1769:, often castrating them and using Yangban women to light candles or pour water. Dongmong also led to a curious marriage practice called 'three-day marriage.' Dongmong, searching for partners, hung white scarves on the door of the house of a Yangban who had an unmarried daughter. This meant that the daughter had to marry the Dongmong. To escape the forced marriage, fathers often found another suitable young man and made the daughter marry him within three days in secret. By November, three-day marriage had become so prevalent that the only virgins left were girls under fourteen years of age. Posa, tiger hunters who served effectively as soldiers, cooperated with the Seongchal and Dongmong to fight against the Yangban resistance.
1370:. The rebels organized adequately in Mujang, and on 20 March, the 4,000 rebels of Mujang turned towards Mount Baek, Gobu. While camped in Mount Baek, the army grew to tens of thousands. Choe Deokyeong's 300 peasants joined them from the north. Here, the aphorism came: "When sitting, a white mountain; when standing, a bamboo mountain." (rebels mostly wore white and used bamboo spears. The term may have appeared earlier, however, as Mount Juk, meaning 'bamboo mountain,' could only be seen when standing, as it was covered by smaller Mount Baek, 'white mountain.') On 22 March, the rebels destroyed the reservoir and burned down governmental offices and storage.
2904:(see left), betrayed by his lieutenant Kim Gyeongcheon. Jeon suspected Kim had betrayed him and leaped out of the two-story house holding his musket. However, the house was surrounded by governmental soldiers, and he was hit many times with large sticks, causing him to break his legs. Jeon was imprisoned and taken to Seoul. Kim Gyeongcheon went into hiding because he feared that the rebels would kill him. Trials were not held because the government wanted to immediately put Jeon, Son Hwa-jung, Choe Gyeong-Seon, and Kim Deokmyeong on trial. (these four, along with Kim Gae-Nam, are known as the Five Donghak Generals)
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1424:, or chicken cages. The Jangtae blocked most bullets, thus rendering the government's superior weapons useless. Moreover, Jeon placed the rebel army so that they would divide Yi Hakseung's troops into three separate divisions. Yi Hakseung ordered the troops to use their cannons. Still, they did not work because the pro-rebel villagers had put water inside the cannons (following the incident, rumours spread throughout the government forces that a ghost had destroyed the cannons). More than 300 governmental forces but only two rebels died in the
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hundreds of
Donghak believers, with Gang Gyeongjun, Oh Jiyeong, and Go Yeongsuk at their heads. The magistrate of Mujang ordered the Donghak believers to hand over the parchment and reveal the location of Son Hwajung. They were beaten and flogged until their bodies were hunks of flesh. But the parchment was with Son Hwajung to the north, as were the other leaders, and after ten days of torture, the three leaders were executed for murder and
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1003:(aristocrats),' the Saljugye, 'Association of the Killers of the (slave's) masters,' the Salryakgye, 'Association of Killers and robbers,' the Geomgye, 'Sword association,' the Judogye, 'Association of the drunk,' the Yudan, 'League of Wanderers', and the Nokrimdang, 'Group of the Green Woods' (Nokrimdang were 'noble thieves,' who stole from the rich and gave to the poor).
1326:
3242:, is open to controversy. Jeon Bong-jun first met Heungseon in 1890 in Unhyeon Palace. Jeon lived with the Great Regent Heungseon from 1890 to 1892 and revisited him in February 1893. In the meeting, Jeon said to the Heungseon: "I wish to die for the country and the people." There were many rumors that the Heungseon had secretly caused the rebellion in this meeting.
2893:
rebel leader Kim Gae-nam was captured. Kim had been betrayed by a friend named Yim
Byeongchan and captured by 80 governmental soldiers who surrounded the house of Kim's brother-in-law. Kim was dragged to Naju. On 13 December, he was put to death by beheading, and his corpse was ripped apart in five. The magistrate of Naju ate Kim's intestines and liver.
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besiege Namwon. Although the fortress was bombed and shelled, the rebels did not come out. Finally, the governmental troops stacked hay around the east, west, and south walls and burned the hay. The wooden doors burned along, and the rebels fled through the north door. Hundreds of rebels were killed in the Siege of Namwon.
1026:"Do not fear nor be scared! The people of the world call me Hanulnim. How do you not know me?" Said Hanul. I asked the reason he had appeared to me. "...I made you in this world so that you could teach my holy word to the people. Do not doubt my word!" Hanulnim replied. "Do you seek to teach the people with
5110:"Although there is a theory that postulates that the Donghak was only a motivation for a few extremists, or that it only acted as a device for peasants to express their already existing desire for change, it misrepresenting Donghak's role as an ideological start or the religion of the leading rebels."
3245:
It is also said that the
Heungseon (or occasionally Gojong himself) sent a messenger to Jeon after the Jeonju Truce, asking him to drive out the Japanese. This has not been confirmed. For evidence, the message of Mikhail Hitrovo, the Russian envoy to Japan who sent his message to the Russian envoy to
2934:
rebels, forming the region's last organized rebel army. On 15 December, the final major battle in Jeolla
Province, the Battle of the Seokdae Fields, was fought between Yi Bangeon's rebels and the Japanese. This battlefield is now one of the Four Battlefields of the Donghak Revolution. Thirty thousand
2384:
On 18 December, 2,600 rebel forces gathered in
Jonggok. The rebels included the great Northern leader Son Byeonghui, whose family lived near Jonggok, and the patriarch of Donghak, Choe Sihyeong. Japanese sources report that the rebels were cooking meals when the Japanese attacked them. Because of the
2207:
The leadership recruited rebels in Jinju by sending out public documents in significant markets. On 8 September 1894, 7,000 rebels gathered in Sugok Market and established the
Chungyeong Daedoso, a center of rebel activities. By 17 September, a joint army of Suncheon and Jinju rebels had captured the
2140:
converted the population to
Donghak in January 1892. After the fall of Jeonju Fortress, the Jindo magistrate Yi Heuiseung (who, like Jo, built two monuments to himself) fled. However, Confucian scholars maintained order on the island through an army called Suseonggun. In July, Son Haenggwon assaulted
1904:
Jeon placed his army so the rebels stretched sixteen kilometers from Panchi to Mount
Bonghwang. Jeon was at the center of this line, surrounded by flags and riding his white horse. The government forces defended the sides (Hyopyo, Ungchi, Mount Bonghwang) while the Japanese were stationed in Ugeumchi
1399:
The government sent Yi
Gyeonghyo to quell the rebellion and made an emergency army of 700 soldiers and 600 merchants. The 10,000 rebels lured governmental forces into Hwangto Pass. In the dawn of April the 7th, the governmental soldiers charged into the rebel camp but found it empty. Soldiers were in
1340:
Donghak believers and angered peasants began forming a rebel army. They used the Sabal
Tongmun, whose names were written around a circular cone to form a circle. The Sabal Tongmun made the leader of the writers unclear (because it was impossible to know who had signed their name first). On 10 January
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Jeon Bong-jun, meanwhile, led his followers into Boeun, which became the most violent and revolutionary petition in the Gyojo Shinwon Movement. His followers all wore blue clothes with red gloves. About 80,000 believers, with the flags "Expel Westerners and Japanese," gathered in the market and built
1167:
ordered the Northern messengers to "go to your homes. If you do, I may grant your plea". Meanwhile, Seo Inju and the Southern Jeob were threatening Westerners and Japanese with bodily harm, saying, "If you do not flee by March the seventh, we shall all kill you. You are causing injustice in a foreign
3453:
In August 1893, in the Jeob of Jeongeub, there were words about the parchment of the Buddha. Son Hwajung said he would like to read it, if only for the thunder. Then, the believer Oh Hayeong said they should not worry about the lightning: "I hear that when such parchments are hidden, the hider casts
3208:
The revolution was fundamentally based on the Donghak religion and should thus be called the 'Donghak Rebellion' or the 'Donghak Revolution.' This argument is based on the fact that every pre-1922 source called the 'Donghak Rebellion,' and every major leader was a Jeobju or Poju. This was the stance
3005:
Meanwhile, the Northern leaders Choe Sihyeong and Son Byong-hi had fled after the defeat at Jonggok. In January 1898, Choe and Son escaped arrest because Kim Yeonguk had been misidentified for Choe Sihyeong. In April 1898, however, Choe was captured and put on trial. Because the government wished to
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The rebels gathered in Cheongdan, 2.5 kilometers away from Haeju. Seven thousand rebels were camped in the east and the South, and 400 were hidden in the pine forests. Ten thousand were camped 400 meters away, and 14,000 were camped a kilometer away. Because the rebels lacked rifles and other modern
2609:
On 26 October, the survivors, including Cha, regathered. On 11 November, they began the Battle of Mount Odae, in which Maeng's soldiers surrounded Mount Odae and began to climb it and defeat the rebels inside. One hundred rebels were killed, and 40 houses were burned. Cha was captured on 14 November
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far to the north, and in his absence, the governmental soldiers attacked Namwon. On 13 November, the rebels were driven away from the outskirts of Namwon in a small battle. The 3,000 rebels fled to Namwon Fortress. Jo Byeongho, the governmental leader, led 2,000 soldiers armed with modern weapons to
1896:
On 8 November, two battalions lured governmental forces so that the major rebel forces would not meet a large governmental army in Ugeumchi. At 3:00 in the afternoon, the rebels concentrated the governmental forces in Yiyin and Hyopyo, where 10,000 rebels were. The other 200,000 rebels were crossing
1727:
attacked Naju with 3,000 rebels, and the landowners of Naju began to fortify Naju against rebel attacks. Jeon met the Naju landowners and convinced them to allow Jibgangso construction in Naju. However, Naju was still not under complete rebel control and later became the center of rebel persecution.
1348:
For a week, the rebels destroyed prisons and freed innocent prisoners, armed themselves with weapons from the local armory, punished corrupt officials who had been captured, returned taxed and fined property to original owners, and destroyed Manseokbo Reservoir. However, the crisis ended when Jo was
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So they gathered thousands of coils of ropes and hundreds of hammers, crushed the navel of the Buddha, and took out the parchment inside. They had imprisoned the Buddhists in fear of intervention, and they reported the Donghak believers to the government. That day, the magistrate of Mujang captured
2665:
By 27 November, the rebels had captured most of the Hwanghae coast, including Haeju, without a significant battle. However, at the dawn of 27 November, 400 rebels camped on Pyeongsan were assaulted by governmental forces and fled south to Nucheon. Knowing that the Japanese and the government troops
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before the Korean War. The rebels lacked guns, and they used birch branches as weapons. They also lacked pots and cooked rice over cattle hide. Because of the narrowness of the pass, the rebels were crowded, and it was easy for Maeng's troops to fire into the camp and kill the rebels. Maeng himself
1957:
After the Battle of Taein, on 28 November 1894, Jeon formally dissolved the Donghak Army. The rebels cried: "We thought Jeon Nokdu (Jeon's nickname) would save us, but now we are all going to die." Jeon answered: "War is a game of luck. Why is it that you blame me?". He then dressed up as a peasant
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In 1820, a few days after Yi Seogu became governor of Jeolla, Yi went south to Seonun Temple, Mujang, to see what was inside the navel of the Stone Buddha of Dosol Cliff. But as he was opening the navel, thunder struck, he could not read the parchment inside but had to seal the navel again. He had
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concept of Paradise, and 'winter' refers to the persecution of the rebels. 'Why did you come out' refers to the peasants' anger at foreign intervention. This song is sung all over Korea and seems to have been first sung at the execution of Jeon. There are many versions of this song, with different
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killed his lieutenant when he revealed himself as a former rebel. Jeon Haesan, the most famous of the Jeolla Righteous Army leaders, was often called the 'son of Jeon Bong-jun' and participated in more than 70 battles from 1905 to 1910 against the Japanese before he was hanged in 1910. However, in
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Although Jeon Bong-jun officially disbanded the rebel army after the Battle of Taein, many other commanders did not disband their respective armies until December. On 1 December, Son Hwa-jung and Choe Gyeong-seon disbanded their rebel armies in Gwangju and went into hiding. The same day, the great
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Kim's opponent was Kuwabara Eiziro and his Japanese battalion, along with governmental troops with little morale. Kim's 15,000 men attacked from the South, while Son Cheonmin's 10,000 attacked from the North. The defenders of Cheongju lacked morale due to the Daejeon Massacre, and Kim nearly broke
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On 25 November, the Japanese caught up with the rebels and camped in Mount Gumi. Despite rebel strategic superiority, the Japanese firepower annihilated both the rebels and the city of Taein. A historian, Park Eunsik, recorded "nothing left in Taein for 40 kilometers". Forty civilian houses, along
2970:
The last battle in the Donghak Revolution was the Battle of Mount Daedun on 17 February. The 30 rebels held the mountain for three days until a Japanese battalion attacked them by climbing up the rocky cliffs. Only a young child survived. However, rebels were still killed in 1895 in various ways.
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due to the large number of rebels, they finally directly charged at the rebels. Although the rebels only had old-fashioned muskets, the superior numbers of the rebels wore out the Japanese soldiers. The rebels fled and were chased for 600 meters. Minor skirmishes continued until January 1895, and
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and attacked Japanese scouts at 6:00 am on 2 December 1894. The battle continued until 8:00 when the rebels finally fled. Tens of rebels were again killed, and many were captured. Suzuku discovered a manifesto from the captured rebels written by Choe Sihyeong, the Donghak patriarch. The manifesto
2310:
Two hundred rebels were killed in the Battle of Cheongju. The rebels also lost large amounts of weaponry, including many rebel banners, thousands of bows and arrows, 140 rifles, 2,000 flintlock muskets, 150 kilograms of gunpowder, two cannons, and 50 horses. After the Battle of Cheongju, Kim went
2251:
On 14 October, 5,000 rebels defended Mount Goseong Fortress against the Japanese. Using the fortress, the rebels fought fiercely against Colonel Suzuki's Japanese battalion but were ultimately defeated by Japanese firepower. One hundred eighty-seven rebels were killed, causing Mount Goseong to be
1123:
By the 1890s, Donghak believers began a petition to overturn the 1863 Choe Je-u's execution charges. The religion was split by this time into the 'Northern Jeob' and the 'Southern Jeob.' Seo Inju, leader of the Southern Jeob, asked Choe Sihyeong, the Gyoju, for a petition. Choe did not answer the
2420:
On 18 November, two Japanese platoons were located on the northern slopes, another platoon to the northeast and another to the southeast. At dawn, the southeast platoon ambushed the rebels, who resisted for two hours, aided by their superior knowledge of the terrain. However, they were forced to
1908:
Because of their weak weapons, they were unable to cross Ugeumchi. The Japanese used cannons and rifles and had proper military training. Although small groups of rebels crossed the 'death line' more than forty times, they were all shot down. After one charge at the Japanese, only 10,000 of the
1889:
On 24 and 25 October, the Battle of Ung Pass, or Ungchi, occurred between rebels and a coalition army of Japanese soldiers, governmental forces, and anti-rebel guerrillas. Ungchi was a pass that led straight to Gongju, a crucial location for the rebels. However, the rebels were not able to take
1833:
The Northern leader, Son Byong-hi, led 10,000–100,000 Northern Jeob followers as the General of the Northern Jeob. Jeon also led 12,000–100,000 Southerners as the General of the Southern Jeob (most recent estimates give a total army of about 50,000). However, Kim Kaenam was absent; he led 5,000
1829:
On 14 September, Northern and Southern leaders gathered in Samrye. It is said that Jeon rode a white horse in this meeting. The Northern flags said 'Conquer the South,' while Southern ones said 'Conquer the Foreigners' or 'Protect the Nation.' After a month of negotiations, on 12 October, Choe
1336:
Of these, the construction of the Manseokbo reservoir caused the most fury. Yedeung Reservoir had caused the Baedeul fields to not suffer from starvation ever since Yedeung was built. However, the construction of the new reservoir blocked creeks in the region, causing widespread damage through
3216:
The revolution was fundamentally based on the peasants who were suppressed by the government and should thus be called the 'Peasant Rebellion of 1894', the 'Peasant Revolution of 1894', or the 'Peasant War of 1894'. This argument is based on Jeon Bong-jun's testimony: "There were many angered
2557:
Ishimori fought against 3,000 rebels in Pyeongchang on 1 December 1894. The rebels scattered after an hour of battle. Seventy rebels were instantly killed, 30 died from their wounds, and ten prisoners were killed for attempted rebellion. The Gangneung rebels ceased to exist after this battle.
2424:
Three hundred seventy rebels were killed, 770 were wounded, and 17 were captured. The rebels also lost 140 guns, two trumpets, 228 spears, 26,500 Chinese bullets, 30 flags, 226 sacks of rice, and 13 sacks of barley. Kim Bokyong was captured and executed on the spot, and the other leaders were
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is planning a great riot as its leader, beginning in summer or autumn. Already, the leaders are buying weapons from China and Japan, and 4,000 rifles have already been purchased. A few are from Japan, and a few Japanese have joined this scheme, of which the Japanese government knows nothing
3224:
The rebel leaders were Donghak believers, but the armies were aggravated peasants. They should thus be called the 'Donghak Peasant Revolution,' 'Donghak Peasant Rebellion,' 'Donghak Peasant War,' or the 'Donghak Peasant Movement.' Jeon testified, "Our leaders were Donghak, but the army were
2769:, my grandfather caused a Donghak rebellion. But and fled to a village called Neuteulgol where slash-and-burners lived. He hid in a potato container, but two Japanese soldiers opened the lid and ordered him to come out. So, he commits suicide by splitting his stomach open with a dagger.
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surprise attack, the rebels were not able to put up a suitable defense, leading to 2,500 rebels out of 2,600 being killed. (Some scholars prefer the term Jonggok Massacre.) Both Choe and Son survived but fled towards the South. Minor skirmishes continued in this region until 28 December.
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On 13 October, Cha attacked Dongchang, where the taxes collected in Gangwon were brought to Seoul by boat. He burned down Dongchang and gave the taxes to the peasants. The magistrate of Hongcheon reports that after the destruction of Dongchang, more and more people joined Cha's army.
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by the 1870s, causing the need for a better organization. Donghak was organized into 'Jeob' and 'Po.' A 'Jeobju' administered a 'Jeob.' For example, Jeon Bong-jun, the leader of the revolution, was Jeobju of Gobu. Under a Jeobju was a 'Myeonjeobju.' In large towns (such as Taein or
2295:
Meanwhile, the city of Cheongju was the Donghak division commanded by the Great Jeobju, Son Cheonmin. Kim Gae-nam and Son Cheonmin cooperated to attack Cheongju in the Battle of Cheongju on 9 December 1894. Because Kim did not fight at Ugeumchi, his army of 25,000 was still strong.
1814:
Choe Sihyeong was staunchly anti-rebel, as he feared that a large-scale rebellion based on the Donghak religion would end with the destruction of Donghak. The Northern Jeob had to fight against the largely Southern Jeob rebels to escape persecution. Here is an excerpt of his words:
1373:
The rebels camped for four days in Gobu, and new rebels joined them daily. After making Jeon Bong-jun the leader and Kim Gae-nam and Son Hwa-Jung as generals, the rebels occupied Taein (1 April) and Buan (4 April). The leaders also ordered the rebels to follow the four guidelines:
3454:
lightning spells so that people cannot read it. I do not think anything will happen. The lightning spell will already have been cast when Yi Seogu attempted to open the seal, and the spell will have been gone. We must open it when it is time, and I shall take all responsibility."
3428:
This is a wordplay. The first line, 'Gabo,' can mean 'Let us go' and '1894'. 'Eulmi' refers to 'slow' and '1895', and 'Byeongshin' refers to 'Destruction' and '1896'. This song's literal meaning is 'Let us go in 1894, for if we do not win by 1895, we shall be destroyed by 1896.'
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reports that "it was impossible to see how many died," but descendants have estimated 1,800~2,000. Descendants also note that the battle continued for three or four days. The Seonang Pass was renamed Jajak Pass because the blood made a 'Jajak' sound as it rolled down the pass.
2963:. In his testimony, Jeon emphasized that Donghak believers formed only a small fragment of the rebels, the majority being peasants seeking vengeance. However, he also explained the theology of Donghak to the court. He also denied connections with the Great Regent Heungseon.
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He built the Manseokbo Reservoir under the existing Min Reservoir (now Yedeung Reservoir). He took water taxes from the peasants, two sacks of rice for using the upper reservoir, and a sack of rice for using the lower reservoir. He collected seven hundred sacks of rice in
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worship God, care not for wealth, conquer the world, build temples, and spread their faith. I was wondering whether I, too, could do such a thing. On an April day, my mind was unnerved, and my body trembled... Suddenly, a voice could be heard. I rose and asked who he was.
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False Donghak, "those... who hate foreigners... are suppressed by local magistrates, suffer from inflation, or can no longer mine for gold. Most are gold miners, and that is because... gold mining was banned last year, and... they no longer have money, and they wish for
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Susseonggun bases, taking matchlock rifles, swords, bullets, gunpowder, and tridents. At a similar time, Park Jungjin attacked the Suseonggun at Shimijang village. He was killed, and his daughter captured; descendants destroyed the family tree and burned down the house.
1890:
Ungchi. Most were armed with only bows and arrows, spears, swords, and seventeenth-century-style muskets, which could not defeat the coalition's superior firepower. The Northern Jeob experienced severe casualties in Ungchi because they lacked proper training in war.
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execute Choe before he died of disease, the trials were speedily done. Son Byong-hi and a group of other believers attempted to free Choe by bribing the judges with land, but Choe was executed after a month. He was buried in the cemetery with a small marker saying '
1420:, and General Yi Hakseung chased after them. Yi Hakseung attacked while the rebels were camped on the Hwangryong River, eating lunch. The rebel leader Yi Bangeon envisioned a new strategy. The rebels fled to the mountains, then ran downhill, rolling thousands of
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agency. Under the Jeobju were the Seogi, the Seongchal, the Jibsa, the Posa, and the Dongmong. For deciding on matters, there was a council, with the Jeobjang and Jeobsa at its head, who voted on town matters. Yi Yihwa sees this as a rudimentary democracy.
1479:
On 7 May, Kim Hak-jin, the new administrator of Jeonju, ordered Hong to make peace with the rebels. The rebels, suffering from lack of food, accepted. This came to be called the Treaty of Jeonju (全州和約) or Jeonju Truce. Hong accepted twelve rebel requests:
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In this song, the 'roller' are the Japanese soldiers (who wore blue uniforms). The 'Nokdu Fields' is Jeon Bong-jun, and 'When the Nokdu Flower Falls' is the execution of Jeon Bong-jun. The 'jelly sellers' are the peasants of Korea. 'Summer' refers to the
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claims that 'the patriotic line' descends from Jeon Changhyeok (Jeon Bong-jun's father and Gyojo Shinwon leader) through Jeon Bong-jun to Jeon Haesan. The South Korean Ministry of Education claims that this is North Korean textbook revisionism to glorify
2523:
On 7 September, an anti-rebel battalion led by Yi Hoewon assaulted the sleeping rebels in the rainy dawn. Twenty rebels were killed, and Yi's forces took seven guns, 157 spears, and two horses. The rebels passed the Daegwanryeong Pass into Pyeongchang.
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the 'Baby Jeobju' (Kim Gu was eighteen at the time, compared to the 40-year-old Jeon Bong-jun or the 32-year-old Son Byong-hi), were believers in Donghak, most of the rebels were gold miners. Lieutenant Suzuku classified Hwanghae rebels in three ways:
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The jangtae was initially intended for raising chickens but used to avoid bullets by hiding behind them by filling the inside of the jangtae with rice straw or rolling it down from a high place to block the soldiers coming up to suppress the peasant
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On 29 March, the four leaders were hanged for treason. Later, Confucian scholars stole the bodies, beheaded them, and displayed the heads in public. Only Choe Gyeong-seon's body has been identified, and the locations of the other three are unknown.
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and took governmental weapons. After organizing their army in Mount Soto, the rebels camped in Mount Seseong with their newfound weaponry. Mount Seseong was more of a low hill, 22 meters high, defended by a low wall, which has been in use since the
3293:
Seito's account is generally regarded as pseudohistorical by Korean historians. Jeon only had 20 followers at the beginning of the Gobu Revolt, compared with 600 in Seito's account. Also, Seito's list of battles and Jeon Bong-jun's account in the
1042:. Choe himself said that "the meanings are the same; only the words are different". The Donghak conversion rite, in which hundreds of people gathered in an open place and knelt before a cup of clean water, was partly influenced by the Christian
1132:. Seo Inju and the Southern Jeob independently held a petition to free imprisoned Donghak believers and to restore the honor of Choe Je-u, which was not easily granted. In November 1892, Jeon Bong-jun led the Samrye Petition, petitioning for:
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We... are determined to follow this new doctrine (Donghak) only because we want people to reform themselves, to be loyal to their king, to show filial piety to their parents, to respect their teachers, and to show friendship to their fellow
2203:
Meanwhile, Hadong and Jinju, who were Kim's targets, were experiencing rebel activities. Hadong rebels were chased west by the government, joining Kim Inbae. With the guidance of the Hadong rebels, Kim Inbae captured Hadong on 7 September.
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an earthen fortress. Revolutionary thoughts include, "In other countries, the people hold councils and decide upon the government. This petition is like that. Why suppress it?" formed. The petition was also more extreme. The requests were:
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Sometime in December, Choe Gyeong-seon was also captured. On 1 January 1895, the last rebel leader, Kim Deokmyeong, was captured in Wonpyeong. The four leaders were put on trial, and Jeon Bong-jun's testimony during the trials formed the
2164:
Gyeongsang Province had a solid Confucian influence, and the casualties of Yi Pil-je's Revolt in 1871 were still fresh. It took until August for Gyeongsang rebels to begin revolting. Suppression of revolts was an organized effort, with
2247:
On 10 October, 400 rebels gathered in Mount Geumo, a few kilometers west of Jinju, where Japanese forces ambushed them. Although the rebels lost more than seventy men in the Battle of Mount Geumo, the rebels still held Jinju Fortress.
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hid in Jindo after the Battle of Seokdae Fields. However, the rebels had lost all military power and were captured and imprisoned. On 27 December, Japanese soldiers executed fifty rebels. Cheondoism remained in Jindo until the 1950s.
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In Namwon, Kim Kaenam also battled landowners with 3,000 rebels, took the fortress, and hanged Kim Yongheon, the anti-rebel leader. Unbong surrendered at the sight of the rebels. Remaining Jibgangso include Daechang High School in
2543:. In response, the Japanese army sent Captain Ishimori against the Gangneung rebels on 3 November. On 5 November, 10,000 rebels had a two-hour-long battle against Ishimori's troops but were ultimately defeated. The rebels fled to
4849:
2685:
With the guidance of the officials of Haeju, the Japanese defeated hundreds of rebels in the hour-long Battle of Gohyeonjang, killing "tens of thieves." They also captured and beheaded several rebels and burned five houses.
1819:
The government does not know the difference between medicine (Northern) and poison (Southern). They will burn the stones (Southern) and the jade (Northern)... Hence, we must prove our allegiance to the king by conquering the
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agencies. However, certain Korean historians such as Yi Yihwa and Japanese historians generally regard Saito's account to be partially valid, especially as there was a large body of Japanese soldiers in Korea at the time.
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at the time, gladly obliged. On 21 October, Maeng and Cha battled in the Jangya Fields, in which more than 30 rebels were killed. The rebels fled to Seoseok, into the 'Seonang Pass.' It was so named because there was an
3135:. The 1895 Righteous Army was led by Confucian scholars who killed rebels when they attempted to enter. However, the Righteous Armies of 1905 and 1907 were almost entirely composed of rebels. For example, Yu Eunshik of
3326:, but Jeon refused, calling Japan "my enemy" and saying, "It is not my purpose to seek my petty life through the hands of an enemy." He also said, "I am your enemy, and you are my enemy." However, Jeon also asked the
2512:, which lacked defenses. The rebels gave one sack of rice to each peasant by taking the wealth of the rich and built strongholds in most marketplaces. The rebels formed their court, lowered taxes, and punished corrupt
2292:, at the time a small village called Hanbat, between rebels and governmental forces. This came to be called the Daejeon Massacre. Seventy-eight rebels gave 78 government soldiers alcohol, then killed them while drunk.
982:
During the late 19th century, Korean society faced various social problems such as inequality, corruption, and excessive taxation. These problems later sparked a series of peasant-led rebellions, which began with the
1808:. Jeon decided he should defeat the Japanese by taking control of Korea and severing Japanese supply lines. However, he knew he would have to get the support of the Northern Jeob, who commanded all Donghak outside
2669:
On 29 November, Suzuku captured the town of Gajichon. However, there were no men in Gajichon. When the women of Gajichon were interrogated, they revealed that all grown men had been ordered to go to the town of
1912:
Meanwhile, in Hyopyo, the 10,000 rebels captured various peaks, but the Japanese instantly reinforced them whenever the governmental forces seemed to break. By 10 November, both armies retreated to Nonsan. The
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The Japanese reached Onjeong, only to find it empty. The magistrate of Onjeong said that the rebels had never come and that they were to go to Haeju rather than Onjeong. Haeju, too, was empty. The governor of
1400:
chaos. Suddenly, the rebels, moving under the cover of fog, emerged from the mountains and attacked the governmental forces, killing a thousand soldiers. Most of the rebels were unharmed in the thus concluded
1056:
Certain beliefs were unique to Donghak. Choe Je-u said that "All humans are Hanulnim". Choe promoted human equality and created certain ideologies, such as the belief that the world was a cycle of 5,000 years
1081:) were a 'Great Jeobju,' as Kim Gae-nam was the Great Jeobju of Taein. Various Jeobs were organized into a 'Po,' and a 'Poju' led a Po. The 'Gyoju,' at the time Choe Sihyeong, led the whole Donghak religion.
4775:
2730:. There were occasional reports of rebels killing magistrates or attacking Japanese support lines, but such instances were rare. Also, there were only two Jeobju for all of Pyongan, compared with seven for
1755:. They also reprinted orders and publications from the rebel leaders, displayed them on marketplaces, and gave them to the people. Most Seogi were progressive Yangban, as the scribes had to have literacy.
755:
658:
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Although Choe Sihyeong had banned rebel activities among the Northern Jeob during the spring of 1894, many Chungcheong rebels were Northern Jeob. By 22 March, rebels of Hoenggang, Yeongdeung, Cheongsan,
2779:
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Also, by December, the Anti-Japanese Frontier had been pushed down to the southern coast of Korea. On 7 December, the Japanese finally killed Kim Inbae, the Great Jeobju of Geumgu, who had aided the
937:
for military intervention, to which the Qing responded with a deployment of 2,700 soldiers. Japan, angered that the Qing government had not informed Japan before the intervention (as promised in the
1804:, Jeon's strategy seemed to crush the fleeing Japanese from the South while the Chinese soldiers chased them from the North. However, his prediction was proved wrong, with a major Chinese defeat in
1221:
Northern Jeob leaders, such as Choe Sihyeong and Son Byong-hi, feared that the government would execute Donghak believers and stopped the petition within three days. Jeon Bong-jun returned to Gobu.
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During his execution, Kim Gae-nam testified that Jeon had been secretly meeting the Great Regent Heungseon. However, the other four leaders refused to connect the Great Regent with the revolution.
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in this period. The Gwandong Po won against a Japanese battalion in the Battle of Goesan under the leadership of Sim Songhak. The rebels then reached Boeun, thus severing all direct roads between
2355:, and the war sparked anti-Japanese sentiment among the former rebels. In July, 1,000 rebels wandered through various towns, building earthen fortresses in preparation for a Japanese invasion of
3144:, Jeon Haesan says that he "did not like to be called the 'son of Jeon Nokdu'(Jeon Bong-jun's nickname)," presumably meaning he was not Jeon Bong-jun's son. However, the current edition of the
748:
1950:
Fortress to gather an army of 8,000 rebels. However, they abandoned the fort because of the lack of supplies and retreated to Wonpyeong and Taein, the rebel center, to reorganize their army.
1867:
Although the army had started with 40,000 rebels, when they camped at Non Stream, 12 kilometers south of Gongju, the army was 10,000; peasants joined them as they marched. There were also 50
1909:
original 200,000 rebels were left. After the following charge, there were 3,000 rebels left. When the rebels finally retreated on 10 November, only 500 out of an army of 200,000 remained.
1341:
1894, a thousand rebels gathered in an abandoned horse ranch. Splitting into two armies, they destroyed three of the four gates of Gobu and occupied the government office. Jo fled Gobu to
1875:. Inside the Fortress of Gongju were perhaps 3,000 governmental forces led by Gu Sangjo, Seong Hayeong, Jang Yongjin, and Yi Gidong, and some 400 Japanese soldiers led by Colonel Moriya.
3163:
The Donghak religion also experienced a profound change. With the death of Choe Sihyeong, Son Byong-hi became the third patriarch. To escape persecution as 'rebels,' he renamed Donghak '
2951:, they engaged in a scorched-earth strategy, killing 600 civilians and burning villages and sacks of rice. Yi Bangeon was finally captured in Christmas 1894 and beheaded with his son in
952:
Growing Japanese dominance in the Korean Peninsula caused anxiety amongst the rebels. From September to October, the Southern and Northern leaders negotiated the plans for the future in
4362:
1780:, the "Righteous army of Donghak." Rebels called themselves 'Hajeob,' after the lowest Donghak initiate, and called any other person, even children, 'Jeobjang,' a rendering of Jeobju.
1455:
and told the government of the fall of Jeonju. Unable to control the rebellion, the government of Joseon formally requested military assistance from Japan and China. On 3 May, 1,500
3322:). The Japanese asked Jeon to ally with Japan and drive out China to make Korea genuinely independent. Later, in 1895, Danaka attempted to free the imprisoned Jeon and take him to
1436:
After the Hwangryong, a royal messenger brought bribes to quell the rebellion to Jeon. Jeon killed the messenger but took the needed money. Jeon then turned north and occupied
651:
1089:
In 1871, Yi Pil-je, Jeobju of Yeonghae, revolted using the Donghak infrastructure. The revolt failed but proved that Donghak was dangerous to the feudalistic Korean society.
964:, and the rebels were again overthrown in the Battle of Taein. Hostility continued deep into the spring of 1895. The rebel leaders were captured in various locations in the
1716:, and Unbong, however, the rebels met fierce resistance from landowners. Jeon had not subdued these southern cities, as he went north after the Battle of the Hwangryong.
1053:
and folk beliefs. Witnesses record that Choe Je-u participated in animistic rituals to mountain deities. His chants and the Sword Dance were also derived from shamanism.
3267:, Oh Jiyeong claims that the Great Regent attempted a massacre of pro-Japanese politicians in August 1894, simultaneous with the time when Jeon had planned an attack on
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There is an ongoing controversy about the naming of the revolution, connected to the exact role that the Donghak religion played in the revolution. Theories include:
1921:
And we finally destroyed the thieving raiders... It was as if the stars themselves were falling from the sky, and the autumn leaves were being scattered on the lands.
1901:
battalion of 280 soldiers. The Japanese gathered the Korean forces into Ugeumchi. After a night passed, the two armies clashed in Ugeumchi at the dawn of 9 November.
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2778:
3156:
Many former rebels became nationalists and independence activists. The tiger hunter Hong Beomdo, whom Donghak influenced, became a guerrilla leader of Manchuria.
1308:
He fined affluent peasants for dubious crimes, including 'infidelity,' 'lack of harmony,' 'adultery,' and 'needless talents,' by which he collected 20,000 nyang (
915:
and recaptured Gobu in April. The rebels then defeated governmental forces in the Battle of Hwangtojae and the Battle of the Hwangryong River. Jeon then captured
4138:
3785:
2362:
On 12 October, Choe Sihyeong ordered the Northern Jeob to revolt. The rebels of Northern Chungcheong organized under the Jeob and Po and began active revolts.
1030:?" I asked again. "No. I have a magical talisman... use this talisman and save the people from disease, and use this book to teach the people to venerate me!"
2272:. After the defeat at Ugeumchi, Son continued the rebellion until the Battle of Jonggok on 18 December. Chungcheong was the location of the December battles.
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5862:
2359:. The rebels took weaponry from the governmental storages and trained themselves. In August, a small battle was between the Northern and the Southern Jeob.
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1989:
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He taxed a thousand nyang (the equivalent of 700 thousand US dollars) to build a monument to his father, Jo Hugyun, who had been the magistrate of Taein.
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were chasing them, they hurriedly ran to Nucheon. Suzuku captured many Donghak food supplies in Nucheon, including "hundreds of sacks of millet."
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scholar, and that Jeon Bong-jun modeled the revolution after the book. Others claim that the parchment's destiny was to bring the downfall of the
1092:
Yi Pil-je's Revolt seriously undermined Donghak in Gyeongsang Province, causing Choe Sihyeong to spread the religion to the populous provinces of
4725:
4699:
2566:
Rebels of these regions were primarily guerrillas in mountainous terrain. The rebel leader was the legendary Cha Giseok, the Great Jeobju of the
3318:, gave Jeon a gold watch and a horse and had a council with Jeon, which was done not with translation but by using written sentences (both knew
1305:
He promised peasants who farmed abandoned land would be exempt from taxes for five years, but he forced them to pay taxes in the autumn of 1893.
956:. On 12 October, a coalition army of Northern and Southern Jeobs was formed, and the army, numbering 25,000~200,000 (records differ), attacked
4366:
3167:' and fully established the 'Human is Hanulnim' doctrine, thus making Cheondoism a fully pantheistic religion (Choe Je-u seems to have been a
2401:, and northwestern Chungcheong were defeated in the Battle of Mount Seseong. This battle was also the key to Jeon Bong-jun's plan to capture
1765:
Dongmong were young men who were arrested, imprisoned, or even flogged those reported by the Seongchal. They also had a powerful hatred for
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Good times, good times, these are good times. These are the best times to come. What must be done if not to use the Thousand Dragons Blade.
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in 1892, enforced harsh, oppressive policies upon the local peasant population. Correspondingly, in March 1894, a group of peasants led by
2148:. On 10 October, 1,322 soldiers, composed mainly of slaves and lower officials, were sent to defend Jindo against possible rebel attacks.
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The rebels also "did not seek alcohol and women and did not smoke tobacco." They did not forcefully take food but paid for them in money.
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2036:
1645:
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only read the first line: "Yi Seogu, governor of Jeolla, will read this." No one dared read the parchment, for they feared the thunder.
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Another song was sung in September, at the revolution's zenith, but was soon forgotten after the fall of the rebels. This contrasts the
2723:
1751:
Among the Seogi, Seongchal, the Jibsa, and the Dongmong, the Seogi were scribes who kept records of the activities and decisions of the
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The government asked Maeng Yeongjae, a Confucian scholar, to conquer Cha's 'crowd of roving thieves.' Maeng, suppressing the rebels of
2008:
1617:
4095:
3445:, meaning that the legend was already existent at the time. It is one of the few legends relating to the Donghak Peasant Revolution.
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to rendezvous with the other Donghak peasants defeated by government and Japanese troops. But they were defeated and forced back to
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Ringleader Choe Sihyeong.' That night, Son and the others secretly entered the cemetery and took Choe's body. Choe was reburied in
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said that "every town outside of Haeju is full of thieves... two-thirds of all towns in Hwanghae are full of the Donghak raiders".
2437:
was very close to Seoul, rebel activities in Gyeonggi were few. The largest Gyeonggi rebel groups, numbering 1,000 rebels, were in
3160:
the 'Baby Jeobju,' who fought at the Battle of Haeju, became a profound nationalist and one of the most respected Korean leaders.
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2015:
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was the revolution's center, completely seized by the rebels. They formed the core of the Anti-Japanese Frontier and often aided
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weaponry, they were crushed after three Japanese strikes. However, the rebels did not retreat. Because the Japanese also lacked
1893:
The rebels retreated south to Nonsan. Jeon and Son decided to capture Gongju through a different pass: Ugeum Pass, or Ugeumchi.
1740:, Mujang Hall in Mujang (preserved by Mujang magistrates as a historical relic), and Yeosan Office in Yeosan (now a town hall).
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1935:
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The summer of 1894 was marked by rebel rule over most of Southwest Korea. Jeon Bong-jun established the Jeollajwaudo Daedoso (
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In December, there was another petition in the market of Boeun. Many Southern Jeob believers thought they should march into
2955:. With the death of Yi Bangeon, the rebels had been completely exterminated, except for 30 rebels who hid in Mount Daedun.
2196:. On 1 September, Kim crossed the Gyeongsang-Jeolla boundary. His strategy was to charge through the southern coastline to
6013:
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True Donghak, "who mutter incantations and believe that their faith shall cure diseases, bring wealth, and lengthen life."
2550:
On 6 November, the governmental troops killed ten rebels in Jeongseon and burned down 70 houses. The rebels again fled to
2337:
1872:
1321:
While he was building the reservoir, he heedlessly cut down trees centuries old and did not give any wages to the workers.
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A part of the rebel requests, including the remarriage of widows and the freeing of enslaved people, was included in the
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called Mount Gosireong after the sound that a decomposing corpse makes when it rains. The remnants of the rebels fled to
2177:
The forces of the Southwest coasts of Korea were unique in that the Jeolla and Gyeongsang Provinces cooperated to attack
1318:
To send sacks of rice to the government, he sent only sacks of spoiled rice to Seoul, taking unspoiled sacks for himself.
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5868:
4416:
999:
Various secret societies formed, apart from the rebellions, including the Salbangye, 'Association of the Killers of the
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2828:
2004:
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1312:
a unit of Korean currency, equivalent to seventy US dollars, making 20,000 nyang comparable 1.4 million U.S. dollars).
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1150:
and petition before the king, but Choe Sihyeong finally quelled the Boeun petition, instead penning a letter to King
3128:. However, the reform was not supported because it did not have land reform, which was the peasants' greatest need.
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6251:
2735:
2727:
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1801:
1425:
790:
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987:. These events weakened the Joseon government and undermined its control over various regions of Korea outside of
4549:
4459:
2299:
When Jeon and Son gathered the rebel forces in Samrye, Kim did not cooperate. He began his attack only after the
919:
and fought in a siege against Hong Gye-hun's government forces. In May, the rebels agreed on a truce through the
51:
4142:
4139:"Jeongeub Donghak Peasant Revolution>A Shortened Revolution History>The Misconduct of the Gobu Magistrate"
3314:, it is recorded that two Japanese men named Danaka Jiro and Dakeda Hanshi and their fifteen followers, holding
2144:
After the arrival of new officials, the Jindo rebels joined the Naju rebels. Most were captured and returned to
1545:
Following the truce, the rebels climbed out of the fortress using ladders, and Hong entered the empty fortress.
56:
Writing and grammar a little confusing, more context and copyedits needed. Some references missing page numbers.
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We shall not eat dogs or chicken. The meat of a dog weakens and maddens us, and we are born from the power of
3466:
Later stories claim that the parchment in question was a secret guideline on revolutions that was written by
3337:, or former Samurai, to kill political enemies. It has also been speculated that it was Genyosha members who
1463:
forces landed in Incheon. The Japanese inquired why the Qing had not notified the Japanese government by the
1065:) and that this cycle was ending to make way for a new world. This made Donghak potentially dangerous to the
1014:, described the founding of the religion, which Choe Sihyeong, the second Donghak leader, later transcribed:
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executed on 24 and 27 November. The hill was known as Mount Siseong, meaning 'Mountain washed with blood.'
2417:. The rebel leaders were Kim Yongheui, Kim Hwaseong, Kim Seongji, Kim Bokyong, Kim Yeongu, and Won Keumok.
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1939:
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Books are sorted by author's family name, the last part in English, and the first part of a Korean name.
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was converted in 1882 by Choe, as did Kim Gae-nam in 1890. As seen below, he claimed conversion in 1891.
622:
6152:
6031:
4827:
3510:, tells about Baek Yi-kang (this is an unreal character in history) join in Donghak Peasant Revolution.
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2978:
Chaining rebels together, then drowning them in the sea. The coast was said to be littered with corpses.
2853:
2029:
1677:
1638:
4751:
3931:
2332:, and Yeongpung were already giving the wealth of the rich to the poor, and beat and castrated corrupt
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4703:
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4388:
2601:
On 22 October, 2,000 rebels were killed in the consequent Battle of Jajak Pass, the largest battle in
1717:
1069:, which banned the religion and executed Choe in 1864 for 'Tricking and Lying to the Foolish People.'
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Piercing the skull with a sharp wooden stick, then burning the stick so that the brain would explode.
2478:
2454:
2378:
2366:
2352:
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On 9 October, before the Council of Samrye had reached its conclusion, there was a minor skirmish in
1839:
1758:
Meanwhile, the Seongchal were town police who administered the law and reported corrupt officials or
1549:
1401:
690:
3503:
3290:, who landed in Busan on 27 June 1894. The claim is however heavily contended by Korean historians.
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proved that the Haeju rebels were under the command of Choe Sihyeong and the Northern Jeob leaders.
2268:
Chungcheong rebels were under the command of Son Byong-hi, who led the Northern Jeob into battle at
1172:, Christian churches and schools, and districts with a large number of foreigners taking residence.
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6061:
5352:
Boulger, Demetrius Charles; Hazeltine, Mayo W. (1893). "The War with Japan and Subsequent Events".
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1914:
1367:
1297:, the ruling official of Gobu. After his capture, Jeon gave a detailed account of Jo's misdeeds:
1035:
961:
945:. The war resulted in an expulsion of Chinese influence in Korea and also signaled an end to the
925:
908:
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2786:. He is in the center, seated in a carriage because his legs were broken in the escape attempt.
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46:
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The Japanese historian Seito argued that the Donghak Peasant Revolution had been backed by a
2671:
1416:, where Hong Gyehun's governmental troops were waiting. Jeon attempted to lure the troops to
6213:
6026:
5332:
5325:
3616:), the "Donghak Rebellion", the "Peasant Revolt of 1894", and the "Gabo Peasant Revolution".
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3489:
2497:
In these regions, rebels would occupy Gangneung, then flee to mountainous locations such as
2344:
2108:
1050:
1038:. Its core tenets and beliefs (monotheism, sacred books, organized religion) are similar to
864:
459:
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through the south door. Eiziro suddenly assaulted the rebels, and Kim retreated to Muneui.
1886:. On 23 October, a rebel battalion took Yiyin and Hyopyo, four kilometers south of Gongju.
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5497:] (in Korean). translated by 김종익 (1994?). 역사비평사, History Bipyeongsa. pp. 1–351.
2336:. However, the Chungju rebels temporarily stopped activities due to the beginning of the
1201:
Cease all imports of foreign merchandise, wear cotton, and use necessities made in Korea.
740:
470:
4850:"Culture Contents.com>Battles/Diplomacy>Korean Battles>Battle of Mount Seseong"
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south to Muneui but was defeated again. He went into hiding, just as Jeon Bong-jun did.
2284:
Rebel leader Kim Gae-nam, also known as 'King Gae-nam', fought in the Battle of Cheongju
2244:
of Jinju, a government official who specialized in suppressing the Donghak revolutions.
6162:
6137:
3820:
3475:
3467:
3132:
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rebels were present, and 2,000 were killed. As the 800 Japanese soldiers moved through
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Temporary Donghak, "who do not believe the teachings... but join the Donghak religion."
2257:
1855:
1729:
1722:
1292:
1106:
1066:
890:
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Folk Movements of the Late Joseon Dynasty and the Causation of the Donghak Peasant War
3354:
The Donghak Peasant Revolution gave way to various folk songs. The most famous is the
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My grandfather died at thirty-nine. Our home was Haunseung Village, Suha Township, in
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began an uprising against local authorities. The initial revolt was suppressed under
900:
492:
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425:
3171:). Cheondoism was legalized in 1905, but Son was imprisoned in 1919 for leading the
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5888:
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2449:, and other parts of Southeastern Gyeonggi. The Gyeonggi rebels retreated south to
2240:
In response to the fall of the Jinju Fortress, the government sent Ji Seokyeong as
2145:
2125:
2093:
1879:
1868:
1685:
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1345:(he was exiled after the war ended and returned from his exile to become a judge).
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1027:
934:
436:
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331:
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4550:"Encyclopedia of Korean Ethnic History>History>Modern>Battle of Ugeumchi"
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retreat to the west, where they were ambushed again by the two northern platoons.
1689:
Wonpyeong Jipgangso, one of the Jipgangso established by the Donghak Peasant Army.
1548:
Both sides celebrated their 'victory'. Hong held a feast with his soldiers inside
1329:
Sabal Tongmun code, made by twenty rebels of Jeongeub, Gobu, and Taein, including
3481:
The current Dosol Cliff Buddha has a squarely shaped hole in place of the navel.
17:
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All believers in Donghak must rise and punish corrupt officials who support the
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1971:
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1580:
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Meanwhile, on 29 April, the administrator of Jeonju, Kim Mun-hyeon, appeared in
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The rebels held flags signaling their Po and Jeob and spread manifestos titled
1830:
Sihyeong finally cried out to the Northern Jeob: "Shall we die while seated?".
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defeated governmental forces from June to August, in which Jeon would install
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was one of the two provincial capitals to fall to the rebels (the other being
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1413:
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342:
4096:"Shin Byeongju's Finding Roads in History (32)Currency of the Joseon Dynasty"
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5250:] (in Korean). illustrated by Kim Tae-Hyun. Seoul: Safari. p. 327.
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were ruled by Kim Gae-nam's rebels. However, Kim Gae-nam had gone to attack
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and collected taxes from merchants. It is said that Cha killed hundreds of
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to the Dongmong and Posa. Most Seongchal were killed in the Second Revolt.
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1175:
3298:
are different. Additionally, Seito records that an alliance of rebels and
2722:
Province had little rebel activity. It suffered extreme casualties in the
1845:
5784:
5742:
Quick view of Yi Hyeonse Manhwas about Korean History. 9 (Joseon Dynasty)
4460:"Encyclopedia of Korean Ethnic History>History>Modern>Jibgangso"
3327:
3315:
3299:
2901:
2762:
2754:
2731:
2679:
2567:
2536:
2482:
2434:
2112:
1835:
1516:
1245:
1189:
988:
875:
364:
5612:]. 나의 문화 유산 답사기 (in Korean). Vol. 2. Changbi. pp. 1–466.
5587:]. 나의 문화 유산 답사기 (in Korean). Vol. 1. Changbi. pp. 1–348.
5509:매천(梅泉) 황 현이 19세기 당쟁.세도정치의 폐해, 동학농민전쟁, 일제 침략 항일의병활동 등 한시대를 묘파한 "오하기문" 번역서
1111:
was one of the first to convert in 1881, and he converted Jeon in 1891.
6043:
5273:
The Nokdu Flower Blooms Again: Testimony of Donghak Peasant Descendants
3716:
3714:
3400:
3283:
3136:
3052: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3011:
3007:
2940:
2936:
2924:
2820: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2719:
2658:). The defeat of the Haeju rebels is documented in Lieutenant Suzuku's
2586:
2575:
2571:
2517:
2513:
2446:
2438:
2409:
2394:
2333:
2325:
2289:
2280:
2133:
1996: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1766:
1759:
1605: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1557:
1498:
1485:
1125:
1043:
1007:
1000:
960:. After several battles, the rebel army was decisively defeated in the
860:
189:
4700:"Encyclopedia of Jindo Culture – Yi Heuiseung (Modern Jindo Official)"
2181:
Fortress. They are collectively termed under the name 'Jinju Rebels.'
1858:, the Rooster Dragon mountain. Eating chicken shall weaken that power.
613:
6111:
6076:
6071:
6036:
5830:
5525:] (in Korean). 대광문화사, Daekwang Cultural History. pp. 1–243.
5169:玄洋社社史編纂会 1977 『玄洋社社史』近代資料出版会=History of Genyosha(written in Japanese)
3658:
During the siege, the rebels invented a cuisine that became known as
3471:
3157:
2944:
2747:
2704:
2655:
2627:
2374:
2329:
2104:
1947:
1943:
1883:
1743:
The Jeobju of the town and his assistant, the Jeobsa, administered a
1713:
1701:
1502:
1452:
1437:
1342:
1124:
request, presumably remembering the effects of Yi Pil-je's Revolt on
1097:
1078:
957:
953:
916:
560:
165:
123:
4010:"Encyclopedia of Korean History>Joseon>Gyoju Shinwon Movement"
3973:"Encyclopedia of Korean History>Joseon>Gyoju Shinwon Movement"
2381:
rebels. Survivors of the Battle of Taein joined the rebels as well.
5248:
The Donghak Peasant Revolution: Claiming for Equality and Statehood
1357:
911:, and Jeon Bong-jun fled to nearby Taein. Jeon gathered an army in
6182:
4973:
4902:
3459:
3441:
and the rebels, and the legend surrounding it appears in the 1940
3334:
3323:
3268:
3254:
3246:
Korea a month before the start of the revolution, is often cited:
2996:
2952:
2908:
2777:
2766:
2690:
2651:
2486:
2474:
2442:
2402:
2370:
2321:
2279:
2230:
2223:
2197:
2178:
1844:
1733:
1684:
1676:
1387:
Drive the army into Seoul and kill every member of the Min family.
1381:
Open the Hucheon through loyalty and piety and appease the people.
1356:
1349:
replaced by Park Won-myeong, who convinced the rebels to disband.
1324:
1174:
1147:
965:
584:
5780:
4798:"Digital Encyclopedia of Cheongju>Battle of Cheongju Fortress"
3175:
and died in prison. Son's son-in-law, Bang Jeonghwan, was also a
2674:. Suzuku's soldiers burned four sacks of rice cakes in Gajichon.
5719:] (in Korean). 책과함께어린이, Books for Children. pp. 1–300.
5694:] (in Korean). 책과함께어린이, Books for Children. pp. 1–260.
5003:"Jeon Haesan Jinjung Ilgi, Encyclopedia of the Culture of Korea"
2137:
1737:
1709:
1509:
1444:
to the south. Hong Gyehun quickly returned north, beginning the
1441:
1384:
Defeat every single barbarian of Japan and purify the holy land.
855:
that took place between 11 January 1894 and 25 December 1895 in
5803:
4824:"Digital Encyclopedia of Chungju>Donghak Peasant Revolution"
3217:
peasants and few Donghak." This is the official stance made by
2927:
on 7 December. On 11 December, Son Hwa-jung was also arrested.
2915:
Fortress. Kim Inbae's head was tied to a pole and displayed in
1378:
Do not kill the innocent, and refrain from eating farm animals.
1100:. Choe wandered around these two provinces, spreading Donghak.
744:
640:
5275:] (in Korean). 역사비평사, History Bipyeongsa. pp. 1–400.
3838:"Encyclopedia of Korean History>Joseon>Hucheon Gaebyeok"
3021:
2789:
2489:. Gangwon rebels were especially marked by guerrilla warfare.
2377:. The revolt flared even greater when Son Byong-hi joined the
2215:
throughout nearby villages. The manifesto said the following.
1965:
1574:
1228:
930:. However, an unstable peace continued throughout the summer.
29:
5458:] (in Korean). 대원 출판사, Daewon Publisher. pp. 1–141.
3502:, a historical drama of SBS in 2019, directed and written by
2527:
By late September, the rebels had reorganized and recaptured
2465:
Gangwon rebels can be divided into two groups: the rebels of
4752:"Encyclopedia of Hadong>Battle of Mount Goseong Fortress"
4726:"Encyclopedia of Jindo Culture – Donghak Peasant Revolution"
2707:
hid in the house of An Taehun, a Catholic and the father of
1440:, the largest city in Jeolla province. not choosing to take
5744:] (in Korean). 녹색지팡이, Noksaek Jipangi. pp. 1–235.
4180:"Encyclopedia of Korean Culture and History>Gobu Minlan"
3807:"[이재명의 NEWS 뒤집어보기]여시바위골과 울산 동학, 그리고 꺼지지 않는 입화산의 촛불"
1168:
land." This was attached to American, French, and Japanese
2993:
Cutting open the chest and eating the liver and intestines
2975:
Chaining rebels together, then burying them alive in a pit
2930:
Meanwhile, the Japanese were attacking Yi Bangeon and the
1917:
was over. A spectator of the battle expressed the battle:
5799:
2457:. Most were killed in the Battle of Jonggok (see above).
2184:
On 7 May, Kim Inbae, the Great Jeobju of Geumgu, built a
1838:. Together, they marched north to Gongju, the capital of
627:
5306:. Australia: Longman Cheshire Pty Limited. p. 226.
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
3686:
3684:
1878:
The Donghak army's strategy was to surround Gongju from
5669:] (in Korean). Junior Kim Yeongsa. pp. 1–215.
5356:. Kessinger Publishing (reprint 2010). pp. 1–550.
4053:
4051:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
2900:
was also captured in a village called Pinori in modern
1256:
5644:] (in Korean). Seoul: Paper Road. pp. 1–426.
4294:
4292:
3720:
2219:
The state is the people, and the people are the state.
3882:"Encyclopedia of Korean History>Joseon>Jeob.Po"
3183:
in Korea. The artist Suh Yong-sun drew a work titled
1905:
proper. At 10:00 am, the rebels charged at Ugeumchi.
968:, and most were executed by a mass hanging in March.
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4118:
4116:
3611:
2236:
Report anti-rebel armies to the Chunggyeong Daedoso.
543:
Tens to hundreds of thousands killed from both Jeobs
6191:
6120:
6054:
6012:
5954:
5931:
5848:
3179:who became a famous child activist and founded the
2303:, and by 9 December, he reached Cheongju Fortress.
1776:(another name for 'Donghak') and their army as the
1681:
Establishment of the Local Directorates (Jipgangso)
1286:The rebellion's immediate cause was the conduct of
621:
607:
583:
559:
5324:
3701:
3699:
1528:Pick politicians based on qualities, not families.
1366:Jeon and Kim went south to Mujang, where they met
3330:to attempt to protect the rebels from execution.
6199:1883 Korean special mission to the United States
5570:The Conservative Nature of the Rebellion of 1894
5331:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp.
4338:
3153:by comparing the Kim family to the Jeon family.
2169:officials specializing in anti-rebel campaigns.
1459:forces appeared in Incheon. The same day, 6,000
1204:Dispose of the Min family of oligarchical power.
3447:
3413:
3364:
3248:
2759:
2622:1893, the Joseon Dynasty banned gold mining in
2200:and thus grasp the Japanese-Korean borderline.
1919:
1852:
1817:
1562:
1156:
1016:
93:
3598:Also known as the "Donghak Peasant Movement" (
2508:In September, more than 1,000 rebels attacked
5815:
5795:Donghak Peasant Revolution Informative System
5559:Diary of the Reconnaissance Head of the South
5433:] (in Korean). 대원 출판사, Daewon Publisher.
5068:"'Historical facts' do not talk on their own"
4610:"Encyclopedia of Korean Ethnic History-우금치전투"
4030:
3526:Donghak Peasant Rebellion and the Gabo Reform
3437:The Dosol Cliff Buddha has been connected to
3238:The role played by King Gojong's father, the
1139:Expel all Western missionaries and merchants.
756:
652:
8:
5941:Political factions during the Joseon dynasty
5764:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5478:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5267:History Controversies Study Agency (1994).
3644:
3638:
3632:
3626:
3605:
3599:
3462:, and the others were flogged and sent away.
2984:Ripping apart rebels by using horses or cows
2753:There were minor incidents of rebellions in
2570:. He led 1,000 rebels, who punished corrupt
846:
590:
566:
3544:Political and Societal Movements of Donghak
2128:, the third largest island of Korea (after
1412:By 17 April, however, Jeon turned south to
1195:Cease the persecution of Donghak believers.
1179:Jeon Bong-jun, the leader of the revolution
859:. The peasants were primarily followers of
5822:
5808:
5800:
5118:
5116:
3821:"[경북의 혼] 제2부-신라정신 4)신라정신 바탕이 된 풍류"
3758:"[오복만땅] 홍익인간의 단군사상부터 '인내천' 동학사상까지"
2987:Shredding a rebel to parts using a chariot
2365:More than a hundred battles took place in
1772:The rebels referred to their cause as the
1519:class, and cease the branding of butchers.
1049:However, many direct influences were from
763:
749:
741:
659:
645:
637:
90:
5450:세종 출판 기획; Sejong Chulpan Kihoek (2000).
4916:"Battle of the Seokdae Fields, Jangheung"
3907:"Dusan Encyclopedia>Yi Pilje's Revolt"
3234:Role played by the Great Regent Heungseon
3213:when it was ruled under a military junta.
3112:Learn how and when to remove this message
2880:Learn how and when to remove this message
2689:Kim Gu and his rebels sought to reoccupy
2056:Learn how and when to remove this message
1849:Son Byong-hi, leader of the Northern Jeob
1665:Learn how and when to remove this message
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
5879:19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea
5302:Lone, Stewart; McCormack, Gawan (1993).
5150:"Doopedia-The Second Donghak Revolution"
5040:"Naver Cast:Today's Korean-Suh Yong-sun"
4363:""동학농민군이 집강소에서 폐정개혁안을 실천했다"는 교과서 서술은 잘못"
3550:An Understanding of the Donghak Ideology
2990:Piercing the stomach with a bamboo stick
2213:To the People of the Towns of Gyeongsang
978:19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea
874:The Revolution began in the province of
796:United States expedition to Korea (1871)
101:19th-century peasant rebellions in Korea
6158:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
5863:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
5202:
5178:
4903:History Controversies Study Agency 1994
4776:"Second Revolt of the Gabo Peasant War"
4133:
4131:
3690:
3680:
3591:
3492:, a 1991 South Korean film directed by
2923:, the rebel leader Yi Bangeon captured
1494:Punish those who became illegally rich.
5757:
5667:Choe Jeu's Donggyeong Daejeon (Manhwa)
5471:
5061:
5059:
5057:
4254:
4243:
3932:"Internet Biography of Son Byeongheui"
3772:"S[오복만땅] 최제우의 이름에는 동학의 깊은 뜻이…"
3384:The pine and bamboo leaves are green.
1954:with perhaps 400 rebels, were killed.
1897:Ugeumchi. However, they encountered a
869:rejected Western technology and ideals
821:Donghak Peasant Revolution (1894–1895)
772:Foreign interventions in Korea (1800s)
551:
5098:"Naver Encyclopedia-Donghak Movement"
5023:
4938:"Yi Bangeon, Encyclopedia of Koreans"
4655:"Donghak Peasant Revolution Memorial"
4057:
3865:
3358:(the 'roller' being mentioned is the
3333:The Great Regent Heungseon has hired
2626:. Although Hwanghae leaders, such as
933:The alarmed government requested the
7:
5909:Assassination of Empress Myeongseong
4986:
4443:
4298:
3050:adding citations to reliable sources
2818:adding citations to reliable sources
2408:In August, 1,500 rebels revolted in
1994:adding citations to reliable sources
1798:made a pro-Japanese government there
1603:adding citations to reliable sources
1531:Punish those who cooperate with the
1072:Nevertheless, Donghak spread across
5642:Reading Korean History in One Night
5416:Social Study Topographical Textbook
5214:
5124:"Daum Encyclopedia>Jeon Bongjun"
4163:
3744:
3433:Son Hwa-Jung and the Buddha's Navel
826:First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895)
527:10,000–300,000 Northern Jeob rebels
525:15,000–300,000 Southern Jeob rebels
5629:Manhwa (만화) and Books for Children
5418:] (in Korean). pp. 1–128.
5190:
4890:
4869:
4686:
4674:
4641:
4575:
4533:
4521:
4509:
4497:
4480:
4312:"'전주화약일'은 동학농민혁명의 오점, 국가기념일 절대 안돼"
4283:
4271:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4122:
4081:
4069:
4042:
3993:
3732:
3705:
2660:Conquest of the Donghak of Hwaghae
1930:Jeon and his 500 remaining rebels
1522:Legalize the remarriage of widows.
1018:By 1860, I heard rumours that the
1010:religion was formed. Its founder,
816:Port Hamilton incident (1885–1887)
114:11 January 1894 – 25 December 1895
25:
6143:Royal Tombs of the Joseon dynasty
4403:"'동학농민혁명과 전주화약'…국회의원회관서 23일 학술대회"
3563:Donghak Peasant Revolution Museum
3546:, Jang Yeongmin, 30 December 2004
791:French expedition to Korea (1866)
5982:Border Defense Council of Joseon
5922:
5781:Donghak Peasant Revolution pages
5410:South Korea government (1976).
3369:Do not sit in the Nokdu fields.
3026:
2794:
2562:Hoengseong, Wonju, and Hongcheon
2226:to punish the Japanese invasion.
1970:
1871:soldiers, who had fled from the
1579:
1541:Give their land to all peasants.
1233:
506:
497:
486:
475:
464:
453:
442:
430:
419:
410:
401:
392:
381:
370:
358:
347:
336:
325:
314:
305:
296:
287:
278:
269:
260:
249:
240:
229:
218:
196:
183:
170:
159:
34:
5663:최제우 동경대전(만화)(서울대선정 인문고전 50선 21)
4961:한국민족문화대백과>역사>근대사>전봉준공초
4365:. 2 August 2017. Archived from
3225:peasants." This is the current
3037:needs additional citations for
2805:needs additional citations for
1981:needs additional citations for
1934:while the allied forces of the
1590:needs additional citations for
3645:
3639:
3633:
3627:
3606:
3600:
3496:, tells about the Revolution.
3259:Great Regent Heungseon in 1869
1962:Battles outside the main front
1842:. As they marched, Jeon said:
1560:religious hymn which begins:
1248:format but may read better as
1188:Reclaim the honour of founder
895:, nominated magistrate of the
847:
806:Ganghwa Island incident (1875)
591:
567:
1:
5736:Yu, Gyeong-won, 유경원 (2005).
5713:한국사 편지. 5(12살부터 읽는 책과함께 역사편지)
5688:한국사 편지. 4(12살부터 읽는 책과함께 역사편지)
5610:Mountains Cannot Cross Rivers
3957:The Testimony of Jeon Bongjun
3532:Donghak Revolution and Novels
3390:But it is freezing with snow.
3146:North Korean history textbook
3131:Many rebels later joined the
1942:pursue them. They arrived in
5604:Yu, Hongjun (유홍준) (2011b).
5579:Yu, Hongjun (유홍준) (2011a).
4339:Boulger & Hazeltine 1893
3528:, Il Jogak, 10 November 1998
3378:Oh bird, oh bird, oh roller
3372:When the Nokdu flower falls
3366:Oh bird, oh bird, oh roller
3061:"Donghak Peasant Revolution"
2829:"Donghak Peasant Revolution"
2610:and beheaded for treason in
2151:In December, rebels who had
2005:"Donghak Peasant Revolution"
1614:"Donghak Peasant Revolution"
1552:, while the rebels sang the
1036:mixture of various religions
546:200 Japanese soldiers killed
540:6,000 Korean soldiers killed
522:3,000–50,000 Korean soldiers
27:1894–1895 rebellion in Korea
5867:Manchu invasions of Korea (
5783:at the official website of
5126:(in Korean). Archived from
5066:Choe Hwaju (24 June 2013).
3786:"Cheondoist Seoul District"
3721:South Korea government 1976
3612:
3540:, Bae Hangseob, 5 July 2002
3409:Oh Bird, Oh Bird, Oh Roller
3356:Oh Bird, Oh Bird, Oh Roller
3341:, the last queen of Korea.
3001:Choe Sihyeong after capture
1810:Jibgangso-controlled areas.
1198:Chase away colonial powers.
1006:In this turbulent age, the
947:Self-Strengthening Movement
629:Tonghang nongmin hyŏngmyŏng
628:
615:Donghak nongmin hyeogmyeong
614:
530:500–3,000 Japanese soldiers
54:. The specific problem is:
6298:
6257:Donghak Peasant Revolution
5899:Donghak Peasant Revolution
5548:A History of Controversies
5386:The Founding of Cheondoism
5323:McClain, James L. (2002).
3520:Biography of Jeon Bong-jun
3387:We thought it was summer.
3339:killed Empress Myeongseong
3312:The Founding of Cheondoism
3185:Donghak Peasant Revolution
2961:Testimony of Jeon Bong-jun
2485:occasionally crossed into
1792:raged on, Japanese troops
1426:Battle of Hwangryong River
1408:Battle of Hwangryong River
1279:
1210:Ban the inflation-causing
975:
839:Donghak Peasant Revolution
670:Donghak Peasant Revolution
555:Donghak Peasant Revolution
94:Donghak Peasant Revolution
5920:
5837:
5738:이현세의 만화 한국사 바로보기. 9(조선시대)
5717:ABC of Korean History (5)
5692:ABC of Korean History (4)
5287:학농민군 후손 60여인의 생생한 증언을 모았다
4431:"동학농민혁명, 민주자치와 평화시대를 열었다"
4031:Lone & McCormack 1993
3278:Connections with Genyosha
2493:Gangneung and Pyeongchang
2222:We have had a council in
2152:
1932:retreat south from Gongju
1695:Great Capital of the Two
1491:Punish corrupt officials.
778:
678:
554:
534:
516:
210:
152:
106:
98:
6242:19th-century revolutions
6209:Joseon missions to Japan
6204:Joseon missions to China
5972:Six Ministries of Joseon
5841:Korean state (1392–1897)
5737:
5712:
5711:Park, Eunbong (2009e).
5687:
5686:Park, Eunbong (2009d).
5662:
5637:
5636:Choe, Yongbeom (2007).
5605:
5580:
5543:
5518:
5490:
5451:
5426:
5425:Choe, Sihyeong (1862).
5411:
5396:
5381:
5268:
5243:
4960:
3375:The jelly seller weeps.
3142:War Diary of Jeon Haesan
2911:rebels in the Battle of
2453:, joining the rebels of
2415:Proto-Three Kingdoms Age
2256:, where they became the
1446:Siege of Jeonju Fortress
1432:Siege of Jeonju Fortress
5977:Three offices of Joseon
5967:State Council of Joseon
5962:List of kings of Joseon
5395:Misang, John (1999b).
5380:Misang, John (1999a).
5327:Japan, a Modern History
2724:First Sino-Japanese War
2389:Battle of Mount Seseong
2153:fought under Yi Bangeon
1834:rebels in an attack on
1790:First Sino-Japanese War
1469:First Sino-Japanese War
1257:converting this section
1142:Kill corrupt officials.
943:First Sino-Japanese War
141:First Sino-Japanese War
6087:Joseon white porcelain
5987:Secret royal inspector
5946:Korean literati purges
5791:Province, South Korea.
5585:The First in the South
5517:Oh, Jiyeong (1987) .
5489:Hwang, Hyeon (1910).
4389:"전주 하면 이곳, 동학혁명기념관이지요"
3613:donghak nongmin undong
3464:
3426:
3392:
3260:
3253:
3240:Great Regent Heungseon
3200:Role played by Donghak
3002:
2787:
2771:
2746:, and twenty-five for
2734:and Gyeonggi, ten for
2285:
1940:Imperial Japanese Army
1923:
1860:
1850:
1822:
1736:, Geumseong Office in
1690:
1682:
1568:
1467:, and soon caused the
1465:Convention of Tientsin
1363:
1333:
1217:Stop illegal taxation.
1180:
1161:
1119:Gyojo Shinwon movement
1084:
1032:
939:Convention of Tientsin
884:. In the early 1890s,
211:Commanders and leaders
6282:Wars involving Joseon
6032:Caste system in Korea
5661:Gwak, Eunju (2011).
3432:
3381:Why did you come out
3296:Jeon Bong-jun Gongcho
3258:
3000:
2781:
2765:County. There and in
2531:. they also occupied
2283:
2084:rebels. Kim Inbae of
1848:
1688:
1680:
1395:Battle of Hwangtojae
1360:
1328:
1178:
535:Casualties and losses
5542:Yi, Deokil (1999).
5523:A History of Donghak
4405:. 15 September 2016.
3953:Jeon Bongjun Gongcho
3522:, Sin Bokryong, 1996
3421:Byeongshin doemyeon
3265:A History of Donghak
3046:improve this article
2814:improve this article
2726:, especially at the
2715:Pyongan and Hamgyong
2479:Northern Chungcheong
2455:Northern Chungcheong
2379:Northern Chungcheong
2367:Northern Chungcheong
2353:Chungcheong Province
2351:were both fought in
2315:Northern Chungcheong
1990:improve this article
1840:Chungcheong Province
1599:improve this article
1402:Battle of Hwangtojae
713:Gyeongbokgung Palace
609:Revised Romanization
61:improve this article
50:to meet Knowledge's
6247:Civil wars in Korea
6092:Korean tea ceremony
6062:Education in Joseon
5858:Tsushima expedition
5557:Yi, Guytae (1894).
5401:Korean Folk Culture
4872:, pp. 251–253.
4689:, pp. 243–244.
4644:, pp. 105–108.
4274:, pp. 114–115.
4215:, pp. 108–109.
3552:, Sin Ilcheol, 1995
3534:, Chae Gilsun, 2006
3360:oriental dollarbird
2728:Battle of Pyongyang
2349:Battle of Seonghwan
2092:formed the core of
1926:Retreat from Gongju
1802:Battle of Pyongyang
1732:, Jinnam Office in
1136:Do not ban Donghak.
1074:Gyeongsang Province
995:Founding of Donghak
985:Gwanseo Peasant War
730:Retreat from Gongju
6277:Rebellions in Asia
6267:Korean nationalism
6262:Invasions of Korea
6178:Seungjeongwon ilgi
6121:Cultural heritages
6067:Five Grand Palaces
5550:] (in Korean).
5452:용담 유사 : 수운 가사
5427:용담 유사 : 수운 가사
5403:] (in Korean).
5388:] (in Korean).
5244:동학농민운동(평등과 자주를 외친)
5130:on 12 January 2013
4926:– via Naver.
4419:. 26 January 2020.
4227:, p. 112–113.
4203:, pp. 95–102.
3760:. 4 November 2018.
3443:History of Donghak
3418:Eulmijeok georida
3345:In popular culture
3320:Chinese characters
3261:
3173:March 1st Movement
3003:
2788:
2469:and the rebels of
2328:, Jinjam, Muneui,
2301:Battle of Ugeumchi
2286:
2136:), Na Chihyeon of
2088:and Yi Bangeon of
1915:Battle of Ugeumchi
1863:Battle of Ugeumchi
1851:
1708:in most towns. In
1691:
1683:
1364:
1334:
1259:, if appropriate.
1181:
1085:Yi Pil-je's Revolt
1020:people of the West
962:Battle of Ugeumchi
811:Gapsin Coup (1884)
6272:Protests in Korea
6252:Conflicts in 1894
6224:
6223:
6192:Foreign relations
6022:Styles and titles
5997:late 19th century
5884:Treaty of Ganghwa
4616:on 4 October 2013
4253:Missing or empty
4145:on 3 January 2015
4084:, pp. 76–77.
4045:, pp. 69–70.
3735:, pp. 21–22.
3579:Taiping Rebellion
3122:
3121:
3114:
3096:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2864:
2624:Hwanghae Province
2501:, then return to
2338:Sino-Japanese War
2100:Namwon and Unbong
2066:
2065:
2058:
2040:
1958:and headed east.
1873:Sino-Japanese War
1675:
1674:
1667:
1649:
1538:Illegalize debts.
1278:
1277:
949:in China itself.
834:
833:
800:Battle of Ganghwa
738:
737:
635:
634:
623:McCune–Reischauer
550:
549:
512:Lieutenant Suzuku
148:
147:
89:
88:
81:
52:quality standards
43:This article may
18:Donghak Rebellion
16:(Redirected from
6289:
6214:Joseon Tongsinsa
6027:Neo-Confucianism
5926:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5801:
5769:
5763:
5755:
5751:9788-9914-8109-1
5730:
5726:9788-9912-2148-2
5705:
5701:9788-9912-2147-5
5680:
5676:9788-9349-3327-4
5655:
5651:9788-9958-2663-8
5623:
5619:9788-9364-7202-3
5598:
5594:9788-9364-7201-6
5573:
5562:
5551:
5536:
5532:9788-9705-1022-4
5511:
5483:
5477:
5469:
5465:9788-9726-1608-5
5444:
5419:
5404:
5389:
5367:
5363:9781-1633-3067-8
5346:
5342:9780-3930-4156-9
5330:
5317:
5313:9780-3120-9686-1
5304:Korea Since 1850
5289:
5282:9788-9769-6223-2
5261:
5257:9788-9648-0765-1
5218:
5212:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5120:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5063:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5033:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
4996:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4971:
4969:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4894:
4888:
4873:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4826:. Archived from
4820:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4800:. Archived from
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4728:. Archived from
4722:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4702:. Archived from
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4651:
4645:
4639:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4612:. Archived from
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4589:"Doopedia-우금치전투"
4585:
4579:
4573:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4484:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4391:. 10 March 2014.
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4369:on 12 April 2021
4359:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4241:
4234:
4228:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4141:. Archived from
4135:
4126:
4120:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4106:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4073:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4046:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4003:
3997:
3996:, p. 74-75.
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3966:
3960:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3809:. 6 August 2018.
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3754:
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3709:
3703:
3694:
3688:
3669:
3668:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3623:
3617:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3596:
3568:History of Korea
3490:Fly High Run Far
3424:Byeongshin nanda
3187:on canvas using
3117:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3054:
3030:
3022:
2971:Those included:
2885:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2863:
2822:
2798:
2790:
2738:, seventeen for
2603:Gangwon Province
2345:Battle of Pungdo
2208:Jinju fortress.
2061:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2039:
1998:
1974:
1966:
1778:Dongdo Euibyeong
1726:
1718:Choe Gyeong-seon
1697:Jeolla Provinces
1670:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1607:
1583:
1575:
1475:Treaty of Jeonju
1296:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1255:You can help by
1237:
1236:
1229:
1110:
929:
921:Treaty of Jeonju
894:
850:
849:
773:
765:
758:
751:
742:
696:Hwangryong River
673:
671:
661:
654:
647:
638:
631:
617:
602:
601:
578:
577:
552:
511:
510:
509:
502:
501:
500:
491:
490:
489:
480:
479:
478:
469:
468:
467:
460:Yamagata Aritomo
458:
457:
456:
447:
446:
445:
435:
434:
433:
424:
423:
422:
415:
414:
413:
406:
405:
404:
397:
396:
395:
386:
385:
384:
375:
374:
373:
363:
362:
361:
352:
351:
350:
341:
340:
339:
330:
329:
328:
319:
318:
317:
310:
309:
308:
301:
300:
299:
292:
291:
290:
283:
282:
281:
274:
273:
272:
265:
264:
263:
254:
253:
252:
245:
244:
243:
234:
233:
232:
223:
222:
221:
206:
202:
200:
199:
188:
187:
186:
176:
174:
173:
164:
163:
162:
108:
107:
91:
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
38:
37:
30:
21:
6297:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6286:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6187:
6116:
6050:
6008:
5950:
5927:
5918:
5844:
5833:
5828:
5777:
5772:
5756:
5752:
5739:
5735:
5727:
5714:
5710:
5702:
5689:
5685:
5677:
5664:
5660:
5652:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5607:
5603:
5595:
5582:
5578:
5567:
5556:
5545:
5541:
5533:
5520:
5516:
5505:
5492:
5488:
5470:
5466:
5453:
5449:
5441:
5428:
5424:
5413:
5409:
5398:
5394:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5370:
5364:
5351:
5343:
5322:
5314:
5301:
5297:
5292:
5283:
5270:
5266:
5258:
5245:
5238:
5234:
5226:
5221:
5213:
5209:
5201:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5177:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5133:
5131:
5122:
5121:
5114:
5103:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5078:
5076:
5065:
5064:
5055:
5045:
5043:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5022:
5018:
5008:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4985:
4981:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4941:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4921:
4919:
4914:
4913:
4909:
4901:
4897:
4889:
4876:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4847:
4843:
4833:
4831:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4807:
4805:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4707:
4698:
4697:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4640:
4629:
4619:
4617:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4574:
4565:
4555:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4508:
4504:
4496:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4465:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4417:"전주성 철병에 관한 논점"
4415:
4414:
4410:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4345:
4337:
4333:
4324:
4323:
4319:
4310:
4309:
4305:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4252:
4242:
4238:The Tokyo Daily
4236:
4235:
4231:
4223:
4219:
4211:
4207:
4199:
4195:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4121:
4114:
4104:
4102:
4094:Shin Byeongju.
4093:
4092:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4068:
4064:
4056:
4049:
4041:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4015:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3951:
3947:
3937:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3774:. 6 April 2018.
3770:
3769:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3731:
3727:
3723:, pp. 128.
3719:
3712:
3704:
3697:
3689:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3660:Jeonju bibimbap
3657:
3653:
3624:
3620:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3581:– similar event
3575:– similar event
3573:Boxer Rebellion
3559:
3516:
3514:Further reading
3487:
3435:
3352:
3347:
3280:
3236:
3202:
3197:
3118:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3055:
3053:
3043:
3031:
3020:
2896:On 2 December,
2886:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2823:
2821:
2811:
2799:
2782:The capture of
2776:
2742:, nineteen for
2717:
2649:
2620:
2568:Gwandong Region
2564:
2495:
2463:
2431:
2391:
2317:
2278:
2266:
2194:Jeolla Province
2175:
2162:
2122:
2102:
2074:Jeolla Province
2071:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2042:
1999:
1997:
1987:
1975:
1964:
1928:
1865:
1827:
1786:
1720:
1671:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1608:
1606:
1596:
1584:
1573:
1550:Jeonju Fortress
1533:Empire of Japan
1497:Punish corrupt
1477:
1434:
1410:
1397:
1355:
1290:
1284:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1254:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1121:
1104:
1087:
997:
980:
974:
941:), started the
923:
917:Jeonju Fortress
888:
835:
830:
786:incident (1866)
784:General Sherman
774:
771:
769:
739:
734:
701:Jeonju Fortress
674:
669:
667:
665:
603:
579:
526:
507:
505:
504:
498:
496:
495:
487:
485:
484:
482:Kawakami Soroku
476:
474:
473:
465:
463:
462:
454:
452:
451:
443:
441:
431:
429:
428:
420:
418:
417:
411:
409:
408:
407:Choe Gyeongseon
402:
400:
399:
393:
391:
390:
382:
380:
379:
371:
369:
359:
357:
356:
348:
346:
345:
337:
335:
334:
326:
324:
323:
321:Guangxu Emperor
315:
313:
306:
304:
303:
297:
295:
294:
288:
286:
285:
279:
277:
276:
270:
268:
267:
261:
259:
258:
250:
248:
247:
241:
239:
238:
230:
228:
227:
219:
217:
197:
195:
194:
184:
182:
171:
169:
168:
160:
158:
126:
85:
74:
68:
65:
58:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6295:
6293:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6229:
6228:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6217:
6216:
6206:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6163:Hunminjeongeum
6160:
6155:
6145:
6140:
6138:Namhansanseong
6135:
6130:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6058:
6056:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
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5958:
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5937:
5935:
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5921:
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5906:
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5896:
5891:
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5865:
5860:
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5842:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5776:
5775:External links
5773:
5771:
5770:
5750:
5732:
5731:
5725:
5707:
5706:
5700:
5682:
5681:
5675:
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5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5281:
5263:
5262:
5256:
5235:
5233:
5232:Specific books
5230:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5219:
5217:, p. ???.
5207:
5205:, p. 345.
5195:
5193:, p. ???.
5183:
5181:, p. 327.
5171:
5162:
5141:
5112:
5086:
5053:
5028:
5026:, p. ???.
5016:
4991:
4989:, p. 176.
4979:
4951:
4929:
4907:
4895:
4893:, p. 308.
4874:
4862:
4841:
4830:on 11 May 2013
4815:
4804:on 11 May 2013
4789:
4764:
4743:
4732:on 11 May 2013
4717:
4706:on 11 May 2013
4691:
4679:
4677:, p. ???.
4667:
4646:
4627:
4601:
4580:
4578:, p. 103.
4563:
4538:
4526:
4524:, p. 186.
4514:
4502:
4500:, p. ???.
4485:
4483:, p. 265.
4473:
4448:
4446:, p. ???.
4436:
4422:
4408:
4394:
4380:
4354:
4343:
4341:, p. ???.
4331:
4326:"동학농민군의 전주 입성"
4317:
4303:
4301:, p. ???.
4288:
4286:, p. 120.
4276:
4264:
4229:
4217:
4205:
4193:
4168:
4166:, p. 276.
4156:
4127:
4125:, p. ???.
4112:
4086:
4074:
4062:
4060:, p. ???.
4047:
4035:
4033:, p. ???.
4023:
3998:
3986:
3961:
3945:
3920:
3895:
3870:
3868:, p. ???.
3851:
3826:
3823:. 13 May 2011.
3812:
3798:
3777:
3763:
3749:
3747:, p. 359.
3737:
3725:
3710:
3695:
3693:, p. 297.
3679:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3651:
3618:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
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3565:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3515:
3512:
3504:Shin Kyung-soo
3486:
3483:
3476:Joseon Dynasty
3434:
3431:
3415:Gabose gabose
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3279:
3276:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3181:Children's Day
3133:Righteous Army
3120:
3119:
3034:
3032:
3025:
3019:
3016:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2919:. However, in
2888:
2887:
2802:
2800:
2793:
2775:
2772:
2716:
2713:
2711:, until 1896.
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2619:
2616:
2563:
2560:
2494:
2491:
2477:. Rebels from
2462:
2459:
2430:
2427:
2393:The rebels of
2390:
2387:
2316:
2313:
2277:
2274:
2265:
2262:
2258:Righteous Army
2238:
2237:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2174:
2171:
2161:
2158:
2121:
2118:
2101:
2098:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
1978:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1927:
1924:
1864:
1861:
1856:Mount Gyeryong
1826:
1825:Samrye Council
1823:
1794:occupied Seoul
1785:
1782:
1673:
1672:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1572:
1571:Summer of 1894
1569:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1495:
1492:
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1433:
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1409:
1406:
1396:
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1385:
1382:
1379:
1354:
1351:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1280:Main article:
1276:
1275:
1241:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1120:
1117:
1086:
1083:
1067:Joseon Dynasty
1034:Donghak was a
996:
993:
976:Main article:
973:
970:
867:movement that
853:peasant revolt
832:
831:
829:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
793:
788:
779:
776:
775:
770:
768:
767:
760:
753:
745:
736:
735:
733:
732:
727:
716:
715:
707:Summer of 1894
704:
703:
698:
693:
688:
679:
676:
675:
666:
664:
663:
656:
649:
641:
633:
632:
625:
619:
618:
611:
605:
604:
589:
587:
581:
580:
565:
563:
557:
556:
548:
547:
544:
541:
537:
536:
532:
531:
528:
523:
519:
518:
514:
513:
503:Colonel Moriya
439:
416:Kim Deokmyeong
367:
213:
212:
208:
207:
192:
180:
155:
154:
150:
149:
146:
145:
144:
143:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
120:
116:
115:
112:
104:
103:
96:
95:
87:
86:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6294:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6237:1894 in Korea
6235:
6234:
6232:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
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6159:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6128:Changdeokgung
6126:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6097:Korean garden
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5925:
5915:
5914:Korean Empire
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5870:
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5864:
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5840:
5839:
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5832:
5825:
5820:
5818:
5813:
5811:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5767:
5761:
5753:
5747:
5743:
5734:
5733:
5728:
5722:
5718:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5697:
5693:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5672:
5668:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5647:
5643:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5621:
5615:
5611:
5606:산은 강을 넘지 못 하고
5602:
5601:
5596:
5590:
5586:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5568:Yu, Eunshik.
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5524:
5519:동학사(대광민속총서 1)
5515:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5500:
5496:
5487:
5486:
5481:
5475:
5467:
5461:
5457:
5448:
5447:
5442:
5436:
5432:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5365:
5359:
5355:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5328:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5274:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5253:
5249:
5241:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5229:
5223:
5216:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5196:
5192:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5175:
5172:
5166:
5163:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5087:
5075:
5074:
5073:The Hankyoreh
5069:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5054:
5041:
5037:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5020:
5017:
5004:
5000:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4963:
4955:
4952:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4905:, pp. –.
4904:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4765:
4753:
4747:
4744:
4731:
4727:
4721:
4718:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4671:
4668:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4539:
4536:, p. 89.
4535:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4515:
4512:, p. 87.
4511:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4474:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4437:
4433:. 8 May 2018.
4432:
4426:
4423:
4418:
4412:
4409:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4265:
4260:
4247:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4194:
4181:
4177:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4072:, p. 77.
4071:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4024:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3987:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3946:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3921:
3908:
3904:
3899:
3896:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3839:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3708:, p. 21.
3707:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3595:
3592:
3585:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3508:Jung Hyun-Min
3505:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3468:Jeong Yakyong
3463:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3199:
3195:Controversies
3194:
3192:
3190:
3189:acrylic paint
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3154:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3127:
3116:
3113:
3105:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3066:
3063: –
3062:
3058:
3057:Find sources:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3035:This section
3033:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2898:Jeon Bong-jun
2894:
2884:
2881:
2873:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831: –
2830:
2826:
2825:Find sources:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2803:This section
2801:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2784:Jeon Bong-jun
2780:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2598:in the past.
2597:
2594:to the deity
2593:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2057:
2049:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007: –
2006:
2002:
2001:Find sources:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1979:This section
1977:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1800:. Before the
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:Second revolt
1783:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1687:
1679:
1669:
1666:
1658:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616: –
1615:
1611:
1610:Find sources:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1588:This section
1586:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1359:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1331:Jeon Bong-jun
1327:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1288:Jo Byeong-gap
1283:
1272:
1263:is available.
1262:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1242:This section
1240:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1166:
1163:In response,
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
994:
992:
990:
986:
979:
971:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
927:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:Jeon Bong-jun
898:
892:
887:
886:Jo Byeong-gap
883:
882:
877:
872:
870:
866:
865:Neo-Confucian
862:
858:
854:
844:
840:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
801:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
785:
781:
780:
777:
766:
761:
759:
754:
752:
747:
746:
743:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
721:
720:
719:Second Revolt
714:
711:
710:
709:
708:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
683:
682:
677:
672:
662:
657:
655:
650:
648:
643:
642:
639:
630:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
610:
606:
600:
597:
594:
588:
586:
582:
576:
573:
570:
564:
562:
558:
553:
545:
542:
539:
538:
533:
529:
524:
521:
520:
515:
494:
493:Nogi Maresuke
483:
472:
461:
450:
449:Emperor Meiji
440:
438:
427:
426:Choe Sihyeong
389:
378:
368:
366:
355:
344:
333:
322:
312:
284:Seong Hayeong
257:
237:
226:
215:
214:
209:
205:
193:
191:
181:
179:
167:
157:
156:
151:
142:
139:Start of the
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
125:
121:
118:
117:
113:
110:
109:
105:
102:
97:
92:
83:
80:
72:
62:
57:
53:
49:
48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
6173:Nanjung ilgi
6147:Villages of
6102:Sungkyunkwan
6044:
6037:
5898:
5889:Imo Incident
5789:North Jeolla
5741:
5716:
5691:
5666:
5641:
5609:
5584:
5572:(in Korean).
5569:
5561:(in Korean).
5558:
5547:
5522:
5508:
5494:
5456:Yongdam Yusa
5455:
5431:Yongdam Yusa
5430:
5415:
5400:
5385:
5353:
5326:
5303:
5286:
5272:
5247:
5227:
5224:Bibliography
5210:
5203:Misang 1999b
5198:
5186:
5179:Misang 1999a
5174:
5165:
5153:. Retrieved
5144:
5132:. Retrieved
5128:the original
5102:. Retrieved
5093:
5089:
5077:. Retrieved
5071:
5044:. Retrieved
5035:
5031:
5019:
5007:. Retrieved
4998:
4994:
4982:
4972:– via
4966:. Retrieved
4954:
4942:. Retrieved
4932:
4920:. Retrieved
4910:
4898:
4865:
4853:. Retrieved
4844:
4832:. Retrieved
4828:the original
4818:
4806:. Retrieved
4802:the original
4792:
4780:. Retrieved
4771:
4767:
4755:. Retrieved
4746:
4734:. Retrieved
4730:the original
4720:
4708:. Retrieved
4704:the original
4694:
4682:
4670:
4658:. Retrieved
4649:
4618:. Retrieved
4614:the original
4604:
4592:. Retrieved
4583:
4554:. Retrieved
4545:
4541:
4529:
4517:
4505:
4476:
4464:. Retrieved
4455:
4451:
4439:
4425:
4411:
4397:
4383:
4371:. Retrieved
4367:the original
4357:
4346:
4334:
4320:
4306:
4279:
4267:
4255:|title=
4237:
4232:
4220:
4208:
4196:
4184:. Retrieved
4175:
4171:
4159:
4147:. Retrieved
4143:the original
4103:. Retrieved
4099:
4089:
4077:
4065:
4038:
4026:
4014:. Retrieved
4005:
4001:
3989:
3977:. Retrieved
3968:
3964:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3936:. Retrieved
3927:
3923:
3911:. Retrieved
3902:
3898:
3886:. Retrieved
3877:
3873:
3842:. Retrieved
3833:
3829:
3815:
3801:
3789:. Retrieved
3780:
3766:
3752:
3740:
3728:
3691:McClain 2002
3654:
3637:) and Jeob (
3621:
3594:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3500:Nokdu Flower
3498:
3494:Im Kwon-taek
3488:
3480:
3465:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:Son Hwa-jung
3436:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3332:
3311:
3309:
3303:
3295:
3292:
3286:group named
3281:
3273:
3264:
3262:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3227:South Korean
3203:
3184:
3162:
3155:
3141:
3130:
3123:
3108:
3099:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3056:
3044:Please help
3039:verification
3036:
3004:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2949:Jindo Island
2929:
2906:
2895:
2891:
2876:
2867:
2857:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2824:
2812:Please help
2807:verification
2804:
2760:
2752:
2718:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2650:
2621:
2608:
2600:
2584:
2580:
2565:
2556:
2549:
2526:
2522:
2507:
2496:
2464:
2432:
2423:
2419:
2407:
2392:
2383:
2364:
2361:
2342:
2318:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2267:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2239:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2185:
2183:
2176:
2166:
2163:
2150:
2143:
2123:
2103:
2094:South Jeolla
2072:
2052:
2043:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2000:
1988:Please help
1983:verification
1980:
1956:
1952:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1877:
1866:
1853:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1787:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1705:
1694:
1692:
1661:
1652:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1609:
1597:Please help
1592:verification
1589:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1525:Lower taxes.
1478:
1457:Qing Dynasty
1450:
1435:
1421:
1411:
1398:
1390:
1372:
1368:Son Hwa-jung
1365:
1353:First revolt
1347:
1339:
1335:
1309:
1285:
1266:
1261:Editing help
1243:
1220:
1207:Lower taxes.
1182:
1162:
1157:
1145:
1122:
1113:Son Byong-hi
1102:Son Hwa-jung
1091:
1088:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1048:
1040:Christianity
1033:
1028:Christianity
1025:
1017:
1005:
998:
981:
966:Honam Region
951:
935:Qing dynasty
932:
913:Mount Paektu
896:
880:
873:
838:
836:
820:
783:
718:
717:
706:
705:
681:First Revolt
680:
668:
471:Itō Sukeyuki
437:Son Byong-hi
377:Jeon Bongjun
332:Li Hongzhang
293:Jang Yongjin
256:Hong Gye-hun
216:
178:Qing dynasty
153:Belligerents
75:
66:
59:Please help
55:
44:
6004:Joseon Navy
5992:Joseon Army
5904:Gabo Reform
5894:Gapsin Coup
5638:하룻밤에 읽는 한국사
5373:Other books
5100:(in Korean)
5042:(in Korean)
5005:(in Korean)
4964:(in Korean)
4918:(in Korean)
4778:(in Korean)
4552:(in Korean)
4462:(in Korean)
4182:(in Korean)
4100:Segye Daily
4012:(in Korean)
3975:(in Korean)
3934:(in Korean)
3909:(in Korean)
3884:(in Korean)
3840:(in Korean)
3663: [
3219:North Korea
3211:South Korea
3169:panentheist
3151:Kim Il Sung
3126:Gabo Reform
2740:Chungcheong
2709:An Junggeun
2596:Seonangshin
2552:Pyeongchang
2533:Pyeongchang
2499:Pyeongchang
2451:Chungcheong
2357:Chungcheong
2264:Chungcheong
2082:Chungcheong
1936:Joseon Army
1721: [
1484:Accept the
1291: [
1282:Gobu Revolt
1225:Gobu Revolt
1105: [
1094:Chungcheong
924: [
909:Yi Yong-tae
905:Kim Gae-nam
889: [
845::
398:Son Hwajung
388:Kim Gae-nam
266:Yi Hakseung
225:King Gojong
63:if you can.
6231:Categories
6168:Ilseongnok
6107:Chaekgeori
5955:Government
5504:8976962222
5440:8972616087
5134:19 January
5024:Park 2009e
5009:23 January
4944:17 January
4922:17 January
4834:15 January
4808:15 January
4782:15 January
4757:14 January
4660:11 January
4556:11 January
4466:10 January
4058:Hwang 1910
3938:24 January
3913:25 January
3866:Park 2009d
3791:25 January
3676:References
3350:Folk songs
3177:Cheondoist
3165:Cheondoism
3072:newspapers
2840:newspapers
2744:Gyeongsang
2700:ammunition
2471:Hoengseong
2254:Mount Jiri
2160:Gyeongsang
2078:Gyeongsang
2016:newspapers
1788:While the
1704:and built
1625:newspapers
1414:Yeonggwang
1337:flooding.
1130:Gyeongsang
972:Background
691:Hwangtojae
343:Ye Zhichao
311:Yi Gyutae
246:Yi Yongtae
136:Suppressed
6082:Buncheong
5787:City, in
5760:cite book
5581:남도 답사 일번지
5474:cite book
5269:다시 피는 녹두꽃
5242:(2012).
5240:Yi, Yihwa
4987:Choe 2007
4444:Choe 1862
4299:Gwak 2011
4246:cite news
4016:5 January
3979:5 January
3888:5 January
3844:5 January
3304:Jibgangso
3229:position.
3102:June 2023
2932:Jangheung
2921:Jangheung
2917:Gwangyang
2913:Gwangyang
2870:June 2023
2642:revenge".
2612:Chuncheon
2545:Jeongseon
2541:Jeongseon
2537:Yeongweol
2529:Gangneung
2516:and rich
2510:Gangneung
2503:Gangneung
2467:Gangneung
2399:Hongseong
2186:Jibgangso
2090:Jangheung
2086:Gwangyang
2046:June 2023
1806:Pyongyang
1753:Jibgangso
1745:Jibgangso
1706:Jibgangso
1655:June 2023
1554:Geomgyeol
1515:Free the
1508:Free all
1488:religion.
1418:Jangseong
1269:July 2023
1212:Dangojeon
1190:Choe Je-u
1170:legations
1059:Jeoncheon
1051:shamanism
1012:Choe Je-u
354:Wei Rugui
302:Yi Gidong
275:Gu Sangjo
236:Queen Min
69:June 2023
6153:Yangdong
5933:Politics
5785:Jeongeup
5495:Ohagimun
5215:Yu 2011a
4736:31 March
4710:31 March
4620:5 August
4594:5 August
4373:12 April
4164:Yu 2011b
4149:29 March
4105:28 March
3745:Yu 2011b
3625:Jeobju (
3601:동학 농민 운동
3557:See also
3460:thievery
3404:lyrics.
3328:Genyosha
3316:dynamite
3300:Genyosha
3288:Genyōsha
2902:Sunchang
2763:Dancheon
2755:Hamgyong
2732:Hwanghae
2680:Hwanghae
2618:Hwanghae
2483:Gyeonggi
2435:Gyeonggi
2433:Because
2429:Gyeonggi
2347:and the
2276:Cheongju
2270:Ugeumchi
2231:Japanese
2190:Suncheon
2113:Cheongju
2096:rebels.
1938:and the
1899:Japanese
1836:Cheongju
1517:Cheonmin
1461:Japanese
1046:ritual.
989:Hanseong
851:) was a
725:Ugeumchi
517:Strength
365:Ma Yukun
119:Location
99:Part of
45:require
6133:Jongmyo
6055:Culture
6045:kisaeng
6014:Society
5850:History
5295:Surveys
5191:Yu 2005
5155:15 July
5104:15 July
5046:7 April
4891:Yi 2012
4870:Yi 2012
4855:7 April
4687:Yi 2012
4675:Yi 1894
4642:Yi 2012
4576:Yi 2012
4534:Yi 2012
4522:Yi 2012
4510:Yi 2012
4498:Oh 1987
4481:Yi 2012
4351:ko:전주화약
4284:Yi 2012
4272:Yi 2012
4240:. 1894.
4225:Yi 2012
4213:Yi 2012
4201:Yi 2012
4186:6 April
4123:Yi 2012
4082:Yi 2012
4070:Yi 2012
4043:Yi 2012
3994:Yi 2012
3733:Yi 2012
3706:Yi 2012
3411:above.
3401:Donghak
3397:Hucheon
3284:Samurai
3137:Chungju
3086:scholar
3012:Gwangju
3008:Donghak
2941:Gangjin
2937:Yeongam
2925:Gangjin
2854:scholar
2736:Gangwon
2720:Pyongan
2672:Onjeong
2587:Yicheon
2576:Yangban
2572:Yangban
2518:Sangmin
2514:Yangban
2461:Gangwon
2447:Anseong
2439:Yicheon
2410:Cheonan
2395:Cheonan
2334:Yangban
2326:Okcheon
2290:Daejeon
2030:scholar
1869:Chinese
1767:Yangban
1760:Yangban
1730:Yecheon
1639:scholar
1558:Donghak
1499:Yangban
1486:Donghak
1422:Jangtae
1126:Donghak
1063:Hucheon
1044:baptism
1008:Donghak
1001:Yangban
861:Donghak
190:Donghak
47:cleanup
6112:Minhwa
6077:Hangul
6072:Hanbok
6038:seonbi
5873:Second
5831:Joseon
5748:
5723:
5698:
5673:
5648:
5616:
5591:
5529:
5501:
5462:
5437:
5360:
5339:
5310:
5279:
5254:
5079:5 July
4968:5 July
4940:. 1838
3643:;
3631:;
3610:;
3607:東學農民運動
3604:;
3472:Silhak
3399:, the
3251:about.
3158:Kim Gu
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3059:
3018:Legacy
2947:, and
2945:Haenam
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2748:Jeolla
2705:Kim Gu
2656:Jeonju
2628:Kim Gu
2539:, and
2375:Jeolla
2330:Goesan
2242:Toposa
2167:Toposa
2109:Unbong
2105:Namwon
2069:Jeolla
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1948:Jeonju
1944:Nonsan
1884:Nonsan
1820:South.
1774:Dongdo
1714:Namwon
1702:Jeonju
1641:
1634:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1510:slaves
1503:Seonbi
1453:Gongju
1438:Jeonju
1343:Jeonju
1302:total.
1244:is in
1165:Gojong
1152:Gojong
1098:Jeolla
1079:Jeonju
958:Gongju
954:Samrye
848:동학농민혁명
843:Korean
561:Hangul
201:
175:
166:Joseon
131:Result
124:Joseon
6183:Uigwe
6149:Hahoe
5869:First
5740:[
5715:[
5690:[
5665:[
5640:[
5608:[
5583:[
5546:[
5521:[
5493:[
5454:[
5429:[
5414:[
5399:[
5384:[
5354:China
5333:1–724
5271:[
5246:[
5094:Naver
5036:Naver
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