, Kobo, PC, Mac, Sony Reader...
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Universidad Iberoamericana (Golfo-Centro). Puebla Patronato Editorial para la Cultura, Arte e Historia de Puebla 2001
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approved the decree of the said Congregation recognizing Palafox's heroic virtue, thus granting him the title of
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415:(26 June 1600 – 1 October 1659) was a Spanish politician, administrator, and Catholic clergyman in 17th century
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in Paris in 1670; a French translation appeared the same year. An English translation, whose full title was
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Recently a bi-lingual edition of his observations on Mexican Indians has been published under the title
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Politics and reform in Spain and Viceregal Mexico: the life and thought of Juan de Palafox, 1600–1659
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Mythistory in Sino-Western Contacts. Jesuit Missionaries and the Pillars of Chinese Catholic Religion
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Politics and Reform in Spain and Viceregal Mexico: The Life and Thought of Juan de Palafox 1600-1659.
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However, though the process passed through the preliminary stages, securing for Palafox the title of
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Jaque mate al obispo virrey. Siglo y medio de sátiras y libelos contra don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
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submitted to Pope Pius VI for approbation; Pius VI, however, decided to suspend the final decision.
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854:, appeared in London in 1676. Palafox's work, based on hearsay, was generally less informed than
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1670:"Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Obispo de Puebla y Osma, Visitador y Virrey de la Nueva España"
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During his brief term as viceroy, Palafox established the laws governing the University, the
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1986:
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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The cause thus was suspended in 1777 and remained so until 2003, when it was restored under
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Making Saints: How the Catholic Church Determines Who becomes a Saint, Who Doesn't, and Why
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The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State 1492-1867
434:(1640−1642). He also held political office, from 10 June 1642 to 23 November 1642 as the
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The King's Living Image: The Culture and Politics of Viceregal Power in Colonial Mexico
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The King's Living Image: The Culture and Politics of Viceregal Power in Colonial Mexico
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473:, the chief administrative body for administration of the overseas territories of the
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888:. The decree allowing the introduction of the cause of beatification was approved by
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620:, however, refused to approve his censures, and all he could obtain was a brief from
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535:, whom he had gotten to know during the voyage. That same ship brought an Irishman,
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1258:, Thunder Bay (Ontario): Lakehead University Printing Services, pp. 159–172,
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As bishop, Palafox y Mendoza distinguished himself by his efforts to protect the
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Breve Biografía de Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Diócesis de Osma-Soria, n.d. p. 14
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Index ac status causarum beatificationis servorum dei et canonizationis beatorum
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The history of the conquest of China by the Tartars ... and now rendred English
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El desierto y la celda en la vida y muerte del Obispo Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
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from 1640 to 1655, and as interim archbishop of Mexico from May 1642 to 1643.
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Iconografía de Juan de Palafox: imágenes por un hombre de estado y de Iglesia
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Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza: obispo de La Puebla de los Ángeles y de Osma
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Diego de Borgraf: un destello en la noche de los tiempos: obra pictórica.
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La pluma y el báculo: Juan de Palafox y el mundo hispano del seiscientos
1086:. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 593.
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Palafox was ordained in 1629, and became the chaplain and almoner of
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Ott, Michael. "Juan de Palafox y Mendoza." The Catholic Encyclopedia
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Following the example of an earlier Spanish ecclesiastic in Mexico,
1335: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1297:(in Latin). Typis polyglottis vaticanis. January 1953. p. 114.
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dated January 19, 1640 that ordered the long-delayed completion of
469:, and later a prosecutor at the Council of War and a member of the
1281:, translated by Nancy H. Fee. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield 2009.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Some of Palafox's influential anti-Jesuit writings deal with the
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Palafox y Mendoza’s Virtudes del indio as a Deliberative Oration
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The Jesuits found an ally against Palafox in the new viceroy,
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Vol. 6, No. 3 (Oct., 1920), by Joachim Walsh pp. 358–360
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His writings were published in 15 volumes in Madrid in 1762.
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1447:, ed. Aldecoa, Burgos, 1987. XVI+490 p. ; 25 cm.,
1388:, ed. Obispado de Osma-Soria, Soria, 1977, pp. 24–38.
1205:
BAE, vol. CCLXXVI, pp. 62-63 quoted in Alejandro Cañeque,
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Catholic Hierarchy: "Bishop Bl. Juan de Palafox y Mendoza"
820:, Juan de Palafox y Mendoza authored a book on China. His
966:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1991, p. 229, 237.
840:, based on reports that reached Mexico by the way of the
493:. He accompanied her on her various trips around Europe.
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In 1626 he was a deputy of the nobility in the Cortes de
311:
Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Burgo de Osma
254:
Cathedral of the Assumption of Our Lady in Burgo de Osma
27:
Spanish politician, administrator and Catholic clergyman
1220:
Race, Class, and Politics in Colonial Mexico, 1610–1670
858:, an eyewitness account by the Chinese-speaking Jesuit
805:
García Sarmiento de Sotomayor, 2nd Count of Salvatierra
675:
Francisco Diego Díaz de Quintanilla y de Hevía y Valdés
673:
While bishop, Palafox was the principal consecrator of
592:
García Sarmiento de Sotomayor, 2nd Count of Salvatierra
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in 1642, accusing the viceroy of being in league with
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Palafox laid formal complaints against the Jesuits at
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chapter, parish priests, and charitable institutions.
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in New Spain, resulting in a recall to Spain, to the
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1966:
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Palafox: Iglesia, Cultura y Estado en el siglo XVII
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Historia de la conquista de la China por el Tartaro
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1660:Beatificación del Obispo Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
527:on 24 June 1640. He was in the company of the new
2366:17th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Mexico
1412:Sor Cristina de la Cruz Arteaga y Falguera, OSH,
1364:Sor Cristina de la Cruz Arteaga y Falguera, OSH,
566:He was embroiled in a major controversy with the
997:Vol. 11. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911
512:(viceroyal México) then, and is the present day
2371:Spanish Roman Catholic bishops in North America
826:History of the Conquest of China by the Tartars
44: and the second or maternal family name is
1851:
1615:, ed. L. Macy. (Accessed 11 December 2005.) (
381:Diego Roque López Pacheco Cabrera y Bobadilla
169:by Francisco Hurtado de Mendoza y Ribera
8:
1681:Book review of Genaro Garcia's biography in
1515:Palafox, su pontificado en Puebla, 1640–1649
976:
974:
972:
1466:Don Juan de Palafox, Virrey de Nueva España
438:. He lost a high-profile struggle with the
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1844:
1836:
1732:
1406:, v. 1. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrúa, 1984.
769:to restore its independence following the
50:
1696:: an annotated translation on GoogleBooks
1426:. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985,
1201:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, "Relación" in
533:Diego López Pacheco, 7th Duke of Escalona
496:In 1639 based on Philip IV's nomination,
2426:Venerated Catholics by Pope Benedict XVI
2335:Francisco Novella Azabal Pérez y Sicardo
1445:Palafox y la espiritualidad de su tiempo
1289:
1287:
1279:Virtues of the Indian/Virtudes del Indio
1192:Cayetana Alvarez de Toledo 2004, p. 129.
1055:
1053:
1051:
1041:Brading 1991, pp. 243-44 citing Palafox
915:, the cause was in effect blocked under
870:Virtues of the Indian/Virtudes del Indio
360:10 June 1642 – 23 November 1642
1378:, I, Madrid, 1950,(pp. 367 y ss.).
955:
892:in 1726, granting Palafox the title of
876:Cause of beatification and canonization
759:Diego López Pacheco Cabrera y Bobadilla
1376:La erudición española en el siglo XVII
1183:Cayetana Alvarez de Toledo 2004, p.53.
2315:Francisco Javier de Lizana y Beaumont
2159:Juan Antonio de Vizarrón y Eguiarreta
990:
988:
986:
602:Portrait of Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
7:
1351:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1311:. New York: Simon and Schuster 1990.
1209:New York: Routledge 2004,p. 63, 285.
487:Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress
2416:Beatifications by Pope Benedict XVI
1828:Diego García Sarmiento de Sotomayor
1702:by Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
1556:, Pamplona, 2001, pp. 515–558.
1222:London, 1975, pp. 135-160; 217-240.
1174:Oxford: Clarendon Press 2004, p. 56
523:He left for America and arrived in
508:was the second largest city in the
504:and "visitador general" of Mexico.
393:Diego García Sarmiento de Sotomayor
1341:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
773:; the viceroy was a cousin of the
651:, the first public library in the
25:
2401:17th-century venerated Christians
2330:Juan José Ruiz de Apodaca y Eliza
2227:Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa
1655:Information at Catholic Hierarchy
2061:Diego Osorio de Escobar y Llamas
1908:
1901:
1794:Diego Osorio de Escobar y Llamas
1668:) GoogleBooks online version of
1330:
1060:
998:
78:
2252:Manuel Antonio Flores Maldonado
2139:Francisco Fernández de la Cueva
2051:Francisco Fernández de la Cueva
1474:"Palafox de Mendoza, Juan de,"
803:He was succeeded as viceroy by
516:. He was consecrated Bishop in
502:Bishop of Puebla de los Ángeles
116:
68:Bishop of Puebla de los Ángeles
2421:University of Salamanca alumni
2247:Alonso Núñez de Haro y Peralta
1685:The Catholic Historical Review
1605:, Puebla de los Angeles, 2004.
1569:, Puebla de los Angeles, 2002.
1517:, Puebla de los Angeles, 2000.
1235:New York: Routledge 2004, p.51
562:Jesuits controversy and recall
1:
2193:Agustín de Ahumada y Villalón
2036:García Sarmiento de Sotomayor
430:(1640−1655), and the interim
18:Don Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
2212:Francisco Cajigal de la Vega
1777:Gutiérrez Bernardo de Quirós
1170:Cayetana Alvarez de Toledo,
1016:Fernando E Rodríguez-Miaja,
36:, the first or paternal
2386:17th-century Spanish clergy
2325:Félix María Calleja del Rey
2286:Félix Berenguer de Marquina
2276:Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca
2242:Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid
2237:Matías de Gálvez y Gallardo
2115:José Sarmiento y Valladares
2066:Antonio Sebastián de Toledo
1811:Pacheco Cabrera y Bobadilla
1633:Gregorio Bartolomé Martínez
1537:Gregorio Bartolomé Martínez
1511:José Eduardo Castro Ramírez
1498:Gregorio Bartolomé Martínez
1478:, v. 11. Mexico City, 1988.
1277:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza,
1078:Palafox de Mendoza, Juan de
695:Archbishop of Santo Domingo
181:Agustín de Spínola Basadone
2447:
1992:Diego Fernández de Córdoba
1933:Martín Enríquez de Almanza
1899:
1720:: an annotated translation
1710:: an annotated translation
1586:Cayetana Alvarez de Toledo
1550:P. Ildefonso Moriones, OCD
1462:Francisco Sánchez-Castañer
1422:Orozco Linares, Fernando,
1414:Una mitra entre dos mundos
1374:Ricardo del Arco y Garay,
1244:Cañeque 2004, pp. 119–120.
777:, since acclaimed king as
691:Diego de Guevara y Estrada
31:
2222:Carlos Francisco de Croix
2056:Juan de Leyva de la Cerda
2031:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
2011:Diego Carrillo de Mendoza
1948:Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga
1938:Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza
1824:
1815:
1805:
1800:
1790:
1781:
1773:
1759:
1750:
1742:
1735:
1343:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
1203:Los virreyes de Mexico IV
1161:retrieved 10 January 2015
741:Juan Gutierrez de Padilla
683:Fernando Montero Espinosa
637:Chinese Rites controversy
413:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
406:
402:
398:
353:
341:
337:
204:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
77:
66:
61:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza
2396:Politicians from Navarre
2320:Francisco Javier Venegas
2232:Martín de Mayorga Ferrer
2188:Juan Francisco de Güemes
2041:Marcos de Torres y Rueda
1599:Montserrat Galí Boadella
1576:Ricardo Fernández Gracia
1524:Ricardo Fernández Gracia
1485:Teófilo Portillo Capilla
1404:México y sus gobernantes
1120:"Biblioteca Palafoxiana"
1045:XII, Madrid 1762, 23-47.
818:Juan González de Mendoza
707:Juan de Mañozca y Zamora
699:Marcos de Torres y Rueda
547:and the Flemish painter
510:Viceroyalty of New Spain
2169:Pedro Cebrián y Agustín
2090:Payo Enríquez de Rivera
2046:Luis Enríquez de Guzmán
2021:Lope Díez de Armendáriz
1943:Pedro Moya de Contreras
1441:Ambrosio Puebla Gonzalo
1320:Diocese of Osma-Soria,
1254:Chen, Min-Sun (2003),
1083:Encyclopædia Britannica
687:Bishop of Nueva Segovia
84:Blessed Juan de Palafox
2340:Juan O'Donojú y O'Ryan
2271:Juan Vicente de Güemes
2144:Fernando de Alencastre
2134:Juan Ortega y Montañés
2110:Juan Ortega y Montañés
1977:Juan de Mendoza y Luna
1746:Antonio Valdés Herrera
1737:Catholic Church titles
1691:Biographical essay in
1650:Biblioteca Palafoxiana
1476:Enciclopedia de México
1402:García Puron, Manuel,
1096:Brading 1991, p. 250
896:. In 1758, under Pope
844:. The work was first
736:
730:Biblioteca Palafoxiana
715:Diego López de la Vega
649:Biblioteca Palafoxiana
609:
130:Antonio Valdés Herrera
2361:Viceroys of New Spain
2281:Miguel José de Azanza
2217:Joaquín de Montserrat
1718:Virtues of the Indian
1708:Virtues of the Indian
1694:Virtues of the Indian
1424:Gobernantes de México
1348:Catholic Encyclopedia
1307:Kenneth L. Woodward,
1109:58,1 (2018): 245–284.
1032:Brading 1991, p. 242
727:
600:
520:on 27 December 1639.
506:Puebla de los Ángeles
489:, the sister of King
481:Ecclesiastical career
471:Council of the Indies
289:Roman Catholic Church
152:Puebla de los Ángeles
94:Roman Catholic Church
2100:Melchor Portocarrero
1818:Viceroy of New Spain
1753:Bishop of Osma-Soria
1366:El venerable Palafox
1218:Jonathan I. Israel,
1140:Brading 1991, p. 251
980:Brading 1991, p. 237
846:published in Spanish
711:Archbishop of México
647:Palafox founded the
529:Viceroy of New Spain
436:Viceroy of New Spain
432:Archbishop of Mexico
348:Viceroy of New Spain
2431:Spanish sinologists
2291:José de Iturrigaray
2026:Diego López Pacheco
1678:Oxford Text Archive
1622:16 May 2008 at the
1617:subscription access
1231:Alejandro Cañeque,
884:petitioned for his
882:Charles II of Spain
779:John IV of Portugal
545:Pedro García Ferrer
2149:Baltasar de Zúñiga
2105:Gaspar de la Cerda
1888:Antonio de Mendoza
1801:Political offices
1700:Virtudes del indio
1672:, by Genaro Garcia
1613:Grove Music Online
890:Pope Benedict XIII
856:De bello tartarico
828:) reported on the
745:maestro di capilla
737:
610:
491:Philip IV of Spain
139:Nicolás Martinez,
2348:
2347:
2095:Tomás de la Cerda
1928:Gastón de Peralta
1834:
1833:
1825:Succeeded by
1809:Diego Roque López
1791:Succeeded by
1760:Succeeded by
1582:, Pamplona, 2002.
1563:Pedro Angel Palou
1528:El virrey Palafox
1107:Historia Mexicana
925:Pope John Paul II
767:at war with Spain
719:Bishop of Badajoz
703:Bishop of Yucatán
679:Bishop of Durango
419:and a viceroy of
410:
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179:by Cardinal
16:(Redirected from
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2085:Pedro Nuño Colón
1958:Gaspar de Zúñiga
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1774:Preceded by
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174:Consecration
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1867:Viceroys of
1126:4 September
906:Clement XIV
842:Philippines
657:real cédula
630:Old Castile
626:see of Osma
448:Old Castile
376:Preceded by
308:5 June 2011
154:(1639–1653)
126:Predecessor
100:Archdiocese
2355:Categories
2262:Charles IV
2076:Charles II
1968:Philip III
1725:MA Thesis
1356:References
834:Ming China
580:(colegios)
454:Early life
167:April 1629
164:Ordination
150:Bishop of
118:Term ended
2002:Philip IV
1919:Philip II
1879:Charles V
1870:New Spain
933:Venerable
798:Catalonia
790:Audiencia
783:Audiencia
572:doctrinas
541:Visitador
369:Philip IV
356:In office
305:Beatified
280:1 October
277:Feast day
272:Sainthood
136:Successor
110:Appointed
2125:Philip V
1620:Archived
1122:. UNESCO
880:In 1694
830:conquest
812:Writings
763:Portugal
717:(1650),
709:(1645),
701:(1645),
693:(1642),
685:(1640),
677:(1640),
653:Americas
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458:Born in
32:In this
1715:eBooks
1705:Amazon
1683:JSTOR:
1666:Spanish
1339::
1071::
838:Manchus
836:by the
832:of the
794:oidores
765:, then
568:Jesuits
460:Navarre
440:Jesuits
365:Monarch
299:Blessed
215:Navarre
56:Blessed
46:Mendoza
42:Palafox
38:surname
1767:O.S.H.
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713:; and
616:. The
608:, 1643
518:Madrid
467:Monzón
421:Mexico
332:S.D.B.
250:Buried
211:Fitero
190:Bishop
159:Orders
141:O.S.H.
90:Church
1822:1642
1043:Obras
950:Notes
732:, in
604:, by
417:Spain
346:18th
323:Spain
319:Soria
266:Spain
262:Soria
244:Spain
240:Soria
219:Spain
1449:ISBN
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1390:ISBN
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1128:2023
904:and
728:The
618:pope
614:Rome
236:Osma
226:Died
200:Born
187:Rank
104:Osma
72:Osma
70:and
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1345:".
1080:".
628:in
446:in
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